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ERTUĞRUL G, AKTAŞ H. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level does not reflect the severity of warts: a cross-sectional study. KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNIVERSITESI TIP FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.17517/ksutfd.987056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Mongy NNE, Hilal RF. How far is vitamin D implicated in cutaneous infections. Clin Dermatol 2021; 40:198-205. [PMID: 34893391 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important cornerstone in the immunologic cascade of many skin infections, systemic infections with cutaneous presentations, and other infectious dermatologic diseases where infections could be a culprit. Vitamin D supplementation is proposed as a protective measure against their occurrence and exacerbation, especially with the emergence of several viral pandemics in recent years. Vitamin D plays a key role in the maintenance of a balanced immunologic profile which could be reflected by a lowered incidence and morbidity of infections. Vitamin D screening and supplementation in patients with deficiencies or insufficiencies should be a part of the dermatologic approach to patients with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa Nabil El Mongy
- Professor of Dermatology, Kasr Al Ainy Teaching Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rana Fathy Hilal
- Associate Professor of Dermatology, Kasr Al Ainy Teaching Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Management of Difficult-to-Treat Warts: Traditional and New Approaches. Am J Clin Dermatol 2021; 22:379-394. [PMID: 33432476 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-020-00582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Warts are regularly treated by dermatologists, and while many respond readily to first-line treatments, others may represent a therapeutic challenge. Large, deep, numerous, and extensive warts; treatment-resistant lesions with higher risk for side effects, such as hypopigmentation; or patients unable to tolerate or comply with our treatment regimen, may need alternative treatment options. In this work we review the characteristics of select modalities that should be considered for difficult-to-treat warts. We discuss efficacy and tolerability data as well as practical features that can guide us to select the best treatment for every scenario. Novel approaches, still in an investigational phase, are also discussed to illustrate potential future directions of wart treatment.
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Shalaby ME, Hasan MS, Elshorbagy MS, Abo Raya AR, Elsaie ML. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of vitamin D deficiency in patients with warts: A case-controlled study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1135-1142. [PMID: 33860625 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous warts are frequent conditions that possess much challenge to treat. OBJECTIVE To verify the potential role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of viral warts by measuring the serum levels of vitamin D in patients diagnosed with viral warts compared to healthy controls and to verify whether oral vitamin D supplementation of those vitamin D-deficient patients would result in wart clearance. METHODS To evaluate the serum vitamin D levels, the study recruited 80 subjects, including 40 patients diagnosed with viral warts and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All patients were subjected to detailed history taking and examination to detect duration and type of warts. Serum vitamin D levels were measured using ELISA. RESULTS Thirty-five percent of patients had sufficient vitamin D levels (54-90 nmol/L), and 40% of patients had insufficient levels (50-80 nmol/L), while 25% of them had deficient levels (<50 nmol/L). In healthy group, 30% had sufficient levels, and 45% had insufficient levels, while 25% had deficient levels. There was an insignificantly lower serum level of vitamin D as well as an insignificantly deficient vitamin D status among patients compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION Vitamin D serum levels appear to be lower among viral wart patients, and oral supplementation studies need to be more intensely investigated before elucidating its role; if any, in wart clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed S Hasan
- Department of Dermatology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed L Elsaie
- Department of Dermatology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Tamer F, Yuksel ME, Karabag Y. Pre-treatment vitamin B12, folate, ferritin, and vitamin D serum levels in patients with warts: a retrospective study. Croat Med J 2020. [PMID: 32118375 PMCID: PMC7063548 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To compare the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, folate, vitamin B12, zinc, and thyroid stimulating hormone between patients with warts and healthy individuals. Methods This retrospective study enrolled 40 patients with warts and 40 healthy individuals treated at the Ufuk University Hospital, Ankara, between July and December 2017. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, folate, vitamin B12, zinc, and thyroid stimulating hormone status were evaluated retrospectively. Results Participants with and without warts had similar mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, folate, zinc, and thyroid stimulating hormone levels. However, patients with warts had significantly lower mean serum vitamin B12 level (P = 0.010). Patients with warts non-significantly more frequently had decreased serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ferritin, and folate (P = 0.330, P = 0.200, P = 0.070, respectively). Conclusion Patients with warts may require evaluation of serum levels of vitamin B12, folate, ferritin, and vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Tamer
- Funda Tamer, Gazi Universitesi Tıp Fakultesi, Mevlana Bulvari, No: 29, 06560 Ankara, Turkey,
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Elmas ÖF, Atasoy M, Akdeniz N, Özyurt K. A recalcitrant case of facial verruca plana successfully treated with topical calcipotriol alone. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13664. [PMID: 32447827 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Faruk Elmas
- Department of Dermatology, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Atasoy
- Department of Dermatology, Health Science University, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Akdeniz
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Özyurt
- Department of Dermatology, Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
