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Parthasarathy R, Chandrika M, Sruthi D, Yashavantha Rao HC, Jayabaskaran C. Clonostachys rosea, a marine algal endophyte, as an alternative source of chrysin and its anticancer effect. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:275. [PMID: 37410212 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi were isolated from the marine green alga Chaetomorpha antennina and identified as Clonostachys rosea through molecular analysis. C. rosea was grown in a tryptophan medium for 21 days and after that, the metabolites were extracted by ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract showed a high cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of many compounds, and chrysin was one of the major compounds among them. Hence, further studies were concentrated on chrysin, as it was assumed to be the major attributor to the potent cytotoxicity, based on its high anticancer efficacies reported earlier. The fungal ethyl acetate extract had been analysed for chrysin using HPTLC and compared its Rf value with authentic chrysin and it was matched. Further, the purified fungal chrysin was structurally elucidated using techniques like LC-MS and NMR analyses. Quantification revealed that C. rosea produced 1050 mg/L of chrysin. This surplus production of chrysin was the major significance of the study. The purified fungal chrysin was found to be highly cytotoxic to MCF-7 cells with a low IC50 value 35.5 ± 0.6 µM. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis analysis indicated the selective inhibition of MCF-7 by DNA damage. Thus, the present study implies that C. rosea is an alternative source and new method for surplus production of chrysin in the tryptophan medium. All results indicate that the marine algae endophytic C. rosa produces chrysin, and for the first time, an excess amount of production was revealed by the study.
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Grants
- Ref. no. PDF/2017/001184 Department of Science and Technology and Science and Engineering Research Board (DST-SERB), New Delhi for the National Post-Doctoral fellowship
- Ref.no.45/1/2020-DDI-BMS Indian Council Medical Research-Research Associate (ICMR-RA) New Delhi,
- File no.45/36-2018-PHA/BMS Dated 23/6/2018 Indian Council Medical Research-Research Associate (ICMR-RA), New Delhi
- YSS/2019/000035/ PRCYSS Department of Health Research (DHR),Government of India, New Delhi, Young scientist -HRD Scheme
- YSS/2020/0000054/PRCYSS Department of Health Research (DHR),Government of India, New Delhi, Young scientist -HRD Scheme
- No.F.4-2/2006 (BSR)/BL/17-18/0234 University Grants Commission - DSKPDF, Government of India, New Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manjegowda Chandrika
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Damodaran Sruthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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Zhang Q, Yu W, Liu Z, Li H, Liu Y, Liu X, Han Z, He J, Zeng Y, Guo Y, Liu Y. Design, synthesis, antitumor activity and ct-DNA binding study of photosensitive drugs based on porphyrin framework. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123147. [PMID: 36621729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a promising novel tumor treatment method. In this study, novel porphyrin-chrysin photosensitizer derivatives were synthesized. Most of the compounds showed antitumor activity against human cervical cancer HeLa cells and human lung cancer A549 cells, among which compound 4c had the best photodynamic therapy effect on HeLa cells and A549 cells, with IC50 values of 6.26 μM and 23.37 μM, respectively. Free-base porphyrin-chrysin derivatives bind to DNA through surface self-stacking, and zinc metalloporphyrin-chrysin derivatives bind to ct-DNA through intercalation. Notably, the tightness of compound binding to ct-DNA was positively correlated with its antitumor activity. What's more, three-dimensional quantitative conformation studies have shown that increasing the positive charge of the porphyrin ring and introducing a strong electron-withdrawing group at the meso position of the porphyrin ring at the para-position of the benzene ring or reducing the space volume of the compound can enhance the antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 28 Western Changshen Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Wenmei Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 28 Western Changshen Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 28 Western Changshen Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 28 Western Changshen Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Yihui Liu
- The second Hospital, University of South China, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 28 Western Changshen Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Zhaoshun Han
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Yaofu Zeng
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 28 Western Changshen Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Yu Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 28 Western Changshen Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Yunmei Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, 28 Western Changshen Road, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China.
