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Tomilova OG, Kryukov VY, Kryukova NA, Tolokonnikova KP, Tokarev YS, Rumiantseva AS, Alekseev AA, Glupov VV. Effects of passages through an insect or a plant on virulence and physiological properties of the fungus Metarhizium robertsii. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15726. [PMID: 37583910 PMCID: PMC10424674 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of the genus Metarhizium are characterized by a multitrophic lifestyle of being arthropod parasites, rhizosphere colonizers, endophytes, and saprophytes. The process of adaptation to various organisms and substrates may lead to specific physiological alterations that can be elucidated by passaging through different hosts. Changes in virulence and cultivation properties of entomopathogenic fungi subcultured on different media or passaged through a live insect host are well known. Nevertheless, comparative in-depth physiological studies on fungi after passaging through insect or plant organisms are scarce. Here, virulence, plant colonization, hydrolytic enzymatic activities, toxin production, and antimicrobial action were compared between stable (nondegenerative) parent strain Metarhizium robertsii MB-1 and its reisolates obtained after eight passages through Galleria mellonella larvae or Solanum lycopersicum or after subculturing on the Sabouraud medium. The passaging through the insect caused similar physiological alterations relative to the plant-based passaging: elevation of destruxin A, B, and E production, a decrease in protease and lipase activities, and lowering of virulence toward G. mellonella and Leptinotarsa decemlineata as compared to the parent strain. The reisolates passaged through the insect or plant showed a slight trend toward increased tomato colonization and enhanced antagonistic action on tomato-associated bacterium Bacillus pumilus as compared to the parental strain. Meanwhile, the subculturing of MB-1 on the Sabouraud medium showed stability of the studied parameters, with minimal alterations relative to the parental strain. We propose that the fungal virulence factors are reprioritized during adaptation of M. robertsii to insects, plants, and media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana G. Tomilova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vadim Y. Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Yuri S. Tokarev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alexander A. Alekseev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Viktor V. Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Wood MJ, Alkhaibari AM, Butt TM. Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1732-1740. [PMID: 35938709 PMCID: PMC9473657 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are capable of vectoring a wide range of diseases including dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, with approximately half of the worlds' population at risk from such diseases. Development of combined predator-parasite treatments for the control of larvae consistently demonstrates increased efficacy over single-agent treatments, however, the mechanism behind the interaction remains unknown. Treatments using the natural predator Toxorhynchites brevipalpis and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum were applied in the laboratory against Ae. aegypti larvae as both individual and combined treatments to determine the levels of interaction between control strategies. Parallel experiments involved the removal of larvae from test arenas at set intervals during the course of the trial to record whole body caspase and phenoloxidase activities. This was measured via luminometric assay to measure larval stress factors underlying the interactions. Combined Metarhizium and Toxorhynchites treatments were seen to drastically reduce lethal times as compared to individual treatments. This was accompanied by increased phenoloxidase and caspase activities in combination treatments after 18 h (p < 0.001). The sharp increases in caspase and phenoloxidase activities suggest that combined treatments act to increase stress factor responses in the larvae that result in rapid mortality above that of either control agent individually. This work concludes that the underlying mechanism for increased lethality in combined parasite-predator treatments may be related to additive stress factors induced within the target host larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tariq M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Song H, Bao Y, Zhang M, Liu S, Yu C, Dai J, Wu C, Tang D, Fang W. An inactivating mutation in the vacuolar arginine exporter gene Vae results in culture degeneration in the fungus Metarhizium robertsii. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2924-2937. [PMID: 35352870 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Culture degeneration usually results in great commercial losses in the economically important filamentous fungi, but the genetic causes of the degeneration remain elusive. In the fungus Metarhizium robertsii, we found that deletion of the vacuolar arginine exporter gene Vae caused culture degeneration. Compared to the WT strain, the mutant showed increased apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, reduced conidial yield and abnormal lipid droplet formation. The extent of the degeneration in the mutant gradually increased over the successive subculturing, which eventually became irreversible; compared to the third subculture of the mutant, the seventh subculture showed a lower conidial yield and pathogenicity to insects, stronger apoptosis, higher ROS level and a smaller number of conidial lipid droplets. Incorporation of the genomic clone of Vae could not restore the WT phenotypes in the seventh subculture, but could in the third one. Loss-of-function in Vae resulted in vacuolar arginine accumulation and reduction in the cytosolic arginine. This downregulated the expression of the regulator CAG9 of G protein signalling pathway, which accounted for most of the phenotypic changes associated with the degeneration of the mutant. We identified a deleterious mutation that causes culture degeneration in a filamentous fugus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Dai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Martínez LC, Plata-Rueda A, Ramírez A, Serrão JE. Susceptibility of Demotispa neivai (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae entomopathogenic fungal isolates. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:126-133. [PMID: 34453875 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates obtained from naturally infected oil palm pests was evaluated to control Demotispa neivai as an alternative for organophosphate insecticide use in oil palm crops in Latin America. Two B. bassiana (Bb-0018 and Bb-0025) and two M. anisopliae (Ma-0002 and Ma-0003) isolates were tested against D. neivai adults for hydrophobicity, virulence, survival, adhesion to host cuticle, and mortality in semi-field conditions. RESULTS Concentration-mortality bioassays demonstrate that isolates had lethal effect on D. neivai adults with Bb-0025 [median lethal concentration (LC50 ) = 3.45 × 107 conidia mL-1 ] and Bb-0018 (LC50 = 3.75 × 107 conidia mL-1 ) being the most effective followed by Ma-0003 (LC50 = 3.38 × 108 conidia mL-1 ) and Ma-0002 (5.33 × 108 conidia mL-1 ). Adult survival was 99% without exposure to fungal isolates, decreasing to 21.65% in insects exposed to Ma-0002, 19.41% with Ma-0003, 20.13% with Bb-0018, and 0.17% with Bb-0025. Mortality of D. neivai adults caused by the entomopathogenic fungal isolates was similar in both laboratory and semi-field conditions. Also, vegetative growth of the entomopathogenic fungal isolates was found in infected D. neivai adults in the field. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the tested entomopathogenic fungal isolates are effective against D. neivai with potential to be used as biological control agents contributing to the decrease of the use of chemical insecticides to control this oil palm pest. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Augusto Ramírez
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Kubiak-Szymendera M, Pryszcz LP, Białas W, Celińska E. Epigenetic Response of Yarrowia lipolytica to Stress: Tracking Methylation Level and Search for Methylation Patterns via Whole-Genome Sequencing. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091798. [PMID: 34576693 PMCID: PMC8471669 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a common, but not universal, epigenetic modification that plays an important role in multiple cellular processes. While definitely settled for numerous plant, mammalian, and bacterial species, the genome methylation in different fungal species, including widely studied and industrially-relevant yeast species, Yarrowia lipolytica, is still a matter of debate. In this paper, we report a differential DNA methylation level in the genome of Y. lipolytica subjected to sequential subculturing and to heat stress conditions. To this end, we adopted repeated batch bioreactor cultivations of Y. lipolytica subjected to thermal stress in specific time intervals. To analyze the variation in DNA methylation between stressed and control cultures, we (a) quantified the global DNA methylation status using an immuno-assay, and (b) studied DNA methylation patterns through whole-genome sequencing. Primarily, we demonstrated that 5 mC modification can be detected using a commercial immuno-assay, and that the modifications are present in Y. lipolytica’s genome at ~0.5% 5 mC frequency. On the other hand, we did not observe any changes in the epigenetic response of Y. lipolytica to heat shock (HS) treatment. Interestingly, we identified a general phenomenon of decreased 5 mC level in Y. lipolytica’s genome in the stationary phase of growth, when compared to a late-exponential epigenome. While this study provides an insight into the subculturing stress response and adaptation to the stress at epigenetic level by Y. lipolytica, it also leaves an open question of inability to detect any genomic DNA methylation level (either in CpG context or context-less) through whole-genome sequencing. The results of ONT sequencing, suggesting that 5 mC modification is either rare or non-existent in Y. lipolytica genome, are contradicted with the results of the immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kubiak-Szymendera
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 460-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.K.-S.); (W.B.)
| | - Leszek P. Pryszcz
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Wojciech Białas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 460-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.K.-S.); (W.B.)
| | - Ewelina Celińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 460-637 Poznań, Poland; (M.K.-S.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Wellham PAD, Hafeez A, Gregori A, Brock M, Kim DH, Chandler D, de Moor CH. Culture Degeneration Reduces Sex-Related Gene Expression, Alters Metabolite Production and Reduces Insect Pathogenic Response in Cordyceps militaris. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081559. [PMID: 34442638 PMCID: PMC8400478 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete, known primarily for infecting lepidopteran larval (caterpillars) and pupal hosts. Cordycepin, a secondary metabolite produced by this fungus has anti-inflammatory properties and other pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the biological role of this adenosine derivate and its stabilising compound pentostatin in the context of insect infection the life cycle of C. militaris. During repeated subcultivation under laboratory conditions a degeneration of C. militaris marked by decreasing levels of cordycepin production can occur. Here, using degenerated and parental control strains of an isolate of C. militaris, we found that lower cordycepin production coincides with the decline in the production of various other metabolites as well as the reduced expression of genes related to sexual development. Additionally, infection of Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) caterpillars indicated that cordycepin inhibits the immune response in host haemocytes. Accordingly, the pathogenic response to the degenerated strain was reduced. These data indicate that there are simultaneous changes in sexual reproduction, secondary metabolite production, insect immunity and infection by C. militaris. This study may have implications for biological control of insect crop pests by fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. D. Wellham
- Gene Regulation and RNA Biology Laboratory, Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University Park Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.)
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University Park Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
- Fungal Genetics and Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University Park Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Gene Regulation and RNA Biology Laboratory, Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University Park Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.)
