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Razizadeh MH, Tabibzadeh A. Human polyomavirus 9 as a potential threat in kidney transplant recipients; lessons from BKPyV. Transpl Immunol 2023; 80:101894. [PMID: 37414266 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
As a therapeutic method, kidney transplantation significantly improved the life quality and prognosis of patients with the end-stage renal disease. Since a key element in stable kidney transplantation is continuous therapy with immunosuppressive agents, an inhibited immune response makes patients vulnerable to opportunistic viral and bacterial infections. Polyomavirus (PyV), from the Polyomaviridae family, includes a well-known BK virus (BKPyV) and less publicized human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9). Both these viruses may inflict significant damage to kidney transplants because of their high prevalence and pathogenesis. While a great body of knowledge was accumulated about the BKPyV-caused nephropathy, much less information is about the potential threat from the HPyV9-caused damage to kidney transplants. The current review provides a glimpse of general information about the PyV-associated nephropathy with a special focus on the role of the HPyV9 in pathogenesis of nephropathy in kidney transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Silling S, Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Meyer T, Stockfleth E, Wieland U. Epidemiology of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:6176. [PMID: 36551657 PMCID: PMC9776808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a ubiquitous virus replicating in human dermal fibroblasts. MCPyV DNA can be detected on healthy skin in 67−90% of various body sites, and intact virions are regularly shed from the skin. Infection occurs early in life, and seropositivity increases from 37 to 42% in 1- to 6-year-olds to 92% in adults. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but very aggressive neuroendocrine tumor of the skin. It develops mainly on sun-exposed areas as a fast-growing, reddish nodule. Two MCC entities exist: about 80% of MCC are MCPyV-associated. Tumorigenesis is driven by viral integration into the host genome and MCPyV oncogene expression. In MCPyV-negative MCC, UV radiation causes extensive DNA damage leading to the deregulation of the cell cycle. In recent decades, MCC incidence rates have increased worldwide, e.g., in the United States, from 0.15 in 1986 to 0.7/100,000 in 2016. Risk factors for the development of MCC include male sex, older age (>75 years), fair skin, intense UV exposure, and immunosuppression. Projections suggest that due to aging populations, an increase in immunosuppressed patients, and enhanced UV exposure, MCC incidence rates will continue to rise. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to reducing high MCC morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Silling
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany
| | - Thilo Gambichler
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
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Hasanzadeh A, Sadeghi F, Kamrani G, Mohammadi N, Vosough Z, Ranaee M, Tabarraei A, Yahyapour Y. Quantitative analysis of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) genome in non-melanoma skin cancer and normal tumor margins. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1987-1994. [PMID: 36279096 PMCID: PMC9679045 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the cause of approximately 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). The common types of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are histologically similar to MCC. In the present study, 58 NMSC formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) samples including 12 SCC, 46 BCC, and 58 FFPE samples of adjacent non-tumoral margins as the control were included. Determination of large tumor antigens (LTAg) copy number was performed by qReal-Time PCR as a viral copy number per cell to elucidate MCPyV carcinogenic role in non-melanoma skin cancer. Out of 58 samples, 36 (62%) cancerous and 22 (37.9%) normal tumor margins were positive for MCPyV LTAg. Median copy numbers of MCPyV LTAg among all NMSC samples and non-tumoral margins were 0.308×10-2 and 0.269×10-3 copies per cell respectively (P=0.001). In addition, although the viral load in the majority of samples was detected to be lower than one copy per cell, in 4 BCC samples, a viral load higher than one LTAg copy per cell was detected. The present study revealed that the detection of higher levels of MCPyV LTAg viral load in some BCC and SCC samples may be correlated with the role of MCPyV in some cases of BCC and SCC skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ghodsieh Kamrani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Neda Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Vosough
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ranaee
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Yousef Yahyapour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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4
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Donà MG, Gheit T, Chiantore MV, Vescio MF, Luzi F, Rollo F, Accardi L, Cota C, Galati L, Romeo G, Giuliani M, Tommasino M, Di Bonito P. Prevalence of 13 polyomaviruses in actinic keratosis and matched healthy skin samples of immunocompetent individuals. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:59. [PMID: 36457033 PMCID: PMC9714215 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinic keratosis (AK) is a precursor of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). UV radiation is the major risk factor for AK, but certain human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the beta genus are also involved in its development. Differently, the role of polyomaviruses (PyVs) in skin carcinogenesis is still debated. Fiftheen PyVs have been isolated from human tissues so far, including Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), the aetiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma. METHODS The presence of 13 PyVs was assessed in skin samples from AK patients (n = 342). Matched fresh-frozen scrapings from healthy skin (HS) and AK lesions from 242 patients, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded AK biopsies from a different cohort of 100 patients were analyzed by multiplex PyVs genotyping assay. RESULTS The most frequent lesion site was the scalp in men (27.3%), and the cheek area in women (29.0%). Differences between men and women were significant for the scalp, the cheek area and the lips. Almost all the scrapings were PyV-positive (HS: 89.7%, AK: 94.6%; p = 0.04). The three most frequent PyVs were MCPyV, HPyV6 and JCPyV (HS: 87.2%, 58.7%, 6.6%, respectively; AK: 88.8%, 51.2%, 9.9%, respectively). HPyV9, TSPyV, BKPyV, HPyV7, LIPyV and SV40 were detected in < 2% of the scrapings. In most cases, matched HS and AK scrapings were both positive (MCPyV: 78.1%, HPyV6: 41.7%), or both negative for the individual genotypes (for the remaining PyVs). PyV prevalence in AK biopsies was 22.0%. Only MCPyV (21.0%) and HPyV6 (3.0%) were detected in these samples. CONCLUSIONS PyV prevalence in HS and AK scrapings was high, but detection of PyVs exclusively in AK scrapings was rare. PyV positivity rate in AK biopsies was modest. Further research is need to reach firm conclusions regarding the role of these viruses in AK development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Maria Fenicia Vescio
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Luzi
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rollo
- Pathology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Accardi
- EVOR Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cota
- Department of Dermopathology, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Galati
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Giovanna Romeo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome-Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Massimo Giuliani
- STI/HIV Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Di Bonito
- EVOR Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Dimitraki MG, Sourvinos G. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) and Cancers: Emergency Bell or False Alarm? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225548. [PMID: 36428641 PMCID: PMC9688650 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), the sole member of Polyomavirus associated with oncogenesis in humans, is the major causative factor of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare, neuroendocrine neoplasia of the skin. Many aspects of MCPyV biology and oncogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. However, it has been established that oncogenic transformation is the outcome of the integration of the viral genome into the host DNA. The high prevalence of MCPyV in the population, along with the detection of the virus in various human tissue samples and the strong association of MCPyV with the emergence of MCC, have prompted researchers to further investigate the role of MCPyV in malignancies other than MCC. MCPyV DNA has been detected in several different non-MCC tumour tissues but with significantly lower prevalence, viral load and protein expression. Moreover, the two hallmarks of MCPyV MCC have rarely been investigated and the studies have produced generally inconsistent results. Therefore, the outcomes of the studies are inadequate and unable to clearly demonstrate a direct correlation between cellular transformation and MCPyV. This review aims to present a comprehensive recapitulation of the available literature regarding the association of MCPyV with oncogenesis (MCC and non-MCC tumours).
