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van Bodegraven M, Kröger M, Zamudio Díaz DF, Lohan SB, Moritz RKC, Möller N, Knoblich C, Vogelsang A, Milinic Z, Hallhuber M, Weise JM, Kolbe L, Gallinger J, Graupner C, Klose H, Ulrich C, Meinke MC. Redefine photoprotection: Sun protection beyond sunburn. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15002. [PMID: 38284193 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light leads to acute and chronic UV damage and is the main risk factor for the development of skin cancer. In most countries with western lifestyle, the topical application of sunscreens on UV-exposed skin areas is by far the most frequently used preventive measure against sunburn. Further than preventing sunburns, increasing numbers of consumers are appreciating sunscreens with a medium- to high-level sun protective factor (SPF) as basis for sustainable-skin ageing or skin cancer prevention programs. However, recent investigations indicate that clinically significant DNA damages as well as a lasting impairment of cutaneous immunosurveillance already occur far below the standard of one minimal erythema dose (MED) sunburn level, which contributes to the current discussion of the clinical value of high-protective SPF values. Ex vivo investigations on human skin showed that the application of SPF30 reduces DNA damage for a day long sun exposure (24 MED) drastically by about 53% but is significantly surpassed by SPF100 reducing DNA damage by approx. 73%. Further analysis on different SPF protection levels in UV-exposed cell culture assays focusing on IL-18, cell vitality and cis/trans-urocanic acid support these findings. Whereas SPF30 and SPF50+ sunscreens already offer a solid UVB cover for most indications, our results indicate that SPF100 provides significant additional protection against mutagenic (non-apoptotic-) DNA damage and functional impairment of the cutaneous immunosurveillance and therefore qualifies as an optimized sunscreen for specifically vulnerable patient groups such as immunosuppressed patients, or skin cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius Kröger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela F Zamudio Díaz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Lohan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rose K C Moritz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Möller
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Zorica Milinic
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia M Weise
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Kolbe
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Cindy Graupner
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Klose
- artMED Private Practice for Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claas Ulrich
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- CMB Collegium Medicum Berlin GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Abstract
UV phototherapy has a long history of use for the treatment of select diseases in dermatology. Its use has evolved into more effective and targeted modalities, including psoralen + UV-A photochemotherapy, narrowband UV-B, excimer laser, and UV-A1 phototherapy. With its proven record of efficacy and safety, UV phototherapy is an excellent option in the treatment of an ever-growing number of skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam B Totonchy
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melvin W Chiu
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 52-121 Center for the Health Sciences, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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3
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Norval M, McLoone P, Lesiak A, Narbutt J. The Effect of Chronic Ultraviolet Radiation on the Human Immune System†. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 84:19-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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4
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Morrow CK, Colditz IG, Cope RB. Simulated solar UVB exposure inhibits transcutaneous immunization to cholera toxin via an irradiated skin site in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 83:107-14. [PMID: 11604165 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a new needle-free vaccination technology with the potential to reduce the risk of needle-borne disease transmission and carcass damage within the livestock industries. The principal antigen-presenting cell involved in TCI is thought to be the epidermal Langerhans cell. Langerhans cell function is inhibited by cutaneous ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) exposure. Such exposure may inhibit TCI through sun exposed skin sites due to the phenomenon of local low dose photoimmunosuppression. TCI of cattle to cholera toxin (CT) resulted in the generation of a serum anti-CT-specific IgG(2) response. However, exposure of cattle to a sub-inflammatory dose of simulated solar UVB (2.43 x 10(3)J/m(2)) significantly (P<0.05) inhibited TCI to CT via irradiated skin sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Morrow
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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5
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Salamero J, Bausinger H, Mommaas AM, Lipsker D, Proamer F, Cazenave JP, Goud B, de la Salle H, Hanau D. CD1a molecules traffic through the early recycling endosomal pathway in human Langerhans cells. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:401-8. [PMID: 11231314 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the localization and traffic of CD1a molecules in human epidermal Langerhans cells and the ability of these cells to stimulate CD1a-restricted T cell clones. We found that CD1a was spontaneously internalized into freshly isolated Langerhans cells, where it was rapidly distributed to the early/sorting endosomes and then to the early/recycling endosomes. In the latter compartments, CD1a colocalized with Rab11, a small GTPase known to be involved in the recycling of transmembrane proteins from early endosomes to the cell surface. In the steady state, intracellular CD1a was mainly located in Rab11+ recycling endosomal compartments. When endocytosis was blocked, intracellular CD1a moved rapidly from the early/recycling endosomes to the cell surface where it accumulated. The resultant increase in the cell surface expression of CD1a enhanced the capacity of Langerhans cells to stimulate a CD1a-restricted T cell clone. These findings are consistent with a dynamic exchange of CD1a between recycling compartments and the plasma membrane and suggest that the antigen-presenting function of CD1a depends on its traffic through the early/recycling endosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Salamero