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University Park Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Andrej Gregori
- Mycomedica d.o.o., Podkoren 72, 4280 Kranjska Gora, Slovenia;
| | - Matthias Brock
- Fungal Genetics and Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University Park Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies Division, School of Pharmacy, University Park Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - David Chandler
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK;
| | - Cornelia H. de Moor
- Gene Regulation and RNA Biology Laboratory, Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University Park Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Tini F, Beccari G, Marconi G, Porceddu A, Sulyok M, Gardiner DM, Albertini E, Covarelli L. Identification of Putative Virulence Genes by DNA Methylation Studies in the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051192. [PMID: 34068122 PMCID: PMC8152758 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation mediates organisms’ adaptations to environmental changes in a wide range of species. We investigated if a such a strategy is also adopted by Fusarium graminearum in regulating virulence toward its natural hosts. A virulent strain of this fungus was consecutively sub-cultured for 50 times (once a week) on potato dextrose agar. To assess the effect of subculturing on virulence, wheat seedlings and heads (cv. A416) were inoculated with subcultures (SC) 1, 23, and 50. SC50 was also used to re-infect (three times) wheat heads (SC50×3) to restore virulence. In vitro conidia production, colonies growth and secondary metabolites production were also determined for SC1, SC23, SC50, and SC50×3. Seedling stem base and head assays revealed a virulence decline of all subcultures, whereas virulence was restored in SC50×3. The same trend was observed in conidia production. The DNA isolated from SC50 and SC50×3 was subject to a methylation content-sensitive enzyme and double-digest, restriction-site-associated DNA technique (ddRAD-MCSeEd). DNA methylation analysis indicated 1024 genes, whose methylation levels changed in response to the inoculation on a healthy host after subculturing. Several of these genes are already known to be involved in virulence by functional analysis. These results demonstrate that the physiological shifts following sub-culturing have an impact on genomic DNA methylation levels and suggest that the ddRAD-MCSeEd approach can be an important tool for detecting genes potentially related to fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Gianpiero Marconi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Porceddu
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Viale Italia, 39a, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Micheal Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse, 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
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Hummadi EH, Dearden A, Generalovic T, Clunie B, Harrott A, Cetin Y, Demirbek M, Khoja S, Eastwood D, Dudley E, Hazir S, Touray M, Ulug D, Hazal Gulsen S, Cimen H, Butt T. Volatile organic compounds of Metarhizium brunneum influence the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in insect control. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL : THEORY AND APPLICATIONS IN PEST MANAGEMENT 2021; 155:104527. [PMID: 33814871 PMCID: PMC7923176 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Metarhizium brunneum occupies the same ecological niche as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), with both competing for insects as a food source in the rhizosphere. Interactions between these biocontrol agents can be antagonistic or synergistic. To better understand these interactions, this study focussed on investigating the effect of M. brunneum volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, on EPN survival and behaviour. These VOCs proved to be highly toxic to the infective juveniles (IJs) of the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora with mortality being dose dependent. Chemotaxis studies of H. bacteriophora IJs in Pluronic F127 gel revealed significant preference for the VOCs compared with controls for all tested concentrations. The VOCs also impacted on the test insects in a dose-dependent manner with 3-octanone being more toxic to Galleria mellonella, Cydia splendana and Curculio elephas larvae than 1-octen-3-ol. Mortality of C. splendana and G. mellonella larvae was significantly higher when exposed to relatively high doses (>25%) of 3-octanone. Lower doses of 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol immobilised test insects, which recovered after exposure to fresh air for 2 hrs. In depth studies on H. bacteriophora showed that exposure of IJs to > 10% concentration of 3-octanone or 1-octen-3-ol negatively affected infectivity whereas exposure to lower doses (0.1%, 0.01%) had no effect. The VOCs affected IJs, reducing penetration efficacy and the number of generations inside G. mellonella but they failed to inhibit the bacterial symbiont, Photorhabdus kayaii. The ecological significance of VOCs and how they could influence EPF-EPN insect interactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam H. Hummadi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alexander Dearden
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Tomas Generalovic
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Benjamin Clunie
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alexandria Harrott
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Yarkin Cetin
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Merve Demirbek
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Salim Khoja
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Dan Eastwood
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ed Dudley
- School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Sebnem Hazal Gulsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK
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Khoja S, Eltayef KM, Baxter I, Myrta A, Bull JC, Butt T. Volatiles of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, attract and kill plant parasitic nematodes. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL : THEORY AND APPLICATIONS IN PEST MANAGEMENT 2021; 152:104472. [PMID: 33390683 PMCID: PMC7737096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2020.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Root knot nematodes (RKNs) cause significant crop losses. Although RKNs and entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium brunneum, are associated with plant roots, very little is known about the interactions between these two organisms. This study showed that conidia and VOCs of Me. brunneum influenced the behaviour of M. hapla. The response was dependent on the fungal strain, VOC, concentration of both VOC and conidia, and time. Tomatoes planted in soil treated with the highest doses of conidia usually had a higher number of nematodes than untreated control plants. This was particularly obvious for Me. brunneum strain ARSEF 4556, 7 and 14-days post-treatment. The VOCs, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, lured M. hapla to plants when used at low doses and repelled them at high doses. In Petri dish assays. the VOCs 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, caused 100% mortality of M. hapla at the highest dose tested (20 µl). Very few live M. hapla were recovered from soil treated with the VOC 1-octen-3-ol, especially at the highest doses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Khoja
