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Sekiguchi H, Pavey G, Dean B. Altered levels of dopamine transporter in the frontal pole and the striatum in mood disorders: A postmortem study. J Affect Disord 2023; 320:313-318. [PMID: 36162690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine dysregulation is known to play a major role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorders (MDD) and bipolar disorders (BD). The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a critical role in regulating dopamine concentration at the synaptic cleft and therefore could have an important role in the molecular pathology of MDD and BD. To test this hypothesis, we measured levels of [3H]mazindol binding to DAT in Brodmann's area (BA) 10, BA 17 as well as in the dorsal and ventral striatum from 15 controls, 15 patients with MDD and 15 patients with BD, obtained postmortem, using in situ radioligand binding with autoradiography. Compared to controls, levels of [3H]mazindol binding to DAT was significantly higher in BA10 from patients with MDD but not BD. There was no significant difference in [3H]mazindol binding to DAT in BA 17 or the dorsal and ventral striatum from patients with MDD or BD. In addition, levels of [3H]mazindol binding show no correlation with donor age, postmortem interval, tissue pH, sex or duration of illness. In conclusion, our data suggest that changes in levels of DAT may be selectively affecting dopamine homeostasis in BA 10 in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Sekiguchi
- Okehazama Hospital Fujita Mental Care Centre, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Australia.
| | - Geoff Pavey
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Australia; The Centre for Mental Health, the Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University, Australia
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2
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Chen M, Zhang Y, Wang H, Yang H, Yin W, Xu S, Jiang T, Wang M, Wu F, Yu W. Inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter rescues vascular hyporeactivity to catecholamine in obstructive jaundice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 900:174055. [PMID: 33775645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In patients with obstructive jaundice, the cardiovascular system exhibits hypotension and vascular hyporeactivity. Most norepinephrine is taken up through the neuronal norepinephrine transporter (NET), which is implicated in cardiovascular diseases. A previous study demonstrated that pharmacological NET inhibition could increase resting blood pressure. However, the role of NETs in vascular hyporeactivity induced by obstructive jaundice is poorly understood. This study used the NET inhibitor nisoxetine and a rat model of bile duct ligation (BDL) to investigate whether NET is associated with BDL-induced vascular hyporeactivity. Rats were injected with nisoxetine via the tail vein for 7 consecutive days after BDL. Samples of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion (SCG) and thoracic aortic rings were processed for investigations. Our results showed that NET expression in the SCG was significantly increased after BDL. Nisoxetine prevented the augmentation of NET expression, increased α1-adrenoceptor activation, and enhanced the weakened contractile responses of thoracic aortic rings after BDL. Our study demonstrates that nisoxetine plays a protective role in BDL-induced vascular hyporeactivity through increased α1-adrenoceptor activation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China; Medical College of Soochow University, No. 199 Renai Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhoushan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 739 Dingshen Road, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongqian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pudian Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pudian Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Saihong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pudian Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pudian Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Mansi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 399 Lingling Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixiang Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, No. 225 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 160 Pudian Road, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Vachel L, Shcheynikov N, Yamazaki O, Fremder M, Ohana E, Son A, Shin DM, Yamazaki-Nakazawa A, Yang CR, Knepper MA, Muallem S. Modulation of Cl - signaling and ion transport by recruitment of kinases and phosphatases mediated by the regulatory protein IRBIT. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/554/eaat5018. [PMID: 30377224 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IRBIT is a multifunctional protein that controls the activity of various epithelial ion transporters including NBCe1-B. Interaction with IRBIT increases NBCe1-B activity and exposes two cryptic Cl--sensing GXXXP sites that enable regulation of NBCe1-B by intracellular Cl- (Cl- in). Here, phosphoproteomic analysis revealed that IRBIT controlled five phosphorylation sites in NBCe1-B that determined both the active conformation of the transporter and its regulation by Cl- in Mutational analysis suggested that the phosphorylation status of Ser232, Ser233, and Ser235 was regulated by IRBIT and determined whether NBCe1 transporters are in active or inactive conformations. The absence of phosphorylation at Ser232, Ser233, or Ser235 produced NBCe1-B in the conformations pSer233/pSer235, pSer232/pSer235, or pSer232/pSer233, respectively. The activity of the pSer233/pSer235 form was similar to that of IRBIT-activated NBCe1-B, but it was insensitive to inhibition by Cl- in The properties of the pSer232/pSer235 form were similar to those of wild-type NBCe1-B, whereas the pSer232/pSer233 form was partially active, further activated by IRBIT, but retained inhibition by Cl- in Furthermore, IRBIT recruited the phosphatase PP1 and the kinase SPAK to control phosphorylation of Ser65, which affected Cl- in sensing by the 32GXXXP36 motif. IRBIT also recruited the phosphatase calcineurin and the kinase CaMKII to control phosphorylation of Ser12, which affected Cl- in sensing by the 194GXXXP198 motif. Ser232, Ser233, and Ser235 are conserved in all NBCe1 variants and affect their activity. These findings reveal how multiple kinase and phosphatase pathways use phosphorylation sites to fine-tune a transporter, which have important implications for epithelial fluid and HCO3 - secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vachel
