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Chen W, Cheung HK, McMillan M, Turkington TK, Izydorczyk MS, Gräfenhan T. The dynamics of indigenous epiphytic bacterial and fungal communities of barley grains through the commercial malting process in Western Canada. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:1352-1364. [PMID: 36082140 PMCID: PMC9445228 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author. Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - H.Y. Kitty Cheung
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Morgan McMillan
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Kelly Turkington
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | | | - Tom Gräfenhan
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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Ballesté E, Blanch AR, Mendez J, Sala-Comorera L, Maunula L, Monteiro S, Farnleitner AH, Tiehm A, Jofre J, García-Aljaro C. Bacteriophages Are Good Estimators of Human Viruses Present in Water. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:619495. [PMID: 34012424 PMCID: PMC8128106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of fecal viral pathogens in water is hampered by their great variety and complex analysis. As traditional bacterial indicators are poor viral indicators, there is a need for alternative methods, such as the use of somatic coliphages, which have been included in water safety regulations in recent years. Some researchers have also recommended the use of reference viral pathogens such as noroviruses or other enteric viruses to improve the prediction of fecal viral pollution of human origin. In this work, phages previously tested in microbial source tracking studies were compared with norovirus and adenovirus for their suitability as indicators of human fecal viruses. The phages, namely those infecting human-associated Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strain GA17 (GA17PH) and porcine-associated Bacteroides strain PG76 (PGPH), and the human-associated crAssphage marker (crAssPH), were evaluated in sewage samples and fecal mixtures obtained from different animals in five European countries, along with norovirus GI + GII (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV). GA17PH had an overall sensitivity of ≥83% and the highest specificity (>88%) for human pollution source detection. crAssPH showed the highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) in northern European countries but a much lower specificity in Spain and Portugal (10 and 30%, respectively), being detected in animal wastewater samples with a high concentration of fecal indicators. The correlations between GA17PH, crAssPH, or the sum of both (BACPH) and HAdV or NoV were higher than between the two human viruses, indicating that bacteriophages are feasible indicators of human viral pathogens of fecal origin and constitute a promising, easy to use and affordable alternative to human viruses for routine water safety monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Ballesté
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anicet R. Blanch
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Mendez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sala-Comorera
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratório Analises, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreas H. Farnleitner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Research Division Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Andreas Tiehm
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joan Jofre
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Aljaro
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Kumar S, Nehra M, Mehta J, Dilbaghi N, Marrazza G, Kaushik A. Point-of-Care Strategies for Detection of Waterborne Pathogens. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4476. [PMID: 31623064 PMCID: PMC6833035 DOI: 10.3390/s19204476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases that originated due to pathogen microorganisms are emerging as a serious global health concern. Therefore, rapid, accurate, and specific detection of these microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic pathogens) in water resources has become a requirement of water quality assessment. Significant research has been conducted to develop rapid, efficient, scalable, and affordable sensing techniques to detect biological contaminants. State-of-the-art technology-assisted smart sensors have improved features (high sensitivity and very low detection limit) and can perform in a real-time manner. However, there is still a need to promote this area of research, keeping global aspects and demand in mind. Keeping this view, this article was designed carefully and critically to explore sensing technologies developed for the detection of biological contaminants. Advancements using paper-based assays, microfluidic platforms, and lateral flow devices are discussed in this report. The emerging recent trends, mainly point-of-care (POC) technologies, of water safety analysis are also discussed here, along with challenges and future prospective applications of these smart sensing technologies for water health diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-Haryana 125001, India.
| | - Monika Nehra
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-Haryana 125001, India.
| | - Jyotsana Mehta
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-Haryana 125001, India.
| | - Neeraj Dilbaghi
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar-Haryana 125001, India.
| | - Giovanna Marrazza
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Department of Natural Sciences, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL 33805-8531, USA.
