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Liu Y, Liang Y, Yuhong J, Xin P, Han JL, Du Y, Yu X, Zhu R, Zhang M, Chen W, Ma Y. Advances in Nanotechnology for Enhancing the Solubility and Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:1469-1495. [PMID: 38707615 PMCID: PMC11070169 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s447496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This manuscript offers a comprehensive overview of nanotechnology's impact on the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, with a focus on BCS Class II and IV drugs. We explore various nanoscale drug delivery systems (NDDSs), including lipid-based, polymer-based, nanoemulsions, nanogels, and inorganic carriers. These systems offer improved drug efficacy, targeting, and reduced side effects. Emphasizing the crucial role of nanoparticle size and surface modifications, the review discusses the advancements in NDDSs for enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Challenges such as production cost and safety are acknowledged, yet the potential of NDDSs in transforming drug delivery methods is highlighted. This contribution underscores the importance of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical engineering, suggesting it as a significant advancement for medical applications and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- School of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yushan Liang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yuhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Xin
- School of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Li Han
- School of Health Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongle Du
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinru Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Runhe Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Ma
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an integrated absorption model for estimating the fraction of dose absorbed and determining the causes of poor oral drug absorption. METHODS Both analytical and numerical methods were used to estimate the fraction of dose absorbed. RESULTS An integrated absorption model was developed by considering transit flow, dissolution, and permeation processes, simultaneously. A framework was proposed to determine permeability-, dissolution-, and solubility-limited absorption. Digoxin, griseofulvin, and panadiplon were employed to illustrate the applications of the integrated model in identifying the causes of poor absorption and guiding formulation development. CONCLUSIONS The integrated absorption model was successfully applied to digoxin, griseofulvin, and panadiplon to estimate the fraction dose absorbed and to roughly determine the causes of poor oral drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- L X Yu
- Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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4
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Effect of micronization on the extent of drug absorption from suspensions in humans. Arch Pharm Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02976347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Several commonly coadministered drugs interfere significantly with the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of cardiac glycosides. Only a few of these interactions (e.g. amiodarone, propafenone, quinidine) take place consistently, and although their extent may vary in individual patients, digitalis dosage adjustments should be made to avoid underdigitalization or toxicity. In other instances the appearance of clinically significant interactions depends on individual pharmacokinetic/metabolic characteristics (e.g. erythromycin, tetracycline), and the result cannot be anticipated on clinical grounds. Some interactions are controversial, having not been confirmed by all studies; others have been shown only in healthy volunteers but lack the definition of their relevance in the context of disease states. In view of the possible impact on the individual patient, close clinical monitoring (which may be supplemented with evaluation of digitalis plasma concentration) is recommended when prescribing cardiac glycosides with other therapeutic agents for which the possibility of an interaction has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Magnani
- Department of Cardiology, S. Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Joel SP, Clark PI, Heap L, Webster L, Robbins S, Craft H, Slevin ML. Pharmacological attempts to improve the bioavailability of oral etoposide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 37:125-33. [PMID: 7497581 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide demonstrates incomplete and variable bioavailability after oral dosing, which may be due to its concentration and pH-dependent stability in artificial gastric and intestinal fluids. The use of agents that may influence etoposide stability and, thereby, bioavailability, was investigated in a number of clinical studies. Drugs that influence the rate of gastric emptying, while modulating the time of drug absorption, did not significantly alter the etoposide area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) or bioavailability. Specifically, metoclopramide had little effect on the etoposide absorption profile and did not significantly alter the AUC (AUC with etoposide alone, 68.4 +/- 20.3 micrograms ml-1 h, versus 74.3 +/- 25.9 micrograms ml-1 