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Singh T, Bathla S, Dutta SK, Mohammed MAA, Jethi N, Chansoria H, Pulluri SS. Morphological Variation of Mandibular Molars in Rohilkhand Population: An Original Research. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2024; 16:S632-S636. [PMID: 38595359 PMCID: PMC11000881 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_907_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In-depth knowledge of common and aberrant pulp morphology is essential for appropriate diagnosis and treatment planning before commencing root canal treatment. The radicular morphology of mandibular molars has been extensively studied. Considerable variation in the number of canals and roots found in these teeth has been reported. Aim The purpose of this study is to investigate the root canal morphology of the mandibular molars among the Rohilkhand population using Dentascan. Materials and Methods Dentascan images of mandibular molar were taken from 99 extracted teeth that were collected from the Department of Oral Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, and private clinics. The examination of root canal systems of the teeth was based on Vertucci's classification. Results The mandibular molar (n = 99) were taken. Out of the 99 teeth examined, three canals were seen in 60 (60.6%) teeth, four canals in 39 (39.4%) teeth, 3% had extra distal roots, and 6% with C-shaped canals. Conclusion Among mandibular first molars, only 3% had three roots. Mesial roots of the first molar typically present with two canals and two apical foramina with type IV or II canal configuration. Most distal roots of the first molar presented with a type I canal configuration. The remainder were distributed mainly between types II, IV, III, and V. Among 99 mandibular molars, 6% had single C-shaped roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Singh
- PhD Scholar, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bareilly International University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurav Bathla
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurav Kumar Dutta
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Minhaj Ahmed Amer Mohammed
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Navdeep Jethi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Daswani Dental College and Research Centre, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harsh Chansoria
- Department of Prosthodontics Crown and Bridge, Govt. College of Dentistry Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Saraswathi Sravani Pulluri
- Department of Health Information Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
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Pawar R, Munde A, Surse A, Ghoderao P, Limbagaonkar P, Chawardol R. Mandibular Molar with Six Canals, a Rare Entity: A Case Report. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2024; 16:S976-S978. [PMID: 38595344 PMCID: PMC11000985 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_905_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this report was to highlight the importance of using a dental operating microscope (DOM) to locate supernumerary canals and diagnose variations in root canals using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images. Case Presentation A 23-year-old male patient had reported with a pain for 1 months and was referred to evaluate symptomatic apical periodontitis for lower right first permanent molar. Root canal therapy was proposed and conducted with the use of DOM and CBCT. Conclusions Proper diagnosis and careful clinico-radiological examination are necessary, and it is essential to reinforce the knowledge of the rare morphology of root canals for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Pawar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Dental College, Solapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhay Munde
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, MIT, Latur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Apeksha Surse
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Aditya Dental College, Beed, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pratik Ghoderao
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Aditya Dental College, Beed, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pranjal Limbagaonkar
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Aditya Dental College, Beed, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rutuja Chawardol
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Aditya Dental College, Beed, Maharashtra, India
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Allawi S, Ayoubi H, Al‐Tayyan M, Toutangy E, Tolibah YA. Evaluation of roots, root canal morphology, and bilateral symmetry of maxillary first molars in a Syrian subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography. Clin Exp Dent Res 2023; 9:1149-1155. [PMID: 37694669 PMCID: PMC10728511 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Successful endodontic treatments require a comprehensive knowledge of the root canal anatomy, so this study aimed to investigate the number of roots, configurations of root canals, and their bilateral symmetry of maxillary first molars in the Syrian subpopulation, and also the effect of gender on this symmetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 250 cone beam computed tomography images (140 for females; and 110 for males), including 500 maxillary first molars. Images were investigated by two endodontists. Root number and canal configuration in each root were recorded, according to Vertucci classification, by studying the image at all levels (axial, coronal, sagittal, oplique, and three-dimensional) to assess the bilateral symmetry and its relation to gender. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS and the χ2 test was used to compare the bilateral symmetry in males and females. RESULT The most common shape of the maxillary first molars was three roots (97.6%). All the roots are symmetrical by 100% in both genders. The root canal configuration was mainly Vertucci type I classification in the distobuccally (73.6%), and palatal root (98%). While the most common types in mesial root were type II (33.3%), this root showed all different types of Vertucci classifications except type VIII, and the proportion of symmetry was (37.2%) without significant difference between the gender (p = .441). CONCLUSION Most maxillary first molars in a Syrian population were three-rooted with four root canals (type II), the numbers of roots achieved perfect symmetry 100%, and higher than symmetry ratios in the number of canals and canals configurations (37.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Allawi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of DentistryDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
| | - Helen Ayoubi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of DentistryDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
| | - Mouhammad Al‐Tayyan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of DentistryDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
| | - Eyad Toutangy
- Department of OrthodonticsSyrian Private UniversityDamascusSyria
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Almansour MI, Madfa AA, Algharbi AF, Almuslumani R, Alshammari NK, Al Hussain GM. Prevalence of Radix Entomolaris in Mandibular Permanent Molars Analyzed by Cone-Beam CT in the Saudi Population of Ha'il Province. Cureus 2023; 15:e47034. [PMID: 37841985 PMCID: PMC10576614 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of radix entomolaris (RE) in the mandibular permanent molar within a specific sub-population in Saudi Arabia. METHODS A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 499 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of a mandibular molar from a sample of Saudi patients aged between 18 and 65. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the anatomical characteristics of mandibular permanent molars, specifically focusing on the number of roots present. The chi-square test was employed to examine the relationship between various variables. RESULTS In the case of mandibular first molars, it was observed that 95.3% of these molars exhibited a bifurcated root structure. In comparison, the remaining 4.7% displayed a triradicular configuration within the sample population under investigation. Although there were some variations, no significant differences in the number of roots were observed between males and females or left and right sides (p > 0.05). In the case of mandibular second molars, it was observed that 96.9% of them exhibited a bifurcated root structure, whereas 2.5% displayed a trifurcated root configuration, and a mere 0.6% possessed a single root. There were no statistically significant variations in the number of roots between males and females or left and right sides (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The identification of RE was observed in the mandibular molars. Moreover, the discovered RE roots were predominantly found in the mandibular first molar, displaying a tendency for bilateral occurrence in both male and female individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moazzy I Almansour
- Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, SAU
| | - Ahmed A Madfa
- Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, SAU
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Abstract
Restorative and prosthetic considerations usually necessitates endodontic treatment of third molars in order to retain them as a functional component of the dental arch. However, the anatomy of third molars has been described as unpredictable. To date, there has been little published work on root and canal morphology of third molars, with an adequate sample size. The aim of this study was to investigate root and canal morphology of third molars. Maxillary and mandibular third molars were gathered from dental surgeries within north Jordan. Following access cavity preparation, pulp tissue was removed and root canals stained. Teeth were subject to examination after rendering them clear by immersion in methyl salicylate, and the following features evaluated: (1) number of roots; (2) number and type of root canals; (3) number and position of lateral canals; and (4) presence of inter-canal communications. Out of the examined 592 maxillary third molars, 69.9% had three roots, 10.81% had one, 9.79% had two, 9.12% had four, and 0.34% had five roots. Most had three (52.36%) and four canals (28.2%) with less frequency of two (11.48%), one (5.91%) and five canals (2.03%). Of the 639 mandibular third molars, 89.76% had two roots, 7.35% had three, 2.5% had one, and 0.47% had four roots. Most had three (55.71%) and two canals (29.42%) with less frequency of four (13.61%), one (1.09%) and five canals (0.15%). The majority of maxillary third molars had 3 roots, while the majority of mandibular third molars had two. Overall, nearly half of the maxillary and mandibular third molars had three canals. New canal configurations, not previously described in the literature nor included in Vertucci's classifications, were identified in both maxillary and mandibular third molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aladdin Ahmad Al-Qudah
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Hamzeh A Barakat Bani Younis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Lama Adel Awawdeh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Alaa Daud
- College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Saber SM, Seoud MAE, Sadat SMAE, Nawar NN. Root and canal morphology of mandibular second molars in an Egyptian subpopulation: a cone-beam computed tomography study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:217. [PMID: 37061674 PMCID: PMC10105946 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was using Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to examine the anatomical variations in mandibular second molars in an Egyptian sub-population. METHODS A total of 350 CBCT images (215 females and 135 males, aged 15-65 years) of mandibular second molars were evaluated. Samples were evaluated in terms of: number of roots, number of root canals, roots' cross section as well as prevalence and configurations of C-shaped canals. Statistical analysis was done to highlight differences between different categories and their prevalence among genders (significance level was set at p < 0.05). Data were presented as frequency and percentage values and were analyzed using chi square test followed by pairwise comparisons utilizing multiple Fisher's exact tests with Bonferroni correction. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 within all tests. RESULTS Of the 350 mandibular second molars evaluated, 87.2% were non-C-shaped while 12.8% were C-shaped with no gender-based statistically significant differences (χ2 = 0.19, p = 0.656). Most samples had three root canals (80%) followed by two (16%), then one (3.2%), and finally four (0.8%) root canals. Among the non-C-shaped molars, presence of two roots was most common (83.4%) followed by presence of a single root (16.2%), and only one sample (0.2%) had three roots, and this had no correlation with gender (χ2 = 1.86, p = 0.431). In the mesial roots Type IV Vertucci was the most common configuration found (68.8%), while Type I was the most prevalent in the distal roots (91.8%). The long oval configuration was the most commonly found cross section in mesial roots while "oval" was the most prevalent in distal roots. CONCLUSION Egyptian sub-population shows highly variable morphological features in mandibular second molars, hence, CBCT is highly recommended on case-to-case conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehabeldin Mohamed Saber
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
- Center for Innovative Dental Sciences (CIDS), Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abou El Seoud
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Nawar Naguib Nawar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt.
