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Yin D, Li Y, Liao X, Tian D, Xu Y, Zhou C, Liu J, Li S, Zhou J, Nie Y, Liao H, Peng C. FTO: a critical role in obesity and obesity-related diseases. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1657-1664. [PMID: 36944362 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, obesity is a growing pandemic in the world and has likely contributed to increasing the incidence of obesity-related diseases. Fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) is the first gene discovered which has a close connection with fat. Recent studies suggested that FTO gene has played an important role in the molecular mechanisms of many diseases. Obesity is considered to be a hereditary disease and can evoke many kinds of diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, etc., whose exact possible molecular mechanisms responsible for the effect of FTO on obesity and obesity-related diseases remain largely unknown. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the correlation between FTO gene and obesity, cancer, PCOS, T2DM, as well as the molecular mechanism involved in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyue Liao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dewei Tian
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsi Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuilan Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Suyun Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 30# Jiefang Road, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulin Nie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 30# Jiefang Road, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqing Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 30# Jiefang Road, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiying Peng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment and Critical Human Diseases Prevention of Hunan Province Department of Education, Key Laboratory of Hengyang City on Biological Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan421001, People's Republic of China
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Ponce-Gonzalez JG, Martínez-Ávila Á, Velázquez-Díaz D, Perez-Bey A, Gómez-Gallego F, Marín-Galindo A, Corral-Pérez J, Casals C. Impact of the FTO Gene Variation on Appetite and Fat Oxidation in Young Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:2037. [PMID: 37432153 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The FTO rs9939609 gene, which presents three polymorphisms (AA, AT, and TT), has been associated with the development of obesity through an increased fat accumulation; however, the associations of the gene with other physiological mechanisms, such as appetite or fat oxidation, are still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the influence of the FTO rs9939609 gene on different obesity-related factors in young adults. The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped in 73 participants (28 women, 22.27 ± 3.70 years). Obesity-related factors included dietary assessment, physical activity expenditure, body composition, appetite sensation, resting metabolic rate, maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO), and cardiorespiratory fitness. Our results showed that TT allele participants expressed higher values of hunger (p = 0.049) and appetite (p = 0.043) after exercising compared to the AT allele group. Moreover, the TT allele group showed significantly higher values of MFO (p = 0.031) compared to the AT group, regardless of sex and body mass index. Thus, our results suggest that the FTO rs9939609 gene has an influence on appetite, hunger, and fat oxidation during exercise, with TT allele participants showing significantly higher values compared to the AT allele group. These findings may have practical applications for weight loss and exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús G Ponce-Gonzalez
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Velázquez-Díaz
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Alejandro Perez-Bey
- GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11519 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Félix Gómez-Gallego
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Alberto Marín-Galindo
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Corral-Pérez
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristina Casals
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain
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Gholamalizadeh M, Mirzaei Dahka S, Vahid F, Bourbour F, Badeli M, JavadiKooshesh S, Mosavi Jarrahi SA, Akbari ME, Azizi Tabesh G, Montazeri F, Hassanpour A, Doaei S. Does the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism affect fat percentage? A meta-analysis. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1421-1425. [PMID: 32574121 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1773861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association of the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism and body fat percentage (BF%). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between FTO rs9939609 polymorphism and BF%. We searched PubMed, Web of science, Scopus and Embase to identify studies investigating the relations between the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism and BF%. Studies that meet inclusion criteria were collected for the final analysis. There was significant differences in the level of BF% between different genotypes of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism, and the carriers of the A allele of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism had higher BF%. The association was significant between carriers of TT genotype compared to carriers of AA (p = .007) and AT genotypes (p = .04), but not between AT and AA genotypes. This study identified that the carriers of the A allele of FTO rs9939609 polymorphism have higher BF%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mirzaei Dahka
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farhad Vahid
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bourbour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Badeli
- Department of Nutrition, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sepehr JavadiKooshesh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ghasem Azizi Tabesh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Montazeri
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayemeh Hassanpour
- Deputy of research and technology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Saeid Doaei
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Alzahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Naghshband Z, Malini SS. Association of FTO gene variant rs9939609 with hyperandrogenemia and fasting glucose levels in South Indian women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine–metabolic disorder due to genetic and environmental factors. Genetic variants located in intron 1 of Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene are associated with increased risk of obesity and metabolic disorders. This study aims to investigate the association of common FTO polymorphism rs9939609 in South Indian women with PCOS to assess its association with metabolic and endocrine parameters. FTO genotyping was done on 100 PCOS patients and 70 controls by Sanger sequencing.
