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Asif A, Chen JS, Hussain B, Hsu GJ, Rathod J, Huang SW, Wu CC, Hsu BM. The escalating threat of human-associated infectious bacteria in surface aquatic resources: Insights into prevalence, antibiotic resistance, survival mechanisms, detection, and prevention strategies. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 265:104371. [PMID: 38851127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities and climate change profoundly impact water quality, leading to a concerning increase in the prevalence and abundance of bacterial pathogens across diverse aquatic environments. This rise has resulted in a growing challenge concerning the safety of water sources, particularly surface waters and marine environments. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted challenges presented by bacterial pathogens, emphasizing threads to human health within ground and surface waters, including marine ecosystems. The exploration encompasses the intricate survival mechanisms employed by bacterial pathogens and the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance, largely driven by human-generated antibiotic contamination in aquatic systems. The review further addresses prevalent pathogenic bacteria, elucidating associated risk factors, exploring their eco-physiology, and discussing the production of potent toxins. The spectrum of detection techniques, ranging from conventional to cutting-edge molecular approaches, is thoroughly examined to underscore their significance in identifying and understanding waterborne bacterial pathogens. A critical aspect highlighted in this review is the imperative for real-time monitoring of biomarkers associated with waterborne bacterial pathogens. This monitoring serves as an early warning system, facilitating the swift implementation of action plans to preserve and protect global water resources. In conclusion, this comprehensive review provides fresh insights and perspectives, emphasizing the paramount importance of preserving the quality of aquatic resources to safeguard human health on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslia Asif
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan; Doctoral Program in Science, Technology, Environment, and Mathematics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bashir Hussain
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jong Hsu
- Division of Infectious Disease and Department of Internal Medicine, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jagat Rathod
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Near Gujarat International Finance and Tec (GIFT)-City, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chia Wu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan.
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2
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Laginestra BDFA, de Sá TC, Borges JL, Marçal MB, Simões JVM, Rodrigues SA, Gazim ZC, Piau Júnior R. Impact of a Novel Homeopathic Complex Medicine on the Management of Multiple Antibiotic-Resistant Bovine Mastitis: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. HOMEOPATHY 2024; 113:25-31. [PMID: 37406672 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1768465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine mastitis is characterized by an inflammatory process in the mammary gland and represents one of the main diseases affecting a dairy herd. Management of mastitis is most commonly via antibiotics, but the rising incidence of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) means that additional options are needed. Homeopathic products can be administered in dairy farming for a range of clinical reasons and may be preferential due to the absence of residues. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the potential of a novel homeopathic complex medicine in managing bovine mastitis. METHODS Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows with mastitis were divided into two groups: the homeopathic complex group received a homeopathic complex daily for 60 days at a dose of 20 g/d; the placebo group received the calcium carbonate vehicle without homeopathic medicines at the same dose and repetition. The main outcome measure was somatic cell count (SCC; cells/mL), with additional outcome measures including milk production (kg/d), milk constituents (percentage of protein, fat, lactose and total milk solids), and serum levels of cortisol, glucose, ammonia and lactic acid. All outcomes were measured at the beginning of the study and after 30 and 60 days. Milk samples were also collected from all animals at the beginning of the study, confirming a high (>0.2) MAR index for isolated bacterial cultures. RESULTS Assessment of SCC showed a statistically significant difference favoring the homeopathic complex versus placebo group at day 60. A reduction in serum cortisol levels and an increase in fat, lactose and total milk solids in animals treated with the homeopathic complex at day 60 were also seen. Other outcome measures did not show statistically significant inter-group differences. CONCLUSION The results of this non-randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled trial suggest the potential for a novel homeopathic complex medicine in management of multiple antibiotic-resistant bovine mastitis, thus offering dairy farmers an additional option to antibiotics and making dairy products safer for consumer health and milk production more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaís Camaso de Sá
- Paranaense University-Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jessé Lahos Borges
- Paranaense University-Praça Mascarenhas de Moraes, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil
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Wu Y, Li S, Yu K, Hu J, Chen Q, Sun W. Wastewater treatment plant effluents exert different impacts on antibiotic resistome in water and sediment of the receiving river: Metagenomic analysis and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132528. [PMID: 37713776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered as hotspots for the spread of antibiotic resistome into the environment. However, the differential contributions of WWTPs to the antibiotic resistome in the receiving river water and sediment are poorly understood. Here, based on metagenomic analysis, we found that the WWTP effluents significantly elevated the diversities and abundances of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the receiving river water from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but showed less interference with the antibiotic resistome in sediment. Estimated by SourceTracker, WWTPs contributed 60.691.8% of ARGs in downstream river water, much higher than those for sediment (7.7568.0%). A holistic comparison of ARG risks based on analysis of ARG combination, mobility risk, ARG hosts and ARG-carrying pathogens further revealed the great impacts of WWTP effluents on downstream river water rather than sediment. Among various MGEs, tnpA exhibited the greatest potential for the dissemination of ARGs, and displayed highest co-occurrence frequency with multiple ARGs. P. aeruginosa, E. cloacae, and E. coli were identified as the critical-priority pathogens of ARG hosts. This study demonstrated the much greater impacts of WWTP effluents on the downstream water compared with sediment, which is significant for developing effective strategies to mitigate ARG risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Si Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ke Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingrun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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4
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Syed Abu Thahir S, Rajendiran S, Shaharudin R, Veloo Y. Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Species and Their Mobile Genetic Elements from Poultry Farm Environments in Malaysia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1330. [PMID: 37627750 PMCID: PMC10451245 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and persistent outbreaks of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella in low-income countries have received growing attention among the public and scientific community. Notably, the excessive use of antibiotics in chicken feed for the purpose of treatment or as prophylaxis in the poultry industry have led to a rising rate of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella species and its mobile genetic elements from soil and effluent samples of 33 randomly selected poultry farms in Selangor, Malaysia. Salmonella species were isolated on selective media (CHROMagar™ Salmonella). VITEK® 2 system was used to identify the isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Subsequently, eight isolates were subjected to the whole genome sequencing (WGS). Based on the results, Salmonella spp. was detected in 38.1% (24/63) of samples, with the highest resistance to ampicillin (62.5%), followed by ampicillin/sulbactam (50.0%) and ciprofloxacin (45.8%). Meanwhile, the identified serovars were Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Weltevreden (S. Weltevreden), S. Jedburgh, and S. Brancaster. The most prevalent resistance genes detected include qnrS1, blaTEM-176, dfrA14, and tet(A). The IncX1 plasmid, with encoded resistance genes, was also detected in four isolates. Furthermore, mutations in the quinolone resistant-determining regions (QRDR) were discovered, specifically in the gyrA, gyrB, and parC genes. In short, surveillance such as continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and emerging trends in resistance patterns through farm environmental samples could provide information to formulate public health interventions for effective infection prevention and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syahidiah Syed Abu Thahir
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40107, Malaysia
| | - Sakshaleni Rajendiran
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40107, Malaysia
| | - Rafiza Shaharudin
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40107, Malaysia
| | - Yuvaneswary Veloo
- Environmental Health Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40107, Malaysia
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5
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Okafor JU, Nwodo UU. Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates Recovered from Hospital Effluents in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1139. [PMID: 37508235 PMCID: PMC10376002 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an opportunistic bacteria responsible for many nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistances have resulted in widespread epidemics and endemic dissemination of multidrug-resistant pathogens. A total of 145 K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered from hospital wastewater effluents and subjected to antibiogram profiling. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance determinants were assessed among phenotypic resistant isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The isolates showed a wide range of antibiotic resistance against 21 selected antibiotics under 11 classes, with the most susceptible shown against imipenem (94.5%) and the most resistant shown against ampicillin (86.2%). The isolates also showed susceptibility to piperacillin/tazobactam (89.0%), ertapenem (87.6%), norfloxacin (86.2%), cefoxitin (86.2%), meropenem (76.6%), doripenem (76.6%), gentamicin (76.6%), chloramphenicol (73.1%), nitrofurantoin (71.7%), ciprofloxacin (79.3%), amikacin (60.7%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (70.4%). Conversely, resistance was also recorded against tetracycline (69%), doxycycline (56.6%), cefuroxime (46.2%), cefotaxime (48.3%), ceftazidime (41.4%). Out of the 32 resistance genes tested, 28 were confirmed, with [tetA (58.8%), tetD (47.89%), tetM (25.2%), tetB (5.9%)], [sul1 (68.4%), sul1I (66.6%)], and [aadA (62.3%), strA (26%), aac(3)-IIa(aacC2)a (14.4%)] genes having the highest occurrence. Strong significant associations exist among the resistance determinants screened. About 82.7% of the K. pneumoniae isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) with a multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) range of 0.24 to 1.0. A dual presence of the resistant genes among K. pneumoniae was also observed to occur more frequently than multiple presences. This study reveals a worrisome presence of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates and resistance genes in hospital waste effluent, resulting in higher public health risks using untreated surface water for human consumption. As a result, adequate water treatment and monitoring initiatives designed to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in the aquatic ecosystem are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan U Okafor