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Pawar AM, Singh S. The morphology of the pulp chamber floor of permanent mandibular first and second molars in an Indian subpopulation-a descriptive cross-sectional study employing Pawar and Singh classification. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14392. [PMID: 36518276 PMCID: PMC9744145 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mandibular molars are multi-rooted teeth with a complex and strenuous root canal anatomy. Because there is relatively negligible literature describing the pulp chamber floor anatomy, predicting the exact anatomical layout and its variations is daunting. A thorough comprehension and knowledge of the same is required for efficacious endodontic treatment consequence. The purpose of this study was to characterise and ascertain the pulp chamber floor anatomy of permanent mandibular first (ManFMs) and second (ManSMs) molars in an Indian population. Methods On 2,134 extracted human mandibular first (ManFMs = 1,067) and second molars (ManSMs = 1,067), a descriptive cross-sectional investigation was executed. Cleaning and removal of hard and soft tissue debris were performed, followed by flattening the anatomical crown until the pupal architecture was uncovered. A stereomicroscope with a magnification of 4.5 magnification was used to investigate the pulpal anatomy. Statistical analysis was carried out using chi square test, with 95% confidence intervals and a p value of 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results The majority of the ManFMs showed presence of three canal orifices in 57.73%, followed by four orifices 31.31%, five orifices 8.81%, and six orifices 2.15%. For ManSMs, majorly three orifices were found in 39.83% specimens, followed by two orifices in 37.39%, four orifices in 16.31%, and single root canal orifice was observed in 6.47%. The mesio-buccal, mesio-lingual, disto-buccal, disto-lingual canal orifices exhibited round and oval shapes in both ManFMs and ManSMs. The shape was predominantly oval with a single distal canal orifice (84.25% ManFMs and 74.16% ManSMs). In ManSMs, among the single root canal orifice, 66.66% were round in shape and 33.34% were C-shaped. In ManSMs with two root canal orifices, mesially 79.44% exhibited oval and 20.56% round shape. Distally, 74.16% were oval and 25.84% were round. The shapes of the access cavities for ManFMs were rectangular in 46.67% and triangular in 53.33%. For the ManSMs, the access cavities were triangular in 39.83%, rectangular in 16.31% and non-classified (others) in 43.86% of specimen. In both ManFMs and ManSMs, the pulp chamber floor morphology was predominately Y shaped (57.73% and 39.83%) according to the Pawar and Singh classification© of pulp chamber floor anatomy. Conclusion Our study indicated that the orifices on the pulp chamber floor are arranged in a typical manner, supporting the proposed categorization. Furthermore, description of the anatomical patterns of the pulp chamber guides the clinicians in chair-side treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya M. Pawar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, TPCT’s Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shishir Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, TPCT’s Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Chen C, Zhu T, Wu H, Zhao X, Leng D, Wang J, Yang L, Wu D. Prevalence and correlation of C-shaped root canals of mandibular premolars and molars in Eastern Chinese individuals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19779. [PMID: 36396689 PMCID: PMC9671964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, correlation, and differences of C-shaped root canals (CSRCs) morphology in permanent mandibular premolars and molars in Eastern Chinese individuals using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 8000 mandibular first premolars (MFPs), mandibular second premolars (MSPs), mandibular first molars (MFMs), and mandibular second molars (MSMs) CBCT images from 1000 patients (692 females and 308 males) were collected. The prevalence, correlation, bilateral/unilateral presence, the morphology of CSRCs, level of canal bifurcation, gender differences, and location of radicular grooves (RGs) were evaluated. The prevalence of CSRCs in MFPs, MSPs, MFMs and MSMs were 10.25%, 0.25%, 0.55% and 47.05%, respectively. The prevalence of CSRCs in MFPs of males was higher than that in females, while the prevalence of CSRCs in MSMs of females was higher than that in males (P < 0.05). The bilateral symmetry presence of CSRCs in MSMs was significant but not in MFPs, MSPs, and MFMs. RGs were predominantly found on the mesiolingual (ML) surface of premolars and the lingual surface of molars. There was a high prevalence of CSRCs in MFPs and MSMs in the Eastern Chinese population, but there was no correlation. The prevalence of CSRCs in MFPs and MSMs differ significantly by gender (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Present Address: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China ,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Present Address: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China ,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huili Wu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Present Address: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China ,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Present Address: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China ,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Diya Leng
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Present Address: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China ,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyan Wang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Present Address: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China ,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianfeng Yang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Present Address: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China ,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Daming Wu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Endodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Present Address: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 1 Shanghai Road, Nanjing, 210029 People’s Republic of China ,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing, China ,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Al Omari T, AlKhader M, Ateş AA, Wahjuningrum DA, Dkmak A, Khaled W, Alzenate H. A CBCT based cross sectional study on the prevalence and anatomical feature of C shaped molar among Jordanian. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17137. [PMID: 36229628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and anatomical features of C-Shaped Mandibular Second Molars (MSMs) are rarely studied in Jordanian sub-population. This study then took a part to evaluate the prevalence of C-shaped in MSMs using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the Jordanian sub-population. It used a cross-sectional design and three thousand scans collected over eight years between 2011 and 2019. The data were then reviewed for whether they were fully formed of MSMs. A total of 2037 cases that had 2845 MSMs were evaluated to identify C-shaped canals at coronal, middle, and apical sites. An oblique slicing module perpendicular to the long axis of MSMs was used to evaluate the teeth. The type and frequency of C-shaped canals, as well as the correlations between sex and side (right/left) and between sex and groove direction (buccal/lingual) were measured using the chi-square test on SPSS software at the significance level of 95%. A total of 342 teeth of 243 patients were C-shaped molars, which comprised 12% of the patient's teeth and 99 of them as a bilateral C-shaped canal with mean age of 40 years and sex ratio of 2:1 between female and male. With the limitations of this study, the lingual groove and type 3 were the most common properties of MSM. Besides, the Jordanian population mostly had C-shaped canals.
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Talabani RM, Abdalrahman KO, Abdul RJ, Babarasul DO, Hilmi Kazzaz S, Jiang HB. Evaluation of Radix Entomolaris and Middle Mesial Canal in Mandibular Permanent First Molars in an Iraqi Subpopulation Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. BioMed Research International 2022; 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35860794 PMCID: PMC9293536 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7825948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the radix entomolaris (RE) and middle mesial canal (MMC) in mandibular permanent first molars in an Iraqi subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Their prevalence and types were investigated in 201 patients (301 tooth subjects), among which 156 were of the right side, and 145 of the left side mandibular first molars (MFM), using CBCT scans. The effects of gender, age, and unilateral/bilateral on the presence of both RE and MMC were evaluated. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to determine the level of significance (p ≤ 0.05), and the kappa value was used to check reliability of results of the research. In MFM, the prevalence of right and left RE was 4.5% and 4.1%, respectively, and it was significantly higher in males than females (p = 0.006) based on the Chi-square test. No significant difference was identified in the prevalence of RE in relation to age and tooth position. MMC was found in 14.7% of teeth in the right side and 19.3% in the left side, with no significant differences for age or gender. MMC merged with mesiolingual canal presented with higher prevalence compared to other types of MMC (8.3% right side and 7.6% left side), again with no significant differences for age or gender. Within the limits of this study, no significant association was detected between the prevalence of MMC and RE in MFM.