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP. Swansea, UK
| | - Khalifa M. Eltayef
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP. Swansea, UK
| | - Ian Baxter
- Certis Europe BV, Stadsplateau 16, 3521 AZ Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arben Myrta
- Certis Europe BV, Stadsplateau 16, 3521 AZ Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James C. Bull
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP. Swansea, UK
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP. Swansea, UK
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Chang TH, Lin YH, Wan YL, Chen KS, Huang JW, Chang PFL. Degenerated Virulence and Irregular Development of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Induced by Successive Subculture. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040382. [PMID: 33371239 PMCID: PMC7767292 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successive cultivation of fungi on artificial media has been reported to cause the sectorization, which leads to degeneration of developmental phenotype, and virulence. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon), the causal agent of watermelon Fusarium wilt, forms degenerated sectors after successive cultivation. In the present research, we demonstrated that subculture with aged mycelia increased the incidence of degenerations. To further investigate the differences between the Fon wild type (sporodochial type, ST) and variants (MT: mycelial type and PT: pionnotal type), developmental phenotypes and pathogenicity to watermelon were examined. Results in variants (PT2, PT3, PT11, and MT6) were different from ST with mycelia growth, conidia production and chlamydospore formation. Virulence of degenerated variants on susceptible watermelon Grand Baby (GB) cultivar was determined after inoculation with Fon variants and Fon ST. In root dipping methods, Fon variants showed no significant differences in disease progress compared with ST. Fon variants showed a significant decrease in disease progression compared with ST through infested soil inoculation. The contrasting results of two inoculation methods suggest that the degenerative changes due to repeated successive cultivation may lead to the loss of pathogen virulence-related factors of the early stage of Fon infection process. Therefore, cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs; cellulase, pectinase, and xylanase) activities of different variants were analyzed. All Fon degenerated variants demonstrated significant decreases of CWDEs activities compared with ST. Additionally, transcript levels of 9 virulence-related genes (fmk1, fgb1, pacC, xlnR, pl1, rho1, gas1, wc1, and fow1) were assessed in normal state. The degenerated variants demonstrated a significantly low level of tested virulence-related gene transcripts except for fmk1, xlnR, and fow1. In summary, the degeneration of Fon is triggered with successive subculture through aged mycelia. The degeneration showed significant impacts on virulence to watermelon, which was correlated with the reduction of CWDEs activities and declining expression of a set of virulence-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Ho Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402204, Taiwan; (T.-H.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (J.-W.H.)
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402204, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hong Lin
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan;
- Plant Medicine Teaching Hospital, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Wan
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402204, Taiwan; (T.-H.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (J.-W.H.)
| | - Kan-Shu Chen
- Chiayi Experiment Branch, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Chiayi 611002, Taiwan;
| | - Jenn-Wen Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402204, Taiwan; (T.-H.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (J.-W.H.)
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402204, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Fang Linda Chang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402204, Taiwan; (T.-H.C.); (Y.-L.W.); (J.-W.H.)
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402204, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-422840780 (ext. 330)
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Matthews E, Ellison A, Cable J. Saprolegnia parasitica zoospore activity and host survival indicates isolate variation in host preference. Fungal Biol 2020; 125:260-268. [PMID: 33766304 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous freshwater pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica has long been considered a true generalist, capable of infecting a wide range of fish species. It remains unclear, however, whether different isolates of this pathogen, obtained from distinct geographic locations and host species, display differences in host preference. To assess this, the current study examined the induced zoospore encystment responses of four S. parasitica isolates towards the skin of four fish species. While three of the isolates displayed 'specialist' responses, one appeared to be more of a 'generalist'. In vivo challenge infections involving salmon and sea trout with the 'generalist' (salmon isolate EA001) and a 'specialist' (sea trout isolate EA016) pathogen, however, did not support the in vitro findings, with no apparent host preference reflected in infection outcomes. Survival of sea trout and salmon though was significantly different following a challenge infection with the sea trout (EA016) isolate. These results indicate that while S. parasitica isolates can be considered true generalists, they may target hosts to which they have been more frequently exposed (potential local adaptation). Understanding host preference of this pathogen could aid our understanding of infection epidemics and help with the development of fish management procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Matthews
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Amy Ellison
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK; School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.