- Patho-Biocatalysis Group (PBG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- Patho-Biocatalysis Group (PBG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
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6
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Milligan EG, Calarco J, Davis BC, Keenum IM, Liguori K, Pruden A, Harwood VJ. A Systematic Review of Culture-Based Methods for Monitoring Antibiotic-Resistant Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas as Environmentally Relevant Pathogens in Wastewater and Surface Water. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023:10.1007/s40572-023-00393-9. [PMID: 36821031 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mounting evidence indicates that habitats such as wastewater and environmental waters are pathways for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and mobile antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). We identified antibiotic-resistant members of the genera Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas as key opportunistic pathogens that grow or persist in built (e.g., wastewater) or natural aquatic environments. Effective methods for monitoring these ARB in the environment are needed to understand their influence on dissemination of ARB and ARGs, but standard methods have not been developed. This systematic review considers peer-reviewed papers where the ARB above were cultured from wastewater or surface water, focusing on the accuracy of current methodologies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies suggest that many clinically important ARGs were originally acquired from environmental microorganisms. Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas species are of interest because their ability to persist and grow in the environment provides opportunities to engage in horizontal gene transfer with other environmental bacteria. Pathogenic strains of these organisms resistant to multiple, clinically relevant drug classes have been identified as an urgent threat. However, culture methods for these bacteria were generally developed for clinical samples and are not well-vetted for environmental samples. The search criteria yielded 60 peer-reviewed articles over the past 20 years, which reported a wide variety of methods for isolation, confirmation, and antibiotic resistance assays. Based on a systematic comparison of the reported methods, we suggest a path forward for standardizing methodologies for monitoring antibiotic resistant strains of these bacteria in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G Milligan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jeanette Calarco
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Benjamin C Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ishi M Keenum
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Krista Liguori
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Amy Pruden
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA. .,Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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7
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Olofinsae SA, Adeleke OE, Ibeh BO. Occurrence of Pseudomonas lactis and Pseudomonas paralactis Amongst Non-Lactose-Fermenting Bacterial Isolates in Chickens and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns. Microbiol Insights 2022; 15:11786361221130313. [PMID: 36329710 PMCID: PMC9623376 DOI: 10.1177/11786361221130313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A serious concern of public-health proportion is rising from the carriage of antibiotic resistance determinant in Non-Lactose-Fermenting Bacteria and acquisition of virulence particularly in strains that are not routinely isolated or screened from common food animals. This study investigated the resistance profile and pathogenicity potential of selected Non-Lactose-Fermenting Bacteria isolated from 18 poultry farms. In total, we investigated the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of 25 Pseudomonas lactis and 71 Pseudomonas paralactis isolated from chicken faeces by testing them against 12 antibiotics. Resistance genes borne by the selected isolates were screened by sequencing the genetic location of resistance determinants was determined by plasmid curing. The virulence potential of the studied strains was determined phenotypically. Pseudomonas lactis isolates were mostly resistant to azetronam (93%), followed by trimethoprim (90%), cefotaxime (86%) and then amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (57%), while Pseudomonas paralactis. isolates were most resistant to azetronam (94%), trimethoprim (90%), cefepime (80%), piperacillin (75%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (70%). The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index of Pseudomonas lactis and Pseudomonas paralactis isolates respectively ranged from 0.0 to 0.8 and 0.0 to 0.9. Polymerase Chain Reaction revealed the presence of antibiotic resistance factors such as blaCTX-M, qnrS, aac (6')-lb-cr and blaSHV while plasmid curing revealed carriages of resistance determinants on Resistance Plasmid. Moreover, virulence enzymes such as alkaline protease and phospholipase C were found in 3% and 12% of Pseudomonas paralactis and Pseudomonas lactis, respectively. This study reports the first occurrence of Pseudomonas lactis and Pseudomonas paralactis strains from chicken faeces, and their antimicrobial resistance and relative virulence suggest the encroachment of food animals by the under-studied non-lactose-fermenting bacteria that should alert public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson A Olofinsae
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria,Samson A Olofinsae, Department of
Pharmaceutical, Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan,
Oyo State 200005, Nigeria.
| | - Olufemi E Adeleke
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bartholomew O Ibeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology,
National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
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Liguori K, Keenum I, Davis BC, Calarco J, Milligan E, Harwood VJ, Pruden A. Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring of Water Environments: A Framework for Standardized Methods and Quality Control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9149-9160. [PMID: 35732277 DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2021.2024739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a grand societal challenge with important dimensions in the water environment that contribute to its evolution and spread. Environmental monitoring could provide vital information for mitigating the spread of AMR; this includes assessing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) circulating among human populations, identifying key hotspots for evolution and dissemination of resistance, informing epidemiological and human health risk assessment models, and quantifying removal efficiencies by domestic wastewater infrastructure. However, standardized methods for monitoring AMR in the water environment will be vital to producing the comparable data sets needed to address such questions. Here we sought to establish scientific consensus on a framework for such standardization, evaluating the state of the science and practice of AMR monitoring of wastewater, recycled water, and surface water, through a literature review, survey, and workshop leveraging the expertise of academic, governmental, consulting, and water utility professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Liguori
- The Charles Edward Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Ishi Keenum
- The Charles Edward Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Benjamin C Davis
- The Charles Edward Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Jeanette Calarco
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Erin Milligan
- The Charles Edward Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Amy Pruden
- The Charles Edward Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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9
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Liguori K, Keenum I, Davis BC, Calarco J, Milligan E, Harwood VJ, Pruden A. Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring of Water Environments: A Framework for Standardized Methods and Quality Control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9149-9160. [PMID: 35732277 PMCID: PMC9261269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a grand societal challenge with important dimensions in the water environment that contribute to its evolution and spread. Environmental monitoring could provide vital information for mitigating the spread of AMR; this includes assessing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) circulating among human populations, identifying key hotspots for evolution and dissemination of resistance, informing epidemiological and human health risk assessment models, and quantifying removal efficiencies by domestic wastewater infrastructure. However, standardized methods for monitoring AMR in the water environment will be vital to producing the comparable data sets needed to address such questions. Here we sought to establish scientific consensus on a framework for such standardization, evaluating the state of the science and practice of AMR monitoring of wastewater, recycled water, and surface water, through a literature review, survey, and workshop leveraging the expertise of academic, governmental, consulting, and water utility professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Liguori
- The
Charles Edward Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Ishi Keenum
- The
Charles Edward Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Benjamin C. Davis
- The
Charles Edward Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Jeanette Calarco
- Department
of Integrative Biology, University of South
Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Erin Milligan
- The
Charles Edward Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Valerie J. Harwood
- Department
of Integrative Biology, University of South
Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Amy Pruden
- The
Charles Edward Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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10
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Stec J, Kosikowska U, Mendrycka M, Stępień-Pyśniak D, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Bębnowska D, Hrynkiewicz R, Ziętara-Wysocka J, Grywalska E. Opportunistic Pathogens of Recreational Waters with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Resistance-A Possible Subject of Human Health Concern. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127308. [PMID: 35742550 PMCID: PMC9224392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by exposure to opportunistic pathogens can cause serious health problems during recreational water use. The problem of diseases caused by microbes transmitted by water is a major public health challenge, especially in developing countries with economic problems and poor hygiene conditions. Moreover, the quality of water in natural reservoirs is often at a very low level in terms of microbiological water purity, which means that their use for recreational purposes, but also as a source of drinking water, may have serious health consequences. Recreational waters pose a threat to human health. Therefore, the quality of recreational waters is closely monitored in many jurisdictions. In this review, we summarize key information on the most common pathogens that can be water-based or waterborne. The issue of antimicrobial resistance among opportunistic pathogens remains equally important. It is important not only to fight pathogens, but also to take action to reduce chemical stressors (especially antibiotics) in the aquatic environment, and to understand the various mechanisms of the spread of antibiotic-resistant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Urszula Kosikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (J.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Mariola Mendrycka
- Department of Nursing, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 26-600 Radom, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (P.N.-R.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (P.N.-R.); (R.H.)
| | | | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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11
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Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from Fecal and Water Sources in Laguna Lake, Philippines. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, antibiotic residues accumulate in natural environments, leading to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs). The presence of ARBs in bodies of water poses health hazards to the surrounding community. This study focused on Laguna Lake, the largest lake in the Philippines, which serves as a water source for agriculture and domestic purposes. We aimed to detect the presence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli from the lake waters and potential reservoirs of resistance as well as determine the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices of the isolates. E. coli (n = 450) was isolated from fecal-associated samples (chicken, cow, pig, human, sewage) and water samples (sites in Laguna Lake and selected river tributaries). The isolates were subjected to an antibiotic resistance assay using VITEK 2®. Among the 16 antibiotics tested, the isolates exhibited varying resistance to 14, but complete susceptibility to amikacin and tigecycline was observed. Isolates were most frequently resistant to ampicillin (196/450, 43.6%). Among fecal-associated samples, chicken isolates exhibited the highest MAR index (0.174), whereas samples from Pila River exhibited the highest MAR index (0.152) among water samples. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli in samples collected around Laguna Lake and reveal fecal and sewage sources as potential reservoirs of ARBs in the water body. With this information, the public is urged to use antibiotics responsibly to help mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Bombaywala S, Purohit HJ, Dafale NA. Mobility of antibiotic resistance and its co-occurrence with metal resistance in pathogens under oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 297:113315. [PMID: 34298350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial communities are challenged with oxidative stress during their exposure to bactericidal antibiotics, metals, and different levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) encountered in diverse environmental habitats. The frequency of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs) co-selection is increased by selective pressure posed by oxidative stress. Hence, study of resistance acquisition is important from an evolutionary perspective. To understand the dependence of oxidative stress on the dissemination of ARGs and MRGs through a pathogenic bacterial population, 12 metagenomes belonging to gut, water and soil habitats were evaluated. The metagenome-wide analysis showed the chicken gut to pose the most diverse pool of ARGs (30.4 ppm) and pathogenic bacteria (Simpson diversity = 0.98). The most common types of resistances found in all the environmental samples were efflux pumps (13.22 ppm) and genes conferring resistance to vancomycin (12.4 ppm), tetracycline (12.1 ppm), or beta-lactam (9.4 ppm) antibiotics. Additionally, limiting DO level in soil was observed to increase the abundance of excision nucleases (uvrA and uvrB), DNA polymerase (polA), catalases (katG), and other oxidative stress response genes (OSGs). This was further evident from major variations occurred in antibiotic efflux genes due to the effect of DO concentration on two human pathogens, namely Salmonella enterica and Shigella sonnei found in all the selected habitats. In conclusion, the microbial community, when challenged with oxidative stress caused by environmental variations in oxygen level, tends to accumulate higher amounts of ARGs with increased dissemination potential through triggering non-lethal mutagenesis. Furthermore, the genetic linkage or co-occurrence of ARGs and MRGs provides evidence for selecting ARGs under high concentrations of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina Bombaywala
- Environmental Biotechnology & Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 4400 20, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Hemant J Purohit
- Environmental Biotechnology & Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 4400 20, India
| | - Nishant A Dafale
- Environmental Biotechnology & Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 4400 20, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Eidaroos NH, Youssef AI, El-Sebae A, Enany ME, Farid DS. Genotyping of enterotoxigenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) among commensal rodents in North Sinai, Egypt. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2331-2341. [PMID: 34297868 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to identify genotype enterotoxigenic antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus species, mainly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) among commensal rodents. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 280 samples were collected from nasal and mouth swabs, heart blood, intestinal content, and lung tissues of 56 commensal rodents trapped from North Sinai, Egypt. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to bacteriologically identified S. aureus isolates against 15 antimicrobial agents by disc diffusion method. Detection was conducted for identifying coagulase gene (coA), antimicrobial-resistant genes (mecA and vanA/B), enterotoxigenic, and virulence determinant genes (hlg, seb, sed, and see) among the MRSA and VRSA isolates. RESULTS S. aureus species were isolated from 24 (42.86%) out of 56 rodents. Phenotypic examination revealed that all the isolates were multidrug-resistant, whereas two isolates were multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR). Out of 33 examined isolates, 33 (100%) were resistant to oxacillin and amoxicillin, 31 (93.93%) to cefoxitin, and 12 (36.36%) to vancomycin. PCR assay revealed that 24 isolates revealed (100%) positivity to coA gene, 17 (70.83%) to mecA gene, and 12 (50%) to vanA/B genes. Enterotoxin genes and hemolysin genes were detected among MRSA and VRSA isolates. There was a strong positive correlation between the tested antimicrobial-resistant genes and virulence genes (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the occurrence of MRSA and VRSA strains among commensal rodents in North Sinai, Egypt. The detection of enterotoxigenic and virulence genes of the isolated MRSA and VRSA strains indicated the health hazards of food contamination and zoonotic infections. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACTS OF THE STUDY This study emphasizes the role of commensal rodents in maintaining and disseminating multidrug-resistant MRSA and VRSA strains to the environment, animals, and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada H Eidaroos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Bacteriology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Youssef
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Ali El-Sebae
- Deparment of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, North Sinai, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Enany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (Bacteriology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Doaa S Farid
- Deparment of Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, North Sinai, Egypt
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Antibiogram profile and virulence signatures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from selected agrestic hospital effluents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11800. [PMID: 34083705 PMCID: PMC8175747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospital wastewater (HWW) harbours diverse microbial species and a miscellany of genome that would facilitate the emergence of novel pathogen upon genome integration that manifests novel traits in infectious pathogens. The study aimed to determine the antibiogram, and virulence signatures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) recovered from selected agrestic hospital effluents in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Thirty-six (36) wastewater samples were collected from selected hospital drains between February 2018 and April 2018, processed and analyzed by culture-dependent methods for the isolation of P. aeruginosa. The identity confirmation of isolates was achieved by amplification of oprl and oprL genes. Antibiogram was done using standard disk diffusion technique of Kirby-Bauer as approved by CLSI 2018 guidelines. Virulence signatures (lasA, lasB, toxA, popB) among isolates were analysed using polymerase chain reaction. A total of 54 P. aeruginosa isolates were confirmed by amplification of oprl and oprL genes in the hospital wastewater effluent samples. The isolates showed a 100% susceptibility to gentamicin, amikacin and imipenem antimicrobial agents. Ceftazidime recorded the most resistance (63%) against the isolates studied. Other antibiotics had a resistance range of 7% and 35%. The MAR index among the isolates revealed a range of 0.23 and 0.38. ToxA virulence gene was detected in all isolates while popB, lasB, lasA were detected in 82%, 75% and 54% of the isolates. This study reveals P. aeruginosa isolates with virulence traits and some strains showing multiple antibiotic resistance. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of ≥ 0.2 indicates that the some isolates may have emerged from high-risk sources, thus projecting a risk to public health. However, with the high sensitivity pattern observed among the studied isolates, most of the antibiotics used in the susceptibility tests are not at peril. Hence, the use of these antibiotics is encouraged for treatment of infection attributed to P. aeruginosa. It is also pertinent to initiate strict control and rigid antibiotics therapeutic policy with surveillance programmes for multidrug-resistant pathogens to forestall the development and transmission of resistance traits in the pathogens.
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Mukherjee M, Laird E, Gentry TJ, Brooks JP, Karthikeyan R. Increased Antimicrobial and Multidrug Resistance Downstream of Wastewater Treatment Plants in an Urban Watershed. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657353. [PMID: 34108949 PMCID: PMC8181147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) through propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in various environments is a global emerging public health concern. The role of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) as hot spots for the dissemination of AMR and MDR has been widely pointed out by the scientific community. In this study, we collected surface water samples from sites upstream and downstream of two WWTP discharge points in an urban watershed in the Bryan-College Station (BCS), Texas area, over a period of nine months. E. coli isolates were tested for resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, cefoperazone, gentamycin, and imipenem using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial resistant heterotrophic bacteria were cultured on R2A media amended with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole for analyzing heterotrophic bacteria capable of growth on antibiotic-containing media. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was used to measure eight ARG – tetA, tetW, aacA, ampC, mecA, ermA, blaTEM, and intI1 in the surface water collected at each time point. Significant associations (p < 0.05) were observed between the locations of sampling sites relative to WWTP discharge points and the rate of E. coli isolate resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, cefoperazone, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole together with an increased rate of isolate MDR. The abundance of antibiotic-resistant heterotrophs was significantly greater (p < 0.05) downstream of WWTPs compared to upstream locations for all tested antibiotics. Consistent with the results from the culture-based methods, the concentrations of all ARG were substantially higher in the downstream sites compared to the upstream sites, particularly in the site immediately downstream of the WWTP effluent discharges (except mecA). In addition, the Class I integron (intI1) genes were detected in high amounts at all sites and all sampling points, and were about ∼20 times higher in the downstream sites (2.5 × 107 copies/100 mL surface water) compared to the upstream sites (1.2 × 106 copies/100 mL surface water). Results suggest that the treated WWTP effluent discharges into surface waters can potentially contribute to the occurrence and prevalence of AMR in urban watersheds. In addition to detecting increased ARG in the downstream sites by qPCR, findings from this study also report an increase in viable AMR (HPC) and MDR (E. coli) in these sites. This data will benefit establishment of improved environmental regulations and practices to help manage AMR/MDR and ARG discharges into the environment, and to develop mitigation strategies and effective treatment of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitreyee Mukherjee
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Long Beach, MS, United States.,Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, United States
| | - Edward Laird
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, United States
| | - Terry J Gentry
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, United States
| | - John P Brooks
- USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, United States
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Govender R, Amoah ID, Adegoke AA, Singh G, Kumari S, Swalaha FM, Bux F, Stenström TA. Identification, antibiotic resistance, and virulence profiling of Aeromonas and Pseudomonas species from wastewater and surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:294. [PMID: 33893564 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are hotspots for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes due to pollution caused mainly by anthropogenic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of wastewater effluents, informal settlements, hospital, and veterinary clinic discharges on the occurrence, antibiotic resistance profile and virulence signatures of Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. isolated from surface water and wastewater. High counts of Aeromonas spp. (2.5 (± 0.8) - 3.3 (± 0.4) log10 CFU mL-1) and Pseudomonas spp. (0.6 (± 1.0) - 1.8 (± 1.0) log10 CFU mL-1) were obtained. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and MALDI-TOF characterization identified four species of Aeromonas and five of Pseudomonas. The isolates displayed resistance to 3 or more antibiotics (71% of Aeromonas and 94% of Pseudomonas). Aeromonas spp. showed significant association with the antibiotic meropenem (χ2 = 3.993, P < 0.05). The virulence gene aer in Aeromonas was found to be positively associated with the antibiotic resistance gene blaOXA (χ2 = 6.657, P < 0.05) and the antibiotic ceftazidime (χ2 = 7.537, P < 0.05). Aeromonas recovered from both wastewater and surface water displayed high resistance to ampicillin and had higher multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices close to the hospital. Pseudomonas isolates on the other hand exhibited low resistance to carbapenems but very high resistance to the third-generation cephalosporins and cefixime. The results showed that some of the Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. isolates were extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing bacteria. In conclusion, the strong association between virulence genes and antibiotic resistance in the isolates shows the potential health risk to communities through direct and indirect exposure to the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshme Govender
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Kwa-Zulu Natal 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Isaac Dennis Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Kwa-Zulu Natal 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ayodeji Adegoke
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Kwa-Zulu Natal 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gulshan Singh
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Kwa-Zulu Natal 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Kwa-Zulu Natal 4001, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Feroz Mahomed Swalaha
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Kwa-Zulu Natal 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Kwa-Zulu Natal 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Kwa-Zulu Natal 4001, Durban, South Africa
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Characterization of Environmental and Cultivable Antibiotic-Resistant Microbial Communities Associated with Wastewater Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040352. [PMID: 33810449 PMCID: PMC8066808 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a growing global concern, threatening human and environmental health, particularly among urban populations. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are thought to be “hotspots” for antibiotic resistance dissemination. The conditions of WWTPs, in conjunction with the persistence of commonly used antibiotics, may favor the selection and transfer of resistance genes among bacterial populations. WWTPs provide an important ecological niche to examine the spread of antibiotic resistance. We used heterotrophic plate count methods to identify phenotypically resistant cultivable portions of these bacterial communities and characterized the composition of the culturable subset of these populations. Resistant taxa were more abundant in raw sewage and wastewater before the biological aeration treatment stage. While some antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) were detectable downstream of treated wastewater release, these organisms are not enriched relative to effluent-free upstream water, indicating efficient removal during treatment. Combined culture-dependent and -independent analyses revealed a stark difference in community composition between culturable fractions and the environmental source material, irrespective of culturing conditions. Higher proportions of the environmental populations were recovered than predicted by the widely accepted 1% culturability paradigm. These results represent baseline abundance and compositional data for ARB communities for reference in future studies addressing the dissemination of antibiotic resistance associated with urban wastewater treatment ecosystems.