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Leerunyakul K, Thammarucha S, Suchonwanit P, Rutnin S. A comprehensive review of treatment options for recalcitrant nongenital cutaneous warts. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 33:23-40. [PMID: 32116076 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1737635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The treatment of recalcitrant nongenital cutaneous warts has always been challenging for dermatologists as they often recur and relapse. Multiple treatment options have been investigated to improve the outcome. This review provides an overview of the current treatment modalities and summarizes the efficacy and side effects of each treatment option for recalcitrant nongenital cutaneous warts.Methods: A PubMed search was performed through July 2019 to include all English language reports investigating the treatment for recalcitrant nongenital cutaneous warts, regardless of design.Results: A total of 144 studies were included in this review. The treatment options for recalcitrant nongenital cutaneous warts can be divided into three groups: destructive treatment, immunotherapy, and cytotoxic agents. Although both destructive therapies and cytotoxic agents demonstrated high complete response rates, immunotherapy, which is a minimally invasive method, was superior in terms of the clearance of distant warts. Intralesional mumps-measles-rubella injections and purified protein derivatives currently demonstrate high efficacy with well-established clinical evidence.Conclusions: Many upcoming treatment modalities, especially immunotherapy, are promising. However, more comparative studies are required to verify the efficacy and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchana Leerunyakul
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasima Thammarucha
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poonkiat Suchonwanit
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suthinee Rutnin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abd El-Magid WM, Nada EEA, Mossa RA. Intralesional injection of vitamin D3 versus zinc sulfate 2% in treatment of plantar warts: a comparative study. J DERMATOL TREAT 2019; 32:355-360. [DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1656326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa M. Abd El-Magid
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Essam Eldein A. Nada
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Reem A. Mossa
- Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Fathy G, Sharara MA, Khafagy AH. Intralesional vitamin D3 versus
Candida
antigen immunotherapy in the treatment of multiple recalcitrant plantar warts: A comparative case–control study. Dermatol Ther 2019; 32:e12997. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Fathy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AndrologyAin Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - Manal A. Sharara
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AndrologyAin Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - Ayman H. Khafagy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and AndrologyAin Shams University Cairo Egypt
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Li L, Chen X, Gu H. The signaling involved in autophagy machinery in keratinocytes and therapeutic approaches for skin diseases. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50682-50697. [PMID: 27191982 PMCID: PMC5226613 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is responsible for the lysosomal degradation of proteins, organelles, microorganisms and exogenous particles. Epidermis primarily consists of keratinocytes which functions as an extremely important barrier. Investigation on autophagy in keratinocytes has been continuously renewing, but is not so systematic due to the complexity of the autophagy machinery. Here we reviewed recent studies on the autophagy in keratinocyte with a focus on interplay between autophagy machinery and keratinocytes biology, and novel autophagy regulators identified in keratinocytes. In this review, we discussed the roles of autophagy in apoptosis, differentiation, immune response, survival and melanin metabolism, trying to reveal the possible involvement of autophagy in skin aging, skin disorders and skin color formation. Since autophagy routinely plays a double-edged sword role in various conditions, its functions in skin homeostasis and potential application as a therapeutic target for skin diseases remains to be clarified. Furthermore, more investigations are needed on optimizing designed strategies to inhibit or enhance autophagy for clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Gu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
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Raghukumar S, Ravikumar BC, Vinay KN, Suresh MR, Aggarwal A, Yashovardhana DP. Intralesional Vitamin D3 Injection in the Treatment of Recalcitrant Warts: A Novel Proposition. J Cutan Med Surg 2017; 21:320-324. [DOI: 10.1177/1203475417704180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Verruca vulgaris (viral warts) is a fairly common condition with a plethora of treatment options having variable success rates. Recalcitrant warts are refractory to treatment with often disappointing response and high recurrence rates. Lately, treatment with intralesional injections has gained momentum due to its effectiveness in clearing warts by stimulating the cell-mediated immunity. Vitamin D, when applied topically, regulates epidermal cell proliferation and is involved in the formation of antimicrobial peptides. We have attempted to use vitamin D3 to exploit its reported action as an immunotherapeutic molecule in addition to its topical effects. To our knowledge, there are no reports of intralesional vitamin D3 injections used in the treatment of extragenital recalcitrant warts. Methods: Sixty-four patients with recalcitrant warts of varying sizes and duration were included in the study. About 0.2- to 0.5-mL vitamin D3 solution (600,000 IU, 15 mg/mL) was injected to the base of the wart. A maximum of 5 warts were injected per session at 3-week intervals until resolution or for a maximum of 4 treatments. Patients were followed up for 6 months after the last injection to detect any recurrence. Results: Sixty patients completed the study. Complete response was seen in 54 of 60 (90%), partial response in 4 of 60 (6.66%), and no response in 2 of 60 (3.33%). The average number of injections required to achieve a complete resolution was 3.66. Complete resolution of distant warts was noticed in all patients. Conclusions: Intralesional vitamin D3 is a safe, effective, and an inexpensive treatment option for recalcitrant warts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Raghukumar
- Department of Dermatology, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka state, India
| | - B. C. Ravikumar
- Department of Dermatology, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka state, India
| | - K. N. Vinay
- Department of Dermatology, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka state, India
| | - M. R. Suresh
- Department of Dermatology, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka state, India
