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Bailey D, Anderson R, Brady K, Kwon P, Browne D, Amaral RR. An Ex-Vivo Study Comparing the Accuracy of the E-Connect S+ and Morita Tri Auto ZX2+ Endodontic Handpieces in Root Canal Length Determination. J Endod 2024:S0099-2399(24)00233-4. [PMID: 38631475 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This ex vivo study evaluated the accuracy of the Electronic Apex Locator (EAL) and Automatic Apical Stop (AAS) functions of the E-Connect S+ and Morita Tri Auto ZX2+ cordless apex locators in determining patency length. METHODS Sixty-four human teeth with a single root were randomly allocated into E-connect or Morita groups (n = 32). The canals were accessed and preflared, after which a size 15 K-file was inserted into the canal to the major foramen and recorded as the actual length (AL). Matched measurements were taken using the AAS and EAL functions and visually confirmed with confocal microscopy. The variance between canal length (mm), the persons correlation (ρ) between function and AL, and the accuracy (%) of the canal length relative to the AL (Δmm) between devices and functions were assessed. RESULTS Regardless of device or function, all measurements were within 1±Δmm and correlated strongly (ρ > 0.97) with the AL. When considering a more stringent clinically acceptable range of 0.5±Δmm from the AL, all devices and functions demonstrated similar accuracy levels (84%-94%). However, at lower tolerance ranges, the E-connect device with the EAL function exhibited the highest accuracy. On average, all devices and functions stopped short of the AL (mean Δmm>0). CONCLUSION The E-Connect S+ and Morita Tri Auto ZX2+ apex locators provided reliable accuracy in determining the position of the major foramen. These findings demonstrate a high level of reproducibility in canal length measurements using both cordless endodontic handpieces, regardless of whether the EAL or AAS functions were employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bailey
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Ryan Anderson
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Kevin Brady
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Peter Kwon
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Daniel Browne
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Rodrigo R Amaral
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.
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Monisha R, Sivakumar A, Chittrarasu M, Sampath SJ, Soundappan SP, Benny R. Comparative evaluation of accuracy of working length determination with fifth-generation apex locator using two different techniques: An in vitro study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:240-245. [PMID: 38634026 PMCID: PMC11019798 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_210_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Context Accurate working length (WL) determination is essential for successful root canal therapy. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the difference between two different techniques in locating minor constriction using fifth-generation electronic apex locator. Settings and Design A detailed protocol explaining the procedures of the study was submitted to the institutional ethics committee. Subjects and Methods Forty extracted human permanent canine teeth were selected. WL was measured three times for each sample by three different examiners for both the conventional and experimental techniques at different time intervals. Interexaminers were blinded to their measurements, and the person who analyzed mean value was also blinded with techniques. Finally, radiographic working length was obtained using 15 size K-file. A size 20 K-file was cemented into the measured position with glass ionomer cement. Each tooth was viewed under a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification. The distance from the file tip to the root apex was measured and calibrated to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. Statistical Analysis Used Using Stata statistical software (Version 17, Statacorp, College Station, Texas, USA). The agreement between raters and techniques was determined using intraclass correlation coefficient "ICC" and Bland-Altman plot. Results The "experimental method" (0.95, 95%) showed better agreement between the raters in comparison with the "conventional method" (0.93, 95%). Conclusions The experimental technique showed perfect agreement between examiners in locating the minor constriction of the apical foramen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Monisha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Andamuthu Sivakumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Chittrarasu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivakumar Jambai Sampath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravana Priyan Soundappan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reveena Benny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