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Hajj-Mohamad M, Hachad M, Deschamps G, Sauvé S, Villemur R, Blais MA, Prévost M, Dorner S. Fecal contamination of storm sewers: Evaluating wastewater micropollutants, human-specific Bacteroides 16S rRNA, and mitochondrial DNA genetic markers as alternative indicators of sewer cross connections. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:548-560. [PMID: 31096384 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A set of fecal indicator bacteria and alternative markers were tested for their use to identify priority sectors of two urban watersheds in the Greater Montreal region with unintended household sewage connections to storm drainage systems. Analyses were performed for thermotolerant (fecal) coliforms (FC), Escherichia coli, human-specific Bacteroidales (HF183) and mitochondrial DNA (Hmt) markers, carbamazepine (CBZ), caffeine (CAF), theophylline (THEO) and acetaminophen (ACE). A high incidence of human fecal contamination was observed, illustrating the need for a method to appropriately prioritize sectors for the rehabilitation of sewer cross-connections. Concentrations of alternative markers were not significantly different between the residential and industrial/commercial/institutional (ICI) sectors. However, median E. coli concentrations were higher in the residential as compared to ICI sectors (p < 0.05). Hmt marker, CAF, and THEO were well correlated to E. coli in the ICI sector (r > 0.61, p < 0.05). Considering all sites, only CAF and THEO were correlated to E. coli (r > 0.59, p < 0.05), possibly as a result of higher E. coli inputs from other sources such as domestic animals or fauna in the residential sector. Thresholds were determined to relate alternative markers to E. coli for use in an index for prioritizing sectors with sewer cross-connections. HF183, Hmt, CAF, THEO, and ACE were identified as suitable markers for identifying sewer cross-connections and are more reliable than E. coli alone, most importantly in residential sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Hajj-Mohamad
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair in Drinking Water Treatment, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Mounia Hachad
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Guy Deschamps
- Service du Développement et des Opérations, Direction de L'environnement et du Développement Durable, Division de la Planification et du Suivi Environnemental, Réseau de Suivi du Milieu Aquatique, Ville de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2M 2T8, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Richard Villemur
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Marc-André Blais
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair in Drinking Water Treatment, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Zabinski JW, Pieper KJ, Gibson JM. A Bayesian Belief Network Model Assessing the Risk to Wastewater Workers of Contracting Ebola Virus Disease During an Outbreak. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:376-391. [PMID: 28437843 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
During an outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD), hospitals' connections to municipal wastewater systems may provide a path for patient waste bearing infectious viral particles to pass from the hospital into the wastewater treatment system, potentially posing risks to sewer and wastewater workers. To quantify these risks, we developed a Bayesian belief network model incorporating data on virus behavior and survival along with structural characteristics of hospitals and wastewater treatment systems. We applied the model to assess risks under several different scenarios of workers' exposure to wastewater for a wastewater system typical of a mid-sized U.S. city. The model calculates a median daily risk of developing EVD of approximately 6.1×10-12 (90% confidence interval: 1.0×10-12 to 5.4×10-9 ; mean 1.8×10-6 ) when no prior exposure conditions are specified. Under a worst-case scenario in which a worker stationed in the sewer adjacent to the hospital accidentally ingests several drops (0.35 mL) of wastewater, median risk is 5.8×10-4 (90% CI: 8.8×10-7 to 9.5×10-2 ; mean 3.2×10-2 ) . Disinfection of patient waste with peracetic acid for 15 minutes prior to flushing decreases the estimated median risk to 3.8×10-7 (90% CI: 4.1×10-9 to 8.6×10-5 ; mean 2.9×10-5 ). The results suggest that requiring hospitals to disinfect EVD patient waste prior to flushing may be advisable. The modeling framework can provide insight into managing patient waste during future outbreaks of highly virulent infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Zabinski
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelsey J Pieper
- USDA NIFA Fellow, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech
| | - Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Monitoring of Poyang lake water for sewage contamination using human enteric viruses as an indicator. Virol J 2018; 15:3. [PMID: 29301542 PMCID: PMC5755429 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recreational water contaminated with fecal pollution poses a great public health concern, as fecal waste may cause serious waterborne illnesses. Current recreational water standards using fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) have their limitations for human protection especially in developing countries such as China. Methods To explore the potential use of enteric viruses as a potential indicator of fecal contamination, four viruses: norovirus geno-groups I and II, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses were tested in this study using molecular detection methods and sensitive RT-PC developed in the University of Hawaii. Water samples were also tested for FIB in order to determine their association with enteric virus detection. Results All sample sites tested positive for four enteric viruses. Human enterovirus (58%) and adenovirus (67%) were more frequently detected from these six sites, followed by norovirus I (50%) and norovirus II (38%). Six sampling sites all met the level-I water quality of GB3838–2002 criteria in microbiological level, but they all tested positive for enteric viruses. Conclusion These findings indicate the current sewage contamination of Poyang Lake and also support the essential need of additional indicator such as human enteric viruses for enhanced monitoring of water quality since the presence of enteric viruses does not always correlate with fecal bacterial indicator detection.