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Silling S, Kreuter A, Wieland U. [Human polyomavirus-associated skin diseases]. Hautarzt 2022; 73:426-433. [PMID: 35482045 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-04993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Of the 15 currently known human polyomaviruses (HPyV), eight have been found on healthy skin. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), HPyV6, HPyV7, and to a lesser extent Saint Louis polyomavirus (STLPyV) are considered part of the human cutaneous virome. The most important cutaneous polyomavirus, MCPyV, causes the majority of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). MCC is a rare but very aggressive malignant skin tumor that affects both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. A steady increase in incidence rates of this skin tumor has been observed in recent decades. MCC occurs primarily on sunlight-exposed skin of fair-skinned individuals. Risk factors for MCC development include immunosuppression and advanced age. In immunocompromised individuals, primary infection with trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) can cause the very rare skin disease trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS). Keratin spines (spicules), mainly in the center of the face, clinically characterize this disease. Skin lesions associated with further HPyV have been described exclusively in immunocompromised individuals. For HPyV6 and HPyV7, cases of epithelial proliferation and pruritic dyskeratotic dermatitis have been published. HPyV9 and New Jersey polyomavirus (NJPyV-13) were each found in different skin lesions of individual patients. The role of these polyomaviruses in the development of the skin lesions is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Silling
- Institut für Virologie, Nationales Referenzzentrum für Papillom- und Polyomaviren, Universitätsklinikum Köln und Universität zu Köln, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Köln, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, HELIOS St. Elisabeth Klinik Oberhausen, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Oberhausen, Deutschland.,Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, HELIOS St. Johannes Klinik Duisburg, Duisburg, Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- Institut für Virologie, Nationales Referenzzentrum für Papillom- und Polyomaviren, Universitätsklinikum Köln und Universität zu Köln, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Köln, Deutschland.
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Wijaya WA, Liu Y, Qing Y, Li Z. Prevalence of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Normal and Lesional Skin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:868781. [PMID: 35392226 PMCID: PMC8980839 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.868781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus(MCPyV) in Merkel cell carcinoma(MCC) and non-MCC skin lesions and its possible role in the etiology of other skin diseases remain controversial. To systematically assess the association between MCPyV infection and MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin. For this systematic review and meta-analysis, a comprehensive search for eligible studies was conducted using Medline Ovid, Pubmed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases until August 2021; references were searched to identify additional studies. Observational studies that investigated the association between MCPyV infection and MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) as a detection method and provided sufficient data to calculate the prevalence of MCPyV positivity. A total of 50 articles were included in the study after exclusion criteria were applied. Two reviewers independently reviewed and assessed the eligibility of the studies, and all disagreements were resolved by consensus. To determine the association between MCPyV and MCC, overall odds ratio (OR) were calculated with 95% CI using a random-effects model. Single-arm meta-analyses were performed to examine the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in MCC, non-MCC skin lesions, and normal skin. The primary analysis was the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in MCC. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in non-MCC skin lesions and normal skin. A total of 50 studies involving 5428 patients were reviewed based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Compared with the control group, MCPyV infection was significantly associated with MCC (OR = 3.51, 95% CI = 2.96 - 4.05). The global prevalence of MCPyV+ in MCC, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, actinic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, seborrheic keratosis, and normal skin was 80%, 4%, 15%, 15%, 21%, 6%, 20%, 10%, and 11%, respectively. The current results suggest that MCPyV infection is significantly associated with an increased risk of MCC. However, the low prevalence rate of MCPyV+ in non-MCC skin lesions does not exclude a pathogenic association of this virus with the development of non-MCC skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson A Wijaya
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Qing
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Prevalence of MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and TSPyV in Actinic Keratosis Biopsy Specimens. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020427. [PMID: 35216020 PMCID: PMC8876850 DOI: 10.3390/v14020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, 14 human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been identified using high-throughput technologies. Among them, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and TSPyV present a skin tropism, but a causal role in skin diseases has been established only for MCPyV as a causative agent of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and TSPyV as an etiological agent of Trichodysplasia Spinulosa (TS). In the search for a possible role for cutaneous HPyVs in the development of skin malignant lesions, we investigated the prevalence of MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7 and TSPyV in actinic keratosis (AK), a premalignant skin lesion that has the potential to progress towards a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). One skin lesion and one non-lesion skin from nine affected individuals were analyzed by qualitative PCR. MCPyV was detected in 9 out of 9 lesion biopsies and 6 out of 8 non-lesion biopsies. HPyV6 was detected only in healthy skin, while HPyV7 and TSPyV were not detected in any skin sample. These findings argue against a possible role of cutaneous HPyVs in AK. However, considering the small sample size analyzed, a definitive conclusion cannot be drawn. Longitudinal studies on large cohorts are warranted.
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Bopp L, Wieland U, Hellmich M, Kreuter A, Pfister H, Silling S. Natural History of Cutaneous Human Polyomavirus Infection in Healthy Individuals. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740947. [PMID: 34733257 PMCID: PMC8558461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) were recently discovered. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) induces Merkel cell carcinoma. HPyV6, HPyV7, and TSPyV have been associated with rare skin lesions in immunosuppressed patients. HPyV9, HPyV10, and Saint Louis Polyomavirus (STLPyV) have not been convincingly associated with any disease. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the cutaneous prevalence, persistence and viral load of HPyVs in healthy individuals. Eight hundred seventy forehead and hand swabs were collected from 109 volunteers 4-6 weeks apart (collection period-1). Fifty-nine participants were available for follow-up a decade later (collection period-2). HPyV-DNA prevalence and viral loads of MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, HPyV10, and STLPyV were determined by virus-specific real-time PCRs. Risk factors for HPyV prevalence, short- and long-term persistence were explored by logistic regression analyses. Baseline prevalence rates were similar for forehead and hand: MCPyV 67.9/67.0%, HPyV6 31.2/25.7%, HPyV7 13.8/11.0%, HPyV10 11.9/15.6%, STLPyV 7.3/8.3%, TSPyV 0.9/0.9%, and HPyV9 0.9/0.9%. Short-term persistence in period-1 was found in 59.6% (MCPyV), 23.9% (HPyV6), 10.1% (HPyV7), 6.4% (HPyV10), 5.5% (STLPyV), and 0% (TSPyV and HPyV9) on the forehead, with similar values for the hand. Long-term persistence for 9-12 years occurred only for MCPyV (forehead/hand 39.0%/44.1% of volunteers), HPyV6 (16.9%/11.9%), and HPyV7 (3.4%/5.1%). Individuals with short-term persistence had significantly higher viral loads at baseline compared to those with transient DNA-positivity (p < 0.001 for MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, and HPyV10, respectively). This was also true for median viral loads in period-1 of MCPyV, HPyV6, and HPyV7 of volunteers with long-term persistence. Multiplicity (two or more different HPyVs) was a risk factor for prevalence and persistence for most HPyVs. Further risk factors were older age for HPyV6 and male sex for MCPyV on the forehead. Smoking was not a risk factor. In contrast to MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, and rarely STLPyV, polyomaviruses TSPyV, HPyV9, and HPyV10 do not seem to be long-term constituents of the human skin virome of healthy individuals. Furthermore, this study showed that higher viral loads are associated with both short- and long-term persistence of HPyVs on the skin. HPyV multiplicity is a risk factor for prevalence, short-term and/or long-term persistence of MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, and HPyV10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Bopp
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hellmich
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Helios St. Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Herbert Pfister
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Steffi Silling