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Resquín-Romero G, Cabral-Antúnez C, Sarubbi-Orue H, Garrido-Jurado I, Valverde-García P, Schade M, Butt TM. Virulence of Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) Strains Against Stinkbugs Euschistus heros and Dichelops furcatus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2540-2545. [PMID: 32696054 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three strains of fungi belonging to the genus Metarhizium Sorokīn (ARSEF 4556, ARSEF 3297, native strain) were assayed against adults and nymphs of the Neotropical brown stinkbug Euschistus heros (F.) and the green-belly stinkbug Dichelops furcatus (F.). The most virulent strain, ARSEF 4556, caused over 90% mortality. The average survival time of the second and fifth instar nymphs and adults following immersion in 1 × 108 conidia ml-1 was 4.8, 5.7, and 5.2 d, respectively. The second instar nymphs were more susceptible than the adults. The LC50 values and median survival times for second instar and adult E. heros were 1.6 × 107 and 3.1 × 107 conidia ml-1 and 6 and 8 d, respectively. Eggs of E. heros and the closely related stinkbug, D. furcatus, were highly susceptible to ARSEF 4556 with the mean mortality of eggs immersed in 1 × 108 conidia ml-1 being 77.4% and 89.7%, respectively. The strain 3297 showed also good aptitudes for stinkbugs control with mortalities higher than 80% against nymphs and adults and eggs mortalities of 75.5% for E. heros and 79.6% for D. furcatus. This study has shown that it is possible to have a two-pronged control strategy, targeting adults and to reduce oviposition and targeting egg clusters to prevent emergence and dispersal of nymphs. Besides early instars of nymphs have been shown to be more susceptible to the fungal strains than late instars and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Resquín-Romero
- Area of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of the National University of Asunción. Campus of University, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - C Cabral-Antúnez
- Area of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of the National University of Asunción. Campus of University, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - H Sarubbi-Orue
- Area of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of the National University of Asunción. Campus of University, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - I Garrido-Jurado
- Department of Agronomy, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Mutis, Cordoba, Spain
| | - P Valverde-García
- Department of Agronomy, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Mutis, Cordoba, Spain
| | - M Schade
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T M Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, United Kingdom
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Huerta AI, Kesten C, Menna AL, Sancho-Andrés G, Sanchez-Rodriguez C. In-Plate Quantitative Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana Susceptibility to the Fungal Vascular Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:e20113. [PMID: 32598078 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Root vascular pathogens are some of the world's most devastating plant pathogens. However, the methods used to determine plant susceptibility to this class of pathogen are laborious, variable, and in most cases qualitative. Here we present a rapid, simple, and robust infection assay for the characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana resistance to the fungal root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. The method utilizes fungal root vascular penetrations and fungal-induced root growth inhibition to deliver a quantitative assessment of plant susceptibility with spatial and temporal resolution. These plant susceptibility indicators are paired with a semiautomated data analysis pipeline to deliver a reproducible assessment of plant susceptibility to root vascular pathogens such as F. oxysporum. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Arabidopsis thaliana plate infection assay using fluorescently labeled Fusarium oxysporum Support Protocol 1: Preparation of A. thaliana germination plates Support Protocol 2: Preparation of the F. oxysporum culture Basic Protocol 2: Data acquisition of F. oxysporum plant infection assay Support Protocol 3: Acquiring root growth inhibition data using Fiji.
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Prado R, Macedo-Salles PA, Duprat RC, Baptista ARS, Feder D, Lima JBP, Butt T, Ratcliffe NA, Mello CB. Action of Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Against Organophosphate- and Pyrethroid-Resistant Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and the Synergistic Effects of Phenylthiourea. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:454-462. [PMID: 31559435 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya arboviruses are endemic in tropical countries and are transmitted by Aedes aegypti. Resistant populations of this mosquito against chemical insecticides are spreading worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the biological effects of exposure of pesticide-sensitive Ae. aegypti larvae (Rockefeller) to conidia of the entomopathogen, Metarhizium brunneum, laboratory strains ARSEF 4556 and V275, and any synergistic activity of phenylthiourea (PTU). In addition, to investigate the nature of any cross-resistance mechanisms, these M. brunneum strains were tested against the Rockefeller larvae and two temephos- and deltamethrin-resistant wild mosquito populations from Rio de Janeiro. Treatment of Rockefeller larvae with 106 conidia/ml of ARSEF 4556 and V275 fungal strains resulted in significant decreased survival rates to 40 and 53.33%, respectively (P < 0.0001), compared with untreated controls. In contrast, exposure to 104 or 105 conidia/ml showed no such significant survival differences. However, the addition of PTU to the conidia in the bioassays significantly increased mortalities in all groups and induced a molt block. Experiments also showed no differences in Ae. aegypti mortalities between the fungal treated, wild pesticide-resistant populations and the Rockefeller sensitive strain. The results show the efficacy of M. brunneum in controlling Ae. aegypti larvae and the synergistic role of PTU in this process. Importantly, there was no indication of any cross-resistance mechanisms between Ae. aegypti sensitive or resistant to pesticides following treatment with the fungi. These results further support using M. brunneum as an alternative biological control agent against mosquito populations resistant to chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Prado
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, GBG, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pãmella A Macedo-Salles