Results
The distribution of rs9939609 was observed between groups (28% TT, 57% TA, and 15% AA for PCOS and 37.1% TT, 51.4% TA, and 11.4% AA for the controls). In the PCOS group, across the carriers of different genotypes, a significant association was found between body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose levels, and testosterone with the presence of at least one risk allele of FTO rs9939609. Logistic regression analysis showed the association of fasting glucose levels and testosterone (OR 1.30 [1.03–1.63] and OR 5.83 [1.61–21.11], respectively) with FTO rs9939609.
Conclusions
Our findings indicated that FTO SNP rs9939609 was not associated with PCOS, but suggested a significant association of rs9939609 with hyperandrogenemia, fasting glucose levels, and BMI in South Indian women with PCOS.
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Alnafjan AA, Alkhuriji AF, Alobaid HM, Babay ZA, Khalil MI. Association of FTO gene variants rs9939609 and rs1421085 with polycystic ovary syndrome. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00263-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is among the most common complex genetic endocrinopathy, and its etiology and pathophysiology remain controversial. FTO is a large highly polymorphic gene and was coined as the first locus associated with adiposity. The association of the intronic variant FTO rs9939609 or FTO rs1421085 with PCOS has been controversial and unclear, mainly due to ethnic differences among populations. The present study aims to investigate the association of FTO rs9939609 or FTO rs1421085 polymorphisms with PCOS in Saudi Arabian women.
Results
A total of 98 PCOS patients and 99 healthy females were included in this study. PCR and genotyping (TaqMan®SNP Genotyping Assay) were employed. For FTO rs9939609, the genotype TA and the recessive model (TA + AA) in PCOS patients were significantly different compared with control subjects (p = 0.008 and p = 0.007, respectively). The allele frequency of the FTO rs9939609 gene variant was associated significantly (p = 0.027) with PCOS, suggesting that the A allele is a risk factor for PCOS susceptibility. However, for the FTO rs1421085 variant, the genotype and allele distributions did not differ significantly between PCOS patients and controls (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
This is the first report to study the association of FTO rs9939609 and FTO rs1421085 with PCOS in Saudi women. Results suggest that the FTO rs9939609 gene variant could be a genetic predisposing factor for PCOS Saudi women.
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Liu Q, Zhu Z, Kraft P, Deng Q, Stener-Victorin E, Jiang X. Genomic correlation, shared loci, and causal relationship between obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis. BMC Med 2022; 20:66. [PMID: 35144605 PMCID: PMC8832782 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The comorbidity between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and obesity has long been observed in clinical settings, but their shared genetic basis remains unclear. METHODS Leveraging summary statistics of large-scale GWAS(s) conducted in European-ancestry populations on body mass index (adult BMI, Nfemale=434,794; childhood BMI, N=39,620), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR, Nfemale=381,152), WHR adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI, Nfemale=379,501), and PCOS (Ncase=10,074, Ncontrol=103,164), we performed a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis to quantify overall and local genetic correlation, to identify shared loci, and to infer causal relationship. RESULTS We found positive genetic correlations between PCOS and adult BMI (rg=0.47, P=2.19×10-16), childhood BMI (rg=0.31, P=6.72×10-5), and WHR (rg=0.32, P=1.34×10-10), all withstanding Bonferroni correction. A suggestive significant genetic correlation was found between PCOS and WHRadjBMI (rg=0.09, P=0.04). Partitioning the whole genome into 1703 nearly independent regions, we observed a significant local genetic correlation for adult BMI and PCOS at chromosome 18: 57630483-59020751. We identified 16 shared loci underlying PCOS and obesity-related traits via cross-trait meta-analysis including 9 loci shared between BMI and PCOS (adult BMI and PCOS: 5 loci; childhood BMI and PCOS: 4 loci), 6 loci shared between WHR and PCOS, and 5 loci shared between WHRadjBMI and PCOS. Mendelian randomization (MR) supported the causal roles of both adult BMI (OR=2.92, 95% CI=2.33-3.67) and childhood BMI (OR=2.76, 95% CI=2.09-3.66) in PCOS, but not WHR (OR=1.19, 95% CI=0.93-1.52) or WHRadjBMI (OR=1.03, 95% CI=0.87-1.22). Genetic predisposition to PCOS did not seem to influence the risk of obesity-related traits. CONCLUSIONS Our cross-trait analysis suggests a shared genetic basis underlying obesity and PCOS and provides novel insights into the biological mechanisms underlying these complex traits. Our work informs public health intervention by confirming the important role of weight management in PCOS prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Liu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhaozhong Zhu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rezazadeh K, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. The interaction of FTO-rs9939609 polymorphism with artichoke leaf extract effects on cardiometabolic risk factors in hypertriglyceridemia: A randomized clinical trial. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rezazadeh K, Rahmati-Yamchi M, Mohammadnejad L, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Delazar A. Effects of artichoke leaf extract supplementation on metabolic parameters in women with metabolic syndrome: Influence of TCF7L2-rs7903146 and FTO-rs9939609 polymorphisms. Phytother Res 2017; 32:84-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khatereh Rezazadeh