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Mendez J, Monleon-Getino A, Jofre J, Lucena F. Use of non-linear mixed-effects modelling and regression analysis to predict the number of somatic coliphages by plaque enumeration after 3 hours of incubation. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:706-717. [PMID: 29040074 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to establish the kinetics of the appearance of coliphage plaques using the double agar layer titration technique to evaluate the feasibility of using traditional coliphage plaque forming unit (PFU) enumeration as a rapid quantification method. Repeated measurements of the appearance of plaques of coliphages titrated according to ISO 10705-2 at different times were analysed using non-linear mixed-effects regression to determine the most suitable model of their appearance kinetics. Although this model is adequate, to simplify its applicability two linear models were developed to predict the numbers of coliphages reliably, using the PFU counts as determined by the ISO after only 3 hours of incubation. One linear model, when the number of plaques detected was between 4 and 26 PFU after 3 hours, had a linear fit of: (1.48 × Counts3 h + 1.97); and the other, values >26 PFU, had a fit of (1.18 × Counts3 h + 2.95). If the number of plaques detected was <4 PFU after 3 hours, we recommend incubation for (18 ± 3) hours. The study indicates that the traditional coliphage plating technique has a reasonable potential to provide results in a single working day without the need to invest in additional laboratory equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Mendez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Prevosti Building, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain E-mail:
| | - Antonio Monleon-Getino
- Research Group in Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (GRBIO), Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Aulari Building, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jofre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Prevosti Building, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain E-mail:
| | - Francisco Lucena
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Prevosti Building, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain E-mail:
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Bruno A, Sandionigi A, Galimberti A, Siani E, Labra M, Cocuzza C, Ferri E, Casiraghi M. One step forwards for the routine use of high-throughput DNA sequencing in environmental monitoring. An efficient and standardizable method to maximize the detection of environmental bacteria. Microbiologyopen 2016; 6. [PMID: 27790854 PMCID: PMC5300880 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an innovative, repeatable, and reliable experimental workflow to concentrate and detect environmental bacteria in drinking water using molecular techniques. We first concentrated bacteria in water samples using tangential flow filtration and then we evaluated two methods of environmental DNA extraction. We performed tests on both artificially contaminated water samples and real drinking water samples. The efficiency of the experimental workflow was measured through qPCR. The successful applicability of the high‐throughput DNA sequencing (HTS) approach was demonstrated on drinking water samples. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of our approach in high‐throughput‐based studies, and we suggest incorporating it in monitoring strategies to have a better representation of the microbial community. In the recent years, HTS techniques have become key tools in the study of microbial communities. To make the leap from academic laboratories to the routine monitoring (e.g., water treatment plants laboratories), we here propose an experimental workflow suitable for the introduction of HTS as a standard method for detecting environmental bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Bruno
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Sandionigi
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Galimberti
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Siani
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Clementina Cocuzza
- Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Emanuele Ferri
- FEM2-Ambiente, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Casiraghi
- ZooPlantLab, Biotechnologies and Bioscience Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Sun S, Shi Y, Tong HI, Kang W, Wang Z, Allmann E, Lu Y. Effective concentration, recovery, and detection of infectious adenoviruses from environmental waters. J Virol Methods 2016; 229:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gómez-Doñate M, Casanovas-Massana A, Muniesa M, Blanch AR. Development of new host-specific Bacteroides qPCRs for the identification of fecal contamination sources in water. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:83-94. [PMID: 26763626 PMCID: PMC4767429 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides spp. have been proposed as indicators of fecal contamination in microbial source tracking (MST) methodologies. The aim of this study was to develop new qPCR assays that target host‐specific Bacteroidal 16S ribosomal RNA genes, to determine the source of fecal contamination in water. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to select for host‐specific bands of Bacteroides associated with a fecal pollution source and later to design four qPCR host‐specific assays. A set of common primers for Bacteroides spp., four different Bacteroides spp. host‐associated hydrolysis probes (human, cattle, pig, and poultry), and one hydrolysis probe for the Bacteroides genus were designed. This set of qPCR assays together with other previously developed Bacteroidetes MST targets were used to analyze water samples with fecal contamination from the four sources studied. The host‐specific Bacteroides qPCRs designed for human (HMprobeBac), pig (PGprobeBac), and poultry (PLprobeBac) were highly specific for its sources (1.0, 0.97, and 1.0, respectively) although its sensitivity was lower (0.45, 0.50, and 0.73, respectively). The cattle‐specific qPCR was totally unspecific and was discarded for future experiments. When compared to previously designed assays, the human and pig qPCRs showed better accuracies (0.86 and 0.84) than their counterparts HF183 and Pig‐2‐Bac (0.38 and 0.65). Thus, the newly designed human, pig, and poultry qPCR assays outperform other methods developed until date and may be useful for source tracking purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gómez-Doñate
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Maite Muniesa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Anicet R Blanch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
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U.S. Recreational Water Quality Criteria: A Vision for the Future. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:7752-76. [PMID: 26184253 PMCID: PMC4515689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120707752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript evaluates the U.S. Recreational Water Quality Criteria (RWQC) of 2012, based upon discussions during a conference held 11-13 March 2013, in Honolulu, Hawaii. The RWQC of 2012 did not meet expectations among the research community because key recommended studies were not completed, new data to assess risks to bathers exposed to non-point sources of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were not developed, and the 2012 RWQC did not show marked improvements in strategies for assessing health risks for bathers using all types of recreational waters. The development of the 2012 RWQC was limited in scope because the epidemiologic studies at beach sites were restricted to beaches with point sources of pollution and water samples were monitored for only enterococci. The vision for the future is development of effective RWQC guidelines based on epidemiologic and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) studies for sewage specific markers, as well as human enteric pathogens so that health risks for bathers at all recreational waters can be determined. The 2012 RWQC introduced a program for states and tribes to develop site-specific water quality criteria, and in theory this approach can be used to address the limitations associated with the measurements of the traditional FIB.