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Anas M, Malik A. Impact of Sodium Alginate Packaging Film Synthesized Using Syzygium cumini Seed Extract on Multi Drug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Buffalo Meat. Indian J Microbiol 2021; 61:137-150. [PMID: 33927455 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 50 Escherichia coli were isolated from buffalo meat and their antibiotic profiling was carried out. 90% E. coli isolates showed resistant to two or more classes of 21 commonly used antibiotics. Moreover, there was also variation in resistance/sensitivity behavior towards antibiotics. Highest resistance was found to be against methicillin (84%) in the isolates followed by vancomicin (70%), sulphadiazine (68%) and cefaclor (66%), whereas, resistance was less common for kanamycin (8%) and chloramphenicol (4%). ECMB1, ECMA2, ECMA8, ECMS9 and ECMA31 strains showed highest MDR pattern with presence of bla CTX-M, qnr S and qnr B resistant genes. ECMB1 strain was resistant to 14 antibiotics belonging to 7 different classes. Therefore, ECMB1 was selected for further studies. Sodium Alginate Film incorporated with 10, 20, and 30% ethanolic extract of Syzygium cumini (EESC) were formulated and characterized using state-of-art techniques. A dose-dependent antibacterial activity against E. coli ECMB1 was recorded by the films made from EESC (EESCF). The growth kinetics of E. coli strain ECMB1 showed 9% decrease in log CFU when it was cultured in 30% EESCF as compared to control cells after 12 h of growth. Present finding highlight the efficacy and possible use of EESCF as meat packaging film to prevent food spoilage caused by MDR bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Anas
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002 India
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002 India
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Ribes S, Ruiz-Rico M, Moreno-Mesonero L, Moreno Y, Barat JM. Natural antimicrobial compounds immobilised on silica microparticles as filtering materials: Impact on the metabolic activity and bacterial viability of waterborne microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION 2021; 21:101219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2020.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
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Sivakumar K, Lehmann R, Rachmadi AT, Augsburger N, Zaouri N, Tegner J, Hong PY. Elucidating the Role of Virulence Traits in the Survival of Pathogenic E. coli PI-7 Following Disinfection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:614186. [PMID: 33415102 PMCID: PMC7783314 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.614186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reuse and discharge of treated wastewater can result in dissemination of microorganisms into the environment. Deployment of disinfection strategies is typically proposed as a last stage remediation effort to further inactivate viable microorganisms. In this study, we hypothesize that virulence traits, including biofilm formation, motility, siderophore, and curli production along with the capability to internalize into mammalian cells play a role in survival against disinfectants. Pathogenic E. coli PI-7 strain was used as a model bacterium that was exposed to diverse disinfection strategies such as chlorination, UV and solar irradiation. To this end, we used a random transposon mutagenesis library screening approach to generate 14 mutants that exhibited varying levels of virulence traits. In these 14 isolated mutants, we observed that an increase in virulence traits such as biofilm formation, motility, curli production, and internalization capability, increased the inactivation half-lives of mutants compared to wild-type E. coli PI-7. In addition, oxidative stress response and EPS production contributed to lengthening the lag phase duration (defined as the time required for exposure to disinfectant prior to decay). However, traits related to siderophore production did not help with survival against the tested disinfection strategies. Taken together, the findings suggested that selected virulence traits facilitate survival of pathogenic E. coli PI-7, which in turn could account for the selective enrichment of pathogens over the non-pathogenic ones after wastewater treatment. Further, the study also reflected on the effectiveness of UV as a more viable disinfection strategy for inactivation of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Sivakumar
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Lehmann
- Living Systems Laboratory, Environmental Epigenetic Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andri Taruna Rachmadi
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicolas Augsburger
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Zaouri
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesper Tegner
- Living Systems Laboratory, Environmental Epigenetic Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pei-Ying Hong
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Msolo L, Iweriebor BC, Okoh AI. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) and Salmonella Species Recovered from Diarrheal Patients in Selected Rural Communities of the Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:4615-4626. [PMID: 33376367 PMCID: PMC7764871 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s269219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria remains as one of the major impediments towards the prevention and treatment of microbial infections and continues to be a serious threat to medicine. Henceforth, this study aimed at elucidating the antimicrobial resistance profiles of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) and Salmonella species recovered from diarrheal patients in selected rural communities of the Amathole District Municipality (ADM), Eastern Cape Province, South Africa (SA). Methods The antimicrobial resistance profiles of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) and Salmonella isolates were evaluated using antimicrobial susceptibility tests and the relevant antimicrobial resistance factors were elucidated by the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique. Results A sum of 324 diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) and 62 Salmonella isolates were recovered from diarrheal stool specimens collected amongst diarrheal patients admitted in medical facilities/health-care centers within the ADM in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Multiple antimicrobial resistance index mean values of 0.7 and 0.5 for DEC and Salmonella isolates, respectively, were observed in this study, indicating that these isolates were from sources where antimicrobials were frequently used. The antimicrobial resistance factors ampC, blaTEM, SulI and II, tet A and aadA were detected among antimicrobial-resistant DEC pathotypes and Salmonella isolates recovered in this study. Conclusion The occurrence of the multiple antimicrobial-resistant DEC and Salmonella isolates with the relevant antimicrobial resistance factors in this study suggests a portentous human health threat associated with diarrhea and a major deterrent in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyanda Msolo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Benson C Iweriebor
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-rankuwa, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Govender R, Amoah ID, Kumari S, Bux F, Stenström TA. Detection of multidrug resistant environmental isolates of acinetobacter and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a possible threat for community acquired infections? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 56:213-225. [PMID: 33378222 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1865747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter spp. and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are bacteria commonly associated with infections at the clinical settings. Reports of infections caused by environmental isolates are rare. Therefore, this study focused on determination of the antibiotic resistance patterns, antibiotic resistance genes, efflux pumps and virulence signatures of Acinetobacter spp. and S. maltophilia recovered from river water, plant rhizosphere and river sediment samples. The isolates were identified and confirmed using biochemical tests and PCR. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates were determined using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion assay and presence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected using PCR. S. maltophilia was more frequent in plant rhizosphere and sediment samples than the water samples. Acinetobacter spp. were mostly resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (96% of isolates), followed by polymyxin b (86%), cefixime (54%), colistin (42%), ampicillin (35%) and meropenem (19%). The S. maltophilia isolates displayed total resistance (100%) to trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole, meropenem, imipenem, ampicillin and cefixime, while 80% of the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime. Acinetobacter spp. contained different antibiotic resistance genes such as sul1 (24% of isolates), sul2 (29%), blaOXA 23/51 (21%) and blaTEM (29%), while S. maltophilia harbored sul1 (8%) and blaTEM (20%). Additionally, efflux pump genes were present in all S. maltophilia isolates. The presence of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter spp. and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in surface water raises concerns for community-acquired infections as this water is directly been used by the community for various purposes. Therefore, there is the need to institute measures aimed at reducing the risks of these infections and the resulting burden this may have on the health care system within the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshme Govender
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Isaac D Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thor A Stenström
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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23
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Yu K, Li P, He Y, Zhang B, Chen Y, Yang J. Unveiling dynamics of size-dependent antibiotic resistome associated with microbial communities in full-scale wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 187:116450. [PMID: 32998097 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Serious concerns have been raised regarding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) with respect to their potential threat to human health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been considered to be hotspots for ARGs. In this study, high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR) was used to profile size-dependent ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) divided by particle-associated (PA) assemblages (>3.0-μm), free-living (FL) bacteria (0.2 - 3.0-μm) and cell-free (CF) DNA (< 0.2-μm) in two full-scale WWTPs (plants A and B) and a receiving stream. The results revealed that FL-ARGs were predominant in WWTPs and the receiving stream, especially in the final effluent of both plants. More than 40 types of CF-ARGs and CF-MGEs were detected with absolute abundances ranging from 6.0 ± 0.7 × 105 to 1.0 ± 0.2 × 108 copies/mL in wastewater, and relatively high abundances were also detected in the final effluent of the two plants, suggesting that CF-ARGs were important sources spreading from the WWTPs to the receiving environment. Plant A exhibited higher log-removal of size-fractionated ARGs and MGEs than was observed for plant B, which was attributed to the enhanced settleability of PA assemblages and FL bacteria by additional macrophytes and chemical coagulants. Ultraviolet disinfection had limited effects on ARGs and MGEs of the PA and FL fractions, which was probably ascribed to the protective matrices of the particles and cell walls. The bacterial communities of the two plants were significantly different among the size fractions (p < 0.01). The variation partitioning analysis (VPA) indicated that the microbial community structures and MGEs contributed a variation of 68.2% in total to the relative abundance changes of size-fractionated ARGs. Procrustes analyses and Mantel tests showed that the relative abundances of ARGs were significantly correlated with bacterial community structures. These results suggested that the bacterial community structures and MGEs might have been the main drivers of the size-fractionated ARG disseminations. This study provides novel insights into size-fractionated ARGs and MGEs in full-scale WWTPs and may lead to the identification of key targets to control the spread of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Yu
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 246011, China
| | - Jinghan Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiao Tong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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24
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Grehs BWN, Linton MAO, Clasen B, de Oliveira Silveira A, Carissimi E. Antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants: understanding the problem and future perspectives. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:1009-1020. [PMID: 33112995 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics residues (AR), antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) are a new class of water contaminants, due to their adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Contamination of water bodies occurs mainly by the excretion of antibiotics incompletely metabolized by humans and animals and is considered the main source of contamination of antibiotics in the environment. Given the imminent threat, the World Health Organization (WHO) has categorized the spread of antibiotics as one of the top three threats to public health in the twenty-first century. The Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants (UWWTP) bring together AR, ARB, ARG, making the understanding of this peculiar environment fundamental for the investigation of technologies aimed at combating the spread of bacterial resistance. Several methodologies have been employed focusing on reducing the ARB and ARG loads of the effluents, however the reactivation of these microorganisms after the treatment is widely reported. This work aims to elucidate the role of UWWTPs in the spread of bacterial resistance, as well as to report the efforts that have been made so far and future perspectives to combat this important global problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara W N Grehs
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, CT Lab, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maria A O Linton
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, CE, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Barbara Clasen
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, CT Lab, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
- Department of Environmental Science, State University of Rio Grande Do Sul (UERGS), R. Cipriano Barata, 211, Três Passos, RS, 98600-000, Brazil.