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nikolay Shcheynikov
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Osamu Yamazaki
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Apheresis and Dialysis Center/General Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Moran Fremder
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ehud Ohana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Aran Son
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dong Min Shin
- Department of Oral Biology, BK 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Ai Yamazaki-Nakazawa
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chin-Rang Yang
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shmuel Muallem
- Epithelial Signaling and Transport Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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4
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Kusmic C, Giorgetti A, Barsanti C, Burchielli S, Petroni D, Kusch A, Genovesi D, Menichetti L, Marzullo P. Spatial Inhomogeneity of Cardiac Norepinephrine Transport Protein and Meta-[ 123I]Iodobenzylguanidine Uptake in Swine Myocardial Tissue. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 21:482-490. [PMID: 30187232 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of the cardiac norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the left ventricle (LV) of healthy pigs and its relationship with regional meta-[123I]iodobenzylguanidine ([123I]MIBG) myocardial uptake. PROCEDURES Experiments were performed on animals injected with [123I]MIBG and acquired 2 h later using an ultrafast CZT gamma camera to assess the regional myocardial uptake. After image acquisition, animals were euthanized; the heart was quickly excised and underwent to an ex vivo single photon emission tomography (SPECT) imaging. Four small samples of tissue were then harvested from mid-walls and apex of the left ventricle; NET densities were evaluated and further normalized for protein loading per cardiac region. RESULTS Three variants of NET protein with different molecular weights were detected. The expression of NET was not homogenous in the LV, with the highest density in the inferior wall and the lowest one in the apical area. The regional in vivo [123I]MIBG uptake revealed an analogous trend, showing a good linear relationship with NET expression. Parallel results were obtained from the ex vivo study. CONCLUSION This study elucidates the expression of three different variants of NET proteins into the left ventricular myocardium of a healthy pig. NET expression into the LV was not homogeneous and paralleled by differences in regional [123I]MIBG uptake. Moreover, the correlation and the agreement between measurements of regional expression of NET variants and [123I]MIBG uptake represent a relevant finding for inferences about NET expression in the context of clinical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kusmic
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Assuero Giorgetti
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Cristina Barsanti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Burchielli
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Debora Petroni
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annette Kusch
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dario Genovesi
- Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Menichetti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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5
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Dunn M, Henke A, Clark S, Kovalyova Y, Kempadoo KA, Karpowicz RJ, Kandel ER, Sulzer D, Sames D. Designing a norepinephrine optical tracer for imaging individual noradrenergic synapses and their activity in vivo. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2838. [PMID: 30026491 PMCID: PMC6053466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide repertoire of physiological roles in the peripheral and central nervous systems. There are, however, no experimental means to study functional properties of individual noradrenergic synapses in the brain. Development of new approaches for imaging synaptic neurotransmission is of fundamental importance to study specific synaptic changes that occur during learning, behavior, and pathological processes. Here, we introduce fluorescent false neurotransmitter 270 (FFN270), a fluorescent tracer of norepinephrine. As a fluorescent substrate of the norepinephrine and vesicular monoamine transporters, FFN270 labels noradrenergic neurons and their synaptic vesicles, and enables imaging synaptic vesicle content release from specific axonal sites in living rodents. Combining FFN270 imaging and optogenetic stimulation, we find heterogeneous release properties of noradrenergic synapses in the somatosensory cortex, including low and high releasing populations. Through systemic amphetamine administration, we observe rapid release of cortical noradrenergic vesicular content, providing insight into the drug’s effect. The noradrenergic system plays numerous physiological roles but tools to study it are scarce. Here the authors develop a fluorescent analogue of norepinephrine that can be used to label noradrenergic neurons and the synaptic vesicles, and use it to measure single synaptic vesicle release sites in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Adam Henke