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12
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Lösch LS, Gariboglio Vázquez ML, Rivas M, Merino LA. [Detection of virulence genes of the enteroaggregative pathotype in Escherichia coli strains isolated from groundwater sources in the province of Chaco, Argentina]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2015; 47:88-94. [PMID: 26026228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater is an important source of drinking water for many communities in Northern Argentina; particularly, in the province of Chaco, where about 14% of households use this natural resource. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is an emerging pathogen whose global importance in public health has increased in recent years. Despite the significant risk of disease linked to contaminated water exposure, the prevalence of E. coli pathotypes in aquatic environments is still not so well defined. The aim of the present study was to detect the presence of typical enteroaggregative E. coli through the recognition of its virulence factors aap, AA probe and aggR by molecular techniques. A total of 93 water samples from different small communities of Chaco were analyzed. E. coli was identified in 36 (38.7%) of the tested samples. Six strains isolated from different samples harbored the studied genes. Of these 6 isolates, 3 carried the aap gene, 2 the AA probe and the last one the combination of aap/aggR genes. The prevalence of E. coli isolates harboring enteroaggregative virulence genes in groundwater sources was 6.4%. This work represents the first contribution to the study of the presence and distribution of virulence genes of EAEC in groundwater sources in this region of Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana S Lösch
- Área de Bacteriología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - María L Gariboglio Vázquez
- Área de Bacteriología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Marta Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS «Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán», Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis A Merino
- Área de Bacteriología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina; Cátedra de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
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Mendes Silva D, Domingues L. On the track for an efficient detection of Escherichia coli in water: A review on PCR-based methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:400-11. [PMID: 25540852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring water safety is an ongoing challenge to public health providers. Assessing the presence of fecal contamination indicators in water is essential to protect public health from diseases caused by waterborne pathogens. For this purpose, the bacteria Escherichia coli has been used as the most reliable indicator of fecal contamination in water. The methods currently in use for monitoring the microbiological safety of water are based on culturing the microorganisms. However, these methods are not the desirable solution to prevent outbreaks as they provide the results with a considerable delay, lacking on specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, viable but non-culturable microorganisms, which may be present as a result of environmental stress or water treatment processes, are not detected by culture-based methods and, thus, may result in false-negative assessments of E. coli in water samples. These limitations may place public health at significant risk, leading to substantial monetary losses in health care and, additionally, in costs related with a reduced productivity in the area affected by the outbreak, and in costs supported by the water quality control departments involved. Molecular methods, particularly polymerase chain reaction-based methods, have been studied as an alternative technology to overcome the current limitations, as they offer the possibility to reduce the assay time, to improve the detection sensitivity and specificity, and to identify multiple targets and pathogens, including new or emerging strains. The variety of techniques and applications available for PCR-based methods has increased considerably and the costs involved have been substantially reduced, which together have contributed to the potential standardization of these techniques. However, they still require further refinement in order to be standardized and applied to the variety of environmental waters and their specific characteristics. The PCR-based methods under development for monitoring the presence of E. coli in water are here discussed. Special emphasis is given to methodologies that avoid pre-enrichment during the water sample preparation process so that the assay time is reduced and the required legislated sensitivity is achieved. The advantages and limitations of these methods are also reviewed, contributing to a more comprehensive overview toward a more conscious research in identifying E. coli in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mendes Silva
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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14
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Symonds EM, Breitbart M. Affordable Enteric Virus Detection Techniques Are Needed to Support Changing Paradigms in Water Quality Management. CLEAN : SOIL, AIR, WATER 2015; 43:8-12. [PMID: 32313585 PMCID: PMC7162330 DOI: 10.1002/clen.201400235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In light of water quality monitoring paradigms shifting to a more holistic approach, it is essential that environmental microbiologists embrace new methodological developments in clinical virology to create rapid, laboratory-free methods for the identification of wastewater pollution. It is widely accepted that routine monitoring of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) does not adequately reflect human health risks associated with fecal pollution, especially risks posed by viruses. Enteric viruses are typically more resistant to wastewater treatment and persist longer in the environment than FIB. Furthermore, enteric viruses often have extremely low infectious doses. Currently, the incorporation of sanitary surveys, short-term monitoring of reference pathogens, exploratory quantitative microbial risk assessments, and predictive ecological models is being championed as the preferred approach to water management. In addition to improved virus concentration methods, simple, point-of-use tests for enteric viruses and/or improved viral indicators are needed to complement this emerging paradigm and ensure microbial safety worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Symonds