- UMR CNRS 144, Laboratoire Mécanismes Moléculaires du Transport Intracellulaire, Institut Curie, Paris, France
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6
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Bauer J, Bahmer FA, Wörl J, Neuhuber W, Schuler G, Fartasch M. A strikingly constant ratio exists between Langerhans cells and other epidermal cells in human skin. A stereologic study using the optical disector method and the confocal laser scanning microscope. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:313-8. [PMID: 11180009 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells play an important part in the immune surveillance of the human epidermis. Therefore, a certain distribution and numerical relationship to other epidermal cells can be expected. To quantify epidermal Langerhans cells population extensive studies have been performed using two-dimensional quantification methods on vertical sections or epidermal sheet preparations. Whereas methods using vertical sections were complicated considerably by the sampling procedure, the dendritic shape, and the suprabasal, nonrandom distribution of Langerhans cells, epidermal sheet preparations have their limitations regarding the numerical relationship of Langerhans cells to total epidermal cells and the epidermal morphology as such. In order to improve the validity of data the three-dimensional dissector method combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy has been applied to quantify the number of Langerhans cells and other epidermal cell nuclei per volume unit in cryosections of 24 punch biopsies of normal breast skin of eight women. Furthermore, the ratio of Langerhans cells to other epidermal cells, their number per biopsy, and per skin surface area were calculated. To minimize the bias by shrinkage the reference volume was estimated using Cavalieri's principle. A constant ratio of one Langerhans cells to 53 other epidermal cells was identified in breast skin (interindividual correlation coefficient: 0.952, p < 0.0001). Thus, Langerhans cells represent 1.86% of all epidermal cells; however, a wide interindividual range was found for the number of Langerhans cells per mm2 (912-1806; mean +/- SD 1394 +/- 321) and other epidermal cells per mm2 (47,315-104,588; mean +/- SD 73,952 +/- 19,426). This explains the conflicting results achieved by conventional morphometric assessments relating cell numbers to skin surface area, ignoring the varying thickness of the epidermis. The surprisingly constant relationship of Langerhans cells to other epidermal cells stresses the hypothesis of an epidermal Langerhans cells unit where one Langerhans cells seems to be responsible for the immune surveillance of 53 epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Mommaas AM, Mulder AA, Jordens R, Out C, Tan MC, Cresswell P, Kluin PM, Koning F. Human epidermal Langerhans cells lack functional mannose receptors and a fully developed endosomal/lysosomal compartment for loading of HLA class II molecules. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:571-80. [PMID: 10064073 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199902)29:02<571::aid-immu571>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) represent the dendritic cell (DC) lineage in the epidermis. They capture and process antigens in the skin and subsequently migrate to the draining lymph nodes to activate naive T cells. Efficient uptake and processing of protein antigens by LC would, therefore, seem a prerequisite. We have now compared the capacity of human epidermal LC, blood-derived DC and peripheral blood mononuclear cells to endocytose and present (mannosylated) antigens to antigen-specific T cells. Moreover, we have determined the expression of mannose receptors, and the composition of the intracellular endosomal/lysosomal MHC class II-positive compartment. The results indicate that LC have poor endocytic capacity and do not exploit mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis pathways. Furthermore, the composition of the class II compartment in LC is distinct from that in other antigen-presenting cells and is characterized by the presence of relatively low levels of lysosomal markers. These results underscore the unique properties of LC and indicate that LC are relatively inefficient in antigen uptake, processing and presentation. This may serve to avoid hyper-responsiveness to harmless protein antigens that are likely to be frequently encountered in the skin due to (mechanical) skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mommaas
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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Hurks HM, van der Molen RG, Out-Luiting C, Vermeer BJ, Claas FH, Mommaas AM. Differential effects of sunscreens on UVB-induced immunomodulation in humans. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 109:699-703. [PMID: 9406807 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12340652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation has been shown to suppress the (skin) immune system both in animal species and in humans. Whether sunscreens can prevent immunosuppression is a matter of debate. This study investigated the protective capacity of a commercial sunscreen lotion in humans. Part of the right arm of healthy volunteers was exposed to erythemagenic ultraviolet B doses of 160 mJ per cm2 for four consecutive days. Before irradiation, sunscreen was applied either directly onto the skin or onto a piece of quartz fixed to the skin (to avoid penetration of the sunscreen in the epidermis where it cannot block the photoisomerization of trans-urocanic acid in cis-urocanic acid in the stratum corneum). The control group was irradiated without prior application of sunscreen. Four h after the last irradiation, epidermal sheets were obtained by the suction-blister method from both arms and epidermal cells