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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10
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Klufah F, Mobaraki G, Liu D, Alharbi RA, Kurz AK, Speel EJM, Winnepenninckx V, Zur Hausen A. Emerging role of human polyomaviruses 6 and 7 in human cancers. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:35. [PMID: 34001216 PMCID: PMC8130262 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently 12 human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been identified, 6 of which have been associated with human diseases, including cancer. The discovery of the Merkel cell polyomavirus and its role in the etiopathogenesis in the majority of Merkel cell carcinomas has drawn significant attention, also to other novel HPyVs. In 2010, HPyV6 and HPyV7 were identified in healthy skin swabs. Ever since it has been speculated that they might contribute to the etiopathogenesis of skin and non-cutaneous human cancers. MAIN BODY Here we comprehensively reviewed and summarized the current evidence potentially indicating an involvement of HPyV6 and HPyV7 in the etiopathogenesis of neoplastic human diseases. The seroprevalence of both HPyV6 and 7 is high in a normal population and increases with age. In skin cancer tissues, HPyV6- DNA was far more often prevalent than HPyV7 in contrast to cancers of other anatomic sites, in which HPyV7 DNA was more frequently detected. CONCLUSION It is remarkable to find that the detection rate of HPyV6-DNA in tissues of skin malignancies is higher than HPyV7-DNA and may indicate a role of HPyV6 in the etiopathogenesis of the respected skin cancers. However, the sheer presence of viral DNA is not enough to prove a role in the etiopathogenesis of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Klufah
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalib Mobaraki
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Raed A Alharbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna Kordelia Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ernst Jan M Speel
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Axel Zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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11
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Costa PVA, Ishiy PS, Urbano PRP, Romano CM, Tyring SK, Oliveira WRP, Festa-Neto C. Identification of Polyomaviruses in Skin Cancers. Intervirology 2021; 64:119-125. [PMID: 33592613 DOI: 10.1159/000513544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyomaviruses (PyVs) were initially described in animals. They have also been detected in humans with some evidence that could play a role in skin carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to verify the presence of PyVs in different skin tumour samples and to make clinical correlations with patients' epidemiological data from Clinics Hospital of Medical School of University of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. A random selection was performed of 120 patients with histopathological exams of different cutaneous neoplasms equally divided into 6 groups and 20 patients with normal skin. The available skin specimens were analysed with 2 different techniques of PCR (conventional and real time) for detection of PyV DNA. Concomitantly, retrospective analysis of the respective medical records for the collection of epidemiological data was done. Analyses suitable for categorical data were used to compare the proportion of patients in each group. RESULTS PyV DNA was found in 25.69% of the samples: 15% in basal cell carcinoma group, 15% in squamous cell carcinoma, 28.57% in melanoma, 15% in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, 13.33% in Kaposi sarcoma, 65% in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), and none in normal skin. Merkel cell PyV detection was statistically significant in MCC patients (p value <0.01), but no correlations were found between PyVs and others skin tumours. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the presence of PyVs in different skin tumours; however, no association of any PyVs found in any skin tumour with epidemiological data could be shown. Further studies are still needed to elucidate the mechanisms of PyVs in skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro V A Costa
- Department of Dermatology, Clinics Hospital of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia S Ishiy
- Department of Dermatology, Clinics Hospital of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R P Urbano
- Virology Research Laboratory (LIMHC 52), Clinics Hospital of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila M Romano
- Virology Research Laboratory (LIMHC 52), Clinics Hospital of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walmar R P Oliveira
- Department of Dermatology, Clinics Hospital of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Cyro Festa-Neto
- Department of Dermatology, Clinics Hospital of the Medical School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Prezioso C, Van Ghelue M, Moens U, Pietropaolo V. HPyV6 and HPyV7 in urine from immunocompromised patients. Virol J 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 33482864 PMCID: PMC7821732 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) and HPyV7 are two of the novel polyomaviruses that were originally detected in non-diseased skin. Serological studies have shown that these viruses are ubiquitous in the healthy adult population with seroprevalence up to 88% for HPyV6 and 72% for HPyV7. Both viruses are associated with pruritic skin eruption in immunocompromised patients, but a role with other diseases in immunoincompetent patients or malignancies has not been established. Methods PCR was used to determine the presence of HPyV6 and HPyV7 DNA in urine samples from systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 73), multiple sclerosis (n = 50), psoriasis vulgaris (n = 15), arthritic psoriasis (n = 15) and HIV-positive patients (n = 66). In addition, urine from pregnant women (n = 47) and healthy blood donors (n = 20) was investigated. Results HPyV6 DNA was detected in 21 (28.8%) of the urine specimens from SLE patients, in 6 (9.1%) of the urine samples from the HIV-positive cohort, and in 19 (40.4%) samples from pregnant women. HPyV7 DNA was only found in 6 (8.2%) of the urine specimens from SLE patients and in 4 (8.5%) samples from pregnant women. No HPyV6 and HPyV7 viruria was detected in the urine samples from the other patients. Conclusions HPyV6, and to a lesser extend HPyV7, viruria seems to be common in SLE and HIV-positive patients, and pregnant women. Whether these viruses are of clinical relevance in these patients is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Marijke Van Ghelue
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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13
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Zhao Y, Amorrortu RP, Fenske NA, Cherpelis B, Messina JL, Sondak VK, Giuliano AR, Schell MJ, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, McKay‐Chopin S, Gheit T, Tommasino M, Rollison DE. Cutaneous viral infections associated with ultraviolet radiation exposure. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:448-458. [PMID: 32818302 PMCID: PMC7754468 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The complex interplay between ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and cutaneous viral infections in the context of cancer etiology is challenging to unravel, given the limited information on the independent association between UVR and cutaneous viral infections. Using multiple biomarkers of infection with 24 types of cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) and 4 types of polyomaviruses (HPyV), we investigated cross-sectional associations with recent UVR exposure, using skin pigmentation measured by spectrophotometer. Age- and sex-adjusted associations between UVR and viral seropositivity, viral DNA present in eyebrow hairs (EBH) and skin swabs (SSW) were estimated using logistic regression. Beta-HPV seropositivity was associated with viral DNA positivity in EBH (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.05-1.88) and SSW (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.25-2.74). Similar associations were observed for Merkel cell polyomavirus. Participants in the highest tertile of UVR exposure were more likely to be seropositive for beta-HPV (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.16-2.38), and have beta-HPV DNA in EBH (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.06-2.33) and SSW (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.25-3.96), compared to participants with the lowest tertile of UVR exposure. UVR exposure was positively associated with three different markers of beta-HPV infection. Therefore, future studies of HPV associated KC development should address more directly the role of HPV and UVR exposure as potential co-carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi Zhao
- Department of Cancer EpidemiologyMoffitt Cancer CenterTampaFloridaUSA
| | | | - Neil A. Fenske
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of South Florida College of MedicineTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Basil Cherpelis
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of South Florida College of MedicineTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Jane L. Messina
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous SurgeryUniversity of South Florida College of MedicineTampaFloridaUSA
- Department of Anatomic PathologyMoffitt Cancer CenterTampaFloridaUSA
- Department of Cutaneous OncologyMoffitt Cancer CenterTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Vernon K. Sondak
- Department of Cutaneous OncologyMoffitt Cancer CenterTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Anna R. Giuliano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in CancerMoffitt Cancer CenterTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Michael J. Schell