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Salari N, Faraji F, Jafarpour S, Faraji F, Rasoulpoor S, Dokaneheifard S, Mohammadi M. Anti-cancer Activity of Chrysin in Cancer Therapy: a Systematic Review. Indian J Surg Oncol 2022; 13:681-690. [PMID: 36687219 PMCID: PMC9845454 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-022-01550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysin is a natural bioactive compound that is extracted from many trees, honey, and propolis. Chrysin has several pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. This study was performed to evaluate the anti-cancer activities of chrysin in cancer therapy. The present study was conducted by systematic review of studies published up to August 2021. Related studies were identified by searching Web of Science (WoS), PubMed, Science Direct, SID, MagIran, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The keywords of chrysin, cancer, anti-cancer, and cancer therapy were used for searching. The quality of the studies was assessed by the CONSORT checklist. A total of 21 studies were identified. The results of studies showed that chrysin has an anticancer effect by stimulating apoptosis in a wide range of human cells and rats. Chrysin is also an important factor in inhibiting tumor growth and neoplasticity. Chrysin inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells by inducing cytotoxic effects. Therefore, due to the antitumor effects of chrysin and its safety and non-toxicity towards normal cells, this compound can be considered as an adjuvant along with chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Salari
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Faraji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sima Jafarpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faraji
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shna Rasoulpoor
- Medical Biology Research Centre, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sadat Dokaneheifard
- Department of Human Genetics, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Masoud Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
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Rong W, Wan N, Zheng X, Shi G, Jiang C, Pan K, Gao M, Yin Z, Gao ZJ, Zhang J. Chrysin inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma progression through suppressing programmed death ligand 1 expression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:153867. [PMID: 34923234 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The aberrant PD-L1 expression on cancer cells was confirmed to participate in immune evasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Previous studies had documented that there were anti-tumorigenic effects of chrysin on HCC. However, whether chrysin can act on the over-expressed PD-L1 on HCC cells to exert the therapeutic effectiveness and the involved mechanisms has not yet been deciphered. PURPOSE Herein, we aimed to explore the regulatory effects of chrysin on the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint and investigate its possible mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. METHODS H22 xenograft mouse model was used to investigate the effects of chrysin on tumor growth and PD-L1 expression in tumors. In interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced HepG2 cells, the cytotoxicity of chrysin was detected by MTT assay. Flow cytometry, ELISA and RT-PCR were carried out to evaluate the expression of PD-L1, and the expression of proteins in STAT3 and NF-κB pathways was also determined by Western blot. In HepG2 cells and Jurkat T cell co-culture system, ELISA kit was used to detect the level of IL-2, and T cell proliferation was further evaluated by CCK-8 method. RESULTS Our data suggested that chrysin could effectively inhibit the progression of tumor, and promote the anti-tumor immunity of mice concomitant with enhanced CD4/CD8-positive T cell proportion in tumor tissues of H22 xenograft mouse model. Additionally, chrysin significantly down-regulated the expression of PD-L1 in vivo and in vitro, which was closely associated with the blockage of STAT3 and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, in the co-culture system, chrysin could increase the proliferation of T cells and the concentration of IL-2. CONCLUSION These results indicate that chrysin may have the potential to be an immune checkpoint inhibitor for preventive or as an adjunctive curative agent for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Rong
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 211200, China; Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Nanyan Wan
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xian Zheng
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Gaofeng Shi
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Cuihua Jiang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Zhiqi Yin
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ze-Jun Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
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Ozdemir R, Gokce IK, Taslidere AC, Tanbek K, Gul CC, Sandal S, Turgut H, Kaya H, Aslan M. Does Chrysin prevent severe lung damage in Hyperoxia-Induced lung injury Model? Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:108033. [PMID: 34343938 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effect of Chrysin (CH), an antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic and antifibrotic drug, on hyperoxia-induced lung injury in a neonatal rat model. METHODS Forty infant rats were divided into four groups labeled the Control, CH, BPD, and BPD + CH. The control and CH groups were kept in a normal room environment, while the BPD and BPD + CH groups were kept in a hyperoxic (90-95%) environment. At the end of the study, lung tissue was evaluated with respect to apoptosis, histopathological damage and alveolar macrophage score as well as oxidant capacity, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation. RESULTS Compared to the BPD + CH and control groups, the lung tissues of the BPD group displayed substantially higher levels of MDA, TOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β (p < 0.05). While the BPD + CH group showed similar levels of TNF-α and IL-1β as the control group, MDA and TOS levels were higher than the control group, and significantly lower than the BPD group (p < 0.05). The BPD group exhibited considerably lower levels of TAS, SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05). The BPD and BPD + CH groups exhibited higher mean scores of histopathological damage and alveolar macrophage when compared to the control and CH groups (p ≤ 0.0001). Both scores were found to be lower in the BPD + CH group in comparison to the BPD group (p ≤ 0.0001). The BPD + CH group demonstrated a significantly lower average of TUNEL and caspase-3 positive cells than the BPD group. CONCLUSION We found that prophylaxis with CH results in lower histopathological damage score and reduces apoptotic cell count, inflammation and oxidative stress while increasing anti-oxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Ozdemir
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Ismail Kursat Gokce