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Kenawi LMM, Althobaiti RF, Filimban DM, Alotaiby SDA, Alharbi MA, Kassar WM, Testarelli L. Radiographic Investigation of Root Canal Morphology of Permanent Mandibular Molars in Makkah Population (Saudi Arabia) Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35692620 PMCID: PMC9187462 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1535752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to analyze the root canal morphology of first and second permanent mandibular molars among Makkah population by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods CBCT images of two hundred eight patients were obtained from the Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. In all images, mandibular first and second molars were evaluated for the number of roots and their morphology, number of root canals, canal configuration in each root according to Vertucci's classification, and the presence of a C-shaped canal. Results Most of the mandibular first molars had two roots (96.5%) and three root canals (77.7%). Type IV canal configuration prevailed (75.6%) in the mesial roots, and type I canal configuration prevailed (71.7%) in the distal roots. For the mandibular second molars, the majority had two roots (96.3%) and three root canals (82.7%). Type IV canal configuration prevailed (48%) in the mesial roots and type I (99.1%) in the distal roots. C-shaped canals were detected in 5.7% of the mandibular first molars and 4% of the mandibular second molars. There was no statistical difference between the mandibular first and second molars (P > 0.05) in the shape of the roots and the presence of the C-shaped canals. Conclusion Most of the mandibular molars in Makkah population presented with two roots and three root canals. The incidence of three-rooted mandibular molars was low, and it was higher in the first molars than second molars. The type IV root canal system prevailed in mesial roots and type I in distal roots.
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Xu LJ, Zhang JY, Huang ZH, Wang XZ. Successful individualized endodontic treatment of severely curved root canals in a mandibular second molar: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:4632-4639. [PMID: 35663087 PMCID: PMC9125298 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i14.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence rate of severely curved root canals in mandibular molars is low, and the root canal treatment of mandibular molars with this aberrant canal anatomy may be technically challenging. CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old Chinese female patient presented with intermittent and occlusal pain in the left mandibular second molar. The patient had undergone filling restoration for caries before endodontic consultation. With the aid of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), a large periapical radiolucency was observed, and curved root canals in a mandibular second molar were confirmed, depicting a severe and curved distolingual root. Nonsurgical treatments, including novel individualized preparation skills and techniques and the use of bioceramic materials as an apical barrier, were performed, and complete healing of the periapical lesion and a satisfactory effect were achieved. CONCLUSION A case of severely curved root canals in a mandibular second molar was successfully treated and are reported herein. The complex anatomy of the tooth and the postoperative effect were also evaluated via the three-dimensional reconstruction of CBCT images, which accurately identified the aberrant canal morphology. New devices and biomaterial applications combined with novel synthesis techniques can increase the success rate of intractable endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Jun Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health; Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health; Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zi-Hua Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health; Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Zhu Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health; Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
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13
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Ahmed HMA. A critical analysis of laboratory and clinical research methods to study root and canal anatomy. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 2:229-280. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Faculty of Dentistry University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur
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Patel F, Ujariya U, Bharatiya R, Kothari A. Four distal root canals in a two-rooted permanent mandibular first molar: Report of a rare case, its incidence, and literature review. Endodontology 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/endo.endo_191_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abdalrahman K, Talabani R, Kazzaz S, Babarasul D. Assessment of C-Shaped Canal Morphology in Mandibular and Maxillary Second Molars in an Iraqi Subpopulation Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Scanning 2022; 2022:4886993. [PMID: 35360525 PMCID: PMC8942670 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4886993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Endodontic treatment is basically dependent on knowledge of the root canal anatomy. The goal of this study was to use cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging to examine the C-shaped canal configuration of mandibular and maxillary second molars in an Iraqi subpopulation. The prevalence and configurations of C-shaped canals were evaluated in 368 mandibular second molars and 369 maxillary second molars using CBCT scans. The effects of gender, age, and unilateral/bilateral on the presence of C-shaped canals were investigated. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to determine the level of significance (p ≤ 0.05), and kappa value was used to check reliability of results of the research. In mandibular second molars, the prevalence of C-shaped canals was 17.4%. The prevalence was significantly higher in females (23%) than males (10.4%) using the chi-square test. There is no significant difference in the prevalence of C-shaped canal depending on age and tooth position. The C2 type was the most common (56.3%). This prevalence did not differ with gender, age, or tooth position. In maxillary second molars, C-shaped canals were present in 7.9%. Type I (subtype C) (fusion of 2 root canals MB-DB) was the most common type of fused root (65.5%). There is no significant difference in the prevalence of C-shaped canal depending on the type of fused root, age, and tooth position. The majority of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars were bilateral in both genders, but unilateral presence was more common in maxillary second molars in both genders. Within the limits of this study, C-shaped canals were found to be more common in mandibular second molars than in maxillary second molars in an Iraqi subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazhan Abdalrahman
- Conservative Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Ranjdar Talabani
- Conservative Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Sara Kazzaz
- Conservative Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Dlsoz Babarasul
- Conservative Department, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Madam Mitterrand Street, Sulaimani, Iraq
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Madi M, Elakel A, Aly N, Al Mansour R, Al Mansour A, Zakaria O. Assessment of Mandibular Molar Root Morphology Using Cone‑Beam Computed Tomography in Periodontitis Patients From Eastern Province: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2021; 13:e20804. [PMID: 35111476 PMCID: PMC8794416 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Khawaja S, Alharbi N, Chaudhry J, Khamis AH, Abed RE, Ghoneima A, Jamal M. The C-shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars in an Emirati population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23863. [PMID: 34903785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to describe the root and canal morphology of mandibular second molars in Emirati population and to study the prevalence and types of morphological change in C-shaped canal configuration along the root length in an effort to describe C-shaped molars as a unit. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of Emirati patients were analyzed in multiple plans and root and canal configuration of mandibular second molars were evaluated. Moreover, specific types of morphological change in C-shaped canal configuration along root length were studied and reconstructed using 3D reconstruction software. A total of 508 mandibular second molars were evaluated. Among the non-C-shaped mandibular second molars, two separate roots were the most prevalent root morphology (78.3%). The mesial root's most common root canal configuration was Vertucci Type II (46.5%), and in the distal root, Vertucci Type I (90.5%). The prevalence of C-shaped mandibular second molars was 17.9% and was significantly prevalent (P < 0.001) in females. Specific types of morphological change in C-shaped molars along the root length were observed and described for the first time, in which the most common types of morphological change were C1-C2-C3d (18%), C1-C3c-C3d (15.4%), C4-C3c-C3d (7.7%), and C3c-C3c-C3d (7.7%). This study showed wide variations in the root and canal morphology in mandibular second molars in Emirati population with a relatively high prevalence of C-shaped canal configuration (17.9%). Moreover, specific types of morphological change in C-shaped configuration were detected and described for the first time in this population.
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Alnassar F, Aldahman Y, Altuwalah A, Aldafaas A, A-sadhan R, Alnassar W, Alroomy R, Almulhim B, Alshammari B, Alnazhan S. Assessment of the prevalence and configuration of middle distal canals in the mandibular molars in a Saudi subpopulation using Cone-Beam computed tomography. Saudi Dent J 2021. [PMID: 35241905 PMCID: PMC8864375 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CBCT should be performed before treatment of complex root canal anatomy. Occurrence of middle distal (MD) canal in the mandibular molar has been reported. The prevalence of the MD canal in a Saudi subpopulation was found to be low. It is crucial to determine additional canals to achieve successful root canal therapy.
Purpose The prevalence of the middle distal (MD) canal in the mandibular molar is significantly low among countries including the USA, Spain, Turkey, and Jordan; however, analysis of its prevalence and configuration has not been performed in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, we aimed to assess the prevalence and configuration of the MD canal in Saudi Arabia. Methods A retrospective analysis of 132 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images was performed to evaluate the presence of the MD canal in patients visiting the Radiology Department of The College of Dentistry in King Saud University between July 2018 and July 2019. The canal was examined if it was confluent with the distobuccal (DB) or distolingual (DL) canals, fin, or independent. Moreover, the distances from the MD canal to the DL and DB canals and cementoenamel junction (CEJ) were recorded. Results One MD canal (0.7%) was observed in 145 teeth. It was confluent with the DL canal. No statistical significance was observed among sex and age. The distances from the MD canal to the DL canal, DB canal, and CEJ were 1.4 mm, 1.9 mm, and 3.1 mm, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of the MD canal was significantly low in a Saudi subpopulation (0.7%). Careful evaluation of CBCT images and the pulpal floor is significantly important to detect the MD canal to ensure a good prognosis.