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Molecular, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Duprat
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, GBG, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea R S Baptista
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica e Molecular, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise Feder
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, GBG, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Bento Pereira Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Instituto de Biologia do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA28PP Wales, UK
| | - Norman A Ratcliffe
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, GBG, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA28PP Wales, UK
| | - Cicero Brasileiro Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, GBG, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Khoja S, Eltayef KM, Baxter I, Bull JC, Loveridge EJ, Butt T. Fungal volatile organic compounds show promise as potent molluscicides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:3392-3404. [PMID: 31392825 PMCID: PMC6899572 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slugs and snails constitute major crop pests. Withdrawal of metaldehyde has prompted a search for more environmentally friendly yet fast acting molluscicides. This study investigated the response of representative molluscs to conidia and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum Petch. RESULTS Conidia of M. brunneum had antifeedant/repellent properties with repellency being dependent upon the fungal strain and conidia concentration. Three commonly produced fungal VOCs, 1-octene, 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol, were repellent at low doses (1-5 μL) but could kill slugs and snails on contact or fumigation. At the highest dose tested (10 μL), 100% mortality was achieved for Cornu aspersum Muller (garden snail) and Derocerus reticulatum Muller (grey field slug) within 1 h post-treatment with the first deaths being recorded in <11 min. Aqueous formulations (20% v/v) of the most potent VOCs, 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol, could be sprayed onto plants to kill or drive the pest of the crop with no phytotoxic effects. CONCLUSION The sensitivity of terrestrial molluscs to 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol and the ephemeral nature of these compounds makes these excellent candidates for development as mollusc repellents or molluscicides. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Khoja
- Department of BiosciencesSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | | | | | - James C Bull
- Department of BiosciencesSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | | | - Tariq Butt
- Department of BiosciencesSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
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17
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Mascarin GM, Alves Pereira-Junior R, Fernandes ÉKK, Quintela ED, Dunlap CA, Arthurs SP. Phenotype responses to abiotic stresses, asexual reproduction and virulence among isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps javanica (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). Microbiol Res 2018; 216:12-22. [PMID: 30269851 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Selecting entomopathogenic fungal isolates with resilience to environmental stresses, optimal mass production characteristics, and with high virulence to target pests favors the development of mycopesticides. A case in point, Cordyceps (= Isaria) javanica has been extensively investigated for non-chemical control of whiteflies worldwide. We phylogenetically characterized 11 native C. javanica isolates from Northeastern and Central Brazil. These isolates were screened for tolerance to heat-shock, UV-B radiation, osmotic and oxidative stresses, as well as conidial production on cereal grain and insecticidal activity against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (MEAM 1) in the laboratory. All isolates were pathogenic to whiteflies and significant (3-fold) differences in median lethal concentration were observed among isolates. Furthermore, pronounced differences among isolates were found for stress factors and conidial production. Using principal component analysis, our results highlighted three major clusters formed by isolates (i) resistant to osmotic and oxidative stress, (ii) resilient to UV-B, and (iii) with high virulence, conidial production and heat tolerance. Overall, isolate CG1228 performed best based on multi-stress resistance, mass production and virulence attributes in the laboratory. This study highlights the importance of exploring natural variation in entomopathogenic fungi for selection of appropriate isolates for effective biocontrol of insect pests coupled with mass production characteristics and abiotic stress tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Rodovia SP-340, km 127.5, S/N - Tanquinho Velho, Jaguariúna, SP, 13820-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dias Quintela
- Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Rodovia GO-462, km 12, Zona Rural, C.P. 179, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Christopher A Dunlap
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Steven Paul Arthurs
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station TX, 77843-2475, USA
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Isolation and characterization of Metarhizium anisopliae TK29 and its mycoinsecticide effects against subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:52-59. [PMID: 29959038 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is widely used as biocontrol agent against many insect pests. In the present study, the potential isolate of M. anisopliae TK29 was isolated from the agricultural soils in Thekkady, India. The taxonomic identity of the isolate was confirmed based on its morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequence homology. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the isolated strains were related to the same species. A potential isolate (TK29) was optimized for mass cultivation and conidial spore production was enhanced using three different raw substrates (Rice, Maize, black gram) by solid-state fermentation. The results showed higher conidial spore yield from rice (2.6 ± 0.32%) compared to black gram (2.1 ± 0.28%) and maize (1.9 ± 0.23%) substrates. Dry green conidia were applied against Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus at three different concentrations (1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia/ml-1). The highest mortality rate was obtained from 1 × 108 conidia/ml-1 at 120 h post-treatment. Our study indicated that M. anisopliae TK29 had desirable attributes for the development of a mycoinsecticide against C. formosanus.