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Asli Cetin Taslidere
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Kevser Tanbek
- Department of Physiology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cemile Ceren Gul
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sandal
- Department of Physiology, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Hatice Turgut
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Kaya
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Aslan
- Department of Pediatrics, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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Ahmad-Mansour N, Loubet P, Pouget C, Dunyach-Remy C, Sotto A, Lavigne JP, Molle V. Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: An Update on Their Pathogenic Properties and Potential Treatments. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:677. [PMID: 34678970 PMCID: PMC8540901 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. S. aureus has a high level of antibiotic resistance and is a common cause of infections in hospitals and the community. The rising prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), combined with the important severity of S. aureus infections in general, has resulted in the frequent use of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, leading to increasing resistance rates. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus continues to be a major health concern, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. S. aureus uses a wide range of virulence factors, such as toxins, to develop an infection in the host. Recently, anti-virulence treatments that directly or indirectly neutralize S. aureus toxins have showed promise. In this review, we provide an update on toxin pathogenic characteristics, as well as anti-toxin therapeutical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ahmad-Mansour
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Paul Loubet
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Cassandra Pouget
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France;
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (C.D.-R.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Albert Sotto
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (C.D.-R.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
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Noole V, Krishna T, Godeshala S, Meraji S, Rege K, Reddy CK, Kedika B. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives of the Chrysin Flavonoid as Anticancer Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:160-168. [PMID: 33719963 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210315090527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Chrysin and its derivatives proved to possess potential anti-tumour activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A new series of chrysin analogs containing 1,2,3-triazoles with different substituent groups (5a-5l) was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential anticancer agents. The synthesized compounds were characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR 13C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. RESULTS The anticancer activities of the synthesized compounds were studied in four cancer cell lines viz. PC3, PC3-PSMA, MCF-7 and UM-UC-3 using doxorubicin as standard. Among all the tested compounds, 5c was found as most active with IC50 value of 10.8 ± 0.04 μM in PC3 cells and 20.53 ± 0.21 μMin MCF-7 cells, respectively. Flow cytometry analyses indicated that synthesized compounds 5a, 5c, and 5h arrested MCF-7 cells at the G2/M phase in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Chyrsin derivatives could be novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatagiri Noole
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Thotla Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sudhakar Godeshala
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, USA
| | | | - Kaushal Rege
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, USA
| | - Chepyala K Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Bhavani Kedika
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500007, Telangana, India
- Telangana Tribal Welfare Residential Degree College, Karimnagar-505001, Telangana, India
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Zeng Z, Liu S, Luo W, Liang J, Peng A. Efficient Synthesis of Phosphorus/Nitrogen‐Containing Chrysin Derivatives via Classic Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zeng
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-sen University 135 Xingangxi Lu Guangzhou China
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-sen University 135 Xingangxi Lu Guangzhou China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-sen University 135 Xingangxi Lu Guangzhou China
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-sen University 135 Xingangxi Lu Guangzhou China
| | - Ai‐Yun Peng
- School of Chemistry Sun Yat-sen University 135 Xingangxi Lu Guangzhou China
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Biharee A, Sharma A, Kumar A, Jaitak V. Antimicrobial flavonoids as a potential substitute for overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104720. [PMID: 32910994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death in 21st century due to antimicrobial resistance and scarcity of new molecules to undertake rising infections. There could be a multiple reasons behind antimicrobial resistance whether it is increased drug metabolism or bacterial endotoxins. The demand of effective medication is increasing day by day to treat microbial infections and combat antimicrobial resistance. In recent years most of the synthetic antimicrobials developed resistance so natural products could provide better options to fulfill this demand. There has been increasing interest in the research on flavonoids because various flavonoids were found to be effective against pathogenic microorganisms. OBJECTIVE The objective of this article will be to explore antimicrobial activity of flavonoids with special focus on their possible mechanism of action. METHODS The article reviewed recent literature related to flavonoids with antimicrobial activity, which were isolated from various sources and the compounds showing fairly good activity against tested microbial species were discussed. RESULTS By throughout literature review it has been found that flavonoids show antimicrobial effect by inhibiting virulence factors, efflux pump, biofilm formation, membrane disruption, cell envelop synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and bacterial motility inhibition. CONCLUSION Most of the antimicrobial drugs available now a days are ineffective due to development of resistance to them. Flavonoids have the potential to overcome this emerging crisis as this class of natural products showed the antimicrobial activity by different mechanisms than those of conventional drugs, so flavonoid could be an effective treatment of pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avadh Biharee
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India
| | - Vikas Jaitak
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151001, India..