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Do T, Yang M, Kim JR. Prevalence of Teaching Apical Patency and Various Instrumentation and Obturation Techniques in United States Dental Schools: Two Decades Later. J Endod 2023; 49:1099-1105. [PMID: 37422252 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maintaining apical patency has been advocated to minimize canal transportation, ledge formation, and loss of working length, despite increasing debris extrusion. A previous study in 1997 by Cailleteau and Mullaney reported 50% of United States dental schools taught patency. This present study aimed to evaluate recent trends in endodontic education in United States dental schools, in relation to the prevalence of maintaining apical patency and examining the primary methods of working length determination, instrumentation, obturation, and temporization. METHODS A survey of 20 questions was distributed to 65 schools via e-mail and was available from July 2021 to September 2021. RESULTS Seventy-three percent of the 46 responding schools reported that they teach patency, with 8% of this number reporting that they do so exclusively to endodontic residents. Notably, a significantly lower number of schools reported teaching patency exclusively to endodontic students compared with the Cailleteau and Mullaney study despite a significantly higher percentage of schools teaching patency overall. The most common method used to determine working length was an electronic apex locator at the 0.5 reading. Vortex Blue was the most commonly used file system used by both predoctoral and postdoctoral programs. Lateral condensation was the primary obturation technique taught in predoctoral programs, whereas warm vertical condensation was the primary obturation technique in postdoctoral programs. The study also found that 57% of schools reported using intraorifice barriers, and the most common temporary filling was glass ionomer. CONCLUSIONS A greater portion of schools teaches patency compared with the previous study in 1997. The data collected in this survey may serve as a baseline for similar studies in the future regarding changes in endodontic education over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maobin Yang
- Regenerative Health Research Laboratory, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Endodontology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jong Ryul Kim
- Department of Endodontology, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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De-Deus G, Cozer V, Souza EM, Silva EJNL, Wigler R, Belladonna FG, Simões-Carvalho M, Versiani MA. Micro-CT study of the in vivo accuracy of a wireless electronic apex locator. J Endod 2022; 48:1152-1160. [PMID: 35780927 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare the in vivo accuracy of Wirele-X and RootZX II electronic apex locators (EALs) in determining the position of the major foramen using micro-CT as analytical tool. METHODS Eleven vital teeth from 5 patients planned for extraction were used. After conventional access cavity preparation, root canals were flared and negotiated up to the apical third with sizes 08 and 10 K-files followed by irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl. K-type files were used to determine the working length of the selected canals using Root ZX II and Wirele-X apex locators until their numeric displays read '0.0'. After fixing the silicon stop to the file, teeth were extracted and imaged in a micro-CT device using a double-scan protocol. Image stacks, with and without the file in the root canal, were then co-registered and the measurement error calculated as the absolute difference between the tip of the file and the major foramen. Positive and negative values were recorded when the file tip was detected beyond or short the major foramen, respectively. Accuracy was determined on stable measurements within ± 0.5 mm when the file tip did not extend beyond the major foramen. The Chi-square test was applied to compare the ability of the EALs to detect the position of the major foramen, while T test for dependent variables was used to verify differences in the two measurements obtained in each tooth. Significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS Within a tolerance level of ± 0.5 mm, no significant differences were observed between the tested EALs regarding the absolute distance values (p=0.82) or in their ability to detect the position of the major foramen (Χ2=0.2588; p=0.6109). The accuracy of the Root ZX II and the Wirele-X apex locators within ± 0.5 mm were 81.8% and 90.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Root ZX II and Wirele-X performed similarly regarding the in vivo detection of the major foramen. Using strict criteria, the accuracy of the Root ZX II and the Wirele-X apex locators were 81.8% and 90.9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo De-Deus
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Viviany Cozer
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erick Miranda Souza
- Department of Dentistry II, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão
| | - Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal Silva
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronald Wigler
- Department of Endodontology, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Marco Simões-Carvalho
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Versiani
