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Tyagi G, Kumar P, Kumari A, Shakarwal P, Singh A, Kusum P. Comparing the EdgeFile X3, GenEndo, HeroGold, and ProTaper Gold Rotary Instruments Regarding the Effect of Different Concentrations and Temperature of NaOCl on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance. J Contemp Dent Pract 2023; 24:715-721. [PMID: 38152947 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM This research was carried out with the objective of comparison between GenEndo, Protaper Gold, Hero Gold and EdgeFile X3 regarding the effect of different concentrations of NaOCl. MATERIALS AND METHODS About 720 study specimens were included in the study. They were divided into four groups. Each group consisted of 180 files. Group A: GenEndo, Group B: Protaper Gold, Group C: Hero Gold, Group D: EdgeFile X3. Each group of instruments were further subdivided into nine subgroups (n = 20 for each subgroup). Testing of the cyclic fatigue was carried out in artificial canals which were prepared inside the blocks of stainless steel. The stainless steel blocks with artificial canals were established in a receiver that was packed with experimental solutions like distilled water, 5.25% NaOCl and 2.5% NaOCl. The adjustment of temperature was done at 25, 37, and 60°C. The rotation of the instrument was carried out inside the artificial canal as per the instructions of the manufacturer. The instrument was rotated until it got fractured. The time taken by the instrument to fracture was recorded in seconds. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was analyzed with the help of the equation (NCF = time to fracture × rpm/60). Surfaces at the site of fracture were examined with the help of a scanning electron microscope (EVOLS10, ZEISS) at magnification (300x and 2000x). RESULTS It was noticed that there was a statistically significant increase in cyclic fatigue when sodium chloride was used as an endodontic irrigant instead of distilled water. The increase in cyclic fatigue was also observed when 5.25% sodium chloride was used instead of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Cyclic fatigue increased on change in temperature from 25 to 37°C and from 37 to 60°C. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). It was observed that resistance against cyclic fatigue on treatment with different irrigation solutions at different temperatures was in the order of GenEndo > Protaper Gold > Hero Gold > EdgeFile X3. CONCLUSION The resistance against cyclic fatigue in new NiTi rotary files can be affected significantly by different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite irrigant solution and the GenEndo rotary endodontic instrument has the maximum resistance against cyclic fatigue. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Irrigation of the root canal with irrigants, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been recommended strongly. NaOCl is used in the range of 0.5 and 6.5% concentration owing to its antimicrobial activity and tissue dissolution activities, particularly at higher temperatures. It has been postulated that fatigue of rotary endodontic instruments can be influenced by adjoining medium and their concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Tyagi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Kothiwal Dental College & Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mithila Minority Dental College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar, Phone: +91 6205229036, e-mail:
| | - Annu Kumari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mithila Minority Dental College and Hospital, Darbhanga, Bihar, India
| | - Parul Shakarwal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Singh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sardar Patel Post Graduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pallavi Kusum
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences & and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India
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Bürklein S, Zupanc L, Donnermeyer D, Tegtmeyer K, Schäfer E. Effect of Core Mass and Alloy on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Different Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments in Matching Artificial Canals. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195734. [PMID: 34640131 PMCID: PMC8510035 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Instrument failure during root canal preparation is still a concern among endodontists. However, it remains unclear whether the use of more martensitic alloys or the cross-sectional design parameters (i.e., core mass) significantly improve fracture resistance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of core mass and alloy on dynamic cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments in matching artificial canals at body temperature. Two groups were tested. (A) taper 0.04: F360 (Komet, Lemgo, Germany), Twisted file (Sybron Endo, Glendora, CA, USA) (=TF), JIZAI (Mani, Tochigi, Japan) (=J_04) (all size #25) and the variable tapered TruNatomy (Dentsply, Ballaigues, Switzerland) (size #26) (=TN). (B) size #25; taper 0.06: (Mtwo (VDW, Munich, Germany), JIZAI (Mani) (=J_06), and variable tapered Hyflex EDM OneFile (Coltene Whaledent, Altstätten, Switzerland) (=HF). Time, number of cycles to fracture (NCF), and