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Mohan S, Thakur J. Prevalence of radix entomolaris in India and its comparison with rest of world- a systemic review and meta analysis. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2021; 71:117-122. [PMID: 34755993 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.21.04561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A successful endodontic treatment can be achieved by proper cleaning, shaping and disinfection and obturation of the root canal system. Mandibular molars requiring endodontic therapy have several variations. A mandibular molar usually has two roots but occasionally, it might have additional roots also. The purpose of this article is to determine the regional predilection of Radix Entomolaris in permanent mandibular first molar in India and its comparison to rest of world. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A search was undertaken to identify published research articles related to radix entomolaris in mandibular first molars. Sixty four research articles were analyzed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Articles were assessed in relation to demographic location of radix entomolaris. Also the type of study and the analytic tool employed for its assessment was evaluated. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Statistical test revealed a significant variation between the India and rest of world. CONCLUSIONS This research reported that regional predilection of radix entomolaris in mandibular first molar varies significantly. In India the highest incidence of radix entomolaris was observed in north India with 24%, whereas in world China reported the highest prevalence of 32% and the minimum was observed in Africa at 0%. India relied on conventional radiography for its diagnosis whereas rest of the world primarily utilized in vitro studies and advanced radiography for its diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mohan
- Department of Conservative, Endodontics & Aesthetic Dentistry, Dental Institute, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India -
| | - Jyoti Thakur
- Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, UP, India
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Mustafa M, Alamri HM, Almokhatieb AA, Alqahtani AR, Alayad AS, Divakar DD. Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to mechanical instrumentation in reducing counts of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans from C-shaped root canals. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2021; 38:328-333. [PMID: 34748657 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The aim was to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to mechanical instrumentation (MI) in reducing Enterococcus faecalis (E faecalis) and Candida albicans (C albicans) counts from C-shaped root-canals. METHODS Teeth with C-shaped canals as identified on cone beam computed tomographic images were included. Following incubation with E faecalis and C albicans, samples were divided into 4 groups a four follows: Group-1: MI with adjunct aPDT; Group-2: aPDT alone; Group-3: MI alone; and Group-4: no treatment. The pulp chambers of these teeth were exposed and coronal pulp was mechanically derided using sterile endodontic excavators. Using flexible files, all canals were debrided up to size #30 K-files with intermittent irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigation. In Groups 1 and 3, methylene-blue was injected in all canals and aPDT was performed using a 600 nm diode laser. Sample-size estimation was done on data from a pilot investigation and group-comparisons were done using one way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc adjustment tests. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Sixty periodontally hopeless mandibular second molars with C-shaped canals were included. There was a statistically significant reduction CFU/mL of E faecalis (P < .001) and C albicans (P < .001). At post-operative microbial assessments in Group-1. There was no difference CFU/mL of E faecalis and C albicans at post-operative microbial assessments in Groups 2-4. CONCLUSION MI with adjunct aPDT is more effective in reducing count of E faecalis and C albicans from C-shaped root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mustafa
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi Mohammed Alamri
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Almokhatieb
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Robaian Alqahtani
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alayad
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University (LMMU), Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
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21
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Olczak K, Pawlicka H, Szymański W. Root form and canal anatomy of maxillary first premolars: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Odontology 2021; 110:365-375. [PMID: 34714481 PMCID: PMC8930800 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the root and canal morphology of permanent maxillary first premolars in a Polish population using cone-beam computed tomography scanning (CBCT) and to compare the classifications by Vertucci and Ahmed et al. Images of 350 maxillary first premolars were analyzed. Scans were obtained from 226 patients: 131 women and 95 men. The root canal configurations were classified according to Vertucci and a new system by Ahmed et al. In addition, the number of roots and the level where roots bifurcated were identified. The results were submitted to statistical analysis. Most maxillary first premolars had two roots (69.1%). Most bifurcations were located in the coronal part of the root (44.2%) and the least in the apical part (15.3%). Bifurcation in the coronal part of the root was observed more often in the teeth of men than women. In turn, bifurcation in the central or apical part was significantly more common in women than in men. The most common canal configuration of the maxillary first premolars was type IV (78.2%) according to Vertucci and 2FPB1P1 (65.4%) according to the new classification. Among the remaining cases, almost all types of canals described by Vertucci, and many combinations of codes given in the new classification were demonstrated. The maxillary first premolars displayed a wide range of root and canal anatomical variations. The new system for classifying canal morphology based on Ahmed et al. is more accurate than the Vertucci classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Olczak
- Department of Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Halina Pawlicka
- Department of Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Witold Szymański
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Usha G, Muddappa SC, Venkitachalam R, Singh V P P, Rajan RR, Ravi AB. Variations in root canal morphology of permanent incisors and canines among Asian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:337-350. [PMID: 34547454 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review was designed to measure the pooled prevalence of morphological variations in the root canal of permanent incisors and canines among Asian adults. METHODS An electronic search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases, and relevant studies were included. Studies reporting on the Vertucci canal configuration (types I to VIII) were included. A weighted proportion (pooled prevalence) with 95% confidence interval was calculated for each canal type, and the outcome was stratified based on country, technique of assessment, gender, and age. RESULTS Sixty articles were included in the final review. In all types of maxillary anterior teeth, the pooled prevalence of type I canal configuration was greater than 97%, whereas mandibular central incisor, lateral incisor, and canines had a prevalence of 78.4%, 69.2%, and 91.1%, respectively. Studies considering mandibular anterior teeth as a single entity had a lower prevalence of type I configuration (70.1%). Variations in root canal configurations were also observed between countries. Among gender, males had a significantly lower prevalence of type I and a higher prevalence of type II and III canal configurations in the mandibular anterior teeth. A variation in canal types was also noted with advancing age, with younger age groups showing more variations. CONCLUSION The majority of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth have type I Vertucci canal configuration, but variations in mandibular anterior teeth, especially lateral incisors, are also common. Variations were also observed among population, gender, age, and prevalence based on the diagnostic techniques used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Usha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India.
| | - Sapna Chandira Muddappa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Ramanarayanan Venkitachalam
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Prabath Singh V P
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rakesh R Rajan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Arjun B Ravi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Singh S, Pawar M, Podar R, Kulkarni G, Bhanushali N. Root canal morphology of South Asian Indian mandibular first, second, and third molar: A dye penetration and clearing study. J Conserv Dent 2021; 23:284-288. [PMID: 33551601 PMCID: PMC7861074 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_379_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Studying in detail the root canal morphology specific to the Indian mandibular molars will help discern whether the root canal anatomy patterns resemble those reported internationally or are different from it. Aim: The aim is to study the root canal anatomy of Indian permanent mandibular first, second, and third molar teeth using a tooth clearing technique. Methods: The root canals of a total of 300 extracted Indian mandibular molars consisting of 100 first, second, and third molars each were accessed and injected with India ink, after which they were subjected to the clearing technique. Statistical Analysis: Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics for the computation of percentages using SPSS version 21. Results: Of the hundred first molars, 90% of teeth were two rooted with three canals, 79% had two apical foramina. 70% mesial roots of the three-rooted type showed Type I, whereas 100% distal roots and distolingual roots showed Type I Vertucci’s anatomy. About 70% mesial roots of two roots showed Type II and 90% distal canals showed Type I configuration. Among the second molars, five (5%) were single-rooted, ninety-one (91%) teeth were two rooted and four (4%) had three roots. Among the mandibular third molars, fifteen (15%) teeth had one root, sixty-three (63%) teeth had two roots, eighteen (18%) teeth had three roots, and four (4%) teeth had four roots. Conclusions: The root canal anatomic features of mandibular molars showed differences in the frequency of particular anatomic types as compared to mandibular molars from other racial backgrounds. Further comparative studies on inter-racial anatomic characteristics from various geographic locations would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mansing Pawar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, St George Hospital Compound, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajesh Podar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gaurav Kulkarni
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nikhil Bhanushali
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Terna Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Mehta V, Joshi P, Shetty R, Sarode G, Chakraborty D. Root anatomy and canal configuration of human permanent mandibular second molar: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent 2021; 24:298-306. [PMID: 35282577 PMCID: PMC8896125 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_642_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to review the literature on root anatomy and canal configuration in permanent mandibular second molar based on Vertucci classification. Online electronic databases such as PubMed-Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched using appropriate keywords from the earliest available date till 10th February 2021 restriction on language. Additional sources such as Google Scholar, major journals, unpublished studies, conference proceedings, and cross-references were explored. Information curated for data extraction included methodology, population, sample size (number of teeth), number of root canals, and type of root canal configuration (RCC). Thirty-seven articles were selected with a total of 12,393 permanent mandibular second molar teeth. In the mesial root, Type IV canal configuration with 37.3% was more frequent, having two canals with 70.4%. In the distal roots, one canal was more prevalent with 77% occurrence, and Type I canal configuration was more frequent with 85.2%. Comprehensive knowledge of tooth anatomy and root canal morphology is crucial to root canal treatment. Therefore, an understanding of the canal configuration and anatomy is necessary for the dentist to enhance successful endodontic treatment. Our systematic review findings reveal a wide variety of possible canal configurations among permanent mandibular second molar, while the number of canals ranged from 1 to 5 in number. The evidence is intended to help dental practitioners to avoid mishaps such as perforation and missing canals and anticipation of potential complications during treatment.