h with metoclopramide), suggesting that in most patients the drug is already emptied rapidly from the stomach. In contrast, propantheline produced a dramatic effect on etoposide absorption, delaying the time of maximal concentration tmax from 1.1 to 3.5 h (P < 0.01), but again without a significant improvement in drug AUC or bioavailability across the 24-h study period (AUC with etoposide alone 78.3 +/- 19.1 micrograms ml-1 h, versus 88.1 +/- 23.6 micrograms ml-1 h with propantheline). The effect of these drugs on the absorption of oral paracetamol, a drug included in the study as a marker of gastric emptying, was exactly the same as that found for etoposide, with no change in AUC being observed after metoclopramide or propantheline administration but a significant delay in tmax being seen on co-administration with etoposide and propantheline. The co-administration of ethanol or bile salts (agents that significantly improved the stability of etoposide in artificial intestinal fluid) with oral etoposide similarly had no effect on improving the etoposide AUC or reducing the variability in AUC, suggesting that drug stability in vivo was not affected by these agents. In the third study the co-administration of cimetidine had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of oral or i.v. etoposide, despite the previous observation that etoposide stability was markedly improved at pH 3-5 as compared with pH 1 in artificial gastric fluid. This series of studies, designed to investigate factors that improved etoposide stability in laboratory studies, failed to demonstrate any potentially useful improvement in AUC or bioavailability in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Joel
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomews Hospital, West Smithfield, London, UK
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Mouser B, Nykamp D, Murphy JE, Krissman PH. Effect of cimetidine on oral digoxin absorption. DICP : THE ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY 1990; 24:286-8. [PMID: 2316236 DOI: 10.1177/106002809002400315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cimetidine is a commonly prescribed histamine 2-receptor antagonist used in the treatment of gastric acid-related disorders. Cimetidine can interact with a number of drugs, including theophylline, benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics, warfarin, and antiarrhythmics. Problems may occur in patients receiving drugs with a narrow therapeutic index when combined with cimetidine. Contrasting reports have been published on the potential interaction between digoxin and cimetidine. This study focuses on cimetidine's effect on the pharmacokinetic disposition of chronic digoxin usage. Six hospitalized patients with stable congestive heart failure received their usual maintenance dose of digoxin 0.125-0.25 mg/d po. After confirming steady-state digoxin concentrations, cimetidine 300 mg po q6h was administered. Two patients were dropped from the study. Analysis of digoxin serum concentrations, area under the curve, and the rate of elimination suggested no significant differences in digoxin parameters when combined with cimetidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mouser
- Mercer University School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA 30312
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Marin J, Ibañez MC, Arribas S. Therapeutic management of nausea and vomiting. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1990; 21:1-10. [PMID: 2404830 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(90)90586-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study is to review the mechanisms implicated in nausea and vomiting and the treatment of these symptoms. 2. Metoclopramide, a benzamide, is the drug most frequently used to alleviate or abolish the majority of nausea and vomiting of different origin. Domperidone, which scarcely penetrates the central nervous system (CNS), is less used. 3. The treatment of vomiting induced by cytotoxic drugs is necessary to use a combination (two or more) of antiemetic drugs (metoclopramide, glucocorticoids, antihistamines, butyrophenones, anticholinergics, cannabinoids). Recently, antagonists of serotonergic (5-HT) receptors of the subtype 5-HT3 appear to possess interesting antiemetic properties and they have a promising future in this field. 4. Antagonists of dopamine receptors (benzamides, phenotiazines, butyrophenones and domperidone) induce adverse reactions in CNS (mainly extrapyramidal disorders), which are scarce with metoclopramide and practically absent with domperidone. These disorders must not suppress antiemetic therapy when it is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marin
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Optimal drug dissolution is crucial to the success of oral drug therapy. Slow dissolution has frequently been correlated with poor or erratic performance of oral dosage forms in vivo, and drugs of low aqueous solubility provide a major challenge to the designer of modern oral dosage forms. In this second of two reviews, we briefly describe the physical process of dissolution, the principal factors controlling drug dissolution from tablets and capsules, and the strategies that are utilized by pharmaceutical scientists to enhance drug dissolution of orally administered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Melia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK
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10