| | - Andressa de Oliveira Silveira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, CT Lab, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Elvis Carissimi
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, CT Lab, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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25
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Molecular investigation of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains isolated from wastewater streams in Pakistan. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:378. [PMID: 32802720 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global public health issue and it is even more daunting in developing countries. The main objective of present study was to investigate molecular responses of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The 48 bacterial strains, which were previously isolated and identified were subjected to disc diffusion and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) determination, followed by investigating the production of the three beta-lactamases (ESBLs (Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases), MBLs (Metallo Beta-lactamases), AmpCs) and exploring prevalence of the two antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs); blaTEM and qnrS. Higher MIC values were observed for penicillin(s) than that for fluoroquinolones (ampicillin > amoxicillin > ofloxacin > ciprofloxacin > levofloxacin). Resistance rates were high (58-89%) for all of the tested beta-lactams. Among the tested strains, 5 were ESBL producers (4 Aeromonas spp. and 1 Escherichia sp.), 2 were MBL producers (1 Stenotrophomonas sp. and 1 Citrobacter sp.) and 3 were AmpC producers (2 Pseudomonas spp. and 1 Morganella sp.). The ARGs qnrS2 and blaTEM were detected in Aeromonas spp. and Escherichia sp. The results highlighted the role of Aeromonas as a vector. The study reports bacteria of multidrug resistance nature in the wastewater environment of Pakistan, which harbor ARGs of clinical relevance and could present a public health concern.
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26
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Antibiotic Resistance of Legionella pneumophila in Clinical and Water Isolates-A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165809. [PMID: 32796666 PMCID: PMC7459901 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current systematic review investigates the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Legionella pneumophila isolates from the 1980s to the present day, deriving data from clinical and/or water samples from studies carried out all over the world. Eighty-nine papers meeting the inclusion criteria, i.e., “Legionella pneumophila” and “resistance to antibiotics”, were evaluated according to pre-defined validity criteria. Sixty articles referred to clinical isolates, and 18 articles reported water-related L. pneumophila isolates, while 11 articles included both clinical and water isolates. Several methods have been proposed as suitable for the determination of MICs, such as the E-test, broth and agar dilution, and disk diffusion methods, in vivo and in vitro, using various media. The E-test method proposed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (EUCAST) seems to be the second most frequently used method overall, but it is the preferred method in the most recent publications (2000–2019) for the interpretation criteria. Erythromycin has been proved to be the preference for resistance testing over the years. However, in the last 19 years, the antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIP), erythromycin (ERM), levofloxacin (LEV) and azithromycin (AZM) were the ones that saw an increase in their use. A decrease in the sensitivity to antibiotics was identified in approximately half of the reviewed articles.
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27
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Ahmad F, Shabaz Z, Azam SS. Insight into natural inhibitors and bridging docking to dynamic simulation against sugar Isomerase (SIS) domain protein. J Mol Model 2020; 26:221. [PMID: 32748070 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04475-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathogen Legionella longbeachae is a causative agent of legionellosis. The antibiotic resistance is the major problem of this modern world. Thus, selective pressure warrants the need for identification of newer drug target. In current study, subtractive proteomics approach screen out SIS (sugar isomerase) domain protein as an attractive receptor molecule for rational drug design. This protein is involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and catalyzes the isomerization of sedoheptulose 7-phosphate in D-glycero-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate. Molecular docking revealed compound 1 (2-(6-(N,N-dimethyl sulfamoyl)pipridin-4-yl)pyrazin-2-yl)imidazol-3-ium-1-ide) as the potent inhibitor having GOLD fitness score of 69. The complex is affirmed by half-site effect via simulation analysis. Complex stability was investigated via several approaches that follows dynamic simulation and binding energies. Trajectory analysis revealed slight change in ring positioning of inhibitor inside the active pocket during 130 ns (nanosecond). Interestingly, it was affirmed via binding interactions' density distribution. Hence, radial distribution function (RDF) inferred that SER55 and SER83 are the major residues that take part in hydrogen bonding and complex stability. Furthermore, an indigenously developed method axial frequency distribution (AFD) has revealed that ligand moved closer to the active site with both the residues SER55 and SER83 binding to the ligand. The phenomena was observed via rotating motion with respect to receptor center cavity. Thus, inhibitor movement towards allosteric site was observed at the end of simulations. Finally, binding free energy calculations by MMPB/GBSA predicts high compound affinity for the complex. Hence, findings from the current study will aid in the novel drug discovery and future experimental studies. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Ahmad
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zartasha Shabaz
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Sikander Azam
- Computational Biology Lab, National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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28
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Meng L, Liu H, Lan T, Dong L, Hu H, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Zheng N, Wang J. Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Pseudomonas spp. Isolated From Raw Milk Revealed by Whole Genome Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1005. [PMID: 32655503 PMCID: PMC7326020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychrotrophic bacteria in raw milk are most well known for their spoilage potential and the economic losses they cause to the dairy industry. Food-related psychrotrophic bacteria are increasingly reported to have antibiotic resistance features. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance patterns of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from bulk-tank milk. In total, we investigated the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 86 Pseudomonas spp. isolates from raw milk. All strains were tested against 15 antimicrobial agents. Pseudomonas isolates were most highly resistant to imipenem (95.3%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (69.8%), aztreonam (60.5%), chloramphenicol (45.3%), and meropenem (27.9%). Their multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values ranged from 0.0 to 0.8. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of intrinsic resistance determinants, such as BcI, ampC-09, blaCTX-M, oprD, sul1, dfrE, catA1, catB3, catI, floR, and cmlV. Moreover, resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) antibiotic efflux pumps were also found. This study provides further knowledge of the antibiotic resistance patterns of Pseudomonas spp. in milk, which may advance our understanding of resistance in Pseudomonas and suggests that antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas spp. in raw milk should be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Meng
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tu Lan
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangdong Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Brown PC, Borowska E, Peschke R, Schwartz T, Horn H. Decay of elevated antibiotic resistance genes in natural river sediments after sedimentation of wastewater particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135861. [PMID: 31972923 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharge hundreds of tons of total suspended solids (TSS) into surface waters every year. Additionally, a comparable amount is released by sewer overflows during heavy rain events in case of combined sewer systems. Along with sedimentation, particle-attached microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are herewith transported to the riverbed of the receiving water. To better understand the dynamics of this process, a particulate wastewater fraction was added into batch reactors, which were previously filled with natural river sediments and tap water. In parallel, antibiotics (ABs) (erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, roxithromycin, penicillin V, and sulfamethoxazole) were spiked to investigate their capability to select for resistance. The abundance of six ARGs (ermB, tetM, blaTEM, sul1, CTX-M-32, and qnrS) as well as total bacteria (16S rDNA) was monitored in waters and in sediments for a duration of two months using quantitative PCR. Despite a continuous exposure to ABs (5 μg/L each), the abundance of ARGs remained unaffected. Addition of wastewater particles resulted in a sudden and strong increase of ARGs in waters (3-5 log units) and sediments (1-4 log units), however, elevated ARGs underwent a particular and complete decay. Our results indicate that the increased ARG abundances in receiving rivers are the result of a continuous import of ARGs from WWTP discharges or sewer overflow events. They further imply that elevated ARGs do not persist in receiving rivers, if this continuous import is removed. This seems to be the case merely for ARGs introduced by wastewater, given that a stable background concentration of ARGs was observed for the native population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Brown
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ewa Borowska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rafael Peschke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Microbiology/Molecular Biology Department, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; DVGW Research Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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30