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Novel Chrysin-De-Allyl PAC-1 Hybrid Analogues as Anticancer Compounds: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133063. [PMID: 32635530 PMCID: PMC7412250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New chrysin-De-allyl-Pac-1 hybrid analogues, tethered with variable heterocyclic systems (4a–4o), were rationally designed and synthesized. The target compounds were screened for in vitro antiproliferative efficacy in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231, and normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Two compounds, 4g and 4i, had the highest efficacy and selectivity towards MDA-MB-231 cells, and thus, were further evaluated by mechanistic experiments. The results indicated that both compounds 4g and 4i induced apoptosis by (1) inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase in MDA-MB-231 cells, and (2) activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathways in a concentration-dependent manner. Physicochemical characterizations of these compounds suggested that they can be further optimized as potential anticancer compounds for TNBC cells. Overall, our results suggest that 4g and 4i could be suitable leads for developing novel compounds to treat TNBC.
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Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of New Antimicrobials as an Urgent Need to Counteract Stubborn Multidrug-resistant Bacteria. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Liu D, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Yu W, Long H, He J, Liu Y. Novel photosensitizing properties of porphyrin–chrysin derivatives with antitumor activity in vitro. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519820907248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a promising cancer treatment with the advantages of low toxicity, high efficiency, and noninvasiveness. In this study, 23 novel porphyrin–chrysin derivatives are synthesized using alkyl carbon chains as bridges. We use human gastric cancer cells (MGC-803) and human cervical cancer cells to evaluate the in vitro antitumor activity of all the porphyrin–chrysin derivatives, with 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) as a positive control. Several of the prepared compounds showed effective photodynamic killing effects, among which 5-hydroxy-2-phenyl-7-(2-(4-(10,15,20-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin-5-yl)phenoxy)ethoxy)-4 H-chromen-4-one shows the highest antiproliferation activity on human cervical cancer cells, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 26.51 ± 1.15 µM. Flow cytometry analysis showed that human cervical cancer cell apoptosis might be induced by G1 phase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Qizhi Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Lang Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Wenmei Yu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Huizhi Long
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Yunmei Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang, P.R. China
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Liu R, Deng X, Peng Y, Feng W, Xiong R, Zou Y, Lei X, Zheng X, Xie Z, Tang G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5,6,7-trimethoxy flavonoid salicylate derivatives as potential anti-tumor agents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103652. [PMID: 32059154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
5,6,7-Trimethoxy flavonoid salicylate derivatives were designed by the joining of three important pharmacophores (TMP, flavonoid, and SA) according to the combination principle. A series of novel trimethoxy flavonoid salicylate derivatives were synthesized and their in vitro anti-tumor activities were evaluated. Among these derivatives, compound 7f exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity against HGC-27 cells and MGC-803 cells with IC50 values of 10.26 ± 6.94 μM and 17.17 ± 3.03 μM, respectively. Subsequently, the effects on cell colony formation (clonogenic survival assay), cell migration (wound healing assay), cell cycle distribution (PI staining assay), cell apoptosis (Hoechst 33258 staining assay and annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining assay), lactate level (lactate measurement), microtubules disarrangement (immunofluorescence staining analysis) and docking posture (molecular docking simulation) were determined. Further western blot analysis confirmed that compound 7f could effectively down-regulate the expression of glycolysis-related proteins HIF-1α, PFKM and PKM2 and tumor angiogenesis-related proteins VEGF. Overall, these studies suggested that compound 7f, as the representative compound of those, might be a promising candidate for the treatment of gastric cancer and deserved the further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renbo Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Xiangping Deng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Yijiao Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China
| | - Wanshi Feng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China
| | - Runde Xiong
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang City, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, PR China.