number and length of fractured fragments were recorded and statistically analysed using ANOVA Student-Newman-Keuls, Kruskal–Wallis or Chi-square test (significance level = 0.05). (A) TN showed the significantly shortest time until fracture, followed by TF, F360 and J_04 which also differed significantly, while NCF showed the following order: F360 < TN < TF < J_04 (p < 0.05). Only one J_04 but all instruments of the other groups fractured within the test-limit of 10 min. (B) Mtwo was significantly inferior concerning time until fracture and NCF, compared to J_06 and HF (p < 0.05), which did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). While all Mtwo instruments fractured, only four instruments failed in the other groups (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, alloy and cross-sectional design (i.e., core mass) were critical factors regarding instrument failure, but none of these factors could be determined as a main parameter for increased or decreased time, and cycles to fracture. Rather, it seemed to be the interaction of multiple factors (e.g., longitudinal and cross-sectional design, alloy, and rotational speed) that was responsible for differences in the time and cycles to fracture. Nonetheless, all instruments had lifetimes that allow safe clinical use. However, the superiority or inferiority of an instrument with regard to cyclic fatigue based on laboratory results—even when identical trajectories are guaranteed—may be considered questionable, as the characteristics and design parameters of the instruments vary considerably, and the experimental setups lack additional clinical parameters and thus clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bürklein
- Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Building W 30, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-834-7051; Fax: +49-251-834-7894
| | | | - David Donnermeyer
- Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Building W 30, 48149 Münster, Germany; (D.D.); (K.T.)
| | - Karsten Tegtmeyer
- Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Building W 30, 48149 Münster, Germany; (D.D.); (K.T.)
| | - Edgar Schäfer
- Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Building W 30, 48149 Münster, Germany;
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Uslu G, Gundogar M, Özyurek T, Plotino G. Cyclic fatigue resistance of reduced-taper nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments in doubled-curved (S-shaped) canals at body temperature. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2020; 14:111-115. [PMID: 32908652 PMCID: PMC7464224 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2020.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. This study was conducted to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of VDW.ROTATE, TruNatomy Prime, HyFlex CM, and 2Shape nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments in double-curved canals in a simulated clinical environment. Methods. Eighty NiTi files were used for the fatigue testing in stainless steel canals compatible with instrument sizes until fracture occurred (n=20): VDW.ROTATE (04./25#), TruNatomy Prime (04./26#), HyFlex CM (04./25#) and 2Shape TS04./25#( 1). For each instrument, the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was calculated, and the fractured fragment length (FL) was measured. To verify that the files were fractured due to cyclic fatigue, the fractured surfaces of the files were evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Student's t-tests at the %95 confidence level. Results. The failure of the files due to cyclic fatigue was first seen in the apical curvature before the coronal curvature (P<0.05). The highest fatigue resistance was observed in VDW.ROTATE and HyFlex CM files in both curvatures (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the fatigue resistance between the HyFlex CM and VDW.ROTATE files or between the 2Shape and the TruNatomy files (P>0.05). There was no difference in the fractured lengths of the files between the apical and coronal curvatures (P>0.05). Conclusion. In artificial S-shaped root canals, VDW.ROTATE and HyFlex CM files exhibited higher fatigue resistance compared to 2Shape and TruNatomy files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülşah Uslu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gundogar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Özyurek
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Ertuğrul İF. Effect of sodium hypochlorite on the cyclic fatigue resistance: A scanning electron microscopy evaluation. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:2089-2094. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İhsan F. Ertuğrul
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of EndodonticsPamukkale University Denizli Turkey
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Uslu G, Özyürek T, Gündoğar M, Yılmaz K. Cyclic fatigue resistance of 2Shape, Twisted File and EndoSequence Xpress nickel-titanium rotary files at intracanal temperature. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2018; 12:283-287. [PMID: 30774795 PMCID: PMC6368948 DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2018.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of 2Shape, Twisted File (TF) and EndoSequence Xpress (ESX) nickel-titanium rotary files at intracanal temperature (35°C).