- Department of Endodontics, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Dental Specialty Center, Brazilian Military Police, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Karuntanović T, Dačić S, Miljković N, Dačić-Simonović D. N VITROCOMPARISON OF THE ACCURACY OF TWO APEX LOCATORS OF DIFFERENT GENERATIONS. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2019. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2019.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Bolbolian M, Golchin S, Faegh S. In vitro Evaluation of the Accuracy of the Root Zx in the Presence of Naocl 2.5% and Chlorhexidine 0.2. J Clin Exp Dent 2019; 10:e1054-e1057. [PMID: 30607220 PMCID: PMC6311399 DOI: 10.4317/jced.54193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Establishing the working length at the apical constriction is considered ideal for root canal therapy. Because of the limitations of radiography and complicacy of the apex of the root, electronic measurement of canal length has become valuable for endodontic treatment. This study was designed to evaluation of the accuracy of the Root zx electronic apex locator in the presence of NaOCl 2.5% and chlorhexidine 0.2%. Material and Methods Thirty extracted human premolars with complete root formation were enrolled. The actual length (AL) was assessed visually (under stereo microscope) and teeth mounted in the saline model. The electronic length (EL) measurements were recorded in the presence of NaOCl 2.5% and chlorhexidine 0.2% and the differences between the EL and AL were compared. Results By accepting the error of 0.5 and 1 mm, the accuracy of Root zx was 76.7% and 96.7% in the presence of chlorhexidine 0.2% and 90% and 100% in the presence of NaOCl 2.5%, respectively. No statistical differences was found between the measured groups (P=0.223). Conclusions Our results confirmed that Root zx can accurately determine the apical constriction in presence of both NaOCl 2.5% and chlorhexidine 0.2%. Key words:Chlorhexidine, Sodium Hypochlorite, Root ZX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bolbolian
- Assistant Professor of Endodontics, Dental Caries Prevention Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Siamak Golchin
- General Dentist, Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Seyedmatin Faegh
- Dental Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Accuracy of 2 Endodontic Rotary Motors with Integrated Apex Locator. J Endod 2017; 43:1716-1719. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wolgin M, Grundmann MJ, Tchorz JP, Frank W, Kielbassa AM. Ex vivo investigation on the postoperative integrity of the apical constriction after the sole use of electronic working length determination. J Dent 2017. [PMID: 28642058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study investigated the accuracy of root canal preparation with regard to the integrity of the apical constriction (AC) using two different working length determination approaches: (1) the electronic method of working length determination (EWLD), and (2) the radiologic "gold standard" method (GS). METHODOLOGY Simulation models were constructed by arranging extracted human teeth by means of silicon bolstered gingiva masks, along with a conductive medium (alginate). Electronic working length determination (group 1; EWLD) and radiologic plus initial electronic working length determination for posterior comparability (group 2; GS) preceded manual root canal preparation of teeth in both groups. Master cones were inserted according to working lengths obtained from the group specific method. Subsequently, root apices (n=36) were longitudinally sectioned using a diamond-coated bur. The distance between the achieved apical endpoint of the endodontic preparation and the apical constriction (AC) was measured using digital photography. Then, distances between radiologically identified apical endpoints and AC (GS-AC) were compared with the corresponding distances EWLD-AC. Moreover, the postoperative status of the AC was examined with regard to both preparation approaches. RESULTS Differences between distances GS-AC and EWLD-AC were not statistically significant (p >0.401) (Mann-Whitney-U). Among EWLD samples, 83% of the master cones exhibiting tugback at final insertion terminated close to the apical constriction (±0.5 mm), and no impairment of the minor diameter's integrity was observed. CONCLUSIONS The sole use of EWLD allowed for a high accuracy of measurements and granted precise preparation of the apical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wolgin
- Center for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Danube Private University (DPU), Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Markus J Grundmann
- Center for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Danube Private University (DPU), Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Jörg P Tchorz
- Center for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Danube Private University (DPU), Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems, Austria; Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetterstraße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Frank
- Center for Preclinical Education, Dept. of Biostatistics, University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Danube Private University (DPU), Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Andrej M Kielbassa
- Center for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Danube Private University (DPU), Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems, Austria.