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Heizer WD, Pittman AW, Hammond JE, Fitch DD, Bustrack JA, Hull JH. Absorption of digoxin from tablets and capsules in subjects with malabsorption syndromes. DICP : THE ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY 1989; 23:764-9. [PMID: 2815851 DOI: 10.1177/106002808902301004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The relative steady-state bioavailability of two oral digoxin dosage forms was studied in 17 subjects with malabsorption syndromes. Male subjects received the following treatments in randomized crossover fashion for 14 days: three 0.125-mg digoxin tablets or three 0.1-mg digoxin capsules once daily. Female subjects received digoxin on the same schedule but at two-thirds the dose. Serum and urine samples were collected and analyzed for digoxin by radioimmunoassay, and treatments were compared by evaluating pharmacokinetic parameters. The mean area under the serum concentration versus time curve for tablets (28.1 h.nmol/L [21.9 h.ng/mL]) was smaller (p less than 0.03) than that for capsules (31.1 h.nmol/L [24.3 h.ng/mL]), and the mean maximum serum digoxin concentration for tablets (2.9 nmol/L [2.3 ng/mL]) was lower (p less than 0.02) than that for capsules (4.0 nmol/L [3.1 ng/mL]). There was no difference in cumulative urinary excretion of digoxin between the two treatments. In contrast to previous reports, we observed that digoxin from Lanoxin Tablets appears to be well absorbed in subjects with malabsorption. Nevertheless, these subjects absorbed digoxin from capsules better than from tablets, with the greatest differences occurring in subjects without a colon and in those subjects with the lowest serum carotene concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Heizer
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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Abstract
Utilization review of metoclopramide conducted at the Ambulatory Care Center at the Veterans Administration Medical Clinic in Boise, Idaho, revealed that a substantial proportion of prescriptions were written for indications that were considered inappropriate. After further evaluation, it was found that the medical literature supported metoclopramide use for one of the indications that had been considered inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Mason
- College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello
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12
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Abstract
Numerous pharmacological agents have been shown to produce clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions with digoxin. Drugs which reduce digoxin absorption include the antacids aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and magnesium trisilicate, the antidiarrhoeals kaolin and pectin, the hypocholesterolaemic agent cholestyramine and the chemotoxins cyclophosphamide, vincristine and bleomycin. Certain antibiotics including sulphasalazine, neomycin and aminosalicylic acid reduce digoxin absorption while others, including erythromycin and tetracycline, increase the bioavailability of digoxin in some patients. Capsule preparations of digoxin in solution are less subject to several of the interactions which affect the absorption and bioavailability of digoxin tablets. Various drugs induce alterations in the volume of distribution and clearance of digoxin. Cardiac patients receiving digoxin therapy are particularly prone to interactions with commonly co-administered medications such as the antiarrhythmics quinidine and amiodarone, the calcium channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine, and possibly some vasodilating agents. Studies of digoxin interactions have yielded discrepant results, indicating the need for careful analysis of investigational design before arriving at clinical conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rodin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester
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13
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Narurkar A, Sheen PC, Hurwitz EL, Augustine MA. Effect of Particle Size on the Dissolution Characteristics of Chlorthalidone. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1987. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048709040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Drug interactions with digoxin are important because of this agent's narrow therapeutic index. Among the drugs that can decrease digoxin bioavailability are cholestyramine, antacid gels, kaolin-pectate, certain antimicrobial drugs and cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In selected patients, antibiotics may enhance digoxin bioavailability by eliminating intestinal flora that metabolize digoxin. Antiarrhythmic drugs, such as quinidine and amiodarone, can markedly increase steady state serum digoxin levels. Certain calcium channel blocking drugs, particularly verapamil, have a similar effect. Potassium-sparing diuretic drugs, such as spironolactone, can alter digoxin pharmacokinetics. Indomethacin may decrease renal excretion of digoxin in preterm infants. Finally, rifampin, an antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis, may lower steady state serum digoxin levels in patients with severe renal disease. Physicians must maintain constant vigilance whenever medications are added to or withdrawn from a therapeutic regimen that includes digoxin.