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Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: From Their Pathogenic Roles to Anti-virulence Therapy Using Natural Products. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Wang J, Liu S, Liu B, Niu X, Deng X. Luteolin Inhibits Listeriolysin O Translation by Directly Targeting the Coding Region of the hly mRNA. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1496. [PMID: 31312194 PMCID: PMC6614183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriolysin O (LLO) is necessary for bacterial escape from the phagosome into the cytoplasm, which suggests that targeting LLO may be an alternative strategy to combat Listeria monocytogenes-mediated infection. Here, luteolin, a natural compound without anti-bacterial activity, as indentified as effective inhibitor of LLO by translationally inhibiting the production of LLO. Additionally, luteolin-treated L. monocytogenes displayed reductions in cytoplasmic growth, cytotoxicity and phagosome escape within macrophages. Molecular modeling and mutational analysis revealed a direct interaction between luteolin and the 5′ coding region (A818, U819, G820, and U830 located in nt 814–849) of the mRNA of hly, the gene encoding LLO, which interfered with its translation. Together, our data demonstrate that luteolin may be used as a novel therapeutic and lead compound for treating L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shui Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodi Niu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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16
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Kharsany K, Viljoen A, Leonard C, van Vuuren S. The new buzz: Investigating the antimicrobial interactions between bioactive compounds found in South African propolis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111867. [PMID: 30978456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Propolis, a resinous substance produced by the Apis mellifera bee, contains a number of flavonoids sourced from plants found in the surrounding region. Whilst bees use this substance to seal off and protect the beehive, humans have used propolis therapeutically for centuries, making use of its antibacterial, antiseptic, antipyretic and wound healing properties, among others. South African propolis is rich in the flavonoids pinocembrin, galangin, and chrysin and very little previous research has been conducted on the antimicrobial effects of these compounds. AIM OF THE STUDY To obtain an understanding of the antimicrobial activity of the compounds pinocembrin, galangin, and chrysin, both independently and in combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS The compounds pinocembrin, galangin and chrysin were investigated for interactive antimicrobial activity by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), anti-quorum sensing activity, biofilm studies, and toxicity studies (brine shrimp lethality assay). RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentration results demonstrated that combinations of compounds showed better inhibitory activity than single compounds. When the flavonoids were tested in combination using the MIC assay, synergy was noted for 22% of the 1:1 ratio combinations and for 66% of the triple 1:1:1 ratio combinations. Similarly, MBC results showed bactericidal activity from selected combinations, while the compounds on their own demonstrated no cidal activity. Quorum sensing studies showed that compound combinations are more effective at inhibiting bacterial communication than the individual compounds. Biofilm assays showed that the highest percentage inhibition was observed for the triple combination against E. coli at 24 h. Finally, brine shrimp lethality studies revealed that combinations of the three compounds had reduced cytotoxicity when compared to the individual compounds. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the compounds found in South African propolis work synergistically to achieve an optimal antimicrobial effect, whilst simultaneously minimizing cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kharsany
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - A Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - C Leonard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - S van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa.
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17
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Tang F, Li L, Meng XM, Li B, Wang CQ, Wang SQ, Wang TL, Tian YM. Inhibition of alpha-hemolysin expression by resveratrol attenuates Staphylococcus aureus virulence. Microb Pathog 2019; 127:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Al-Oudat BA, Alqudah MA, Audat SA, Al-Balas QA, El-Elimat T, Hassan MA, Frhat IN, Azaizeh MM. Design, synthesis, and biologic evaluation of novel chrysin derivatives as cytotoxic agents and caspase-3/7 activators. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:423-433. [PMID: 30774307 PMCID: PMC6349410 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s189476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a widely distributed natural flavonoid found in many plant extracts, honey and propolis. Several studies revealed that chrysin possesses multiple biological activities including anti-cancer effects. It has been established that activation of apoptosis is the key molecular mechanism responsible for the cytotoxic potential of chrysin. The objective of this study was to design and synthesize potent chrysin analogues as potential cytotoxic agents. Methods A series of chrysin derivatives (3a-m) bearing N'-alkylidene/arylideneacetohydrazide moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against two human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 by applying the MTT colorimetric assay. Selected compounds were tested for their ability to induce apoptosis through caspase 3/7 activation in MDA-MB-231 cells only since MCF-7 cells lack procaspase 3. Results Compounds (3a-m) were obtained as geometrical isomers (E/Z isomers) in good yields upon treatment of hydrazide 5 with different aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Most of the synthesized compounds demonstrated moderate-to-good activity against both cell lines. The cytotoxicity results revealed the importance of lipophilic moieties at C-4 position of ring D in imparting the cytotoxic activities to the compounds. Compound 3e with 4-benzyloxy substituent was found to be the most active among the synthesized compounds with IC50 3.3 µM against MDA-MB-231 and 4.2 µM against MCF-7 cell lines. The cytotoxic potential of compound 3e is comparable to that of the well-known anti-cancer agent doxorubicin. In addition, compounds substituted with fluoro (3b), nitro (3h), and dimethylamino (3j) exhibited good cytotoxicity with IC50 <6.5 µM against MDA-MB-231 and <12 µM against MCF-7. Selected compounds were able to induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells as indicated by caspase-3 and/or -7 activation. Conclusion Our results show that the newly designed chrysin derivatives exert anticancer activity in human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. Therefore, they can be considered as leads for further development of more potent and selective cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buthina Abdallah Al-Oudat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan,