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Nagahara T, Takeda K, Wada K, Shirawachi S, Iwata T, Kurihara H, Shiba H. A mandibular second molar with a middle mesial root canal. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:1015-1020. [PMID: 32577255 PMCID: PMC7303868 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present case report describes the clinical detection and root canal management of a rare middle mesial canal of a Japanese mandibular second molar by troughing preparation using an operating microscope and cone-beam computed tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katsuhiro Takeda
- Department of Biological EndodonticsGraduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | | | - Satomi Shirawachi
- Department of Biological EndodonticsGraduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Iwata
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal MedicineGraduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Department of Biological EndodonticsGraduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
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Al-Alawi H, Al-Nazhan S, Al-Maflehi N, Aldosimani MA, Zahid MN, Shihabi GN. The prevalence of radix molaris in the mandibular first molars of a Saudi subpopulation based on cone-beam computed tomography. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e1. [PMID: 32110531 PMCID: PMC7030963 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of radix molaris (RM) (entomolaris and paramolaris) in the mandibular first permanent molars of a sample Saudi Arabian subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods A total of 884 CBCT images of 427 male and 457 female Saudi citizens (age 16 to 70 years) were collected from the radiology department archives of 4 dental centers. A total of 450 CBCT images of 741 mature mandibular first molars that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The images were viewed at high resolution by 3 examiners and were analyzed with Planmeca Romexis software (version 5.2). Results Thirty-three (4.5%) mandibular first permanent molars had RM, mostly on the distal side. The incidence of radix entomolaris (EM) was 4.3%, while that of radix paramolaris was 0.3%. The RM roots had one canal and occurred more unilaterally. No significant difference in root configuration was found between males and females (p > 0.05). Types I and III EM root canal configurations were most common, while type B was the only RP configuration observed. Conclusions The incidence of RM in the mandibular first molars of this Saudi subpopulation was 4.5%. Identification of the supernumerary root can avoid missing the canal associated with the root during root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Al-Alawi
- Dental Department, Ministry of Health Endodontist, Huraymala General Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Al-Nazhan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry-Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nassr Al-Maflehi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences-Biostatistics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen A Aldosimani
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nabil Zahid
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin AbdulAziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Chuppani Dastgerdi A, Navabi M, Rakhshan V. Isthmuses, accessory canals, and the direction of root curvature in permanent mandibular first molars: an in vivo computed tomography study. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e7. [PMID: 32110536 PMCID: PMC7030962 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was performed to assess the anatomy of mandibular first molars. Materials and Methods In this in vivo study, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) volumes of 312 bilateral intact first mandibular molars from 156 patients (79 men and 77 women; average age, 35.6 ± 11.2 years) were investigated in terms of the direction of each canal's curvature in the buccolingual and mesiodistal dimensions (direction of the position of the apex in relation to the longitudinal axis of the root), the presence of an isthmus (a narrow, ribbon-shaped communication between 2 root canals) in 3 segments (0–2, 2–4, and 4–6 mm) from the apex), and the presence and number of accessory canals (smaller canals besides the main root canals, connecting the pulp to the periodontium). Data were analyzed statistically (α = 0.05). Results Mesiolingual canals were mostly buccally and distally inclined, while mesiobuccal and distolingual canals were mostly distally curved. Isthmuses were more common in younger patients (χ2 test, p < 0.05). The average numbers of accessory canals in the apical, middle, and coronal segments were 9.9 ± 4.2, 6.9 ± 2.9, and 9.3 ± 3.0 canals per segment, respectively (analysis of variance, p < 0.001). Age and sex were not associated with the number of accessory canals (p > 0.05). Conclusions The complex anatomy of these teeth deserves attention during non-surgical or surgical endodontic treatment. Around the apex, isthmuses might be more prevalent in younger and female individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manizheh Navabi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Dental Faculty, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Rakhshan
- Department of Dental Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Alenezi DJ, Al-Nazhan SA, Al-Maflehi N, Soman C. Root and Canal Morphology of Mandibular Premolar Teeth in a Kuwaiti Subpopulation: A CBCT Clinical Study. Eur Endod J 2020; 5:248-56. [PMID: 33353914 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2020.40085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the root and root canal morphology of mandibular premolars in a Kuwaiti subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS 152 CBCT images were obtained from the radiology department archives of four dental centers in Kuwait. A total of 476 mandibular premolar teeth were analyzed by two observers. The number of roots, root canal configuration types and canal curvature measurements were examined. The relationship between sex, tooth position, and incidence of an additional canal were compared using the chi-square test, and the level of significance was set at 0.05 (P=0.05). RESULTS The number of roots in mandibular first premolars was one in 73.9%, two in 24.9%, three and four in 1.2%. On the other hand, the number of roots in mandibular second premolars was one in 79.2% and two in 20.8%. Based on Vertucci's classification system, 18.7% of the teeth were type II followed by type VI (14.3%). The majority of the examined teeth were straight (74.8%) and the incidence of distal root angulation was about 21%. Canal configurations not included in the Vertucci classification were reported in 102 teeth (21.4%). Variability was significantly higher in the second premolars compared to first premolar (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The Kuwaiti population has complex root canal morphology in mandibular premolar teeth.
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Przesmycka A, Jędrychowska-Dańska K, Masłowska A, Witas H, Regulski P, Tomczyk J. Root and root canal diversity in human permanent maxillary first premolars and upper/lower first molars from a 14th-17th and 18th-19th century Radom population. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 110:104603. [PMID: 31835191 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether analyzed groups from two historical periods: Late Medieval (LMP), and Modern (MP) from Radom varied in the number of tooth roots and root canal system morphology. METHODS Root morphology of 229 permanent human teeth were analyzed using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Additionally, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 29 individuals from the LMP and 31 from the MP was analyzed. RESULTS In LMP, the maxillary first premolars were dominated by one root, while in MP second and third roots also appeared. Maxillary first molars in LMP presented three roots, while two-rooted forms occurred in MP. All mandibular first molars from the LMP and almost all (98%) from MP presented two roots. The greatest diversity in terms of root canal number occurred in one-rooted maxillary first premolars, the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molars, and the mesial and distal roots of the mandibular first molars in both groups. A few haplogroups from outside Europe (C, N, and R) were recorded in the MP Radom population. Moreover, this population had substantially higher haplogroup diversity compared with the LMP population. CONCLUSION Odontological research indicates an increase in the diversity in the number of roots and the shape of root canals in MP. This information corresponds to genetic research, which also indicates an increase in the diversity of haplogroups during the MP.
