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LAPINS J, LINDBÄCK S, LIDBRINK P, BIBERFELD P, EMTESTAM L, GAINES H. Mucocutaneous manifestations in 22 consecutive cases of primary HIV-1 infection. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb07610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lapins J, Gaines H, Lindbäck S, Lidbrink P, Emtestam L. Skin and mucosal characteristics of symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. AIDS Patient Care STDS 1997; 11:67-70. [PMID: 11361765 DOI: 10.1089/apc.1997.11.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Lapins
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
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MARTÍNEZ-ESCRIBANO J, PEDRO F, SABATER V, QUECEDO E, NAVARRO V, ALIAGA A. Acute exanthem and pancreatic panniculitis in a patient with primary HIV infection and haemophagocytic syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb06997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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MARTÍNEZ-ESCRIBANO J, PEDRO F, SABATER V, QUECEDO E, NAVARRO V, ALIAGA A. Acute exanthem and pancreatic panniculitis in a patient with primary HIV infection and haemophagocytic syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1996. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.102815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
We describe a patient with acute HIV exanthem with papulovesicular lesions and epidermal necrosis. We also review the literature regarding the histopathologic findings of acute HIV exanthem, which appears to be most commonly characterized by a perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate without epidermal change, but which may be associated with spongiosis, vacuolar alteration, or epidermal necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Goldman
- Section of Dermatology, Veterans Administration Hospital, West Haven, CT, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alessi
- Institute of Dermatologic Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore, Italy
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8
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Manifestations cliniques et biologiques de la primo-infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine : revue de la littérature. Med Mal Infect 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(05)81191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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de Jong MD, Hulsebosch HJ, Lange JM. Clinical, virological and immunological features of primary HIV-1 infection. Genitourin Med 1991; 67:367-73. [PMID: 1743707 PMCID: PMC1194734 DOI: 10.1136/sti.67.5.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M D de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Clark SJ, Saag MS, Decker WD, Campbell-Hill S, Roberson JL, Veldkamp PJ, Kappes JC, Hahn BH, Shaw GM. High titers of cytopathic virus in plasma of patients with symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:954-60. [PMID: 1900576 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199104043241404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) frequently causes an acute, self-limited viral syndrome. To examine the relations among viral replication, the immune response of the host, and clinical illness during this initial phase of infection, we undertook a quantitative, molecular, and biologic analysis of infectious HIV-1 in the blood and plasma of three patients with symptomatic primary infection and of a sexual partner of one of them. METHODS During an eight-week period of primary infection, HIV-1 was cultured frequently in dilutions of plasma and peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and levels of HIV-1 antigen and antibody were determined sequentially by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. Replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses were cloned and characterized biologically. RESULTS Six to 15 days after the onset of symptoms, high titers of infectious HIV-1 (from 10 to 10(3) tissue-culture-infective doses per milliliter of plasma) and viral p24 antigen were detected in the plasma of all three patients. These titers fell precipitously by day 27, and the decline coincided with an increase in the levels of antiviral antibodies and the resolution of symptoms. Sequential isolates of virus from plasma and PBMC obtained throughout the period of primary infection, as well as virus derived from two molecular proviral clones, were highly cytopathic for normal-donor PBMC and immortalized T cells, despite the marked reduction in the titers of virus in plasma. CONCLUSIONS Primary, symptomatic HIV-1 infection is associated with high titers of cytopathic, replication-competent viral strains, and during such infection potential infectivity is enhanced. Effective control of HIV-1 replication during primary infection implies the activation of clinically important mechanisms of immune defense that merit further examination in relation to the development of antiviral therapy and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Herman
- Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19105
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Hulsebosch HJ, Claessen FA, van Ginkel CJ, Kuiters GR, Goudsmit J, Lange JM. Human immunodeficiency virus exanthem. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23:483-6. [PMID: 2120292 DOI: 10.1016/0190-9622(90)70245-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exanthem can be the primary manifestation of HIV infection. We report three cases of an exanthematous skin eruption associated with acute HIV infection. HIV antigen (p24 core antigen) was present, whereas results of the HIV antibody test were negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Hulsebosch
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children has emerged as a major, rapidly growing public health problem. The majority of children become infected by perinatal transmission of the virus from an infected mother. The disease is frequently associated with progressive neurologic dysfunction and with opportunistic infections. The cutaneous manifestations of pediatric HIV infection include a wide variety of fungal, bacterial, and viral infections of the skin. These diseases tend to be less responsive to conventional therapies than in the healthy child. In addition, severe seborrheic dermatitis, vasculitis, and drug eruptions are sometimes signs of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Prose
- Department of Medicine (Dermatology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Abstract
A 23-year-old man with AIDS developed a lesion with the clinical characteristics of an ectopic geographic tongue in the lower lip, near the right commissure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grinspan
- Dermatology and Stomatology Unit, Güemes Institute, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Balslev E, Thomsen HK, Weismann K. Histopathology of acute human immunodeficiency virus exanthema. J Clin Pathol 1990; 43:201-2. [PMID: 2332516 PMCID: PMC502329 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.43.3.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute exanthema occurs in patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive before they become seropositive. The patients have influenza like symptoms and a macular skin rash on the upper trunk. Histopathological investigation of skin punch biopsy specimens from four patients with acute HIV exanthema showed a normal epidermis and a sparse dermal, mainly perivascular, lymphocytic/histiocytic infiltrate around vessels of the superficial plexus. Histopathological changes of the exanthema of acute HIV infection are non-specific and resemble those of other acute viral exanthema, but when both the histopathological features and the clinical picture are suggestive, the clinician should take into consideration the possibility of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Balslev