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An ex vivo comparison of working length determination by three electronic root canal length measurement devices integrated into endodontic rotary motors. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2303-2308. [PMID: 27392613 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of working length (WL) determination by X-Smart Dual, ENDOAce, and Gold Reciproc motor, in manual mode and mechanical preparation set to auto apical reverse (AAR) mode. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five anterior teeth were included in the study. The canal length was determined by introducing #10 file into the canal until it emerged at the apical foramen. The incisal edges were adjusted to obtain 18 mm standard length. The teeth were embedded in Plexiglas tubes, filled with alginate, and measured in manual and AAR modes. RESULTS Within and between the groups, there was no significant difference in WL measurements, both in manual and AAR modes. In the X-Smart Dual group, all manual measurements were within root canal limits, while 13 % of AAR mode measurements were recorded when the file tip passed the apical foramen. In the ENDOAce group, 13 and 7 % of the measurements, in manual and AAR modes respectively, were recorded when the file tip passed the foramen. In the Gold Reciproc motor group, 27 and 33 % of the measurements, in manual and AAR modes respectively, were recorded when the file tip passed the foramen. CONCLUSION With the limitation of this ex vivo study, the tested devices presented no significant differences in length measurements and were within the clinical accepted margin of error. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mechanical preparation must be confined to the root canal system. The adverse results of overinstrumentation emphasize the need to reconsider the ±0.50 mm margin of error that is clinically acceptable for WL measurements.
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de Morais ALG, de Alencar AHG, Estrela CRDA, Decurcio DA, Estrela C. Working Length Determination Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Periapical Radiography and Electronic Apex Locator in Teeth with Apical Periodontitis: A Clinical Study. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2016; 11:164-8. [PMID: 27471524 PMCID: PMC4947837 DOI: 10.7508/iej.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this clinical study was to compare the accuracy of working length (WL) determination using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), conventional periapical radiographies and electronic apex locator. Methods and Materials: This study was conducted during root canal treatment of 19 patients with a total of 30 single-rooted teeth diagnosed with apical periodontitis. After taking the initial parallel periapical radiographies, the initial file was advanced into the canal until the WL was detected by the apex locator. Subsequently, the WL was measured and WL radiographies were taken with the file set in the canal. Afterwards, CBCT images were acquired. These three measurements were tabulated and compared and the data were analyzed using the Friedman test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The mean values for WL determination by electronic apex locator, periapical radiograph and CBCT images were 22.25, 22.43 and 22.65, respectively which was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: Working length determination using CBCT images was precise when compared to radiographic method and electronic apex locator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Estrela
- Department of Endodontics, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Go, Brazil
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Comparison of two electronic apex locators on human cadavers. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1547-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Wolgin M, Wiedemann P, Frank W, Wrbas KT, Kielbassa AM. Development and Evaluation of an Endodontic Simulation Model for Dental Students. J Dent Educ 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2015.79.11.tb06034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wolgin
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology; University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health; Danube Private University; Krems Austria
| | - Paul Wiedemann
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology; University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health; Danube Private University; Krems Austria
| | - Wilhelm Frank
- Centre for Preclinical Education; Department of Biostatistics; University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health; Danube Private University; Krems Austria
| | - Karl-Thomas Wrbas
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology; University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health; Danube Private University; Krems Austria
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine; Medical Center University of Freiburg; Albert-Ludwigs-University; Freiburg Germany
| | - Andrej M. Kielbassa
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology; University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health; Danube Private University; Krems Austria
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Digital radiography for determination of primary tooth length: in vivo and ex vivo studies. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:939045. [PMID: 25802894 PMCID: PMC4352931 DOI: 10.1155/2015/939045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods for determining the root canal length of the primary tooth should yield accurate and reproducible results. In vitro studies show some limitations, which do not allow their findings to be directly transferred to a clinical situation. AIM To compare the accuracy of radiographic tooth length obtained from in vivo digital radiograph with that obtained from ex vivo digital radiograph. METHOD Direct digital radiographs of 20 upper primary incisors were performed in teeth (2/3 radicular resorption) that were radiographed by an intraoral sensor, according to the long-cone technique. Teeth were extracted, measured, and mounted in a resin block, and then radiographic template was used to standardise the sensor-target distance (30 cm). The apparent tooth length (APTL) was obtained from the computer screen by means of an electronic ruler accompanying the digital radiography software (CDR 2.0), whereas the actual tooth length (ACTL) was obtained by means of a digital calliper following extraction. Data were compared to the ACTL by variance analysis and Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS The values for APTL obtained from in vivo radiography were slightly underestimated, whereas those values obtained from ex vivo were slightly overestimated. No significance was observed (P ≤ 0.48) between APTL and ACTL. CONCLUSION The length of primary teeth estimated by in vivo and ex vivo comparisons using digital radiography was found to be similar to the actual tooth length.