- Talented Students Center, Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Leila Mohammadnejad
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Abbas Delazar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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Adamska A, Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Lebkowska A, Milewski R, Górska M, Otziomek E, Nikolajuk A, Wolczynski S, Kowalska I. Serum irisin and its regulation by hyperinsulinemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr J 2016; 63:1107-1112. [PMID: 27616010 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is an adipokine/myokine which could be connected with insulin sensitivity. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by oligo- or anovulation, polycystic ovary, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between serum irisin concentration and insulin sensitivity (Mffm) as well as the effect of insulin infusion on circulating irisin levels in PCOS women as compared with healthy controls. Seventy seven women were enrolled in the study - 57 with PCOS and 20 healthy controls matched for BMI and age. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps were performed in all of the study participants. The serum concentrations of irisin at baseline and after the clamp, as well as changes of serum irisin concentration in response to insulin supplied during the clamp (Δ irisin), were estimated. The mean serum concentrations of irisin at baseline and after hyperinsulinemia were higher in PCOS women in comparison to the control group (p=0.01; p=0.006, respectively). Insulin infusion resulted in a decrease of serum irisin concentration only in the PCOS group (p=0.007). In the control group, Δ irisin positively correlated with Mffm (r=0.56, p=0.009). In the entire group, multiple regression analysis showed that Δ irisin (β=0.70, p=0.0002), FFAs 60' during the clamp study (β=-0.22, p=0.01), SHBG (β=0.54, p<0.0001) and the interaction between Δ irisin and PCOS (β=-0.67, p=0.0004) were significantly associated with Mffm. The higher serum irisin concentrations at baseline and in response to insulin infusion might be secondary to insulin resistant conditions in PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Adamska
- Department of the Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-089, Poland
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Cassar S, Misso ML, Hopkins WG, Shaw CS, Teede HJ, Stepto NK. Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:2619-2631. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
A cluster of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the first intron of the fat mass and obesity related (FTO) gene were the first common variants discovered to be associated with body mass index and body fatness. This review summarises what has been later discovered about the biology of FTO drawing together information from both human and animal studies. Subsequent work showed that the 'at risk' alleles of these SNPs are associated with greater food intake and increased hunger/lowered satiety, but are not associated with altered resting energy expenditure or low physical activity in humans. FTO is an FE (II) and 2-oxoglutarate dependent DNA/RNA methylase. Contrasting the impact of the SNPs on energy balance in humans, knocking out or reducing activity of the Fto gene in the mouse resulted in lowered adiposity, elevated energy expenditure with no impact on food intake (but the impact on expenditure is disputed). In contrast, overexpression of the gene in mice led to elevated food intake and adiposity, with no impact on expenditure. In rodents, the Fto gene is widely expressed in the brain including hypothalamic nuclei linked to food intake regulation. Since its activity is 2-oxoglutarate dependent it could potentially act as a sensor of citrate acid cycle flux, but this function has been dismissed, and instead it has been suggested to be much more likely to act as an amino acid sensor, linking circulating AAs to the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. This may be fundamental to its role in development but the link to obesity is less clear. It has been recently suggested that although the obesity related SNPs reside in the first intron of FTO, they may not only impact FTO but mediate their obesity effects via nearby genes (notably RPGRIP1L and IRX3).