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared ResourceMoffitt Cancer CenterTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Infections and Cancer EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sandrine McKay‐Chopin
- Infections and Cancer Biology GroupInternational Agency for Research on Cancer‐World Health OrganizationLyonFrance
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology GroupInternational Agency for Research on Cancer‐World Health OrganizationLyonFrance
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology GroupInternational Agency for Research on Cancer‐World Health OrganizationLyonFrance
| | - Dana E. Rollison
- Department of Cancer EpidemiologyMoffitt Cancer CenterTampaFloridaUSA
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14
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Csoboz B, Rasheed K, Sveinbjørnsson B, Moens U. Merkel cell polyomavirus and non-Merkel cell carcinomas: guilty or circumstantial evidence? APMIS 2020; 128:104-120. [PMID: 31990105 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the major causative factor of the rare but aggressive cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Two characteristics of MCPyV-positive MCCs are integration of the viral genome and expression of a truncated version of one of its oncogenic proteins, namely large T antigen. The strong association of MCPyV with MCC development has incited researchers to further investigate a possible role of this virus in other cancers. However, many of the examples displaying the presence of the virus in the various non-MCC cancers are not able to clearly demonstrate a direct connection between cellular transformation and the presence of the virus. The prevalence of the virus is significantly lower in non-MCC cancers compared to MCCs, with a lower level of viral load and sparse viral protein expression. Moreover, the state of the viral genome, and whether a truncated large T antigen is expressed, has rarely been investigated. Nonetheless, considering the strong oncogenic potential of MCPyV proteins in MCC, the plausible contribution of MCPyV to transformation and cancer growth in non-MCC tumors cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, the absence of MCPyV in cancers does not exclude a hit-and-run mechanism, or the oncoproteins of MCPyV may potentiate the neoplastic process mediated by co-infecting oncoviruses such as high-risk human papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr virus. The current review is focusing on the available data describing the presence of MCPyV in non-MCC tumors, with an aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the corresponding literature and to discuss the potential contribution of MCPyV to non-MCC cancer in light of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balint Csoboz
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kashif Rasheed
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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15
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Silling S, Söylemez Ü, Mauch C, Zigrino P, Kreuter A, Wieland U, Akgül B. Human papillomavirus type 197 is not associated with skin tumors. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:3179-3180. [PMID: 31456242 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Silling
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ümran Söylemez
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cornelia Mauch
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Kreuter
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Helios St Elisabeth Hospital Oberhausen, University Witten-Herdecke, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Mollerup S, Mikkelsen LH, Hansen AJ, Heegaard S. High-throughput sequencing reveals no viral pathogens in eight cases of ocular adnexal extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. Exp Eye Res 2019; 185:107677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Wang Y, Keinonen A, Koskenmies S, Pitkänen S, Fyhrquist N, Sadeghi M, Mäkisalo H, Söderlund-Venermo M, Hedman K. Occurrence of newly discovered human polyomaviruses in skin of liver transplant recipients and their relation with squamous cell carcinoma in situ and actinic keratosis - a single-center cohort study. Transpl Int 2019; 32:516-522. [PMID: 30632206 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To date 14 human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) have been identified. The newly found HPyVs have not been examined with regard to post-transplant skin carcinogenesis. To determine the occurrences in skin and possible pathological associations of the HPyVs, we studied their genoprevalences in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ or actinic keratosis and benign skin in liver transplant recipients (LiTRs); and of healthy skin in immunocompetent adults. We used highly sensitive and specific HPyV PCRs of two types. Overall, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6), human polyomavirus 7 (HPyV7), trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV), and Lyon IARC polyomavirus (LIPyV) were found in 58/221 (26.2%) skin biopsies. MCPyV DNA was detected in 5/14 (35.7%) premalignant vs. 32/127 (25.2%) benign skin of LiTRs, and in 12/80 (15%) healthy skin of immunocompetent adults, with no statistically significant difference in viral DNA prevalence or load. TSPyV DNA was found in a single skin lesion. LIPyV, HPyV6 and HPyV7 DNAs occurred exclusively in benign skin. Overall, the viral findings in premalignant versus benign skin were alike. The occurrences of HPyVs in skin of LiTRs and immunocompetent individuals speak against a role for any of the 14 HPyVs in SCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wang
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Keinonen
- Skin Cancer Unit, Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Koskenmies
- Skin Cancer Unit, Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Pitkänen
- Skin Cancer Unit, Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nanna Fyhrquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mohammadreza Sadeghi
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Mäkisalo
- Organ Transplantation and Liver Surgery Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Klaus Hedman
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Neto CF, Oliveira WRP, Costa PVA, Cardoso MK, Barreto PG, Romano CM, Urbano PR. The first observation of the association of Merkel cell polyomavirus and Merkel cell carcinoma in Brazil. Int J Dermatol 2019; 58:703-706. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyro Festa Neto
- Department of Dermatology Clinics Hospital of the Medical School University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Walmar R. P. Oliveira
- Department of Dermatology Clinics Hospital of the Medical School University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Pedro V. A. Costa
- Department of Dermatology Clinics Hospital of the Medical School University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Melina K. Cardoso
- Department of Dermatology Clinics Hospital of the Medical School University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Paula G. Barreto
- Department of Dermatology Clinics Hospital of the Medical School University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Camila M. Romano
- Virology Medical Research Laboratory Institute of Tropical Medicine University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Urbano
- Virology Medical Research Laboratory Institute of Tropical Medicine University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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19
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Nguyen KD, Chamseddin BH, Cockerell CJ, Wang RC. The Biology and Clinical Features of Cutaneous Polyomaviruses. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:285-292. [PMID: 30470393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses are double-stand DNA viruses with a conserved genomic structure, yet they present with diverse tissue tropisms and disease presentations. Merkel cell polyomavirus, trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus, human polyomavirus 6 and 7, and Malawi polyomavirus are shed from the skin, and Merkel cell polyomavirus, trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus, human polyomavirus 6 and 7 have been linked to specific skin diseases. We present an update on the genomic and clinical features of these cutaneous polyomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang D Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bahir H Chamseddin
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Clay J Cockerell
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Richard C Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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20
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Prado JCM, Monezi TA, Amorim AT, Lino V, Paladino A, Boccardo E. Human polyomaviruses and cancer: an overview. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e558s. [PMID: 30328951 PMCID: PMC6157077 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e558s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The name of the family Polyomaviridae, derives from the early observation that cells infected with murine polyomavirus induced multiple (poly) tumors (omas) in immunocompromised mice. Subsequent studies showed that many members of this family exhibit the capacity of mediating cell transformation and tumorigenesis in different experimental models. The transformation process mediated by these viruses is driven by viral pleiotropic regulatory proteins called T (tumor) antigens. Similar to other viral oncoproteins T antigens target cellular regulatory factors to favor cell proliferation, immune evasion and downregulation of apoptosis. The first two human polyomaviruses were isolated over 45 years ago. However, recent advances in the DNA sequencing technologies led to the rapid identification of additional twelve new polyomaviruses in different human samples. Many of these viruses establish chronic infections and have been associated with conditions in immunosuppressed individuals, particularly in organ transplant recipients. This has been associated to viral reactivation due to the immunosuppressant therapy applied to these patients. Four polyomaviruses namely, Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV), John Cunningham Polyomavirus (JCPyV) and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) have been associated with the development of specific malignant tumors. However, present evidence only supports the role of MCPyV as a carcinogen to humans. In the present review we present a summarized discussion on the current knowledge concerning the role of MCPyV, TSPyV, JCPyV and BKPyV in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Mann Prado