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Martins JNR, Marques D, Mata A, Caramês J. Clinical efficacy of electronic apex locators: systematic review. J Endod 2014; 40:759-77. [PMID: 24862702 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apical constriction has been proposed as the most appropriate apical limit for the endodontic working length. Despite being the most used, some limitations are attributed to the radiographic method of working length determination. It lacks precision because it is based on the average position of the apical constriction. The electronic apex locators have been presented as an alternative to the odontometry performed by radiography. These devices detect the transition of the pulp to the periodontal tissue, which is anatomically very close to the apical constriction and may perform with improved accuracy. METHODS A systematic review was performed to compare the radiographic and electronic methods. Clinical studies that compared both methods were searched for on 7 electronic databases, a manual search was performed on the bibliography of articles collected on the electronic databases, and the authors were contacted to ask for references of more research not detected on the electronic and manual search. RESULTS Twenty-one articles were selected. The majority were comparative or evaluation studies, and very few clinical studies comparing both methods are available. Several methodological limitations are present on the collected articles and debated in this review. CONCLUSIONS Although the available scientific evidence base is short and at considerable risk of bias, it is still possible to conclude that the apical locator reduces the patient radiation exposure and also that the electronic method may perform better on the working length determination. At least one radiographic control should be performed to detect possible errors of the electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge N R Martins
- School of Dental Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal; Inter PG Endodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York; Department of Endodontics, Implantology Institute, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Duarte Marques
- School of Dental Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal; Oral Biology and Biochemistry Group, Biomedical and Oral Sciences Research Unit (FCT Unit 4062), Evidence Based Dentistry Center, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal; Implantology Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Mata
- School of Dental Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal; Oral Biology and Biochemistry Group, Biomedical and Oral Sciences Research Unit (FCT Unit 4062), Evidence Based Dentistry Center, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal; Basic Science and Cranio-Facial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - João Caramês
- School of Dental Medicine, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal; Implantology Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
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D'Assunção FLC, Sousa JCN, Felinto KCA, de Medeiros TC, Leite DT, de Lucena RB, de Oliveira Lima J. Accuracy and repeatability of 3 apex locators in locating root canal perforations: an ex vivo study. J Endod 2014; 40:1241-4. [PMID: 25069941 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was an ex vivo evaluation of the accuracy and repeatability of 3 electronic apex locators (EALs) in locating simulated root canal perforations. METHODS Thirty-five human teeth were used. Perforations were placed 5 mm from the apex of each specimen. A #15 K-file was attached to a micrometer, and the specimens were fixed in a mounting model. The EALs were connected to the files, and electronic measurements of the simulated perforations were obtained. This procedure was repeated, the files were cemented in place, and x-rays were obtained to evaluate the distances between the measurement files and the simulated perforations. The obtained results were compared with the corresponding control lengths. Three investigators evaluated the distance of the file position in relation to the perforation for each specimen. The 3 investigators reached consensus regarding these measurements. RESULTS Statistical analyses of the results revealed that the EAL reliabilities in the exact detections of the root canal perforations were 97.1% for the Mini Apex Locator, 100% for the Root SW, and 91.4% for the Root ZX II. Analysis of variance revealed that the accuracies of the 3 devices were not different (P > .05). The results also indicated high levels of repeatability for each of the 3 EALs (intraclass correlation coefficients: 0998, 0.999, and 0.999 for the Mini Apex Locator, Root SW, and Root ZX II, respectively). CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that each of these 3 EALs provided excellent ex vivo accuracy in locating root perforations and that all tested devices possess excellent ex vivo repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diego Tavares Leite