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Jirakkakul J, Roytrakul S, Srisuksam C, Swangmaneecharern P, Kittisenachai S, Jaresitthikunchai J, Punya J, Prommeenate P, Senachak J, So L, Tachaleat A, Tanticharoen M, Cheevadhanarak S, Wattanachaisaereekul S, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Culture degeneration in conidia of Beauveria bassiana and virulence determinants by proteomics. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:156-171. [PMID: 29458719 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The quality of Beauveria bassiana conidia directly affects the virulence against insects. In this study, continuous subculturing of B. bassiana on both rice grains and potato dextrose agar (PDA) resulted in 55 and 49 % conidial yield reduction after 12 passages and 68 and 60 % virulence reduction after 20 and 12 passages at four d post-inoculation, respectively. The passage through Tenebrio molitor and Spodoptera exigua restored the virulence of rice and PDA subcultures, respectively. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the conidial quality and the decline of virulence after multiple subculturing, we investigated the conidial proteomic changes. Successive subculturing markedly increased the protein levels in oxidative stress response, autophagy, amino acid homeostasis, and apoptosis, but decreased the protein levels in DNA repair, ribosome biogenesis, energy metabolism, and virulence. The nitro blue tetrazolium assay verified that the late subculture's colony and conidia had a higher oxidative stress level than the early subculture. A 2A-type protein phosphatase and a Pleckstrin homology domain protein Slm1, effector proteins of the target of rapamycin (TOR) complex 1 and 2, respectively, were dramatically increased in the late subculture. These results suggest that TOR signalling might be associated with ageing in B. bassiana late subculture, in turn affecting its physiological characteristics and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Jirakkakul
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pratchya Swangmaneecharern
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Suthathip Kittisenachai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Janthima Jaresitthikunchai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Juntira Punya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Peerada Prommeenate
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jittisak Senachak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Laihong So
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Anuwat Tachaleat
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Supapon Cheevadhanarak
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Songsak Wattanachaisaereekul
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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Silva GS, Assis DJ, Druzian JI, Oliveira MBPP, Ribeiro PLL, Cordeiro SM, Schmidt CA. Impact of Preservation Conditions on Fatty Acids, Xanthan Gum Production and Other Characteristics of Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae IBSBF 2103. Indian J Microbiol 2017; 57:351-358. [PMID: 28904421 PMCID: PMC5574780 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The conditions of storage, cultivation and maintenance of microbial cultures should preserve the microbiological homogeneity, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics to ensure better reproducibility of metabolic production. To evaluate the influence of the storage condition on the composition of cell fatty acids, genetic profile and biochemical characteristics of Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae IBSBF 2103, as well as, to identify its relationship with the yielding and viscosity of the xanthan gum produced, this study monitored the strain preserved in two simple and widely used conditions, ultra-freezer (-80 °C) and refrigeration (3-8 °C) during 5 months. Were identified and quantified 13 fatty acids. The cells preserved at -80 °C showed more stable concentration of all fatty acids, producing more xanthan gum and with higher viscosity. The chromosomal analysis obtained with the enzyme XbaI revealed 17 distinct fragments with maximum size of 485 kilobases, without variations among the subcultures maintained in both storage conditions. The X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae subcultures preserved at -80 °C showed less pronounced phenotypic variations, which had positive influence in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the xanthan gum produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciete S. Silva
- Federal University of Bahia – UFBA, Barão do Jeremoabo st., Salvador, BA 40170-115 Brazil
| | - Denilson J. Assis
- Federal University of Bahia – UFBA, Barão do Jeremoabo st., Salvador, BA 40170-115 Brazil
| | - Janice I. Druzian
- Federal University of Bahia – UFBA, Barão do Jeremoabo st., Salvador, BA 40170-115 Brazil
| | - Maria B. P. P. Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto – UPORTO, Jorge Viterbo Ferreira st., 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo L. L. Ribeiro
- Federal University of Bahia – UFBA, Barão do Jeremoabo st., Salvador, BA 40170-115 Brazil
| | - Soraia M. Cordeiro
- Federal University of Bahia – UFBA, Barão do Jeremoabo st., Salvador, BA 40170-115 Brazil
| | - Cleber A. Schmidt
- Federal University of Bahia – UFBA, Barão do Jeremoabo st., Salvador, BA 40170-115 Brazil
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21
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Alkhaibari AM, Carolino AT, Bull JC, Samuels RI, Butt TM. Differential Pathogenicity of Metarhizium Blastospores and Conidia Against Larvae of Three Mosquito Species. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:696-704. [PMID: 28399202 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biorational insecticides are being increasingly used in integrated pest management programs. In laboratory bioassays, the pathogenicity of blastospores and conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum ARSEF 4556 was evaluated against larvae of three mosquito species. Three propagule concentrations (1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 spores ml - 1) were used in the bioassays. Results showed that Aedes aegypti had lower survival rates when exposed to blastospores than when exposed to conidia, whereas the converse was true for Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Anopheles stephensi larvae survival rates were similar when exposed to blastospores and conidia, except at the higher doses, where blastospores were more virulent. Several assays showed little difference in mortalities when using either 1 × 107 or 1 × 108 spores ml - 1, suggesting a threshold above which no higher control levels or economic benefit would be achieved. When tested at the lowest dose, the LT50 of Cx. quinquefasciatus using blastospores, wet conidia, and dry conidia was 3.2, 1.9, and 4.4 d, respectively. The LT50 of Ae. aegypti using blastospores, wet conidia, and dry conidia was 1.3, 3.3, and 6.2 d, respectively. The LT50 of An. stephensi using blastospores, wet conidia, and dry conidia was 2.0, 1.9, and 2.1 d, respectively. These observations suggest that for optimized control, two different formulations of the fungus may be needed when treating areas where there are mixed populations of Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Alkhaibari