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Telma Alves Monezi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Aline Teixeira Amorim
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Vanesca Lino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Andressa Paladino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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21
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Purdie KJ, Proby CM, Rizvi H, Griffin H, Doorbar J, Sommerlad M, Feltkamp MC, der Meijden EV, Inman GJ, South AP, Leigh IM, Harwood CA. The Role of Human Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses in BRAF-Inhibitor Induced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Benign Squamoproliferative Lesions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1806. [PMID: 30154763 PMCID: PMC6102365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) has long been proposed as a cofactor in the pathogenesis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). More recently, the striking clinico-pathological features of cSCCs that complicate treatment of metastatic melanoma with inhibitors targeting BRAF mutations (BRAFi) has prompted speculation concerning a pathogenic role for oncogenic viruses. Here, we investigate HPV and human polyomaviruses (HPyV) and correlate with clinical, histologic, and genetic features in BRAFi-associated cSCC. Materials and Methods: Patients receiving BRAFi treatment were recruited at Barts Health NHS Trust. HPV DNA was detected in microdissected frozen samples using reverse line probe technology and degenerate and nested PCR. HPV immunohistochemistry was performed in a subset of samples. Quantitative PCR was performed to determine the presence and viral load of HPyVs with affinity for the skin (HPyV6, HPyV7, HPyV9, MCPyV, and TSPyV). These data were correlated with previous genetic mutational analysis of H, K and NRAS, NOTCH1/2, TP53, CDKN2A, CARD11, CREBBP, TGFBR1/2. Chromosomal aberrations were profiled using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Results: Forty-five skin lesions from seven patients treated with single agent vemurafenib in 2012–2013 were analyzed: 12 cSCC, 19 viral warts (VW), 2 actinic keratosis (AK), 5 verrucous keratosis/other squamoproliferative (VK/SP) lesions, one melanocytic lesion and 6 normal skin samples. Significant histologic features of viral infection were seen in 10/12 (83%) cSCC. HPV DNA was detected in 18/19 (95%) VW/SP, 9/12 (75%) cSCC, 4/5 (80%) SP, and 3/6 (50%) normal skin samples and in 1/12 cases assessed by immunohistochemistry. HPyV was co-detected in 22/30 (73%) of samples, usually at low viral load, with MCPyV and HPyV7 the most common. SNP arrays confirmed low levels of chromosomal abnormality and there was no significant correlation between HPV or HPyV detection and individual gene mutations or overall mutational burden. Conclusion: Despite supportive clinicopathologic evidence, the role for HPV and HPyV infection in the pathogenesis of BRAFi-induced squamoproliferative lesions remains uncertain. Synergistic oncogenic mechanisms are plausible although speculative. Nonetheless, with the prospect of a significant increase in the adjuvant use of these drugs, further research is justified and may provide insight into the pathogenesis of other BRAFi-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J Purdie
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Rizvi
- Department of Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Griffin
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Sommerlad
- Department of Dermatology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariet C Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Els Van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Irene M Leigh
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Dermatology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Hamiter M, Asarkar A, Rogers D, Moore-Medlin T, McClure G, Ma X, Vanchiere J, Nathan CAO. A pilot study of Merkel cell polyomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Oral Oncol 2017; 74:111-114. [PMID: 29103738 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mickie Hamiter
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Surgery, Overton Brooks Veterans Affairs Hospital, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Ameya Asarkar
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Surgery, Overton Brooks Veterans Affairs Hospital, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Donna Rogers
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Tara Moore-Medlin
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Gloria McClure
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - John Vanchiere
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Cherie-Ann O Nathan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Surgery, Overton Brooks Veterans Affairs Hospital, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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23
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Hampras SS, Locke FL, Chavez JC, Patel NS, Giuliano AR, Miller K, Gheit T, Tommasino M, Rollison DE. Prevalence of cutaneous viral infections in incident cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma detected among chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:911-917. [PMID: 28679298 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1342822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of cutaneous viral infections in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), among chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and blood and marrow transplant (BMT) patients is not established. CLL (n = 977) and BMT (n = 3587) patients treated at the Moffitt Cancer Center were included in a retrospective cohort study. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and human polyomavirus (HPyV) DNA were examined in a subset of incident SCC tumors. Five-year cumulative incidence of NMSC was 1.42% in both BMT (n = 31 NMSCs) and CLL (n = 18 NMSCs) cohorts. Of the nine SCC tumors examined from each cohort, 22.2% and 33.3% were positive for viral DNA in the transplant (HPV 65, MCV) and CLL (HPV 38, HPV 15, HPyV6) cohort, respectively. Enhanced skin cancer screening of BMT/CLL patients should be conducted to better capture incident NMSCs and examine the role of viral infections in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka S Hampras
- a Department of Cancer Epidemiology , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Frederick L Locke
- b Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Julio C Chavez
- c Department of Malignant Hematology , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Nishit S Patel
- d Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- a Department of Cancer Epidemiology , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA.,e Center for Infection Research in Cancer , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , Florida , USA
| | - Kyle Miller
- f College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Tarik Gheit
- g Infections and Cancer Biology Group , International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization , Lyon , France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- g Infections and Cancer Biology Group , International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization , Lyon , France
| | - Dana E Rollison
- a Department of Cancer Epidemiology , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA.,e Center for Infection Research in Cancer , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , Florida , USA
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24
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Abstract
Over the last 10 years, the number of identified polyomaviruses has grown to more than 35 subtypes, including 13 in humans. The polyomaviruses have similar genetic makeup, including genes that encode viral capsid proteins VP1, 2, and 3 and large and small T region proteins. The T proteins play a role in viral replication and have been implicated in viral chromosomal integration and possible dysregulation of growth factor genes. In humans, the Merkel cell polyomavirus has been shown to be highly associated with integration and the development of Merkel cell cancers. The first two human polyomaviruses discovered, BKPyV and JCPyV, are the causative agents for transplant-related kidney disease, BK commonly and JC rarely. JC has also been strongly associated with the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a rare but serious infection in untreated HIV-1-infected individuals and in other immunosuppressed patients including those treated with monoclonal antibody therapies for autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis. The trichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus (TSAPyV) may be the causative agent of the rare skin disease trichodysplasia spinulosa. The remaining nine polyomaviruses have not been strongly associated with clinical disease to date. Antiviral therapies for these infections are under development. Antibodies specific for each of the 13 human polyomaviruses have been identified in a high percentage of normal individuals, indicating a high rate of exposure to each of the polyomaviruses in the human population. PCR methods are now available for detection of these viruses in a variety of clinical samples.