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Ortega-Paredes D, Barba P, Mena-López S, Espinel N, Crespo V, Zurita J. High quantities of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli are present in the Machángara urban river in Quito, Ecuador. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:67-76. [PMID: 32129188 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban river pollution by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria constitutes an important public health concern. Epidemiologically important strains of MDR Escherichia coli transmissible at the human-animal-environment interfaces are especially worrying. Quantifying and characterizing MDR E. coli at a molecular level is thus imperative for understanding its epidemiology in natural environments and its role in the spread of resistance in precise geographical areas. Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli was characterized along the watercourse of the major urban river in Quito. Our results showed high quantities of cefotaxime-resistant E. coli (2.7 × 103-5.4 × 105 CFU/100 mL). The antimicrobial resistance index (ARI) revealed the exposure of the river to antibiotic contamination, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index indicated a high risk of contamination. The blaCTX-M-15 gene was the most prevalent in our samples. Isolates also had class 1 integrons carrying aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and folate pathway inhibitors. The isolates belonged to phylogroups A, B1 and D. Clonal complex 10 was found to be the most prevalent (ST10, ST44 and ST 167), followed by ST162, ST394 and ST46. Our study provides a warning about the high potential of the major urban river in Quito for spreading the epidemiologically important MDR E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ortega-Paredes
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador E-mail: ; Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencias a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pedro Barba
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Mena-López
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Escuela de Ciencias Geográficas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Nathaly Espinel
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador E-mail:
| | - Verónica Crespo
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Escuela de Biología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jeannete Zurita
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador E-mail: ; Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
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31
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Ekundayo TC, Okoh AI. Antimicrobial resistance in freshwater Plesiomonas shigelloides isolates: Implications for environmental pollution and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113493. [PMID: 31753632 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is known to impact treatment efficiency of Plesiomonas infections negatively with fatal outcomes. This study investigated antibiogram fingerprint of P. shigelloides (n = 182) isolated from three South Africa rivers using the disc diffusion technique. Environmental pollution and analogous health risk (given infections) that could associate with the freshwaters and empirical treatment of Plesiomonas were assessed using Antibiotic Resistance Index (ARI) and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indices (MARI), respectively. Thirteen EUCAST recommended (ERAs) and eleven non-recommended antibiotics (NAs) used as first line agents in the treatment of gastroenteritis and extraintestinal infections were tested. Resistance against ERAs decreased from cefoxitin (37.91%), cefuroxime (35.17%), cefepime (31.87%), ceftriaxone (29.67%), ciprofloxacin (18.13%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (10.44%), piperacillin/tazobactam (8.79%), ertapenem (4.95%), norfloxacin (4.40%), levofloxacin (2.75%), meropenem (1.10%) to imipenem (0.55%). The isolates had higher resistance (≥36.07%) against NAs but were susceptible to amikacin (67.58%), gentamycin (73.08%), and tetracycline (80.77%). MARI of the isolates were significantly different between ERAs and NAs (P-value < 0.05) and had an average of 0.17 ± 0.18 and 0.45 ± 0.13, respectively. About 33.87% and 95.63% of the isolates had MARI value from 0.23 to 0.62 and 0.27-0.82 to ERAs and NAs, respectively. Also, ERAs-based and NAs-based ARI across sampling units showed significantly different (P-value < 0.05) means of 0.18 ± 0.09 and 0.46 ± 0.05, respectively. MARI attributed low risk of empirical treatment to recommended antibiotics but higher risk to non-recommended antibiotics. Model estimated successful and unsuccessful empirical treatment of infections risks due to resistance in the isolates using recommended antibiotics as 65.93% and 34.07%, respectively; 1.65% and 98.35% in the case of non-recommended antibiotics, respectively. ARI based on recommended antibiotics identified potential environmental pollutions in a number of sites. Resistance in freshwater P. shigelloides especially against cephalosporin, quinolones and fluoroquinolones is distressing and might suggests high pollution of the freshwaters in the Eastern Cape Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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32
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Singh AK, Das S, Singh S, Pradhan N, Gajamer VR, Kumar S, Lepcha YD, Tiwari HK. Physicochemical Parameters and Alarming Coliform Count of the Potable Water of Eastern Himalayan State Sikkim: An Indication of Severe Fecal Contamination and Immediate Health Risk. Front Public Health 2019; 7:174. [PMID: 31355173 PMCID: PMC6636254 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous decline in potable water sources has raised serious concerns over human health. Developing countries are the most affected in this regard due to a lack of proper hygiene maintenance. Sikkim, an Eastern Himalayan state with mountains as the predominant topological features, harbors several perennial natural springs. Spring water is the primary source of potable water for the population in four districts of the state viz. East, West, North and South. Recent outbreaks of water-borne diseases and the relative lack of scientific studies on its potential correlation with the water quality of the area have educed this study. Physicochemical parameters of springs, community reservoirs, and household water were analyzed by ICP-MS and multi probe meter. Using the membrane filtration method, the microbial quality of the water samples during different seasons was assessed, primarily evaluating the presence of fecal indicators viz. Escherichia coli, total coliform and Enterococcus. The seasonal risk category of the water sources was also determined. Most of the physicochemical parameters of the spring water were within the permissible limits of WHO standards. However, water from four districts was recorded with traces of toxic heavy metals like mercury (0.001-0.007 mg/l), lead (0.001-0.007 mg/l), and selenium (0.526-0.644 mg/l), which are above the permissible limits of WHO. All the spring water samples were categorized as Mg-HCO 3 - type and can be predicted as shallow fresh ground water based on the piper analysis. Microbial confirmatory testing indicated severe fecal contamination of water sources with high counts of total coliform (TC), Escherichia coli (EC) and Enterococcus (EN). The highest level of TC was recorded from West Sikkim (37.26 cfu/100 ml) and the lowest in North Sikkim (22.13 cfu/100 ml). The highest level of contamination of E. coli and Enterococcus was found in East Sikkim (EC = 8.7 cfu/100 ml; EN = 2.08 cfu/100 ml) followed by South Sikkim (EC = 8.4 cfu/100 ml; EN = 2.05 cfu/100 ml). There was a significant positive correlation between the contamination levels of the spring water and the community reservoir tank. As far as the seasonal variation is concerned, the rainy season showed the most contamination with coliform correlating with a high incidence of different water-borne diseases (East = 86%; West = 100%; South = 100%; North = 80%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Saurav Das
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Samer Singh
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Nilu Pradhan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Varsha Rani Gajamer
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
| | - Yangchen D. Lepcha
- State Institute of Rural Development, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, India
| | - Hare K. Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sikkim University, Gangtok, India
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Bae S, Lyons C, Onstad N. A culture-dependent and metagenomic approach of household drinking water from the source to point of use in a developing country. WATER RESEARCH X 2019; 2:100026. [PMID: 31194061 PMCID: PMC6549904 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2019.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rural households in developing countries rely on communal water supplies and household water frequently becomes contaminated following its collection, transportation and during its storage. Using culture-dependent and -independent techniques, we examined the changes in microbial water quality between communal tap water and household water storage in a rural area of Cameroon, Africa. The culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were used to assess the potential health risks associated with different household water storage conditions (e.g., type of container and open vs. closed container) and interventions (e.g., water storage days, cleaned on the last day of use, and hygiene practices). Only the amount of days the water was stored significantly differed (p-value < 0.05), which showed that potential health risks increased when water was stored for more than 3 days. The higher abundance of molecular FIB in biofilm than household water suggested that omnipresent biofilm in household water could potential health risk. The high-throughput sequencing revealed that the most abundant phylum was Proteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in both the water and the biofilm samples. Bacterial genera seen in biofilm bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Comamonas. Acinetobacter, Chryseobacterium, Stenotrophomonas and Corynebacterium, were relatively more abundant in the biofilm than in the water. Potential bacterial pathogens including Acinetobacter baumannii, Citrobacter freundii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Haemophilus influenza, were detected in household water and biofilm. The microbial quality might be affected by water-storage time and households repeatedly using the same water storage containers without proper sanitization, triggering microbial regrowth and biofilm formation on water containers. Higher bacterial diversity and potentially pathogenic bacteria found in the biofilm samples of a household water supply are unhealthy for the house's inhabitants. It is important to develop interventions aimed at preventing the formation of these dangerous biofilms in a communal water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Corresponding author.