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cumming PD, Wallace EL, Schorr JB, Dodd RY. Exposure of patients to human immunodeficiency virus through the transfusion of blood components that test antibody-negative. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:941-6. [PMID: 2779616 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198910053211405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus to recipients of blood transfusions exists chiefly during the period between the time a donor is infected and the time he or she has a positive blood test for HIV antibodies. Estimating the chance that blood will be donated during this period is an effective way to define the risk of HIV infection from transfusion. Using this approach, and employing data from over 17 million American Red Cross blood donations, we estimate that during 1987 the most likely number of units of blood infected with undetected HIV that were transfused was 131 (range, 67 to 227). For a patient, the odds of contracting HIV infection were 1:153,000 per unit transfused. A patient who received the average transfusion (5.4 units) had odds of 1:28,000. The risk has been decreasing by more than 30 percent a year. We estimate that donor-recruitment practices plus careful education and screening are eliminating 49 of every 50 donors likely to be HIV-positive and that testing is 92 to 97 percent effective, for a combined effectiveness of 99.9 percent. The risk of undetected infectious units can probably be further reduced by transfusing fewer units and units from fewer donors, recruiting more women and fewer men as new donors, and encouraging more frequent donations from donors who have been tested repeatedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cumming
- Blood Services, National Headquarters, American Red Cross, Washington, D.C
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Kringsholm B, Theilade P, Geertinger P. The occurrence of HIV antibodies in drug addicts autopsied at the University Institute of Forensic Medicine in Copenhagen in 1987. Forensic Sci Int 1989; 41:281-4. [PMID: 2777161 DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(89)90221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In 1987 a total of 89 intravenous drug addicts were admitted to medico-legal autopsy at the University Institute of Forensic Medicine in Copenhagen. Totally 10 cases were reactive by the Elisa test and five of these, or 7% of the total material tested, could be confirmed by the immuno-blotting test. The other five cases must be considered as false positive, possibly due to antibodies against cellular antigens. Among the five real positive cases, four were known before-hand while in one case the HIV-positivity was not known. These findings - together with the possibility of false negative reactions - especially regarding persons with acute HIV-infection, requires special precautionary measures when autopsies of drug addicts are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kringsholm
- University Institute of Forensic Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lindhardt BO, Lauritzen E, Ulrich K, Kvinesdal B, Pedersen C, Gaub J, Wantzin GL, Scheibel E. Serological markers of primary HIV infection. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1989; 21:491-6. [PMID: 2587952 DOI: 10.3109/00365548909037876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
39 persons with an incidentally discovered seroconversion from HIV antibody negative (Ab-) to antibody positive (Ab+) state as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were investigated for the presence of (1) HIV antigen (Ag) and (2) immunoblotting test (IBT) Ab in serum samples collected within the year before seroconversion. 13 (33%) of the patients were HIV Ag+ at some time before seroconversion. However, the collection of samples was not done systematically and the samples from patients who had at least 1 sample collected within 3 months before seroconversion were thus compiled separately. This group consisted of 58 samples from 19 patients and among these none were HIV Ag+ earlier than 11 weeks before seroconversion, but the prevalence of HIV Ag+ samples was rising towards seroconversion and 10 patients (53%, 95% confidence limits: 29-76%) became HIV Ag+ in this 11-week period. Further, among all patients 13 (33%) were IBT Ab+ 4-50 days (median: 14 days) before seroconversion. Finally, among 18 patients with signs and symptoms consistent with an acute HIV infection 10 were HIV Ag+, as opposed to 4 HIV Ag+ patients among 21 without symptoms (p = 0.041).
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Lindhardt
- Laboratory of Tumor Virology, Fibiger Institute, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lindhardt BO, Pedersen C, Ulrich K, Kusk P. A comparison of three methods for detection of antibodies against the major core protein p24 of human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol Methods 1988; 22:119-24. [PMID: 3146581 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(88)90094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The native major core protein p24 of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was immunoaffinity purified by a monoclonal antibody and used to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (inELISA) for detecting p24 antibodies in human sera. Its ability to detect p24 antibodies was compared to that of the immunoblotting test (IBT) and a commercial available competition ELISA (compELISA) employing recombinant HIV core protein. In tests on 60 serum samples the overall agreement of the inELISA and the IBT was 93.3%. Fifty-two samples were p24 antibody positive in both the inELISA and the IBT and of these 24 (46.2%) were positive in the compELISA. All compELISA positive samples were derived from healthy individuals, whereas of the 28 (53.8%) compELISA negative samples 1 was from a patient with acute HIV infection, 18 from healthy individuals and 9 from ARC/AIDS patients. The compELISA was able to distinguish among healthy persons with normal or low T-helper cell count (P = 0.048), as was the inELISA when p24 antibodies were titrated (P = 0.027). The inELISA equals IBT in specificity and sensitivity, is convenient and is very suitable for titration of p24 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Lindhardt
- Laboratory of Tumor Virology, Fibiger Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lisby
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Alessi E, Cusini M, Zerboni R. Mucocutaneous manifestations in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19:290-7. [PMID: 2971686 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(88)70174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mucocutaneous manifestations observed in 516 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus attending an outpatient clinic for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Milan, Italy, from July 1985 to March 1987 are listed, and the clinicopathologic aspects of these disorders are reported. The prognostic significance of some human immunodeficiency virus-associated dermatoses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alessi
- First Clinic of Dermatology, University of Milan, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Fisher
- Division of Dermatology, Wellesley Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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