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Vaz de Azevedo KR, Lopes CB, Andrade RHTLR, Pacheco da Costa FFN, Gonçalves LS, Medeiros Dos Santos R, Alves FRF. C-shaped canals in first and second mandibular molars from Brazilian individuals: A prevalence study using cone-beam computed tomography. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211948. [PMID: 30759126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study aimed to evaluate, through in vivo tomographic analysis, the prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular first and second molars of Brazilian individuals, analyzing its frequency by thirds of the roots, and in contralateral teeth. Methods Images of 801 mandibular molars (379 first molars and 422 second molars) from 334 Brazilian individuals (142 men and 192 women) were identified through 1544 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) exams, obtained from a private oral radiologic clinic. The cross-sectional configurations were analyzed to determine the frequency of C-shaped canals at three different axial levels and classified in categories by three experienced endodontists independently. Results The incidence of C-shaped canals was 181 (23%). Considering the type of tooth, 91 (24.01%) were identified in the first molars, and 90 (21.32%) were found in the second molars. The incidence was significantly higher in female individuals (P < 0.05) for both first and second molars. The most common C-shaped canal configurations were: C1 (89.01% for first molars and 90% second molars), followed by C2 (8.79% for first molars and 6.66% for second molars) and C4 (2.19% for the first molars and 3.33% for the second molars). Bilateral C-shaped canals were significantly higher than unilateral for both first and second molars (P < 0.01). Conclusions The prevalence of C-shaped canals in mandibular molars of the Brazilian individuals was higher than previously reported for both mandibular first (24.01%) and second molars (21.32%). The incidence was significantly higher in female individuals and the coronal portion of the roots. The classic C-shaped format “C1” was the most frequent anatomical configuration. Furthermore, the prevalence of bilateral C-shaped canals was higher for the first molar (61.70%) and lower for the second molar (38.29%).
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Kalaitzoglou M, Beltes C, Kantilieraki E, Beltes P. Study of Internal Morphology of Root-Canal Treated Single-Rooted Mandibular Second Molars in a Greek Population. Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine 2018; 22:146-9. [DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2018-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Background/Aim: To determine the prevalence of single-rooted mandibular second molars in a Greek population and examine their internal morphology with the aid of intraoral periapical radiography.
Material and Methods: Clinical records of 531 root-canal treated permanent single-rooted mandibular second molars were collected from the Postgraduate Clinic of the Department of Endodontology, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece and from private dental clinics in the same city. The clinical records, along with the radiographic examination, were evaluated to determine the overall frequency of single-rooted mandibular second molars together with the number of root canals and their course. The root canals were categorized using Vertucci’s classification with the addition of 3 further types where appropriate.
Results: Out of 531 mandibular second molars; 102 (19.2%) presented a single root; 427 (80.4%) presented two roots; 2 (0.4%) presented three roots. In a total of 102 single-rooted mandibular second molars 31 (30.3%) presented with Type I, 18 (17.6%) with Type II, 14 (13.7%) with Type IV, 7 (7%) with 3 additional root canal types and 32 (31.4%) with a C-shaped root canal system.
Conclusions: One out five mandibular second molars was single-rooted in a Greek population. The internal morphology of these teeth can be very complex with regard to the numbers and courses of root canals.
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Razumova S, Brago A, Khaskhanova L, Howijieh A, Barakat H, Manvelyan A. A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scanning of the Root Canal System of Permanent Teeth among the Moscow Population. Int J Dent 2018; 2018:2615746. [PMID: 30356403 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2615746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Successful endodontic treatment requires a significant knowledge of root canal anatomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the root and root canal number of permanent teeth among the Moscow population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning. Materials and methods 300 CBCT images of subjects were analyzed to study the anatomy of roots and root canal system of each tooth. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics software 22.0 version. Results The maxillary incisors and canines had one root with one canal in 100%. Maxillary premolars had one root with one or two canals and two roots with two canals, while mandibular premolars were single-rooted with one or two canals. Maxillary first and second molar had three separated roots, and the prevalence of four canals was more often in first molars. Mandibular molars had two roots with different number of canals. Conclusion The root canal system varies greatly among populations and even in different individuals within the same population; thus, using CBCT scanning is an effective technique in investigating the root canal system.
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Abstract
Introduction Research has shown variations in morphology of root canals to differ amongst ethnic groups. We aimed to investigate the root morphology and canal configuration of permanent mandibular molars in a native Tanzanian population. Methods 146 first and 85 second mandibular molars were collected from Tanzanian patients. After removal of the pulp tissues and staining using Methylene blue ink from the canal system, the teeth were decalcified and rendered clear using 98% methyl salicylate. The teeth were then examined under magnification of 10X for: number of roots, tooth length, number of canals, location of apical foramen, presence of an apical delta and canal configuration using Vertucci's classification. Results All mandibular molars had two separate roots. The mean tooth length for mandibular 1st and 2ndmolars were 21.7 mm and 20.5mm, respectively, with no statistically significant difference in mean tooth length between males and females. All the mesial roots 1st and 2nd mandibular molars possessed two root canals, while 40.4% and 54.1% of the distal roots of 1st and 2nd molars, respectively, had two canals. The majority of the examined teeth had their apical foramen located centrally, with an apical delta present in the distal root of one-second molar. Root canal configuration types commonly reported were Type II in the mesial and Type I in the distal roots of the mandibular 1st molar; while the 2nd molar had, respectively, root types II / IV and type I. Conclusion There were observed variations in the morphology of root canals in a Tanzanian population. Caution is advised to clinicians when performing root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Kida Minja
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the various studies and case reports on the morphology and prevalence of middle canals in the mandibular molars. Methodology: Electronic databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect and various journals were screened to identify published literature till March 2017 and earlier for articles related to middle canals in the human permanent mandibular molars. Obtained articles were categorized as original researches, case reports and review articles. Well-defined review questions were developed using the patient population, intervention, comparison and outcome framework to summarize the objectives: “Does middle canal vary in morphology and anatomic location? What is the prevalence of middle canals in mandibular molars? Does ethnicity affect the prevalence of middle canals in mandibular molars?” Morphology was studied and prevalence rates were determined from the evaluation of data extracted from the articles. Results: The search strategy resulted in 87 articles, of which 36 were original research papers and 51 were case reports. The prevalence of middle canals in the various populations ranged from 0.26% to 53.8%. Middle canals were reported in Europeans, Asians, Africans and South and North American populations. The prevalence of middle mesial canal and middle distal canal in various races was reported as up to 53.8% and 10%, respectively. The orifice of middle canal exists below a dentinal projection in the groove between the two main canals. They were observed in fin, confluent and independent configuration. Out of these, confluent configuration was more prevalent. Conclusion: Middle canal varies in morphology and anatomic location. Ethnicity affects the prevalence of middle canals in the mandibular molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Bansal
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.,Department of Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sapna Hegde
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Madhusudan Astekar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Science, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Choupani Dastgerdi A, Navabi M, Hafezi L, Khalilak Z, Rakhshan V. Anatomy of Permanent Mandibular First Molars in a Selected Iranian Population Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography. Iran Endod J 2018; 13:251-256. [PMID: 29707024 PMCID: PMC5911303 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v13i2.19035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Knowledge of radicular anatomy has a crucial impact on endodontic practices. Since some anatomic features such as modifications of Vertucci are not evaluated adequately, this study was conducted. Methods and Materials: In this in vivo study, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 312 intact bilateral first molars from 156 patients (79 males and 77 females with an average age of 35.58±11.17 years) were investigated by a trained dentist in terms of number of roots, number of canals in each root and in each tooth, and shapes of canals according to Vertucci’s classification and its modifications. Groups were compared using the Chi-square test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Of all teeth, 5.2% had 3 roots. Mesial roots had mostly 2 canals while distal roots had a similar frequency of 1 and 2 canals. Of all teeth, 39.7% had 3 canals, 45.2% had 4 canals, 13.8% had 5 canals, and 1.3% had 6 canals. There were no significant differences between males and females, in terms of number of roots (P=0.137), number of canals in mesial (P=0.453) or distal roots (P=0.328), and total number of canals (P=0.138). The most frequent Vertucci classes in mesial and distal roots were IV followed by II and I, respectively. There were no significant differences between males and females in terms of Vertucci classes of mesial (P=0.211) or distal (P=0.205) roots. Conclusion: In this population, there were 3 to 6 canals per tooth (mostly 4 and 3 canals). Males and female’s might be similar regarding the number of roots, or number of canals in each root, number of canals in each tooth, or the predominant canal shape in each root.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manije Navabi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Hafezi