were used as stimulator cells in the mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte reaction. Responses directed to epidermal cells derived from irradiated skin were expressed as percentages of responses directed to epidermal cells derived from the nonirradiated left arm. The mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte reaction responses in the control group were found to be significantly increased (205%). This enhancement of the mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte reaction responses was associated with an influx of CD36+DR+ macrophages in the irradiated skin. Application of the sunscreen, either onto a piece of quartz or directly onto the skin, prevented the increase of the mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte reaction responses and the influx of CD36+DR+ cells. In an earlier study, volunteers were exposed three times weekly to suberythemagenic doses of ultraviolet B over 4 wk, resulting in mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte reaction responses that were decreased to 20%. The same sunscreen was not able to prevent this suppression. These contradicting results indicate that the protective effect of sunscreens with respect to ultraviolet-induced immunomodulation is critically dependent on the choice of ultraviolet treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Hurks
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Tan MC, Mommaas AM, Drijfhout JW, Jordens R, Onderwater JJ, Verwoerd D, Mulder AA, van der Heiden AN, Scheidegger D, Oomen LC, Ottenhoff TH, Tulp A, Neefjes JJ, Koning F. Mannose receptor-mediated uptake of antigens strongly enhances HLA class II-restricted antigen presentation by cultured dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2426-35. [PMID: 9341789 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) efficiently take up antigens by macropinocytosis and mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. Here we show that endocytosis of mannose receptor-antigen complexes takes place via small coated vesicles, while non-mannosylated antigens were mainly present in larger vesicles. Shortly after internalization the mannose receptor and its ligand appeared in the larger vesicles. Within 10 min, the mannosylated and non-mannosylated antigens co-localized with typical markers for major histocompatibility complex class II-enriched compartments and lysosomes. In contrast, the mannose receptor appeared not to reach these compartments, suggesting that it releases its ligand in an earlier endosomal structure. Moreover, we demonstrate that mannosylation of protein antigen and peptides resulted in a 200-10,000-fold enhanced potency to stimulate HLA class II-restricted peptide-specific T cell clones compared to non-mannosylated peptides. Our results indicate that mannosylation of antigen leads to selective targeting and subsequent superior presentation by DC which may be applicable in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Tan
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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10
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Neale R, Russell A, Muller HK, Green A. Sun exposure, sunscreen and their effects on epidermal Langerhans cells. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 66:260-4. [PMID: 9277146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of chronic and current sun exposure on the number of Langerhans cells in epidermal sheets of UV-exposed and unexposed skin of the arms and assessed the effect of sunscreens. Participants were enrolled in a skin cancer prevention trial and had been using sunscreen daily for the previous 3 years. There were significantly fewer Langerhans cells on the exposed (463 cells/mm2) than on the unexposed forearm (528 cells/mm2) (P = 0.0001). High sun exposure in the previous 2 weeks and a history of predominantly outdoor occupations were both associated with a reduced number of Langerhans cells, although age and other biological indicators of chronic exposure were not associated. Sunscreen use was protective against the effects of current but not chronic sun exposure, with a suggestion of a greater effect at higher levels of exposure. Unexpectedly, people with a past history of nonmelanoma skin cancer had more Langerhans cells in both the exposed and the unexposed skin. These results emphasize the need for continued public health education to protect the immune system from the damaging effects of UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Neale
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
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11
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Viac J, Goujon C, Misery L, Staniek V, Faure M, Schmitt D, Claudy A. Effect of UVB 311 nm irradiation on normal human skin. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 1997; 13:103-8. [PMID: 9372527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.1997.tb00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) on the skin induces erythema, inflammation and modifications of the immune system. These changes have been reported after excessive short-term or long-term exposure to broad spectrum UVB. In this study, we examined the effects of local repetitive UVB irradiation of 311 nm wavelength on the skin of seven young volunteers. Skin biopsies were taken before and after UVB irradiation, and we immunohistochemically analyzed the expression of CD1a and HLA-DR antigens of Langerhans cells (LC), the possible infiltration of dermis/epidermis by CD11b macrophages, the modifications or the induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) involved in the binding of leukocytes to the endothelial surface and the development of perivascular infiltrates of LFA-1+ mononuclear cells. We also determined the expression of substance P receptors (SPR) using biotinylated substance P (SPB). Exposure of UVB 311 nm induced a drastic reduction of CD1a+ cells and a moderate increase of HLA-DR+ dendritic cells in the epidermis without infiltration by CD11b macrophages. An increase of the binding of SPB to upper layer epidermal cells was noted in five of seven biopsies. In the dermis, vessel-associated ICAM-1 expression increased and an induction of E-selectin occurred on nearly 20 to 40% of endothelial cells, but VCAM-1 expression remained undetectable. The percentage of LFA-1+ cells did not change significantly after irradiation. These observations may be compatible with a selective role of UVB 311 nm on the skin immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Viac