- University of South Florida College of Marine Science St. Petersburg FL USA
| | - Mya Breitbart
- University of South Florida College of Marine Science St. Petersburg FL USA
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15
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Kumaraswamy R, Amha YM, Anwar MZ, Henschel A, Rodríguez J, Ahmad F. Molecular analysis for screening human bacterial pathogens in municipal wastewater treatment and reuse. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11610-11619. [PMID: 25181426 DOI: 10.1021/es502546t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Effective and sensitive monitoring of human pathogenic bacteria in municipal wastewater treatment is important not only for managing public health risk related to treated wastewater reuse, but also for ensuring proper functioning of the treatment plant. In this study, three different 16S rRNA gene molecular analysis methodologies were employed to screen bacterial pathogens in samples collected at three different stages of an activated sludge plant. Overall bacterial diversity was analyzed using next generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina MiSeq platform, as well as PCR-DGGE followed by band sequencing. In addition, a microdiversity analysis was conducted using PCR-DGGE, targeting Escherichia coli. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using QIIME protocol by clustering sequences against the Human Pathogenic Bacteria Database. NGS data were also clustered against the Greengenes database for a genera-level diversity analysis. NGS proved to be the most effective approach screening the sequences of 21 potential human bacterial pathogens, while the E. coli microdiversity analysis yielded one (O157:H7 str. EDL933) out of the two E. coli strains picked up by NGS. Overall diversity using PCR-DGGE did not yield any pathogenic sequence matches even though a number of sequences matched the NGS results. Overall, sequences of Gram-negative pathogens decreased in relative abundance along the treatment train while those of Gram-positive pathogens increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumari Kumaraswamy
- Institute Center for Water and Environment (iWATER), Masdar Institute of Science and Technology , P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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16
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Ceuppens S, Li D, Uyttendaele M, Renault P, Ross P, Ranst MV, Cocolin L, Donaghy J. Molecular Methods in Food Safety Microbiology: Interpretation and Implications of Nucleic Acid Detection. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:551-577. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siele Ceuppens
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP); Dept. of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Dan Li
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP); Dept. of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP); Dept. of Food Safety and Food Quality; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Pierre Renault
- Inst. Scientifique de Recherche Agronomique (INRA); France
| | - Paul Ross
- Moorepark Biotechnology Centre; Teagasc; Moorepark; Fermoy Co. Cork Ireland
| | | | - Luca Cocolin
- Dept. of Agricultural; Forest and Food Sciences; Univ. of Torino; Grugliasco Torino Italy
| | - John Donaghy
- Food Safety Microbiology Group; Nestle Research Center; Lausanne Switzerland
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17
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Chiao TH, Clancy TM, Pinto A, Xi C, Raskin L. Differential resistance of drinking water bacterial populations to monochloramine disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:4038-47. [PMID: 24625288 DOI: 10.1021/es4055725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The impact of monochloramine disinfection on the complex bacterial community structure in drinking water systems was investigated using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Changes in viable bacterial diversity were monitored using culture-independent methods that distinguish between live and dead cells based on membrane integrity, providing a highly conservative measure of viability. Samples were collected from lab-scale and full-scale drinking water filters exposed to monochloramine for a range of contact times. Culture-independent detection of live cells was based on propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment to selectively remove DNA from membrane-compromised cells. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes was used to quantify the DNA of live bacteria and characterize the bacterial communities, respectively. The inactivation rate determined by the culture-independent PMA-qPCR method (1.5-log removal at 664 mg·min/L) was lower than the inactivation rate measured by the culture-based methods (4-log removal at 66 mg·min/L). Moreover, drastic changes in the live bacterial community structure were detected during monochloramine disinfection using PMA-pyrosequencing, while the community structure appeared to remain stable when pyrosequencing was performed on samples that were not subject to PMA treatment. Genera that increased in relative abundance during monochloramine treatment include Legionella, Escherichia, and Geobacter in the lab-scale system and Mycobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Coxiella in the full-scale system. These results demonstrate that bacterial populations in drinking water exhibit differential resistance to monochloramine, and that the disinfection process selects for resistant bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsin Chiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Diston D, Ebdon JE, Taylor HD. Inactivation of bacteriophage infecting Bacteroides strain GB124 using UV-B radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:622-7. [PMID: 24329482 DOI: 10.1111/php.