- Department of Oral Radiology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Khalilak
- Department of Endodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Tomaszewska IM, Skinningsrud B, Jarzębska A, Pękala JR, Tarasiuk J, Iwanaga J. Internal and external morphology of mandibular molars: An original micro-CT study and meta-analysis with review of implications for endodontic therapy. Clin Anat 2018; 31:797-811. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona M. Tomaszewska
- Department of Anatomy; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group; Krakow Poland
| | - Bendik Skinningsrud
- Department of Anatomy; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group; Krakow Poland
| | - Anna Jarzębska
- Department of Anatomy; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
| | - Jakub R. Pękala
- Department of Anatomy; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Krakow Poland
- International Evidence-Based Anatomy Working Group; Krakow Poland
| | - Jacek Tarasiuk
- Micro- and Nanotomography Laboratory, Faculty of Physics; AGH University of Science and Technology; Krakow Poland
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Seattle Science Foundation; Seattle Washington
- Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine; Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy; Kurume Fukuoka Japan
- Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Fukuoka Japan
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Marceliano-Alves MF, Lima CO, Bastos LGDPMN, Bruno AMV, Vidaurre F, Coutinho TM, Fidel SR, Lopes RT. Mandibular mesial root canal morphology using micro-computed tomography in a Brazilian population. AUST ENDOD J 2018; 45:51-56. [PMID: 29611889 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To assess the root canal system morphology of mandibular molars by means of micro-computed tomography, one hundred and four mandibular first molars were investigated and the following were evaluated: Vertucci's classification, the presence of lateral canals and the number of apical foramina. Mesial root canal surface area and volume were obtained by the CTAn and CTvol software. The type of root canal isthmi was classified applying the Hsu & Kim and Fan criteria. The most frequent root canal configuration was Vertucci type IV (46.2%). Lateral canals were observed in all root canal thirds and the average number of apical foramina was 3.15 ± 1.77. Regarding the presence of isthmus, Types I and II were the most prevalent, according to Hsu & Kim and Fan et al. criteria, respectively. Mesial root canals of mandibular molars showed high morphology variability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fernanda Vidaurre
- Department of Endodontics, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Rivera Fidel
- Department of Endodontics, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tadeu Lopes
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Root canal anatomy is a complex entity. The main objective of root canal treatment is to get rid of the infection and have a good apical and coronal seal with an appropriate filling. Inability to achieve thorough cleaning and shaping followed by three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system usually causes root canal treatment failure. For this reason, clinicians should be aware of these anatomical variations to achieve successful treatment. AIM The aim of this article is to report on the successful treatment and follow-up of mandibular first molar with additional middle mesial (MM) and middle distal (MD) canals. CASE REPORT A 29-year-old white male patient reported with a complaint of pain in relation with tooth #19. On clinical examination, diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with symptomatic apical periodontitis and condensing osteitis was made and nonsurgical root canal treatment was planned. Initially, two mesial and two distal canals were located, and the patient was planned for the obturation in the second visit. The complaint of mild persistent symptoms gave a possibility of additional canals. Under the dental operating microscope and selective troughing on the floor of the pulp chamber with ultrasonic tips, additional canals were located as MM and MD canals. CONCLUSION Leaving some area of the root canal system untreated is found to be one of the main reasons for root canal treatment failure. Dentists should take advantage of new tools, such as dental operating microscope and ultrasonic tips to be able to locate and treat the hidden and unusual anatomy. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Mandibular first molar with six canals is very rare to encounter. Clinician should have a thorough knowledge of these unusual anatomy to avoid treatment failure due to incomplete disinfection of the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Jabali
- Endodontic Division, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Phone: +966503094502, e-mail:
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Srivastava S, Alrogaibah NA, Aljarbou G. Cone-beam computed tomographic analysis of middle mesial canals and isthmus in mesial roots of mandibular first molars-prevalence and related factors. J Conserv Dent 2018; 21:526-530. [PMID: 30294115 PMCID: PMC6161522 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_205_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: The internal anatomy of mandibular first molars has been studied in depth in different populations. However, limited information is present in differentiating a true middle mesial (MM) canal from an isthmus. Aims: The primary aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of a true MM canal and isthmus by retrospectively analyzing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in vivo. The secondary aim was to determine any correlation between related factors such as sex and age. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 130 patients with the age group of 13–70 years were selected. Findings of MM canals and isthmus were recorded along with variables such as age and sex. Prevalence was compared using the Chi-square test (P < 0.05). Results: Out of 143 mandibular first molars, the prevalence of the MM canal was 18.2%. There was no statistically significant difference between sex and prevalence of the MM canal and isthmus. The prevalence of isthmi in the mesial roots was 78.4%. Their presence was significantly higher in the apical third area (37.1%) (P < 0.05). Both MM canal and isthmus were seen significantly higher in the age group of 31–50 years (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed a high prevalence of MM canals (18.2%) and isthmus (78.4%). The prevalence of the MM canal and isthmi was significantly higher in the middle age groups. This knowledge may direct the clinicians in locating them leading to good endodontic prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Srivastava
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura A Alrogaibah
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer Aljarbou
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Pekiner FN, Borahan MO, Dumlu A. Evaluation of Distolingual Canal/Roots in Mandibular Molars and Mesiobuccal Canals in Maxillary Molars by CBCT. Open Dent J 2017; 11:360-366. [PMID: 28839484 PMCID: PMC5543659 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose: The objectives of this study were to identify the bilateral distolingual (DL) canals / roots of the mandibular first molars and second mesiobuccal (MB2) canals of the maxillary first molars in the same Turkish individuals using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: A total of 150 CBCT images including all mandibular and maxillary first molars were retrospectively investigated in a Turkish subpopulation. The patient age, sex and presence of roots and root canals were assessed. The frequency, of bilateral DL canals, DL roots, and MB2 canals were reviewed. Data were analyzed using Fisher’sexact test and Chi-square test. Results: The prevalences of right DL canals, DL roots and MB2 canals were 31.3, 14.0 and 34.7%, respectively. The prevalences of left DL canals, DL roots and MB2 canals were 31.3, 4 and 27.3%, respectively. There was no statistically difference in the frequency of right and left DL canals, DL roots of mandibular first molars and MB2 canals of maxillary first molars according to gender. Conclusion: CBCT is a competent tool for the detection of additional distolingual canals/roots and second mesio buccal canals, and it is a valuable aid for dentists providing root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Namdar Pekiner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - M Oğuz Borahan
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Asım Dumlu
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Pérez-Heredia M, Ferrer-Luque CM, Bravo M, Castelo-Baz P, Ruíz-Piñón M, Baca P. Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Study of Root Anatomy and Canal Configuration of Molars in a Spanish Population. J Endod 2017; 43:1511-1516. [PMID: 28735786 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to identify morphologic peculiarities of roots and analyze the root canal configuration in maxillary and mandibular first and second molars by means using cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging in a Spanish population. METHODS A total of 284 maxillary molars and 242 mandibular molars from 112 patients were examined in vivo by CBCT imaging; only untreated molars with healthy and fully matured apices were included in this study. Details regarding the number of roots, number of canals, and root canal configuration were recorded. RESULTS Maxillary first and second molars had 3 roots in 97.2% and 79%, respectively. In mandibular molars, the frequency of 2 roots was 94% in first molars and 83% in second molars. The canal configuration of the palatal root was 100% Vertucci type I (1-1) in first and second molars. The distobuccal root showed a Vertucci type I configuration in 97% of first and 100% of maxillary second molars. The mesiobuccal root for first molars showed a Vertucci type II configuration (2-1) in 56.5% cases and Vertucci type IV (2-2) in 23.2%. For maxillary second molars, the Vertucci type I configuration reached 52.7%. In mandibular molars, the mesial root showed higher variability. Most frequent was the presence of 2 canals, Vertucci type II for first and second molars. In the distal root, the most common configuration was Vertucci type I in both molars. CONCLUSIONS The greater percentage of fused roots was observed in maxillary molars. Vertucci type II configuration was more frequent than type IV in the mesial root of mandibular molars and the mesiobuccal root of maxillary molars. A third canal in the mesial root of first mandibular molars (6.7%) was higher than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Pérez-Heredia
- Department Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada and Servicio Andaluz de Salud-Distrito Poniente, Granada, Spain.