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Smith TW, Antman EM, Friedman PL, Blatt CM, Marsh JD. Digitalis glycosides: mechanisms and manifestations of toxicity. Part III. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1984; 27:21-56. [PMID: 6146162 DOI: 10.1016/0033-0620(84)90018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Smith TW, Antman EM, Friedman PL, Blatt CM, Marsh JD. Digitalis glycosides: mechanisms and manifestations of toxicity. Part II. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1984; 26:495-540. [PMID: 6326196 DOI: 10.1016/0033-0620(84)90014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Smith TW, Antman EM, Friedman PL, Blatt CM, Marsh JD. Digitalis glycosides: mechanisms and manifestations of toxicity. Part I. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1984; 26:413-58. [PMID: 6371896 DOI: 10.1016/0033-0620(84)90012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Carli F, Motta A. Particle size and surface area distributions of pharmaceutical powders by microcomputerized mercury porosimetry. J Pharm Sci 1984; 73:197-203. [PMID: 6707882 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600730213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Mayer-Stowe theory was applied to derive the particle size distribution of powders of pharmaceutical interest using mercury porosimetry. Particle size data obtained by this approach are fairly comparable with data derived by other, more popular, techniques such as the electrical sensing zone or the air jet sieving methods provided that the experimental value of the mercury-powder contact angle and the state of aggregation of the powder are carefully studied. Furthermore, by applying the Rootare-Prenzlow method a surface area distribution can also be derived from the same porosimetry data used to obtain the particle size distribution. All experiments were carried out with a microcomputerized mercury porosimeter, which allows storage of data during the analysis and a subsequent fast elaboration at the end of the run, with fully printed data on pore size, pore volume, surface area, and particle size of the powder sample.
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Harrington RA, Hamilton CW, Brogden RN, Linkewich JA, Romankiewicz JA, Heel RC. Metoclopramide. An updated review of its pharmacological properties and clinical use. Drugs 1983; 25:451-94. [PMID: 6345129 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-198325050-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since previously reviewed in the Journal (Vol. 12, No. 2), metoclopramide has been confirmed as an effective drug in treating and preventing various types of vomiting and as a useful agent in oesophageal reflux disease, gastroparesis, dyspepsia, and in a variety of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Of considerable importance is the recent evidence of its efficacy when administered intravenously in high dosages in preventing severe vomiting associated with cisplatin. Good results have been achieved in patients not previously treated with cisplatin, but further studies are needed to determine its level of efficacy in patients who have experienced severe vomiting during earlier courses of cytotoxic therapy. Side effects consisting of mild sedation, diarrhoea and reversible extrapyramidal reactions have occurred, but are tolerated by many patients.
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Johnson BF, Urbach DR. Drug interactions involving digitalis glycosides. QUARTERLY REVIEWS ON DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 1982; 4:263-287. [PMID: 6765270 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.1982.4.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Sheiner LB, Benet LZ, Pagliaro LA. A standard approach to compiling clinical pharmacokinetic data. JOURNAL OF PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOPHARMACEUTICS 1981; 9:59-127. [PMID: 7014827 DOI: 10.1007/bf01059343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A standard format for a Clinical Pharmacokinetic Summary is proposed. It consists of a heading, tables, notes, and references for each drug reviewed. The table presents a unified and logical set of clinically useful population pharmacokinetic parameters. They concern four major areas: absorption, distribution, elimination, and the relationship of concentration to effect. Within each major group, parameters dealing with extents and rates of processes are given. Each such parameter is really two: a population mea value (for example, average volume of distribution) and the standard deviation of individual values about this mean. The first value allows individual predictions of dosage or drug level to be made; the second allows computation of the likely proximity of subsequently observed quantities to those predictions. The table presents single consensus values for each population parameter, rather than a list of values. A procedure for computing these consensus values, and for revising them in the light of new data, or reinterpreted old data, is given. Examples of Summaries are given. The method appears applicable to a variety of drugs. We suggest our approach as a standard one for preparing Clinical Pharmacokinetic Summaries, and urge our colleagues to consider it for that purpose.
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