| | - Mohammad Ali Alqudah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Suaad Abdallah Audat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Qosay Ali Al-Balas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan,
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan,
| | - Mohammad Abdelhafeez Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan,
| | - Islam Nawaf Frhat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan,
| | - Marwah Mohammad Azaizeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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19
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Xu Y, Tong Y, Ying J, Lei Z, Wan L, Zhu X, Ye F, Mao P, Wu X, Pan R, Peng B, Liu Y, Zhu J. Chrysin induces cell growth arrest, apoptosis, and ER stress and inhibits the activation of STAT3 through the generation of ROS in bladder cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9117-9125. [PMID: 29805643 PMCID: PMC5958737 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrysin is a natural flavone that has various biological activities, including antitumor effects. However, the effect of chrysin on bladder cancer cells remains elusive. The present study investigated the effects of chrysin on bladder cancer cells and its underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrated that chrysin induced apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway, as evidenced by activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, however not caspase-8. In addition, chrysin reduced the expression of anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma (Bcl) proteins including Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bcl-xl, and promoted the protein expression of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 associated X, apoptosis regulator. Chrysin also induced endoplasmic reticulum stress via activation of the unfolded protein response of PRKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, eIF2α and activating transcription factor 4 in bladder cancer cells. Additionally, chrysin inhibited the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway. Furthermore, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected following treatment with chrysin. The ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine inhibited the antitumor effect of chrysin. Collectively, these results indicate chrysin may act as a promising therapeutic candidate for targeting bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Yanyue Tong
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Zhangming Lei
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Wan
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xiuwen Zhu
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Penglei Mao
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xinkuan Wu
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Renbing Pan
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Yukun Liu
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Jianyong Zhu
- Department of Urology, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
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20
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Flavonoids from Carya cathayensis Sarg. leaves inhibit carotid artery lesion formation induced by low blood flow. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:88-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Zeinali M, Rezaee SA, Hosseinzadeh H. An overview on immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of chrysin and flavonoids substances. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:998-1009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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22
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Lysionotin attenuates Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity by inhibiting α-toxin expression. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6697-6703. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Ryu S, Lim W, Bazer FW, Song G. Chrysin induces death of prostate cancer cells by inducing ROS and ER stress. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3786-3797. [PMID: 28213961 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chrysin is a natural flavone found in numerous plant extracts, honey, and propolis that has multiple biological activities including anti-cancer effects. Understanding of biological mechanisms mediated in response to chrysin in cancerous cells may provide novel insight into chemotherapeutic approaches with reduced side effects in cancers. In the present study, we investigated functional roles of chrysin in progression of prostate cancer cells using DU145 and PC-3 cell lines. The results showed that chrysin induced apoptosis of cells evidenced by DNA fragmentation and increasing the population of both DU145 and PC-3 cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. In addition, chrysin reduced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the prostate cancer cell lines compared to untreated prostate cancer cells. Moreover, chrysin induced loss of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), while increasing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. Also, it induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) proteins including PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) in DU145 and PC-3 cells. The chrysin-mediated intracellular signaling pathways suppressed phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and the abundance of AKT, P70S6K, S6, and P90RSK proteins, but stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and activation of ERK1/2 and P38 proteins in the prostate cancer cells. Collectively, these results indicate that chrysin initiates cell death through induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and ER stress, and regulation of signaling pathways responsible for proliferation of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Ryu