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25
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Bellott TR, Baez CF, Almeida SG, Venceslau MT, Zalis MG, Guimarães MA, Rochael MC, Luz FB, Varella RB, Almeida JR. Molecular prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus in nonmelanoma skin cancer in a Brazilian population. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017; 42:390-394. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. R. Bellott
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - C. F. Baez
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Brazil
| | - S. G. Almeida
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Brazil
| | - M. T. Venceslau
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Brazil
| | - M. G. Zalis
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Brazil
| | - M. A. Guimarães
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Brazil
| | - M. C. Rochael
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - F. B. Luz
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - R. B. Varella
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - J. R. Almeida
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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26
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Haeggblom L, Franzén J, Näsman A. Human polyomavirus DNA detection in keratoacanthoma and Spitz naevus: no evidence for a causal role. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:451-453. [PMID: 27993945 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Keratoacanthomas (KA) and Spitz naevus (SN) are both lesions with unknown aetiology; therefore, the possibility of a viral involvement, more specifically the involvement of human polyomaviruses (HPyV), was investigated. In total, 22 cases of KA and 25 cases of SN were tested for the presence of HPyVs. DNA was extracted and amplified by multiplex PCR and thereafter tested with a multiplex bead-based assay for HPyVs (BKPyV, JCPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV, MCPyV, TSPyV, HPyV6, 7 and 9) and two primate viruses (SV40 and LPyV). HPyV DNA was found in 20 of the 47 lesions. There was no significant difference in HPyV DNA detection frequency between patients diagnosed with KA and patients diagnosed with SN, nor any over-representation of a specific HPyV type in any of the two patient categories. In conclusion, evidence for a specific aetiological role of any of the above tested HPyVs in either KA or SN was not disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Haeggblom
- Department of oncology and pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joar Franzén
- Department of oncology and pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Näsman
- Department of oncology and pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Herberhold S, Hellmich M, Panning M, Bartok E, Silling S, Akgül B, Wieland U. Human polyomavirus and human papillomavirus prevalence and viral load in non-malignant tonsillar tissue and tonsillar carcinoma. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 206:93-103. [PMID: 27832373 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are an acknowledged cause of a subset of oropharyngeal cancers, especially of tonsillar cancer. Similar to HPV, some human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), such as Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), have an oncogenic potential. Recently, several novel HPyVs have been discovered. The aim of our study was to determine viral DNA prevalence and viral DNA load of 13 different HPyVs in benign and malignant tonsillar tissue and to compare the data with those found for HPV. A total of 78 biopsies of palatine tonsils with a histologic diagnosis of non-malignant disease (chronic tonsillitis, tonsillar hyperplasia, n = 40) or tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (n = 38) were included in the study. HPyV DNA prevalence and viral load were determined by virus-specific quantitative real-time PCRs. JCPyV (1/40, 2.5%) and WUPyV (3/40, 7.5%) were only found in non-malignant tonsillar tissue. HPyV7 and HPyV10 were only detected in one (2.6%) and seven (18.4%) of the 38 cancer biopsies, respectively. Both MCPyV (8/38, 21.1 vs. 4/40, 10.0%) and HPyV6 (2/38, 5.3 vs. 1/40, 2.5%) were found more frequently in cancer samples than in non-malignant tissue, but the differences were not significant. BKPyV, KIPyV, TSPyV, HPyV9, STLPyV, HPyV12 and NJPyV were not discovered in any of the samples. HPyV loads found in HPyV DNA-positive biopsies were very low with no difference between non-malignant and malignant samples (median load <0.0001 HPyV DNA copies per beta-globin gene copy, respectively). In contrast to HPyV, high-risk HPV types (HPV16/HPV18) were found significantly more frequently in tonsillar cancers than in non-malignant tonsillar tissue (17/38, 44.7 vs. 2/40, 5.0%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, high-risk HPV DNA loads were significantly higher in the cancer compared to the non-malignant samples (median load 11.861 vs. 7 × 10-6 HPV DNA copies per beta-globin gene copy, p = 0.012). While both HPV and HPyV may persist in tonsillar tissue, our data on HPyV DNA prevalence and load do not support a role of HPyV in tonsillar carcinogenesis, neither alone nor as co-infecting agents of HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Herberhold
- ENT Department, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,ENT Department, Johanniter-Kliniken Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Hellmich
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Panning
- Institute for Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Steffi Silling
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses, University of Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany
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28
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Clear Cell Atypical Fibroxanthoma: Clinicopathological Study of 6 Cases and Review of the Literature With Special Emphasis on the Differential Diagnosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2016; 38:586-92. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Beckervordersandforth J, Pujari S, Rennspiess D, Speel EJM, Winnepenninckx V, Diaz C, Weyers W, Haugg AM, Kurz AK, zur Hausen A. Frequent detection of human polyomavirus 6 in keratoacanthomas. Diagn Pathol 2016; 11:58. [PMID: 27388771 PMCID: PMC4936261 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-016-0509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent discovery of the Merkel cell polyomavirus and its consistent association with Merkel cell carcinoma has drawn attention to the numerous recently discovered polyomaviruses and their possible involvement in the etiopathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Data on the recently discovered human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) and its role in NMSC are sparse and in part controversial. METHODS In the present study we tested a large number (n = 299) of NMSC specimens for the presence of human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) by DNA PCR and HPyV6 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In detail, 59 keratoacanthomas (KA), 109 basal cell carcinomas (BCC), 86 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 45 trichoblastomas (TB) were tested for the presence of HPyV6. RESULTS HPyV6 DNA PCR and subsequent sequence analysis revealed that 25 KAs (42.3 %), 23 BCCs (21.1 %), 8 SCCs (9.3 %) and 10 TBs (22.2 %) were HPyV6 positive. The presence of HPyV6 DNA was visualized and validated on the single cell level within the histomorphological context by HPyV6 fluorescence in situ hybridization. CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of HPyV6 DNA in 42.3 % of KA possibly points to a role for HPyV6 in the etiopathogenesis of KAs. Although the detection rate of HPyV6 DNA in BCCs and TBs is within the previously reported detection range in normal skin, it does not exclude a possible role for HPyV6 in the carcinogenesis in a significant subset of these skin tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Beckervordersandforth
- />Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sreedhar Pujari
- />Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorit Rennspiess
- />Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst Jan M. Speel
- />Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- />Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Diaz
- />Center for Dermatopathology, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Anke Maria Haugg
- />Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Axel zur Hausen
- />Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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30
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Csoma E, Bidiga L, Méhes G, Gergely L. No Evidence of Human Polyomavirus 9, WU and KI DNA in Kidney and Urinary Bladder Tumour Tissue Samples. Pathobiology 2016; 83:252-7. [PMID: 27198658 DOI: 10.1159/000445120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The oncogenic potential of human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) has been proposed, but so far only Merkel cell carcinoma polyomavirus seems to be associated with a human tumour. The role of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) in human tumourigenesis remains controversial. BKPyV establishes persistent infection in the urinary tract, and renal and bladder neoplasms have been studied extensively, but conflicting prevalence data are reported. KI, WU and HPyV9 were detected in urine samples suggesting that these viruses may also infect the urinary tract, but their presence in urinary tract tumours has not been studied. The aim of this work was to examine the prevalence of KIPyV, WUPyV, HPyV9 and BKPyV by PCR in renal and bladder neoplasms. METHODS A total of 190 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded renal neoplasms, bladder cancer and kidney biopsy samples were analysed for the presence of BKPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV and HPyV9 DNA by real-time and nested PCR. RESULTS Amplifiable DNA was extracted from all the samples, but none of the studied viruses were detected in benign renal neoplasia (0/23), malignant renal tumours (0/89) or bladder cancer (0/76). CONCLUSION Our study did not find any evidence that BKPyV, KIPyV, WUPyV or HPyV9 are associated with bladder and renal tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Csoma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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31