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen xilu, Chaoyang, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Ramos RB, Spritzer PM. FTO gene variants are not associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in women from Southern Brazil. Gene 2015; 560:25-9. [PMID: 25592819 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder, presenting polygenic traits as well as determined by environmental factors. Given the overlap between PCOS and obesity, we assessed the frequencies of SNPs rs9939609 and rs8050136 in intron 1 of the FTO gene and their haplotypes in women with PCOS and healthy controls with regular cycles from Southern Brazil and investigated their relationship with metabolic traits and endocrine parameters. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The sample comprised 298 women (199 with PCOS and 99 non-hirsute women with regular ovulatory cycles). FTO genotyping was done by real-time PCR. Haplotypes were constructed from the combination of both polymorphisms. Frequencies were inferred using PHASE 2.1.1 software. RESULTS The distribution of rs9939609 (PCOS: 32.6% TT, 45.9% TA, 21.5% AA; controls: 33.3% TT, 49.0% TA, 17.7% AA) and rs8050136 (PCOS: 21.7% AA, 43.3% AC, 35.0% CC; controls: 14.9% AA, 48.9% AC, 36.2% CC) was similar between groups. The mean age of participants was 22.7±7.1years. Women with PCOS had significantly higher BMI, waist circumference, total testosterone, and FAI vs. controls. In the PCOS group, no differences between genotypes and haplotypes were found for clinical variables. The presence of at least one risk allele for polymorphisms rs9939609 and rs8050136 was associated with higher fasting glucose levels. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that neither the FTO rs9939609 and rs8050136 polymorphisms nor its haplotypes are related to PCOS, but suggest an association between the presence of risk alleles of SNPs rs9939609 and rs8050136 in FTO and glucose levels in women from Southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon B Ramos
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Poli Mara Spritzer
- Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
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Kim JJ, Choi YM, Hong MA, Kim JM, Hwang SS, Lee GH, Chae SJ, Hwang KR, Yoon SH, Kim SH. Gene dose effect between a fat mass and obesity-associated polymorphism and body mass index was observed in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome but not in control women. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:1143-1148.e2. [PMID: 25086788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) polymorphisms and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Korean women. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University department of obstetrics and gynecology. PATIENT(S) Women with (n = 552) or without (n = 559) PCOS. INTERVENTION(S) Genotyping was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) FTO rs9939609 genotype distribution and correlation between variants in this gene and PCOS phenotypes. RESULT(S) The mean body mass index (BMI) of the patients was significantly higher than that of the control subjects (22.0 ± 4.1 kg/m(2) vs. 20.1 ± 2.5 kg/m(2)), but most (81.3%) of the patients were not obese. FTO rs9939609 was not significantly associated with PCOS itself. However, a positive correlation was observed between the number of variant alleles and BMI in women with PCOS: Each additional copy of the variant allele increased BMI by a mean (95% confidence interval) of 4.8% (1.4%-8.3%) or 1.11 kg/m(2) (1.03-1.20 kg/m(2)) after adjusting for age. This correlation was not observed in the control subjects. CONCLUSION(S) FTO rs9939609 was not a major determinant of PCOS. However, in the women with PCOS who were primarily nonobese, a gene dose effect was observed for BMI. The FTO gene may play an influential role in predisposition to PCOS via an association with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Min Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Min A Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Mi Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Sik Hwang
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Gyung Hoon Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, I-one Center, Seoul Women's Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Chae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maria Fertility Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Ri Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul Municipal Boramae Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Adamska A, Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Nikołajuk A, Otziomek E, Górska M, Kowalska I, Strączkowski M. Relationships of serum soluble E-selectin concentration with insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility in lean and obese women. Endocrine 2014; 45:422-9. [PMID: 23934358 PMCID: PMC3951956 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The markers of endothelial dysfunction, including soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), are related to insulin resistance, which is associated with metabolic inflexibility, i.e., impaired stimulation of carbohydrate oxidation and impaired inhibition of lipid oxidation by insulin. Endothelial dysfunction may also be important in the metabolic syndrome. The aim of our study was to analyze the association of sE-selectin with insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility in lean and obese women. We examined 22 lean women (BMI < 25 kg m(-2)) and 26 overweight or obese women (BMI > 25 kg m(-2)) with normal glucose tolerance. A hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and indirect calorimetry were performed. An increase in the respiratory exchange ratio in response to insulin was used as a measure of metabolic flexibility. Obese women had lower insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01), higher plasma sE-selectin (P = 0.007), and higher the metabolic syndrome total Z-score (MS Z-score) (P < 0.0001). Insulin sensitivity was negatively correlated with sE-selectin level (r = -0.24, P = 0.04). sE-selectin was associated with the rate of carbohydrate oxidation at the baseline state (r = 0.31, P = 0.007) and was negatively correlated with metabolic flexibility (r = -0.34, P = 0.003). MS Z-score correlated positively with sE-selectin level and negatively with metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity (r = 0.49, P < 0.0001, r = -0.29, P = 0.04, r = -0.51, P < 0.0001, respectively). In multiple regression analysis we observed that the relationship between metabolic flexibility and sE-selectin (β = -0.36; P = 0.004) was independent of the other evaluated factors. Our data suggest that endothelial dysfunction as assessed by plasma sE-selectin is associated with metabolic flexibility, inversely and independently of the other estimated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Adamska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Karczewska-Kupczewska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nikołajuk