| | - Archit Aggarwal
- Department of Dermatology, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka state, India
| | - D. P. Yashovardhana
- Department of Dermatology, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka state, India
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Aktaş H, Ergin C, Demir B, Ekiz Ö. Intralesional Vitamin D Injection May Be an Effective Treatment Option for Warts. J Cutan Med Surg 2015; 20:118-22. [DOI: 10.1177/1203475415602841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Plantar warts are typically resistant to treatment. In recent years, treatments have included administration of intralesional tuberculin; measles, mumps, rubella vaccine; and Candida albicans antigen immunotherapy. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of intralesional vitamin D administration for the treatment of warts. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intralesional vitamin D treatment for plantar warts. Methods: Twenty patients with single or multiple plantar warts were included in this study. Vitamin D3 (0.2 mL, 7.5 mg/mL) was injected into the base of the warts after prilocaine (0.1 mL, 20 mg/mL) injection. A maximum of 5 warts were treated in 1 session, with at maximum 2 injections performed at 4-week intervals. Results: In total, 16 of 20 patients (80%) showed complete resolution of warts, and 1 patient showed partial resolution. Three patients failed to show any response. No recurrence or serious adverse effects were observed. Conclusion: Intralesional vitamin D3 may be an effective treatment option for warts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibullah Aktaş
- Department of Dermatology, Education and Research Hospital, Karabük University, Karabük, Turkey
| | - Can Ergin
- Department of Dermatology, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betül Demir
- Department of Dermatology, Fırat University Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Özlem Ekiz
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
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Sterling JC, Gibbs S, Haque Hussain SS, Mohd Mustapa MF, Handfield-Jones SE. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts 2014. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:696-712. [PMID: 25273231 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Sterling
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, U.K
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical vitamin D is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of psoriasis but is also used off-label in the treatment of a variety of cutaneous diseases despite a lack of evidence-based guidelines. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to provide evidence-based clinical guidelines for the off-label use of topical vitamin D in the treatment of dermatologic disease. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted via the MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases for off-label uses of topical vitamin D analogues in the treatment of dermatologic disease other than psoriasis. The data were synthesized, and evidence-based recommendations were rendered according to the highest level of evidence available. RESULTS A total of 165 articles met the inclusion criteria. A moderate to strong recommendation was given for the use of topical vitamin D in combination with corticosteroids and phototherapy in vitiligo and as monotherapy for various ichthyoses, morphea, pityriasis alba, prurigo nodularis, and polymorphous light eruption. There is evidence showing that topical vitamin D is ineffective in the treatment of actinic keratosis, seborrheic keratosis, lichen planus, seborrheic dermatitis, alopecia areata, chemotherapy-induced alopecia, and hypertrophic scars. CONCLUSION Topical vitamin D analogues have an important role in the off-label treatment of dermatologic disease, but higher quality studies are still required.
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Successful treatment of refractory wart with a topical activated vitamin d in a renal transplant recipient. Case Rep Transplant 2012. [PMID: 23198256 PMCID: PMC3504230 DOI: 10.1155/2011/368623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Warts are benign proliferations of the skin and mucosa caused by infection with human papillomavirus. They are commonly treated with destructive modalities such as cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen, local injection of bleomycin, electrocoagulation, topical application of glutaraldehyde, and local and systemic interferon-β therapy. These treatment modalities often cause pain and sometimes scarring or pigmentation after treatment. We herein report a case with a right index finger wart, which was successfully treated with a topical activated vitamin D.
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Wang RC, Levine B. Calcipotriol induces autophagy in HeLa cells and keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:990-3. [PMID: 21228817 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rind T, Oiso N, Kawada A. Successful Treatment of Anogenital Wart with a Topical Vitamin D(3) Derivative in an Infant. Case Rep Dermatol 2010; 2:46-49. [PMID: 21173927 PMCID: PMC3004212 DOI: 10.1159/000312986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anogenital warts are an infectious disorder of the anogenital lesion caused by one or more human papilloma viruses. Verruca is commonly treated with freezing with liquid nitrogen, laser therapy or application of imiquimod. Such ablative treatment may cause pain and scars on the anogenital lesion. We herein report an infant case of anogenital wart which was successfully treated with a topical vitamin D3 derivative. Topical application of a vitamin D3 derivative may be an alternative therapy for anogenital warts in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Rind
- Department of Dermatology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
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Imagawa I, Suzuki H. Successful treatment of refractory warts with topical vitamin D3derivative (maxacalcitol, 1?, 25-dihydroxy-22-oxacalcitriol) in 17 patients. J Dermatol 2007; 34:264-6. [PMID: 17352726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2007.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Inaba H, Suzuki T, Adachi A, Tomita Y. Successful treatment of warts with a combination of maxacalcitol ointment and salicylic acid sticking plaster. J Dermatol 2006; 33:383-5. [PMID: 16700677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2006.00090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Labandeira J, Vázquez-Blanco M, Paredes C, Suárez-Penaranda JM, Toribio J. Efficacy of topical calcipotriol in the treatment of a giant viral wart. Pediatr Dermatol 2005; 22:375-6. [PMID: 16060886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2005.22425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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