Methods. Twenty 2Shape TS1 (25/.04), 20 TF (25/.04) and 20 ESX (25/.04) files were tested for cyclic fatigue at intracanal temperature (35°C). All the instruments were rotated in artificial canals which were made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, 60° angle of curvature and a radius curvature of 5 mm until fracture occurred; the time to fracture was recorded in seconds using a digital chronometer and the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) for each file was calculated. Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction was performed to statistically analyze data using SPSS 21.0. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.
Results. NCF values revealed that the 2Shape had significantly the highest cyclic fatigue resistance, followed by TF and ESX at intracanal temperature (P<0.05). The difference was significant between the TF and ESX groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference among the 2Shape, TF and ESX files with respect to the lengths of the fractured file fragments (P>0.05).
Conclusion. Within the limitations of present study, it was concluded that the cyclic fatigue resistance of 2Shape files at the intracanal temperature is higher than that of TF and ESX files.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülşah Uslu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onkekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Taha Özyürek
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gündoğar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Koray Yılmaz
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay
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Alfawaz H, Alqedairi A, Alsharekh H, Almuzaini E, Alzahrani S, Jamleh A. Effects of Sodium Hypochlorite Concentration and Temperature on the Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Heat-treated Nickel-titanium Rotary Instruments. J Endod 2018; 44:1563-1566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Özyürek T, Uslu G, Gündoğar M, Yılmaz K, Grande NM, Plotino G. Comparison of cyclic fatigue resistance and bending properties of two reciprocating nickel-titanium glide path files. Int Endod J 2018; 51:1047-1052. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Özyürek
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Ondokuz Mayıs University; Samsun Turkey
| | - G. Uslu
- Private Practice, Dental Clinic; Çanakkale Turkey
| | - M. Gündoğar
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Medipol University; İstanbul Turkey
| | - K. Yılmaz
- Çorum Oral and Dental Health Centre; Çorum Turkey
| | - N. M. Grande
- Department of Endodontics; Catholic University of Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - G. Plotino
- Private Practice, Grande Plotino & Torsello - Studio di Odontoiatria; Rome Italy
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Yılmaz K, Uslu G, Gündoğar M, Özyürek T, Grande NM, Plotino G. Cyclic fatigue resistances of several nickel-titanium glide path rotary and reciprocating instruments at body temperature. Int Endod J 2018; 51:924-930. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Yılmaz
- Çorum Oral and Dental Centre; Çorum Turkey
| | - G. Uslu
- Private Practice; Dental Clinic; Çanakkale Turkey
| | - M. Gündoğar
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Medipol University; İstanbul Turkey
| | - T. Özyürek
- Department of Endodontics; Faculty of Dentistry; Ondokuz Mayıs University; Samsun Turkey
| | - N. M. Grande
- Department of Endodontics; Catholic University of Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - G. Plotino
- Grande Plotino & Torsello - Dental Clinic; Rome Italy
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Grande NM, Plotino G, Silla E, Pedullà E, DeDeus G, Gambarini G, Somma F. Environmental Temperature Drastically Affects Flexural Fatigue Resistance of Nickel-titanium Rotary Files. J Endod 2017; 43:1157-1160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fatigue Resistance of a 3-dimensional Conforming Nickel-Titanium Rotary Instrument in Double Curvatures. J Endod 2016; 42:961-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pedullà E, Lo Savio F, Boninelli S, Plotino G, Grande NM, La Rosa G, Rapisarda E. Torsional and Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of a New Nickel-Titanium Instrument Manufactured by Electrical Discharge Machining. J Endod 2016; 42:156-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Duke F, Shen Y, Zhou H, Ruse ND, Wang ZJ, Hieawy A, Haapasalo M. Cyclic Fatigue of ProFile Vortex and Vortex Blue Nickel-Titanium Files in Single and Double Curvatures. J Endod 2015; 41:1686-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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A study on the influence of Ni–Ti M-Wire in the flexural fatigue life of endodontic rotary files by using Finite Element Analysis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 40:172-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhou H, Peng B, Zheng YF. An overview of the mechanical properties of nickel-titanium endodontic instruments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Fatica ciclica di nuovi strumenti al nichel-titanio in canali artificiali a singola e doppia curvatura. GIORNALE ITALIANO DI ENDODONZIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gien.