- Department of Biosciences College of Science, Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (; ; )
| | - A T Carolino
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28016-602, Brazil (; )
| | - J C Bull
- Department of Biosciences College of Science, Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (; ; )
| | - R I Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28016-602, Brazil (; )
| | - T M Butt
- Department of Biosciences College of Science, Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK (; ; )
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22
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Muñiz-Paredes F, Miranda-Hernández F, Loera O. Production of conidia by entomopathogenic fungi: from inoculants to final quality tests. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Greenfield BPJ, Lord AM, Dudley E, Butt TM. Conidia of the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, fail to adhere to mosquito larval cuticle. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2014; 1:140193. [PMID: 26064542 PMCID: PMC4448906 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion of conidia of the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, to the arthropod host cuticle initially involves hydrophobic forces followed by consolidation facilitated by the action of extracellular enzymes and secretion of mucilage. Gene expression analysis and atomic force microscopy were used to directly quantify recognition and adhesion between single conidia of M. anisopliae and the cuticle of the aquatic larval stage of Aedes aegypti and a representative terrestrial host, Tenebrio molitor. Gene expression data indicated recognition by the pathogen of both hosts; however, the forces for adhesion to the mosquito were approximately five times lower than those observed for Tenebrio. Although weak forces were recorded in response to Aedes, Metarhizium was unable to consolidate firm attachment. An analysis of the cuticular composition revealed an absence of long-chain hydrocarbons in Aedes larvae which are thought to be required for fungal development on host cuticle. This study provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence that Metarhizium does not form firm attachment to Ae. aegypti larvae in situ, therefore preventing the normal route of invasion and pathogenesis from occuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany P. J. Greenfield
- College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
- Author for correspondence: Bethany P. J. Greenfield e-mail:
| | - Alex M. Lord
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ed Dudley
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Tariq M. Butt
- College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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24
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Songe MM, Thoen E, Evensen Ø, Skaar I. In vitro passages impact on virulence of Saprolegnia parasitica to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. parr. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:825-834. [PMID: 24117449 PMCID: PMC4263310 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of serial in vitro subculturing on three pathogenic strains of Saprolegnia parasitica was investigated. The isolates were passed through Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. parr, and then re-isolated as single spore colonies. All strains caused infection. The isolate obtained from diseased fish served as a virulent reference culture and was designated 'AP' ('activated through passage'). Successive subculturing was made by obtaining an inoculum from AP to produce the 2nd subculture and then passaged to the 3rd subculture (from the 2nd), until the 15th passage was obtained. Spores used to produce storage cultures were collected at passages 5, 10 and 15. The different passages of each strain were used to artificially infect Atlantic salmon parr. Morphological characterization of growth patterns was performed to observe differences occurring due to serial in vitro subculturing. Two of the strains declined in virulence after 15 successive in vitro subcultures, whereas one did not. This study is the first to investigate attenuation of virulence in Saprolegnia and whether or not isolates of S. parasitica should be passed through the fish host prior to challenge experiments. It reveals that some strains degenerate more rapidly than others when subjected to successive in vitro subculturing on glucose-yeast extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Songe
- Norwegian Veterinary InstituteOslo, Norway
| | - E Thoen
- Norwegian Veterinary InstituteOslo, Norway
| | - Ø Evensen
- Norwegian School of Veterinary ScienceOslo, Norway
| | - I Skaar
- Norwegian Veterinary InstituteOslo, Norway
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25
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Metarhizium anisopliae pathogenesis of mosquito larvae: a verdict of accidental death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81686. [PMID: 24349111 PMCID: PMC3862491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metarhizium anisopliae, a fungal pathogen of terrestrial arthropods, kills the aquatic larvae of Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue and yellow fever. The fungus kills without adhering to the host cuticle. Ingested conidia also fail to germinate and are expelled in fecal pellets. This study investigates the mechanism by which this fungus adapted to terrestrial hosts kills aquatic mosquito larvae. Genes associated with the M. anisopliae early pathogenic response (proteinases Pr1 and Pr2, and adhesins, Mad1 and Mad2) are upregulated in the presence of larvae, but the established infection process observed in terrestrial hosts does not progress and insecticidal destruxins were not detected. Protease inhibitors reduce larval mortality indicating the importance of proteases in the host interaction. The Ae. aegypti immune response to M. anisopliae appears limited, whilst the oxidative stress response gene encoding for thiol peroxidase is upregulated. Cecropin and Hsp70 genes are downregulated as larval death occurs, and insect mortality appears to be linked to autolysis through caspase activity regulated by Hsp70 and inhibited, in infected larvae, by protease inhibitors. Evidence is presented that a traditional host-pathogen response does not occur as the species have not evolved to interact. M. anisopliae retains pre-formed pathogenic determinants which mediate host mortality, but unlike true aquatic fungal pathogens, does not recognise and colonise the larval host.
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