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Song M, Lu G, Li M, Deng X, Wang J. Juglone alleviates pneumolysin-induced human alveolar epithelial cell injury via inhibiting the hemolytic activity of pneumolysin. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 110:1069-1075. [PMID: 28451868 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for several human diseases, including acute otitis media, pneumonia, sepsis and bacterial meningitis, and possesses numerous virulence factors associated with pneumococcal infection and pathogenesis. With the capacity to form pores in cholesterol-rich membranes, pneumolysin (PLY) is a key virulence factor of S. pneumoniae and causes severe tissue damage during pneumococcal infection. Juglone (JG), a natural 1,4-naphthoquinone widely found in the roots, leaves, woods and fruits of Juglandaceae walnut trees, inhibits PLY-induced hemolysis via inhibition of the oligomerization of PLY and exhibits minimal anti-S. pneumoniae activity. In addition, when human alveolar epithelial (A549) cells were co-cultured with PLY and JG, PLY-mediated cell injury was significantly alleviated. These results indicate that JG directly interacts with PLY to reduce the cytotoxicity of the toxin in human alveolar epithelial cells. Hence, JG is an effective inhibitor of PLY and protects lung cells from PLY-mediated cell injury. This study also provides the basis for the development of anti-virulence drugs for the treatment of S. pneumoniae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Rd 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Gejin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Rd 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Rd 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Center of Infection and Immunity, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Xi'an Rd 5333, Changchun, 130062, China. .,Center of Infection and Immunity, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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25
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Isolation and characterization of anticancer flavone chrysin (5,7-dihydroxy flavone)-producing endophytic fungi from Passiflora incarnata L. leaves. ANN MICROBIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-017-1263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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26
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Chrysin cocrystals: Characterization and evaluation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:361-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Silva LN, Zimmer KR, Macedo AJ, Trentin DS. Plant Natural Products Targeting Bacterial Virulence Factors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9162-236. [PMID: 27437994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Decreased antimicrobial efficiency has become a global public health issue. The paucity of new antibacterial drugs is evident, and the arsenal against infectious diseases needs to be improved urgently. The selection of plants as a source of prototype compounds is appropriate, since plant species naturally produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that act as a chemical line of defense against microorganisms in the environment. Although traditional approaches to combat microbial infections remain effective, targeting microbial virulence rather than survival seems to be an exciting strategy, since the modulation of virulence factors might lead to a milder evolutionary pressure for the development of resistance. Additionally, anti-infective chemotherapies may be successfully achieved by combining antivirulence and conventional antimicrobials, extending the lifespan of these drugs. This review presents an updated discussion of natural compounds isolated from plants with chemically characterized structures and activity against the major bacterial virulence factors: quorum sensing, bacterial biofilms, bacterial motility, bacterial toxins, bacterial pigments, bacterial enzymes, and bacterial surfactants. Moreover, a critical analysis of the most promising virulence factors is presented, highlighting their potential as targets to attenuate bacterial virulence. The ongoing progress in the field of antivirulence therapy may therefore help to translate this promising concept into real intervention strategies in clinical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nunes Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Karine Rigon Zimmer
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional do Semiárido , Campina Grande, Paraı́ba 58429-970, Brazil
| | - Danielle Silva Trentin
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
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Kong C, Neoh HM, Nathan S. Targeting Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: A Potential form of Anti-Virulence Therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030072. [PMID: 26999200 PMCID: PMC4810217 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and the leading cause of a wide range of severe clinical infections. The range of diseases reflects the diversity of virulence factors produced by this pathogen. To establish an infection in the host, S. aureus expresses an inclusive set of virulence factors such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and other surface proteins that allow the pathogen to survive under extreme conditions and are essential for the bacteria’s ability to spread through tissues. Expression and secretion of this array of toxins and enzymes are tightly controlled by a number of regulatory systems. S. aureus is also notorious for its ability to resist the arsenal of currently available antibiotics and dissemination of various multidrug-resistant S. aureus clones limits therapeutic options for a S. aureus infection. Recently, the development of anti-virulence therapeutics that neutralize S. aureus toxins or block the pathways that regulate toxin production has shown potential in thwarting the bacteria’s acquisition of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we provide insights into the regulation of S. aureus toxin production and potential anti-virulence strategies that target S. aureus toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cin Kong
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Hui-min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Sheila Nathan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Quorum Quenching Strategy Targeting Gram-Positive Pathogenic Bacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 901:109-30. [PMID: 27167409 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell density-dependent regulatory system that orchestrates the group behavior of unicellular organisms by synchronizing the expression of certain gene(s) within the clonal community of same species. Bacterial pathogens often employ QS system to establish efficiently an infection. A large part of low GC Gram-positive bacteria belonging to phylum Firmicutes use thiolactone/lactone peptides as communication signals so-called autoinducing peptides (AIPs) to coordinate QS circuit. In particular, QS of staphylococci, enterococci, and clostridia have been intensively studied in terms of alternative target of anti-pathogenic chemotherapy independent of bactericidal antibiotics. Thus far, a number of quorum quenching (QQ) agents that targeting the QS circuit of these Gram-positive pathogens have been developed by random screening of natural compounds or rationale design of AIP antagonists. This review summarizes those QQ agents and previews their potential as post-antibiotic drugs.