- Department of Endodontics Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba, Paraiba, Brazil
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Chakravarthy Pishipati KV. An In Vitro Comparison of Propex II Apex Locator to Standard Radiographic Method. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2013; 8:114-7. [PMID: 23922572 PMCID: PMC3734513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the accuracy of radiography in assessing working length to Propex II apex locator. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty single canal extracted human teeth with patent apical foramen were selected. Access cavities were prepared. Anatomic length (AL) was determined by inserting a K-file into the root canal until the file tip was just visible at the most coronal aspect of the apical foramen; subsequently 0.5 mm was deducted from this measured length. Working length by radiographic method (RL) was determined using Ingle's method. Propex II apex locator was used to determine the electronic working length (EL). From these calculated lengths, AL was deducted to obtain D-value. D-value in the range of +/-0.5 mm was considered to be acceptable. RESULTS The percentage accuracy of RL and Propex II apex locator was 76.6% and 86.6%, respectively. Paired t-test revealed significant difference between the RL and Propex II apex locator (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Under these in vitro conditions, Propex II apex locator has determined working length more accurately than radiographic method.
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Sacchetto L, Cassai E. Valutazione dei fattori che influenzano la lunghezza elettronica del canale. DENTAL CADMOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cadmos.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Alothmani OS, Friedlander LT, Monteith BD, Chandler NP. Influence of clinical experience on the radiographic determination of endodontic working length. Int Endod J 2012; 46:211-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. S. Alothmani
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah; Saudi Arabia
| | - L. T. Friedlander
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin; New Zealand
| | - B. D. Monteith
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin; New Zealand
| | - N. P. Chandler
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry; University of Otago; Dunedin; New Zealand
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Paludo L, Souza SLD, Só MVR, Rosa RAD, Vier-Pelisser FV, Duarte MAH. An in vivo radiographic evaluation of the accuracy of Apex and iPex electronic Apex locators. Braz Dent J 2012; 23:54-8. [PMID: 22460316 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402012000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo the clinical applicability of two electronic apex locators (EALs) - Apex (Septodont) and iPex (NSK) - in different groups of human teeth by using radiography. The working lengths (WLs) of 100 root canals were determined electronically. The EAL to be used first was chosen randomly and a K-file was inserted into the root canal until the EAL display indicated the location of the apical constriction (0 mm). The K-file was fixed to the tooth and a periapical radiograph was taken using a radiographic film holder. The K-file was removed and the WL was measured. The same procedure was repeated using the other EAL. Radiographs were examined with the aid of a light-box with lens of ×4 magnification by two blinded experienced endodontists. The distance between the file tip and the root apex was recorded as follows: (A) +1 to 0 mm, (B) -0.1 to 0.5 mm, (C) -0.6 to 1 mm, (D) -1.1 to 1.5 mm, and (E) -1.6 mm or greater. For statistical purposes, these scores were divided into 2 subgroups according to the radiographic apex: acceptable (B, C, and D) and non-acceptable (A and E). Statistically significant differences were not found between the results of Apex and iPex in terms of acceptable and non-acceptable measurements (p>0.05) or in terms of the distance recorded from file tip and the radiographic apex (p>0.05). Apex and iPex EALs provided reliable measurements for WL determination for endodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paludo
- Cruzeiro do Sul University, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
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Tchorz JP, Hellwig E, Altenburger MJ. An improved model for teaching use of electronic apex locators. Int Endod J 2011; 45:307-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vieyra JP, Acosta J. Comparison of working length determination with radiographs and four electronic apex locators. Int Endod J 2011; 44:510-518. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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