| | - Carmen María Ferrer-Luque
- Department Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada and Servicio Andaluz de Salud-Distrito Poniente, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Bravo
- Department Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada and Servicio Andaluz de Salud-Distrito Poniente, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Castelo-Baz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Ruíz-Piñón
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Baca
- Department Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada and Servicio Andaluz de Salud-Distrito Poniente, Granada, Spain
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de Freitas JV, Baratto-Filho F, Coelho BS, Tomazinho FSF, Crozeta BM, de Sousa Neto MD, Gabardo MCL. Efficacy of Different Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Protocols in the Identification of Mesiobuccal Canals of Maxillary First Molars: A Tomographic and Ex Vivo Study. J Endod 2017; 43:810-5. [PMID: 28292600 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complementary methods of anatomic diagnosis, including cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging, may be useful in the diagnosis of mesiobuccal (MB) canals of maxillary molars. METHODS Thirty-five maxillary first molars were subjected to ex vivo analysis and 4 CBCT protocols: i-CAT Classic (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA) (ICC group), i-CAT Next Generation (Imaging Sciences International) (ICN group), PreXion 3D (PreXion, San Mateo, CA) (16.8-second acquisition time; PX1 group), and PreXion 3D (33.5-second acquisition time; PX2 group). The images were evaluated by 2 calibrated endodontists who kept records following protocols previously published in the literature. Micro-computed tomographic imaging was used as the control. RESULTS The correct identification of anatomic variations of MB roots was 54.3% (n = 19) in the ICC group, 65.7% (n = 23) in the ICN group, and 80.0% (n = 28) in the PX1 and PX2 groups. The probability of agreement between the ICC and the control groups was significantly different from the probability of agreement with the PX1 (P < .05) and PX2 (P < .05) groups. The other groups showed no significant differences compared with the control group. There was no difference in the probability of agreement between the tomographic protocols and the ex vivo results. CONCLUSIONS The PX1 and PX2 groups were more effective for the diagnosis of MB canals. PX1 is the most suitable because it results in a shorter radiation time and diagnostic imaging similar to PX2. The single-canal anatomy was the most prevalent in the study.
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Pawar AM, Pawar M, Kfir A, Singh S, Salve P, Thakur B, Neelakantan P. Root canal morphology and variations in mandibular second molar teeth of an Indian population: an in vivo cone-beam computed tomography analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 21:2801-2809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Karunakaran JV, Samuel LS, Rishal Y, Joseph MD, Suresh KR, Varghese ST. Root Canal Configuration of Human Permanent Mandibular First Molars of an Indo-Dravidian Population Based in Southern India: An In vitro Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2017; 9:S68-S72. [PMID: 29284938 PMCID: PMC5731046 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_163_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to analyze root canal configuration of human permanent mandibular first molars of an indo-Dravidian population based in southern India. Materials and Methods: A total of 1147 mandibular first permanent molars were collected, cleansed, and stored. The number of roots was recorded, access preparations made, pattern of orifices recorded after pulpal floor debridement, dye injected into the canals using apical negative pressure and subjected to a clearing technique. They were then analyzed using a stereo microscope and the canal configurations recorded (Vertucci). The number of roots, the pattern of orifices and canal configuration were recorded. Results: The pattern of orifices was triangular (87.9%), rectangular (8.5%), C-shaped (3.0%), and two orifice pattern (0.6%). About 95.6% of teeth had two roots, and 4.4% had three roots. The most common canal system configuration in mesial root was Vertucci type IV (52.3%), followed by type II (35%). Root canal configuration of the distal root revealed type I configuration in 62.7%, followed by types II (14.5%) and IV (12.4%). The distolingual root had a type I configuration. Conclusion: Awareness of canal configuration, adequate clinical skills, use of specialized techniques of diagnosis, debridement and obturation will pave the way for successful treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Karunakaran
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, JKK Nataraja Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Leo Sujith Samuel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, JKK Nataraja Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yousef Rishal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Malabar Dental College and Research Institute, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - M Derick Joseph
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Malabar Dental College and Research Institute, Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - K Rahul Suresh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, JKK Nataraja Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sam T Varghese
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, JKK Nataraja Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
The morphological diversity of the inner anatomy of root canals in human permanent teeth is an issue mainly described in endodontics research. In recent years, it is a relatively new point in anthropological studies because it varies by sex, geographic and ethnic circumstances. An unusual number of root canals or their specific systems can differentiate populations around the world. The multiplicity of available methods for detecting root canal systems helps to better understand their complexity; however, most cannot be applied to anthropology due to limitations that occur in the bioarcheological material. Thorough knowledge of the heterogeneity and internal anatomy of the root canals supplies numerous classification systems proposed and improved over the years by many authors. A limited number of studies in the anthropological literature and future research will shed light onto the internal tooth morphology in historical populations. The aim of this paper is to describe various classification systems of root canals applied in endodontics. However, due to the often poor state of preservation and damage of archaeological derived remains, it seems that the best method is the approach that is the simplest and least complicated.
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Kato A, Ziegler A, Utsumi M, Ohno K, Takeichi T. Three-dimensional imaging of internal tooth structures: Applications in dental education. J Oral Biosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hosseinpour S, Kharazifard MJ, Khayat A, Naseri M. Root Canal Morphology of Permanent Mandibular Premolars in Iranian Population: A Systematic Review. Iran Endod J 2016; 11:150-6. [PMID: 27471522 PMCID: PMC4947835 DOI: 10.7508/iej.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is essential for clinicians to have knowledge about root canal configuration, although its morphology varies largely in different ethnicities and even in different individuals within the same ethnic group. The current study reviewed the root canal configuration of root canals in mandibular first and second premolars among Iranian population based on independent epidemiological studies. METHODS AND MATERIALS A comprehensive search was conducted on retrieved articles related to root canal configuration and prevalence of each types of root canal in mandibular premolars based on Vertucci's classification. An electronic search was conducted in Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar from January 1984 to September 2015. RESULTS In eleven studies conducted in eight provinces, 1644 mandibular first premolars and 1268 second premolars were investigated. Within mandibular first premolars, 70.9% were Vertucci's type I, followed by 10.4% type III, 7.18% type IV, 5.23% type II and 5.16% type V. In addition, among mandibular second premolars, 82.86% were type I, 6.25 type III, 5.32% type II, 4.27% type IV, and 0.69% type V. CONCLUSION These results highlight the necessity of searching for additional possible root canals by clinicians. Moreover, these results indicated the ethnical characteristics of Iranian population regarding the morphology of mandibular premolars compared to other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepanta Hosseinpour
- Students' Research Office, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | | | - Akbar Khayat
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Mandana Naseri
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Celikten B, Tufenkci P, Aksoy U, Kalender A, Kermeoglu F, Dabaj P, Orhan K. Cone beam CT evaluation of mandibular molar root canal morphology in a Turkish Cypriot population. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2221-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Versiani MA, Ordinola-zapata R, Keleş A, Alcin H, Bramante CM, Pécora JD, Sousa-neto MD. Middle mesial canals in mandibular first molars: A micro-CT study in different populations. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 61:130-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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López-Rosales E, Castelo-Baz P, De Moor R, Ruíz-Piñón M, Martín-Biedma B, Varela-Patiño P. Unusual root morphology in second mandibular molar with a radix entomolaris, and comparison between cone-beam computed tomography and digital periapical radiography: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2015; 9:201. [PMID: 26391768 PMCID: PMC4578332 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-015-0681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Radix entomolaris presents with an unusual morphology and is a rare occurrence. It is mainly observed in mandibular first molars. The incidence varies in different populations but it is far from common. This is especially true for mandibular second molars which possess the lowest prevalence. Some case reports have shown the presence of this finding in mandibular second molars; however, cases of patients of a white background have not been reported. Case presentation The diagnosis and treatment of an infected radix entomolaris in a mandibular second molar in a 45-year-old white man is presented. The diagnosis was made with standard endodontic techniques. Conventional radiographic imaging was augmented with cone-beam computed tomography scans and three-dimensional images which were constructed with dedicated software. The endodontic treatment was done using accepted endodontic procedures. Clinical and radiographic evidence of healing was seen after a 14-month follow-up. Conclusions The implications of complex and unpredictable root anatomy are discussed in this report. The clinician should consider the possibility of encountering a mandibular second molar with a radix entomolaris. Cone-beam computed tomography is a useful tool in the diagnosis and improvement of root canal therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13256-015-0681-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisardo López-Rosales
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Entrerríos s/n Santiago Compostela, A Coruña, 15782, Spain.
| | - Pablo Castelo-Baz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Entrerríos s/n Santiago Compostela, A Coruña, 15782, Spain.
| | - Roland De Moor
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Dental School, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Manuel Ruíz-Piñón
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Entrerríos s/n Santiago Compostela, A Coruña, 15782, Spain.
| | - Benjamín Martín-Biedma
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Entrerríos s/n Santiago Compostela, A Coruña, 15782, Spain.
| | - Purificación Varela-Patiño
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, C/ Entrerríos s/n Santiago Compostela, A Coruña, 15782, Spain.
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