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Plotino G, Testarelli L, Al-Sudani D, Pongione G, Grande NM, Gambarini G. Fatigue resistance of rotary instruments manufactured using different nickel–titanium alloys: a comparative study. Odontology 2012; 102:31-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-012-0088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Plotino G, Al-Sudani D, Pulino S, Grande NM, Marcoli PA, Pizzi S, Testarelli L, Gambarini G. Cyclic fatigue resistance of Mtwo NiTi rotary instruments used by experienced and novice operators--an in vivo and in vitro study. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:MT41-5. [PMID: 22648260 PMCID: PMC3560727 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of Mtwo NiTi rotary instruments after clinical use by 1 experienced and 1 novice operator. Material/Methods Cyclic fatigue testing of instruments was performed on tapered artificial canals with a 5 mm radius of curvature and 60° angle of curvature. Twenty Mtwo instruments for each size were selected and divided into 2 groups: group A consisted of 10 instruments of each size used for shaping 10 root canals in molar teeth of patients by an experienced operator; group B consisted of 10 instruments of each size used for shaping 10 root canals in molar teeth of patients by a novice operator. Instruments were rotated until fracture occurred and the numbers of cycles to failure (NCF) were recorded. Data obtained were subjected to an independent sample t-test to determine statistical differences. The significance was determined at a 95% confidence level. Results No statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was noted between the instruments of groups A and B for all sizes. More instruments with visible signs of plastic deformation were identified for the novice operator. Conclusions The clinical use of Mtwo NiTi rotary instruments by a novice operator did not significantly affect the cyclic fatigue resistance when compared with the control group of the same instrument sizes used by an experienced operator. It can be concluded that novice operators can use these instruments safely under the recommended technical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Plotino
- Department of Endodontics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Plotino G, Grande NM, Testarelli L, Gambarini G. Cyclic fatigue of Reciproc and WaveOne reciprocating instruments. Int Endod J 2012; 45:614-8. [PMID: 22268461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc(®) and WaveOne(®) instruments in simulated root canals. METHODOLOGY Two groups of 15 NiTi endodontic instruments of identical tip size of 0.25 mm were tested, group A; Reciproc(®) R25 and group B: WaveOne(®) primary. Cyclic fatigue testing was performed in a stainless steel artificial canal manufactured by reproducing the instrument's size and taper. A simulated root canal with a 60° angle of curvature and 5-mm radius of curvature was constructed for both the instruments tested. The centre of the curvature was 5 mm from the tip of the instrument and the curved segment of the canal was approximately 5 mm in length. The Reciproc(®) instruments were activated using the preset programme specific for the Reciproc(®) instruments, whilst the WaveOne(®) instruments were activated using the preset programme specific for the WaveOne(®) instruments. All instruments were rotated until fracture occurred and the time to fracture (TtF) and the length of the fractured tip were recorded and registered. Means and standard deviations of TtF and fragment length were calculated for each system and data were subjected to Student's t-test (P < 0.05). RESULTS A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noted between Reciproc(®) and WaveOne(®) instruments. Reciproc(®) R25 instruments were associated with a significant increase in the mean time to fracture when compared with primary WaveOne(®) instruments (130.8 ± 18.4 vs. 97.8 ± 15.9 s). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean length of the fractured fragments between the instruments. CONCLUSIONS Reciproc(®) instruments were associated with a significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance than WaveOne(®) instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Plotino
- Department of Endodontics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Tommaso Salvini 57, Rome, Italy.
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