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Wu JH, Nguyen HP, Rady PL, Tyring SK. Molecular insight into the viral biology and clinical features of trichodysplasia spinulosa. Br J Dermatol 2015; 174:490-8. [PMID: 26479880 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) is a disfiguring skin disease that occurs most frequently in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies, and is thus frequently associated with organ transplantation. TS is characterized clinically by folliculocentric papular eruption, keratin spine formation and development of leonine face; and histologically by expansion of the inner root sheath epithelium and high expression of the proliferative marker Ki-67. Recent discovery of the TS-associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) and emerging studies demonstrating the role of TSPyV tumour antigens in cell proliferation pathways have opened a new corridor for research on TS. In this brief review, we summarize the clinical and histological features of TS and evaluate the current options for therapy. Furthermore, we address the viral aetiology of the disease and explore the mechanisms by which TSPyV may influence TS development and progression. As reports of TS continue to rise, clinician recognition of TS, as well as accompanying research on its underlying pathogenesis and therapeutic options, is becoming increasingly important. It is our hope that heightened clinical suspicion for TS will increase rates of diagnosis and will galvanize both molecular and clinical interest in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Wu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - H P Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - P L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A
| | - S K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, U.S.A
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32
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Hampras SS, Michel A, Schmitt M, Waterboer T, Kranz L, Gheit T, Fisher K, Sondak VK, Messina J, Fenske N, Cherpelis B, Tommasino M, Pawlita M, Rollison DE. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) T-antigen seroreactivity, MCV DNA in eyebrow hairs, and squamous cell carcinoma. Infect Agent Cancer 2015; 10:35. [PMID: 26483848 PMCID: PMC4610041 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-015-0030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) infection in the etiology of non-melanoma skin cancers, other than Merkel cell carcinoma, is unclear. Previously, we reported a significant association between seropositivity to MCV capsid antigen and MCV DNA-positive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Here we present associations between SCC and seroreactivity to MCV T-antigen (T-Ag) oncoprotein, as well as MCV DNA detected in eyebrow hairs. Findings A clinic-based case–control study, including 171 SCC cases and 300 controls without skin cancer, was conducted at Moffitt Cancer Center in Tampa, Florida. Multiplex assays were used to measure serum antibodies against MCV small and large T-Ag and MCV DNA in both eyebrow hairs and SCC tumors (n = 144). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression to evaluate the associations between MCV and SCC. No significant association was observed between seroreactivity to MCV full-length large or small T-Ag and SCC, overall [ORlarge T-Ag = 0.99 (0.48-2.08), ORsmall T-Ag = 0.31 (0.06–1.62)] or when comparing tumor MCV DNA-positive cases to controls [ORlarge T-Ag = 1.06 (0.38–2.93)]. Only presence of MCV DNA in eyebrow hairs was significantly associated with MCV DNA-positive SCC [OR = 4.05 (2.01–8.18)]. Conclusion MCV infection is unlikely to play a direct role in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka S Hampras
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Angelika Michel
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Schmitt
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany ; Present address: GATC Biotech AG, Constance, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Kranz
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany ; Present address: Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Langenbeckstrasse 1, Building 708, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, 69372 France
| | - Kate Fisher
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Vernon K Sondak
- Cutaneous Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Jane Messina
- Cutaneous Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA ; Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA ; Dermatology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Neil Fenske
- Dermatology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA ; Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Basil Cherpelis
- Dermatology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA ; Cutaneous Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, 69372 France
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Infection and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dana E Rollison
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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33
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Zheng WZ, Wei TL, Ma FL, Yuan WM, Zhang Q, Zhang YX, Cui H, Zheng LS. Human polyomavirus type six in respiratory samples from hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections in Beijing, China. Virol J 2015; 12:166. [PMID: 26463646 PMCID: PMC4604616 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HPyV6 is a novel human polyomavirus (HPyV), and neither its natural history nor its prevalence in human disease is well known. Therefore, the epidemiology and phylogenetic status of HPyV6 must be systematically characterized. Methods The VP1 gene of HPyV6 was detected with an established TaqMan real-time PCR from nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens collected from hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections. The HPyV6-positive specimens were screened for other common respiratory viruses with real-time PCR assays. Results The prevalence of HPyV6 was 1.7 % (15/887), and children ≤ 5 years of age accounted for 80 % (12/15) of cases. All 15 HPyV6-positive patients were coinfected with other respiratory viruses, of which influenza virus A (IFVA) (8/15, 53.3 %) and respiratory syncytial virus (7/15, 46.7 %) were most common. All 15 HPyV6-positive patients were diagnosed with lower respiratory tract infections, and their viral loads ranged from 1.38 to 182.42 copies/μl nasopharyngeal aspirate specimen. The most common symptoms were cough (100 %) and fever (86.7 %). The complete 4926-bp genome (BJ376 strain, GenBank accession number KM387421) was amplified and showed 100 % identity to HPyV6 strain 607a. Conclusions The prevalence of HPyV6 was 1.7 % in nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens from hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections, as analyzed by real-time PCR. Because the coinfection rate was high and the viral load low, it was not possible to establish a correlation between HPyV6 and respiratory diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0390-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhi Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China.
| | - Tian-Li Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Fen-Lian Ma
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China.
| | - Wu-Mei Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China.
| | - Ya-Xin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Hong Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Li-Shu Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 100052, China.
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Saini AT, Miles BA. Merkel cell carcinoma of the head and neck: pathogenesis, current and emerging treatment options. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:2157-67. [PMID: 26316785 PMCID: PMC4548751 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s72202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a relatively uncommon, neuroendocrine, cutaneous malignancy that often exhibits clinically aggressive features and is associated with a poor prognosis. It typically presents as a painless, rapidly enlarging, dome-shaped red or purplish nodule in a sun-exposed area of the head and neck or upper extremities. Our understanding of MCC has increased dramatically over the last several years and the pathogenesis continues to be an area of active research. The etiology is likely multifactorial with immunosuppression, UV-induced skin damage, and viral factors contributing to the development of MCC. The recent discovery of Merkel cell polyomavirus has allowed for at least one aspect of disease development to be much better understood. In most cases, treatment consists of wide local excision with adjuvant radiation therapy. The role of chemotherapeutics is still being defined. The recent advancement of knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of MCC has led to an explosion research into novel therapeutic agents and strategies. This review seeks to summarize the current body of literature regarding the pathogenesis of MCC and potential targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok T Saini
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brett A Miles
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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35
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Peitsch W. Associations between Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:7-8. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W.K. Peitsch
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Centre Mannheim; Heidelberg University; Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3 68135 Mannheim Germany
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Abstract
CONTEXT Immunohistochemistry is not a diagnostic test but a highly valuable tool that requires interpretation within a context. OBJECTIVE To review the current status and limitations of immunohistochemistry in dermatopathology. DATA SOURCES English-language literature published between 1980 and 2014. CONCLUSIONS Although immunohistochemistry is rarely completely specific or sensitive, it is an important adjunctive technique in dermatopathology and can be helpful in a series of diagnostic dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie Ferringer
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
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37
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The role of Merkel cell polyomavirus and other human polyomaviruses in emerging hallmarks of cancer. Viruses 2015; 7:1871-901. [PMID: 25866902 PMCID: PMC4411681 DOI: 10.3390/v7041871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are non-enveloped, dsDNA viruses that are common in mammals, including humans. All polyomaviruses encode the large T-antigen and small t-antigen proteins that share conserved functional domains, comprising binding motifs for the tumor suppressors pRb and p53, and for protein phosphatase 2A, respectively. At present, 13 different human polyomaviruses are known, and for some of them their large T-antigen and small t-antigen have been shown to possess oncogenic properties in cell culture and animal models, while similar functions are assumed for the large T- and small t-antigen of other human polyomaviruses. However, so far the Merkel cell polyomavirus seems to be the only human polyomavirus associated with cancer. The large T- and small t-antigen exert their tumorigenic effects through classical hallmarks of cancer: inhibiting tumor suppressors, activating tumor promoters, preventing apoptosis, inducing angiogenesis and stimulating metastasis. This review elaborates on the putative roles of human polyomaviruses in some of the emerging hallmarks of cancer. The reciprocal interactions between human polyomaviruses and the immune system response are discussed, a plausible role of polyomavirus-encoded and polyomavirus-induced microRNA in cancer is described, and the effect of polyomaviruses on energy homeostasis and exosomes is explored. Therapeutic strategies against these emerging hallmarks of cancer are also suggested.