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation (280-320 nm) has long been associated with the inactivation of microorganisms in the natural environment. Determination of the environmental inactivation kinetics of specific indicator organisms [used as tools in the field of microbial source tracking (MST)] is fundamental to their successful deployment, particularly in geographic regions subject to high levels of solar radiation. Phage infecting Bacteroides fragilis host strain GB124 (B124 phage) have been demonstrated to be highly specific indicators of human fecal contamination, but to date, little is known about their susceptibility to UV-B radiation. Therefore, B124 phage (n = 7) isolated from municipal wastewater effluent, were irradiated in a controlled laboratory environment using UV-B collimated beam experiments. All B124 phage suspensions possessed highly similar first order log-linear inactivation profiles and the mean fluence required to inactivate phage by 4 - log(10) was 320 mJ cm(-2). These findings suggest that phage infecting GB124 are likely to be inactivated when exposed to the levels of UV-B solar radiation experienced in a variety of environmental settings. As such, this may limit the utility of such methods for determining more remote inputs of fecal contamination in areas subject to high levels of solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Diston
- Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Köniz, Switzerland
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19
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Agulló-Barceló M, Oliva F, Lucena F. Alternative indicators for monitoring Cryptosporidium oocysts in reclaimed water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4448-4454. [PMID: 23247532 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of reclaimed water all over the world, there is a clear need to optimise its management in order to guarantee water safety. Model microorganisms (with either indicator or index function) are commonly used to assess risks related to the presence of enteric pathogens in water. Samples from five water reclamation plants located in Northeastern Spain were analysed to validate the use of three model microorganisms (Escherichia coli, somatic coliphages and spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia) as surrogates of Cryptosporidium total or infectious oocysts (TOO and IOO, respectively) in reclaimed water. Probability plots, simple and multiple linear regression and discriminant analyses were performed to assess their relationships. Results show that the detection of E. coli alone is not useful to model either the behaviour or concentrations of Cryptosporidium. However, discriminant analyses showed a high rate of correctly classified samples (91.9%) when E. coli and somatic coliphages data were used together to predict the presence/absence of IOO. Spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SRC) showed parallel reduction patterns and high correlation values (r = 0.76) with reductions in TOO. Furthermore, simple regression analyses of SRC and TOO in reclaimed water showed high correlation values (r = 0.85). Therefore, at the treatment plants studied, SRC can be considered to have good indicator and index functions for TOO. From the point of view of health protection, the use of SRC together with E. coli (which is mandatory in the current Spanish regulations) would satisfy the need for improved reclaimed water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agulló-Barceló
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 643 Avinguda Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Plante MP, Bérubé E, Bissonnette L, Bergeron MG, Leclerc M. Polythiophene biosensor for rapid detection of microbial particles in water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:4544-4548. [PMID: 23521757 DOI: 10.1021/am400162h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most microbial particles have a negatively charged surface and in this work, we describe a water quality monitoring application of a cationic polythiophene derivative (AH-35) for the rapid assessment of microbial contamination of water. Using E. coli as a prototype microbial particle, we demonstrate that the AH-35 polymer can provide a qualitative assessment of water if exposed to more than 500 CFU/mL, thereby paving the way to a new family of biosensors potentially useful for monitoring drinking water distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Plante
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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21
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New molecular quantitative PCR assay for detection of host-specific Bifidobacteriaceae suitable for microbial source tracking. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:5788-95. [PMID: 22685136 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00895-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium spp. belong to the commensal intestinal microbiota of warm-blooded animals. Some strains of Bifidobacterium show host specificity and have thus been proposed as host-specific targets to determine the origin of fecal pollution. Most strains have been used in microbial-source-tracking (MST) studies based on culture-dependent methods. Although some of these approaches have proved very useful, the low prevalence of culturable Bifidobacterium strains in the environment means that molecular culture-independent procedures could provide practical applications for MST. Reported here is a set of common primers and four Bifidobacterium sp. host-associated (human, cattle, pig, and poultry) probes for quantitative-PCR (qPCR) assessment of fecal source tracking. This set was tested using 25 water samples of diverse origin: urban sewage samples, wastewater from four abattoirs (porcine, bovine, and poultry), and water from a river with a low pollution load. The selected sequences showed a high degree of host specificity. There were no cross-reactions between the qPCR assays specific for each origin and samples from different fecal origins. On the basis of the findings, it was concluded that the host-specific qPCRs are sufficiently robust to be applied in environmental MST studies.