| | - Colleen Lyons
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin, 301E. Dean Keeton St, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nora Onstad
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Environmental microbiology: Perspectives for legal and occupational medicine. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2018; 35:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pereira RPA, Peplies J, Mushi D, Brettar I, Höfle MG. Pseudomonas-Specific NGS Assay Provides Insight Into Abundance and Dynamics of Pseudomonas Species Including P. aeruginosa in a Cooling Tower. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1958. [PMID: 30186269 PMCID: PMC6110898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas species are frequent inhabitants of freshwater environments and colonizers of water supply networks via bioadhesion and biofilm formation. P. aeruginosa is the species most commonly associated with human disease, causing a wide variety of infections with links to its presence in freshwater systems. Though several other Pseudomonas species are of ecological and public health importance, little knowledge exists regarding environmental abundances of these species. In the present study, an Illumina-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach using Pseudomonas-specific primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene was evaluated and applied to a set of freshwater samples from different environments including a cooling tower sampled monthly during 2 years. Our approach showed high in situ specificity and accuracy. NGS read counts revealed a precise quantification of P. aeruginosa and a good correlation with the absolute number of Pseudomonas genome copies in a validated genus-specific qPCR assay, demonstrating the ability of the NGS approach to determine both relative and absolute abundances of Pseudomonas species and P. aeruginosa. The characterization of Pseudomonas communities in cooling tower water allowed us to identify 43 phylotypes, with P. aeruginosa being the most abundant. A shift existed within each year from a community dominated by phylotypes belonging to P. fluorescens and P. oleovorans phylogenetic groups to a community where P. aeruginosa was highly abundant. Co-occurrence was observed between P. aeruginosa and other phylotypes of P. aeruginosa group as well as the potentially pathogenic species P. stutzeri, but not with phylotypes of the P. fluorescens group, indicating the need to further investigate the metabolic networks and ecological traits of Pseudomonas species. This study demonstrates the potential of deep sequencing as a valuable tool in environmental diagnostics and surveillance of health-related pathogens in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui P A Pereira
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Douglas Mushi
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ingrid Brettar
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred G Höfle
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Abu Khweek A, Amer AO. Factors Mediating Environmental Biofilm Formation by Legionella pneumophila. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29535972 PMCID: PMC5835138 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is an opportunistic waterborne pathogen and the causative agent for Legionnaires' disease, which is transmitted to humans via inhalation of contaminated water droplets. The bacterium is able to colonize a variety of man-made water systems such as cooling towers, spas, and dental lines and is widely distributed in multiple niches, including several species of protozoa In addition to survival in planktonic phase, L. pneumophila is able to survive and persist within multi-species biofilms that cover surfaces within water systems. Biofilm formation by L. pneumophila is advantageous for the pathogen as it leads to persistence, spread, resistance to treatments and an increase in virulence of this bacterium. Furthermore, Legionellosis outbreaks have been associated with the presence of L. pneumophila in biofilms, even after the extensive chemical and physical treatments. In the microbial consortium-containing L. pneumophila among other organisms, several factors either positively or negatively regulate the presence and persistence of L. pneumophila in this bacterial community. Biofilm-forming L. pneumophila is of a major importance to public health and have impact on the medical and industrial sectors. Indeed, prevention and removal protocols of L. pneumophila as well as diagnosis and hospitalization of patients infected with this bacteria cost governments billions of dollars. Therefore, understanding the biological and environmental factors that contribute to persistence and physiological adaptation in biofilms can be detrimental to eradicate and prevent the transmission of L. pneumophila. In this review, we focus on various factors that contribute to persistence of L. pneumophila within the biofilm consortium, the advantages that the bacteria gain from surviving in biofilms, genes and gene regulation during biofilm formation and finally challenges related to biofilm resistance to biocides and anti-Legionella treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Abu Khweek
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Amal O Amer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Su JQ, An XL, Li B, Chen QL, Gillings MR, Chen H, Zhang T, Zhu YG. Metagenomics of urban sewage identifies an extensively shared antibiotic resistome in China. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:84. [PMID: 28724443 PMCID: PMC5517792 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic-resistant pathogens are challenging treatment of infections worldwide. Urban sewage is potentially a major conduit for dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes into various environmental compartments. However, the diversity and abundance of such genes in wastewater are not well known. METHODS Here, seasonal and geographical distributions of antibiotic resistance genes and their host bacterial communities from Chinese urban sewage were characterized, using metagenomic analyses and 16S rRNA gene-based Illumina sequencing, respectively. RESULTS In total, 381 different resistance genes were detected, and these genes were extensively shared across China, with no geographical clustering. Seasonal variation in abundance of resistance genes was observed, with average concentrations of 3.27 × 1011 and 1.79 × 1012 copies/L in summer and winter, respectively. Bacterial communities did not exhibit geographical clusters, but did show a significant distance-decay relationship (P < 0.01). The core, shared resistome accounted for 57.7% of the total resistance genes, and was significantly associated with the core microbial community (P < 0.01). The core human gut microbiota was also strongly associated with the shared resistome, demonstrating the potential contribution of human gut microbiota to the dissemination of resistance elements via sewage disposal. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a baseline for investigating environmental dissemination of resistance elements and raises the possibility of using the abundance of resistance genes in sewage as a tool for antibiotic stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Su
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin-Li An
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, 361021, Xiamen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Li
- Division of Energy & Environment, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, 361021, Xiamen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Michael R Gillings
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, 361021, Xiamen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.
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Kilonzo-Nthenge A, Nahashon SN, Godwin S, Liu S, Long D. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae in Shell Eggs from Small-Scale Poultry Farms and Farmers' Markets. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2031-2037. [PMID: 28221963 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Public health concerns over the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria have increased recently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae in shell eggs purchased from small poultry farms and farmers' markets. A total of 504 eggs were pooled to make 252 composite samples, consisting of 2 eggs per composite. The microbial quality of shell eggs was determined by standard quantitative, biochemical, and PCR techniques. Susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial agents was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique, and results were interpreted based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute values. Shell eggs and egg contents were positive for Escherichia coli (11.9 and 5.2%, respectively), Enterobacter (9.1 and 7.9%), and Serratia (11.5 and 4.8%). Salmonella was isolated from 3.6% of egg shells but not from egg contents. Mean (±SD) Enterobacteriaceae levels (4.4 ± 2.0 log CFU per eggshell) on shell eggs from poultry farms was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that on shell eggs from farmers' markets (2.1 ± 1.3 log CFU per eggshell). Of the 134 isolates recovered, resistance among isolates from farm and market shell eggs to erythromycin was most common (48.5 and 32.8%, respectively) followed by ampicillin (44.8 and 17.2%), and tetracycline (29.9 and 17.2%). The multiple antibiotic resistance index value for E. coli and Pantoea was 0.62, and that for Salmonella and Klebsiella terrigena was 0.08, indicating that Enterobacteriaceae in shell eggs can be resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. These data reveal that shell eggs from small poultry farms and farmers' markets can harbor antimicrobial resistant pathogenic and commensal bacteria. Thus, failure to properly handle shell eggs poses a potential health hazard to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kilonzo-Nthenge
- Department of Family and Consumer Science, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA
| | - S N Nahashon
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA
| | - S Godwin
- Department of Family and Consumer Science, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA
| | - S Liu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA
| | - D Long
- Department of Family and Consumer Science, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA
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Berjeaud JM, Chevalier S, Schlusselhuber M, Portier E, Loiseau C, Aucher W, Lesouhaitier O, Verdon J. Legionella pneumophila: The Paradox of a Highly Sensitive Opportunistic Waterborne Pathogen Able to Persist in the Environment. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:486. [PMID: 27092135 PMCID: PMC4824771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, the major causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, is found in freshwater environments in close association with free-living amoebae and multispecies biofilms, leading to persistence, spread, biocide resistance, and elevated virulence of the bacterium. Indeed, legionellosis outbreaks are mainly due to the ability of this bacterium to colonize and persist in water facilities, despite harsh physical and chemical treatments. However, these treatments are not totally efficient and, after a lag period, L. pneumophila may be able to quickly re-colonize these systems. Several natural compounds (biosurfactants, antimicrobial peptides…) with anti-Legionella properties have recently been described in the literature, highlighting their specific activities against this pathogen. In this review, we first consider this hallmark of Legionella to resist killing, in regard to its biofilm or host-associated life style. Then, we focus more accurately on natural anti-Legionella molecules described so far, which could provide new eco-friendly and alternative ways to struggle against this important pathogen in plumbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Berjeaud
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, EA 4312, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Margot Schlusselhuber
- Laboratoire Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements, EA 4651, Université de Caen Caen, France
| | - Emilie Portier
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Clémence Loiseau
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Willy Aucher
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Olivier Lesouhaitier
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement, EA 4312, Université de Rouen Evreux, France
| | - Julien Verdon
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
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Hu R, Du N, Chen N, Lin L, Zhai Y, Gu Z. Molecular analysis of type II topoisomerases of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fish and levofloxacin-induced resistant isolates in vitro. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 61:249-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lobova TI, Yemelyanova E, Andreeva IS, Puchkova LI, Repin VY. Antimicrobial Resistance and Plasmid Profile of Bacterial Strains Isolated from the Urbanized Eltsovka-1 River (Russia). Microb Drug Resist 2015; 21:477-90. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2014.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana I. Lobova
- Krasnoyarsk Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Elena Yemelyanova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR of the Federal Service for Surveillance in Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina S. Andreeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR of the Federal Service for Surveillance in Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Larisa I. Puchkova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR of the Federal Service for Surveillance in Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ye Repin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR of the Federal Service for Surveillance in Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being, Novosibirsk, Russia
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42
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Titilawo Y, Sibanda T, Obi L, Okoh A. Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of faecal contamination of water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10969-10980. [PMID: 25779106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the antibiogram profile of Escherichia coli (n = 300) isolated from selected rivers in Osun State, Nigeria. The identities of the E. coli isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Susceptibility of the isolates to 20 antibiotics conventionally used in clinical cases was assessed in vitro by the standardized agar disc-diffusion method. All the isolates were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, amikacin and gatilofloxacin. The isolates were variously susceptible to the other antibiotics as follows: ciprofloxacin (96 %), kanamycin (95 %), neomycin (92 %), streptomycin (84 %), chloramphenicol (73 %), nalidixic acid (66 %), nitrofurantoin (64 %), gentamycin (63 %), doxycycline (58 %), cefepime (57 %), tetracycline (49 %) and cephalothin (42 %). The multiple antibiotic resistance indexing ranged from 0.50 to 0.80 for all the sampling locations and exceeded the threshold value of 0.2, suggesting the origin of the isolates to be of high antimicrobial usage. Our findings signify an increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli towards conventionally used antibiotics necessitating proper surveillance programmes towards the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance determinants in water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinka Titilawo
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa,
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Dos Santos VL, Veiga AA, Mendonça RS, Alves AL, Pagnin S, Santiago VMJ. Reuse of refinery's tertiary-treated wastewater in cooling towers: microbiological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:2945-2955. [PMID: 25226836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study was planned to quantify the distribution of bacteria between bulk water and biofilm formed on different materials in an industrial scale cooling tower system of an oil refinery operating with clarified and chlorinated freshwater (CCW) or chlorinated tertiary effluent (TRW) as makeup water. The sessile and planktonic heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa densities were significantly higher in the cooling tower supplied with clarified and chlorinated freshwater (CTCW) (p < 0.05). In the two towers, the biofilm density was higher on the surface of glass slides and stainless steel coupons than on the surface of carbon steel coupons. The average corrosion rates of carbon steel coupons (0.4-0.8 millimeters per year (mpy)) and densities of sessile (12-1.47 × 10(3) colony-forming unit (CFU) cm(-1)) and planktonic (0-2.36 × 10(3) CFU mL(-1)) microbiota remained below of the maximum values of reference used by water treatment companies as indicative of efficient microbial control. These data indicate that the strategies of the water treatment station (WTS) (free chlorine) and industrial wastewater treatment station (IWTS) followed by reverse electrodialysis system (RES) (free chlorine plus chloramine) were effective for the microbiological control of the two makeup water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lúcia Dos Santos
- Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C.P. 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil,
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Esteve C, Alcaide E, Giménez MJ. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Aeromonas recovered from the metropolitan area of Valencia (Spain): diseases spectrum and prevalence in the environment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:137-145. [PMID: 25082185 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas infections are rare in Europe and often related to traveller's diarrhoea. A total of 185 Aeromonas isolates from river water, fish and clinical sources, recovered during a 1-year period, were used to investigate the disease spectrum and impact of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. They were all identified by biochemical tests and 25% of them were also identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 21 antimicrobials were determined for all isolates by broth microdilution/E-strips methods, and susceptibility was assessed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Strains pathogenicity was determined by using Swiss Webster mice as the animal model. Aeromonas diseases had an incidence of around 20 cases/million inhabitants in the metropolitan area of Valencia (Spain). Acute gastroenteritis in children with no history of travel abroad was the main pathology. These cases were related to A. caviae, A. veronii biovar sobria, A. hydrophila and A. dhakensis. A significant incidence of A. caviae in humans was found, while the other species were equally present in clinical and environmental origins. A. jandaei, A. bestiarum and A. media had mainly an environmental distribution. The prevalence of MDR Aeromonas was maximal in clinical samples, and resistance phenotypes were significantly related to this source. 7.2% of environmental Aeromonas was resistant to at least five drugs; most of them were moderately virulent for mice and, in addition, belonged to clinically significant species. The present study demonstrates a diseases spectrum similar to that reported in tropical countries, and also that pathogenic and heavily MDR Aeromonas are present in environmental reservoirs. MDR Aeromonas from any source analysed were susceptible to aztreonam, netilmicin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime and fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Esteve
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, India.