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Otziomek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Górska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Irina Kowalska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Strączkowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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15
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Louwers YV, Rayner NW, Herrera BM, Stolk L, Groves CJ, Barber TM, Uitterlinden AG, Franks S, Laven JSE, McCarthy MI. BMI-associated alleles do not constitute risk alleles for polycystic ovary syndrome independently of BMI: a case-control study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87335. [PMID: 24498077 PMCID: PMC3909077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) has a strong genetic background and the majority of patients with PCOS have elevated BMI levels. The aim of this study was to determine to which extent BMI-increasing alleles contribute to risk of PCOS when contemporaneous BMI is taken into consideration. Methods Patients with PCOS and controls were recruited from the United Kingdom (563 cases and 791 controls) and The Netherlands (510 cases and 2720 controls). Cases and controls were of similar BMI. SNPs mapping to 12 BMI-associated loci which have been extensively replicated across different ethnicities, i.e., BDNF, FAIM2, ETV5, FTO, GNPDA2, KCTD15, MC4R, MTCH2, NEGR1, SEC16B, SH2B1, and TMEM18, were studied in association with PCOS within each cohort using the additive genetic model followed by a combined analysis. A genetic allelic count risk score model was used to determine the risk of PCOS for individuals carrying increasing numbers of BMI-increasing alleles. Results None of the genetic variants, including FTO and MC4R, was associated with PCOS independently of BMI in the meta-analysis. Moreover, no differences were observed between cases and controls in the number of BMI-risk alleles present and no overall trend across the risk score groups was observed. Conclusion In this combined analysis of over 4,000 BMI-matched individuals from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, we observed no association of BMI risk alleles with PCOS independent of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne V. Louwers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Subdivision of Reproductive Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nigel W. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Blanca M. Herrera
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Barber
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joop S. E. Laven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Subdivision of Reproductive Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MIM); (JSEL)
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MIM); (JSEL)
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16
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Association between fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86972. [PMID: 24466303 PMCID: PMC3899374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Many studies have investigated the relationship between FTO gene polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) susceptibility but revealed mixed results. In this study, we aimed to perform a meta-analysis to clarify this association. Methods Published literature from PubMed, Embase and CNKI was retrieved. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random- or fix- effects model. Results A total of 5 studies (4778 cases and 4272 controls) were included in our meta-analysis. The results suggested that FTO rs9939609 polymorphism (or its proxy) was marginally associated with PCOS risk after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) (OR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.02–1.55). However, the marginal association was not stable after sensitivity analysis. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, the association was significant in East Asians (OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 1.30–1.59) but not in Caucasians (OR = 1.04, 95%CI = 0.85–1.29). Conclusions Our present meta-analysis indicated that FTO rs9939609 polymorphism (or its proxy) might not be associated with risk of PCOS in overall population. However, in East Asians, there might be a direct association between FTO variant and PCOS risk, which is independent of BMI (adiposity).
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo D. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Hofmann
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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18
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Adamska A, Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Nikołajuk A, Otziomek E, Górska M, Kowalska I, Strączkowski M. Normal metabolic flexibility despite insulin resistance women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr J 2013; 60:1107-13. [PMID: 23801024 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous disorder, where insulin resistance might be involved in the development of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. Insulin resistance (IR) is connected with disturbances in switching between lipid and carbohydrate oxidation in response to insulin, called "metabolic inflexibility". The aim of the present study was to estimate the whole-body insulin sensitivity, lipid and carbohydrate oxidation, metabolic flexibility in lean and obese PCOS women. The study group consisted of 92 women with PCOS, 40 lean (BMI<25 kg/m²) and 52 overweight or obesity (BMI>25 kg/m²), and 30 healthy normally menstruating women (14 lean and 16 overweight/obese) with normal glucose tolerance. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and indirect calorimetry were performed. An increase in respiratory exchange ratio in response to insulin was used as a measure of metabolic flexibility. Both the presence of PCOS (P<0.001) and obesity (P=0.005) were independently characterized by lower insulin sensitivity. PCOS (P=0.002) and obesity (P=0.001) independently predisposed to the lower non-oxidative glucose metabolism. Obese women had lower glucose oxidation (P=0.005) and higher lipid oxidation (P<0.001) in insulin-stimulated conditions in comparison to lean subject whereas PCOS had no effect on these parameters (P=0.29 and P=0.43; respectively). Metabolic flexibility was impaired in the obese (P=0.001) but it was not influenced by the presence of PCOS (P=0.78). Our data indicate that PCOS women have normal metabolic flexibility, which could suggest a distinct pathophysiological mechanism for insulin resistance in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Adamska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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