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22
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Bissonnette L, Bergeron MG. Infectious Disease Management through Point-of-Care Personalized Medicine Molecular Diagnostic Technologies. J Pers Med 2012; 2:50-70. [PMID: 25562799 PMCID: PMC4251365 DOI: 10.3390/jpm2020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease management essentially consists in identifying the microbial cause(s) of an infection, initiating if necessary antimicrobial therapy against microbes, and controlling host reactions to infection. In clinical microbiology, the turnaround time of the diagnostic cycle (>24 hours) often leads to unnecessary suffering and deaths; approaches to relieve this burden include rapid diagnostic procedures and more efficient transmission or interpretation of molecular microbiology results. Although rapid nucleic acid-based diagnostic testing has demonstrated that it can impact on the transmission of hospital-acquired infections, we believe that such life-saving procedures should be performed closer to the patient, in dedicated 24/7 laboratories of healthcare institutions, or ideally at point of care. While personalized medicine generally aims at interrogating the genomic information of a patient, drug metabolism polymorphisms, for example, to guide drug choice and dosage, personalized medicine concepts are applicable in infectious diseases for the (rapid) identification of a disease-causing microbe and determination of its antimicrobial resistance profile, to guide an appropriate antimicrobial treatment for the proper management of the patient. The implementation of point-of-care testing for infectious diseases will require acceptance by medical authorities, new technological and communication platforms, as well as reimbursement practices such that time- and life-saving procedures become available to the largest number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bissonnette
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Centre de recherche du CHUQ, 2705 Laurier blvd., Québec City (Québec), G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Michel G Bergeron
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Centre de recherche du CHUQ, 2705 Laurier blvd., Québec City (Québec), G1V 4G2, Canada.
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23
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Diversity of the heterotrophic microbial populations for distinguishing natural mineral waters. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 153:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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25
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Richardson SD, Ternes TA. Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4614-48. [PMID: 21668018 DOI: 10.1021/ac200915r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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26
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Stewart JR, Fleming LE, Fleisher JM, Abdelzaher AM, Maille Lyons M. Waterborne Pathogens. MARINE POLLUTION AND HUMAN HEALTH 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849732871-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A variety of microorganisms occur in the marine environment which are capable of infecting humans. This chapter, focused on waterborne pathogens, summarizes the types of pathogens that are a threat to human health, as well as the fecal indicator bacteria that are commonly used as surrogates for pathogens in regulatory and research applications. Limitations and alternatives to traditional fecal indicator bacteria are explored, highlighting challenges and policy implications for protecting public health. Methodological advances and challenges are also reviewed, with an emphasis on research designed to fill gaps and provide scientific support for management of marine resources, particularly bathing beaches. Accordingly, recent and previous epidemiology studies linking microbial measures of water quality to health outcomes are discussed in detail. As an alternative to the measurement of individual water samples, modeling of pathogens in marine waters is introduced. Overall, this chapter provides an overview of the pathogens, microbial measures and policy implications important for protecting humans from exposure to pathogens in marine waters.
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27
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Roslev P, Bukh AS. State of the art molecular markers for fecal pollution source tracking in water. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 89:1341-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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