| | - E Alcaide
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, India
| | - M J Giménez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario la Fe, 46009, Valencia, India
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Cetecioglu Z, Ince B, Azman S, Ince O. Biodegradation of Tetracycline Under Various Conditions and Effects on Microbial Community. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:631-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Garcia-Armisen T, Anzil A, Cornelis P, Chevreuil M, Servais P. Identification of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in rivers: insights into the cultivation bias. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4938-4947. [PMID: 23863386 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the antimicrobial resistant (AR) bacteria were quantified and identified in different river samples using in parallel a culture-based approach and a culture-independent one. The objective was to evaluate the importance of the cultivation bias when studying antimicrobial resistance among environmental bacteria. Three different river samples covering a gradient of anthropic influence were tested and three different antimicrobial compounds were used as selective agents: amoxicillin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. From a quantitative point of view, our results highlight the importance of the culture media used, as for the same sample and the same selective agent significant differences were observed in the counts of culturable AR bacteria depending on the culture media used. The identification of AR bacteria through culture or culture-independent methods put on evidence AR bacterial communities that differ dramatically: γ-proteobacteria and more specifically Aeromonadaceae dominated among the isolates while β-proteobacteria (Comamonadaceae), dominated among the sequences obtained without culture. Altogether these results highlight the necessity to develop a methodological consensus preferably without culture, to approach this important topic in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Garcia-Armisen
- Ecologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, CP 221, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Bouki C, Venieri D, Diamadopoulos E. Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: a review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 91:1-9. [PMID: 23414720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are among the most successful group of pharmaceuticals used for human and veterinary therapy. However, large amounts of antibiotics are released into municipal wastewater due to incomplete metabolism in humans or due to disposal of unused antibiotics, which finally find their ways into different natural environmental compartments. The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) has led to an increasing concern about the potential environmental and public health risks. ARB and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) have been detected extensively in wastewater samples. Available data show significantly higher proportion of antibiotic resistant bacteria contained in raw and treated wastewater relative to surface water. According to these studies, the conditions in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are favourable for the proliferation of ARB. Moreover, another concern with regards to the presence of ARB and ARGs is their effective removal from sewage. This review gives an overview of the available data on the occurrence of ARB and ARGs and their fate in WWTPs, on the biological methods dealing with the detection of bacterial populations and their resistance genes, and highlights areas in need for further research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Bouki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Greece
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Voolaid V, Jõers A, Kisand V, Tenson T. Co-occurrence of resistance to different antibiotics among aquatic bacteria. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:225. [PMID: 23031674 PMCID: PMC3519559 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance is not confined to pathogens, but is also widespread in various natural environments. In nature the microbes producing antibiotic compounds have been around for millions of years. Heavy use of antibiotics in medicine and veterinary practice may lead to the accumulation of resistance genes in microbial populations, followed by a rise in multiresistant bacteria. RESULTS To test the extent of resistance among aquatic bacteria, we have collected 760 isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic. The phylogeny of the isolates covers a wide range of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. In order to determine the extent of multiresistance, the isolates were tested on six antibiotics. As the growth rate of the different bacteria was highly variable, the classical medical resistance tests could not be used, and an alternative method considering the full growth curve was developed. In general, the overall resistances to different antibiotics could be explained by random, independent distribution. An exception to this was the resistances against tetracycline and chloramphenicol, which tended to occur in pairs. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that there is no massive spread of multiresistance determinants in the studied environment, although some specific cases can be found, awaiting for molecular characterization of the resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veiko Voolaid
- University of Tartu Institute of Technology, Nooruse St 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Arvi Jõers
- University of Tartu Institute of Technology, Nooruse St 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Veljo Kisand
- University of Tartu Institute of Technology, Nooruse St 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Tanel Tenson
- University of Tartu Institute of Technology, Nooruse St 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
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Odjadjare EE, Igbinosa EO, Mordi R, Igere B, Igeleke CL, Okoh AI. Prevalence of multiple antibiotics resistant (MAR) Pseudomonas species in the final effluents of three municipal wastewater treatment facilities in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:2092-107. [PMID: 22829792 PMCID: PMC3397366 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9062092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The final effluents of three (Alice, Dimbaza, and East London) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were evaluated to determine their physicochemical quality and prevalence of multiple antibiotics resistant (MAR) Pseudomonas species, between August 2007 and July 2008. The annual mean total Pseudomonas count (TPC) was 1.20 × 104 (cfu/100 mL), 1.08 × 104 (cfu/100 mL), and 2.66 × 104 (cfu/100 mL), for the Alice, Dimbaza, and East London WWTPs respectively. The effluents were generally compliant with recommended limits for pH, temperature, TDS, DO, nitrite and nitrate; but fell short of target standards for turbidity, COD, and phosphate. The tested isolates were highly sensitive to gentamicin (100%), ofloxacin (100%), clindamycin (90%), erythromycin (90%) and nitrofurantoin (80%); whereas high resistance was observed against the penicillins (90–100%), rifampin (90%), sulphamethoxazole (90%) and the cephems (70%). MAR index ranged between 0.26 and 0.58. The study demonstrated that MAR Pseudomonas species were quite prevalent in the final effluents of WWTPs in South Africa; and this can lead to serious health risk for communities that depend on the effluent-receiving waters for sundry purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel E. Odjadjare
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Western Delta University, P.M.B. 10, Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria;
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; (E.O.I.); (A.I.O.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +234-806-911-3202
| | - Etinosa O. Igbinosa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; (E.O.I.); (A.I.O.)
- Department of Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Raphael Mordi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; (R.M.); (C.L.I.)
| | - Bright Igere
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Western Delta University, P.M.B. 10, Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria;
| | - Clara L. Igeleke
- Department of Basic Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; (R.M.); (C.L.I.)
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; (E.O.I.); (A.I.O.)
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Esteve C, Alcaide E, Blasco MD. Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. dhakensis isolated from feces, water and fish in Mediterranean Spain. Microbes Environ 2012; 27:367-73. [PMID: 22472298 PMCID: PMC4103543 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight Aeromonas hydrophila-like arabinose-negative isolates from diverse sources (i.e., river freshwater, cooling-system water pond, diseased wild European eels, and human stools) sampled in Valencia (Spain) during 2004–2005, were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and extensive biochemical testing along with reference strains of most Aeromonas species. These isolates and all reference strains of A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis and A. aquariorum showed a 16S rRNA sequence similarity of 99.8–100%, and they all shared an identical phenotype. This matched exactly with that of A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis since all strains displayed positive responses to the Voges-Prokauer test and to the use of dl-lactate. This is the first report of A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis recovered from environmental samples, and further, from its original isolation in India during 1993–1994. This was accurately identified and segregated from other clinical aeromonads (A. hydrophila subsp. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. veronii biovars veronii and sobria, A. trota, A. schubertii and A. jandaei) by using biochemical key tests. The API 20 E profile for all strains included in A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis was 7047125. The prevalence of this species in Spanish sources was higher for water (9.4%) than for feces (6%) or eels (1.3%). Isolates recovered as pure cultures from diseased eels were moderately virulent (LD50 of 3.3×106 CFU fish−1) to challenged eels in experimental trials. They were all resistant to ticarcillin, amoxicillin-clavuranic acid, cefoxitin, and imipenem, regardless of its source. Our data point to A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis as an emerging pathogen for humans and fish in temperate countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Esteve
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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