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Structure analysis of the major capsid proteins of human polyomaviruses 6 and 7 reveals an obstructed sialic acid binding site. J Virol 2014; 88:10831-9. [PMID: 25008942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01084-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) and HPyV7 are commonly found on human skin. We have determined the X-ray structures of their major capsid protein, VP1, at resolutions of 1.8 and 1.7 Å, respectively. In polyomaviruses, VP1 commonly determines antigenicity as well as cell-surface receptor specificity, and the protein is therefore linked to attachment, tropism, and ultimately, viral pathogenicity. The structures of HPyV6 and HPyV7 VP1 reveal uniquely elongated loops that cover the bulk of the outer virion surfaces, obstructing a groove that binds sialylated glycan receptors in many other polyomaviruses. In support of this structural observation, interactions of VP1 with α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids could not be detected in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Single-cell binding studies indicate that sialylated glycans are likely not required for initial attachment to cultured human cells. Our findings establish distinct antigenic properties of HPyV6 and HPyV7 capsids and indicate that these two viruses engage nonsialylated receptors. IMPORTANCE Eleven new human polyomaviruses, including the skin viruses HPyV6 and HPyV7, have been identified during the last decade. In contrast to better-studied polyomaviruses, the routes of infection, cell tropism, and entry pathways of many of these new viruses remain largely mysterious. Our high-resolution X-ray structures of major capsid proteins VP1 from HPyV6 and from HPyV7 reveal critical differences in surface morphology from those of all other known polyomavirus structures. A groove that engages specific sialic acid-containing glycan receptors in related polyomaviruses is obstructed, and VP1 of HPyV6 and HPyV7 does not interact with sialylated compounds in solution or on cultured human cells. A comprehensive comparison with other structurally characterized polyomavirus VP1 proteins enhances our understanding of molecular determinants that underlie receptor specificity, antigenicity, and, ultimately, pathogenicity within the polyomavirus family and highlight the need for structure-based analysis to better define phylogenetic relationships within the growing polyomavirus family and perhaps also for other viruses.
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Yu X, Huang Y, Li C, Yang H, Lu C, Duan S. Positive association between lymphotoxin-alpha variation rs909253 and cancer risk: a meta-analysis based on 36 case-control studies. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1973-83. [PMID: 24136744 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin-alpha (LTA) polymorphism rs909253 has been reported to be a risk factor for cancers, but some results are inconsistent. To establish a more conclusive association, we performed a meta-analysis of this variant with cancers. A systematic search was performed for informative case-control studies of rs909253 with cancers among literature databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Chinese Periodical Database. After a comprehensive filtration procedure, 36 publications involved with 35,677 participants were selected for the current meta-analysis. Stratified factors, such as cancer type, populations, and source of control, were used for a better interpretation of this variant. Minimal heterogeneity was shown in the current meta-analysis (I (2) = 0.0%, P = 0.48). Our results show a significant association of rs909253 and cancer risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.12, P (z) < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, significant association of rs909253 was found in adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.16, P (z) < 0.001) and hematological malignancy (OR = 1.10, P (z) < 0.001). Our meta-analyses established a significant association of rs909253 with cancer risk among multiple populations including North Americans, Asians, and Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yu
- Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315041, China
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40
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Simulators of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: diagnostic challenges on small biopsies and clinicopathological correlation. J Skin Cancer 2013; 2013:752864. [PMID: 23878739 PMCID: PMC3708441 DOI: 10.1155/2013/752864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common and important primary cutaneous malignancy. On skin biopsies, SCC is characterized by significant squamous cell atypia, abnormal keratinization, and invasive features. Diagnostic challenges may occasionally arise, especially in the setting of small punch biopsies or superficial shave biopsies, where only part of the lesion may be assessable by the pathologist. Benign mimics of SCC include pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, eccrine squamous syringometaplasia, inverted follicular keratosis, and keratoacanthoma, while malignant mimics of SCC include basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and metastatic carcinoma. The careful application of time-honored diagnostic criteria, close clinicopathological correlation and a selective request for a further, deeper, or wider biopsy remain the most useful strategies to clinch the correct diagnosis. This review aims to present the key differential diagnoses of SCC, to discuss common diagnostic pitfalls, and to recommend ways to deal with diagnostically challenging cases.
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41
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Imajoh M, Hashida Y, Nakajima H, Sano S, Daibata M. Prevalence and viral DNA loads of three novel human polyomaviruses in skin cancers from Japanese patients. J Dermatol 2013; 40:657-60. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Imajoh
- Departments of Microbiology and Infection; Kochi Medical School; Kochi University; Nankoku; Kochi; Japan
| | - Yumiko Hashida
- Departments of Microbiology and Infection; Kochi Medical School; Kochi University; Nankoku; Kochi; Japan
| | - Hideki Nakajima
- Departments of Dermatology; Kochi Medical School; Kochi University; Nankoku; Kochi; Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Departments of Dermatology; Kochi Medical School; Kochi University; Nankoku; Kochi; Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Departments of Microbiology and Infection; Kochi Medical School; Kochi University; Nankoku; Kochi; Japan
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42
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Ehlers B, Wieland U. The novel human polyomaviruses HPyV6, 7, 9 and beyond. APMIS 2013; 121:783-95. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12 ‘Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients’; Robert Koch-Institute; Berlin; Germany
| | - Ulrike Wieland
- National Reference Centre for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses; Institute of Virology; University of Cologne; Koeln; Germany
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43
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Kazem S, van der Meijden E, Feltkamp MCW. Thetrichodysplasia spinulosa-associated polyomavirus: virological background and clinical implications. APMIS 2013; 121:770-82. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siamaque Kazem
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden; the Netherlands
| | - Els van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden; the Netherlands
| | - Mariet C. W. Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden; the Netherlands
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44
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Mertz KD, Paasinen A, Arnold A, Baumann M, Offner F, Willi N, Cathomas G. Merkel cell polyomavirus large T antigen is detected in rare cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Cutan Pathol 2013; 40:543-9. [PMID: 23521575 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC) other than Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) produced controversial results. Therefore, we studied the prevalence of MCPyV in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS Tissue specimens were analyzed for the presence of MCPyV DNA by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Expression of MCPyV large T protein was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS MCPyV DNA was frequently detected in skin cancers by PCR, in 36 of 88 BCCs, in 21 of 75 SCCs and in 10 of 47 normal skin samples. In BCC, a significant difference in the detection rate compared to normal skin was observed. In contrast, weak reactivity for MCPyV large T antigen was detected only sporadically in immunosuppressed patients (2 of 88 BCCs, 1 of 75 SCCs). Mutations of the large T antigen of MCPyV were more frequently observed in MCC than in BCC/SCC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the frequent detection of the MCPyV genome in NMSC by PCR reflects ubiquitous spread of the virus. However, the low immunohistochemical detection rate of MCPyV and the lack of MCC-specific MCPyV mutations argue against an essential role of MCPyV in the development of skin cancers other than MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten D Mertz
- Institut für Pathologie, Kantonsspital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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45
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Du-Thanh A, Guillot B. Polyomavirus et tumeur de Merkel. ONCOLOGIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-013-2257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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