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Diosmetin inhibits the expression of alpha-hemolysin in Staphylococcus aureus. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:383-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kasala ER, Bodduluru LN, Madana RM, V AK, Gogoi R, Barua CC. Chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of chrysin in cancer: mechanistic perspectives. Toxicol Lett 2015; 233:214-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang J, Zhou X, Liu S, Li G, Shi L, Dong J, Li W, Deng X, Niu X. Morin hydrate attenuates Staphylococcus aureus virulence by inhibiting the self-assembly of α-hemolysin. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:753-63. [PMID: 25564958 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the mechanism by which morin hydrate inhibits the haemolytic activity of α-hemolysin (Hla), a channel-forming toxin that is important for the pathogenesis of disease in experimental animals, and its therapeutic effect against Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in a mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS The results from the in vitro (haemolysis, western blot and cytotoxicity assays) and in vivo (mouse model of intranasal lung infection) experiments indicated that morin hydrate, a natural compound with little anti-Staph. aureus activity, could effectively antagonize the cytolytic activity of Hla, alleviate human lung cell injury, and protect against mortality of Staph. aureus pneumonia in a mouse model of infection. Molecular dynamics simulations, free energy calculations and mutagenesis assays were further employed to determine the catalytic mechanism of inhibition, which indicated that a direct binding of morin to the 'Stem' domain of Hla (residues I107 and T109) and the concomitant change in conformation led to the inhibition of the self-assembly of the heptameric transmembrane pore, thus inhibiting the biological activity of Hla for cell lysis. CONCLUSIONS Morin inhibited Staph. aureus virulence via inhibiting the haemolytic activity of α-hemolysin. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These findings suggested that morin is a promising candidate for the development of anti-virulence therapeutic agents for the treatment of Staph. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Tang F, Li WH, Zhou X, Liu YH, Li Z, Tang YS, Kou X, Wang SD, Bao M, Qu LD, Li M, Li B. Puerarin protects against Staphylococcus aureus-induced injury of human alveolar epithelial A549 cells via downregulating alpha-hemolysin secretion. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 20:357-63. [PMID: 24372183 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-hemolysin, a secreted pore-forming toxin, plays an indispensable role in the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of puerarin against S. aureus was investigated; as a result, puerarin showed no influence on the growth of this organism. However, hemolysis and western blotting assays showed that puerarin concentration dependently inhibited the secretion of alpha-hemolysin at low concentrations. Real-time RT-PCR assay was further employed to evaluate the transcriptional level of hla, the gene encoding alpha-hemolysin, and RNAIII, an effector molecule of the agr system. The results indicated that the RNAIII expression and subsequent hla transcription were also inhibited by puerarin in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, puerarin significantly prevented human alveolar epithelial A549 cells from S. aureus-induced injury. Thereby, puerarin may be considered as a potential candidate for the development of antivirulence drugs in the treatment of S. aureus-mediated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- 1 College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Liaoning Medical University , Jinzhou, China
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey M. Bezrukov
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
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Lee JH, Park JH, Cho MH, Lee J. Flavone Reduces the Production of Virulence Factors, Staphyloxanthin and α-Hemolysin, in Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:726-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Host response signature to Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin implicates pulmonary Th17 response. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3161-9. [PMID: 22733574 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00191-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia causes significant morbidity and mortality. Alpha-hemolysin (Hla), a pore-forming cytotoxin of S. aureus, has been identified through animal models of pneumonia as a critical virulence factor that induces lung injury. In spite of considerable molecular knowledge of how this cytotoxin injures the host, the precise host response to Hla in the context of infection remains poorly understood. We employed whole-genome expression profiling of infected lungs to define the host response to wild-type S. aureus compared with the response to an Hla-deficient isogenic mutant in experimental pneumonia. These data provide a complete expression profile at 4 and at 24 h postinfection, revealing a unique response to the toxin-expressing strain. Gene ontogeny analysis revealed significant differences in the extracellular matrix and cardiomyopathy pathways, both of which govern cellular interactions in the tissue microenvironment. Evaluation of individual transcript responses to Hla-secreting staphylococci was notable for upregulation of host cytokine and chemokine genes, including the p19 subunit of interleukin-23. Consistent with this observation, the cellular immune response to infection was characterized by a prominent Th17 response to the wild-type pathogen. These findings define specific host mRNA responses to Hla-producing S. aureus, coupling the pulmonary Th17 response to the secretion of this cytotoxin. Expression profiling to define the host response to a single virulence factor proved to be a valuable tool in identifying pathways for further investigation in S. aureus pneumonia. This approach may be broadly applicable to the study of bacterial toxins, defining host pathways that can be targeted to mitigate toxin-induced disease.
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