- Clinique Dermatologique, Hôpital Ed Herriot, Lyon, France
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12
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Chapter III: Preventive activities. General aspects and the efficacy of emollients and moisturizers. Contact Dermatitis 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb06259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Krueger JG, Wolfe JT, Nabeya RT, Vallat VP, Gilleaudeau P, Heftler NS, Austin LM, Gottlieb AB. Successful ultraviolet B treatment of psoriasis is accompanied by a reversal of keratinocyte pathology and by selective depletion of intraepidermal T cells. J Exp Med 1995; 182:2057-68. [PMID: 7500051 PMCID: PMC2192269 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.6.2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin irradiation with ultraviolet B (UVB) is a common and often durable treatment for psoriasis and other inflammatory skin disorders. We studied the effects of UVB on keratinocytes and leukocytes in psoriatic tissue and in culture. In nine patients treated repetitively, most of the cellular and molecular changes that typify the psoriatic epidermis reverted to normal. Keratinocyte hyperplasia, assessed by expression of the Ki-67 cell cycle antigen, decreased by 70%, and residual cell proliferation was appropriately confined to the basal layer. Epidermal thickening was reduced by 60%, and a granular layer reformed. Expression of keratin 16, as well as suprabasal integrin alpha 3 and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors, was eliminated, whereas filagrin increased markedly. UVB also depleted > 90% of the CD3+, CD8+, and CD25+ T cells from the psoriatic epidermis, whereas dermal T cells were only minimally depressed. The latter finding parallels the known inability of these doses of UVB to penetrate the dermis. In tissue culture, UVB was antiproliferative and cytotoxic toward T cells and keratinocytes, but the T cells were 10-fold more sensitive. Furthermore, low doses of UVB induced apoptosis in lymphocytes but not keratinocytes, as detected by the TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) technique. The selective effects of UVB on intraepidermal T cells in situ and in culture support the hypothesis that epidermal alterations in psoriasis can be normalized by a depletion of activated intraepidermal T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York 10021, USA
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14
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Mommaas AM, Mulder AA, Out CJ, Girolomoni G, Koerten HK, Vermeer BJ, Koning F. Distribution of HLA class II molecules in epidermal Langerhans cells in situ. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:520-5. [PMID: 7875214 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We performed immunoelectron microscopic studies to investigate the expression of HLA class II molecules in Langerhans cells (LC). In the epidermis, LC expressed class II molecules on the plasma membrane of the dendrites, resulting in a class II positive reticulo-epithelial network, but not on the surface of the cell body. In contrast, isolated LC as well as activated LC in situ displayed an even and strong expression of class II molecules on their entire cell surface. Therefore, isolation and/or activation results in redistribution and up-regulation of class II molecules on the cell surface. In addition, double-labeling experiments were carried out with monoclonal antibodies to class II antigens and to LAMP-1, CD63 and alpha-glucosidase, specific markers for organelles of the endosomal/lysosomal system. The results show expression of class II molecules on intracellular, electron-dense vesicular structures, and co-localization of class II molecules and the markers for late endosomes and early lysosomes in human LC in situ. Expression of these markers was not found on Birbeck granules, an LC-specific organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mommaas
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Immunoelectron Microscopic Analysis of Major Histocompatibility Class II Expression on Human Epidermal Langerhans Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-22497-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Mommaas M, Mulder A, Vermeer BJ, Koning F. Functional human epidermal Langerhans cells that lack Birbeck granules. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 103:807-10. [PMID: 7798619 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12413456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Birbeck granules (BG) are cytoplasmic organelles that are only found in Langerhans cells (LC). The function of BG is still unclear, although it has been claimed that they are actively involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis and participate in the antigen-processing/presenting function of LC. We have identified a healthy white 29-year-old man whose LC completely lack the presence of BG as determined by electronmicroscopic studies. This was observed repeatedly using skin biopsy specimens taken from several places on the body during a period of 2.5 years. The absence of BG in these LG was documented further by the lack of staining with a BG-specific monoclonal antibody. Despite the complete lack of BG, LC were present in normal numbers, had all the usual morphologic characteristics, and were CD1a and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II positive. Two observations indicate that these BG-negative LC display normal antigen-presenting capacity. First, the individual could be sensitized by the hapten diphenylcyclopropenone. This was accompanied by a strong increase in the cell surface expression of HLA class II antigens on his LC, suggesting LC activation. Second, his epidermal cells elicited a normal positive response in an allogeneic mixed epidermal cell lymphocyte reaction. Together these observations strongly suggest that BG are not a prerequisite for normal LC function in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mommaas
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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