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Samuel Clark
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric R Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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6
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Capitanio S, Nanni C, Marini C, Bonfiglioli R, Martignani C, Dib B, Fuccio C, Boriani G, Picori L, Boschi S, Morbelli S, Fanti S, Sambuceti G. Heterogeneous response of cardiac sympathetic function to cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure documented by 11[C]-hydroxy-ephedrine and PET/CT. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:858-63. [PMID: 26239084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an accepted treatment in patients with end-stage heart failure. PET permits the absolute quantification of global and regional homogeneity in cardiac sympathetic innervation. We evaluated the variation of cardiac adrenergic activity in patients with idiopathic heart failure (IHF) disease (NYHA III-IV) after CRT using (11)C-hydroxyephedrine (HED) PET/CT. METHODS Ten IHF patients (mean age = 68; range = 55-81; average left ventricular ejection fraction 26 ± 4%) implanted with a resynchronization device underwent three HED PET/CT studies: PET 1 one week after inactive device implantation; PET 2, one week after PET 1 under stimulated rhythm; PET 3, at 3 months under active CRT. A dedicated software (PMOD 3.4 version) was used to estimate global and regional cardiac uptake of HED through 17 segment polar maps. RESULTS At baseline, HED uptake was heterogeneously distributed throughout the left ventricle with a variation coefficient of 18 ± 5%. This variable markedly decreased after three months CRT (12 ± 5%, p < 0.01). Interestingly, subdividing the 170 myocardial segments (17 segments of each patient multiplied by the number of patients) into two groups, according to the median value of tracer uptake expressed as % of maximal myocardial uptake (76%), we observed a different behaviour depending on baseline innervation: HED uptake significantly increased only in segments with "impaired innervation" (SUV 2.61 ± 0.92 at PET1 and 3.05 ± 1.67 at three months, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION As shown by HED PET/CT uptake and distribution, improvement in homogeneity of myocardial neuronal function reflected a selective improvement of tracer uptake in regions with more severe neuronal damage. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE These finding supported the presence of a myocardial regional variability in response of cardiac sympathetic system to CRT and a systemic response involving remote tissues with rich adrenergic innervation. IMPLICATION FOR PATIENT CARE This work might contribute to identify imaging parameters that could predict the response to CRT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Capitanio
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nanni
- Nuclear Medicine, Hematology-Oncology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico Sant' Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Marini
- CNR Institute of Bioimages and Molecular Physiology, Milan, Section of Genoa, Italy
| | - Rachele Bonfiglioli
- Nuclear Medicine, Hematology-Oncology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico Sant' Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristian Martignani
- Istitute of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico Sant' Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Bassam Dib
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Fuccio
- Nuclear Medicine, Hematology-Oncology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico Sant' Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Boriani
- Istitute of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico Sant' Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Picori
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Boschi
- Nuclear Medicine, Hematology-Oncology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico Sant' Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Morbelli
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Fanti
- Nuclear Medicine, Hematology-Oncology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico Sant' Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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7
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Zhang Y, Zhen H, Yao W, Bian F, Mao X, Yang X, Jin S. Antidepressant drug, desipramine, alleviates allergic rhinitis by regulating Treg and Th17 cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:107-15. [PMID: 23527713 DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is characterized by IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity and usually progresses to chronic nasal inflammation, with depression as one of its comorbidities. The importance of treating the depression in AR patients has been increasingly recognized. Desipramine is a representative of tricyclic-antidepressant agents. In the present study we investigate whether desipramine has therapeutic effects on AR inflammation. BALB/C mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA), followed by repeated challenge with OVA intranasally. Desipramine was administered orally to treat the mice. The nasal symptoms (sneezing, nasal scratching etc.) of AR were evaluated to determine the severity of AR. Cytokines in the nasal lavage fluid (NALF), including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin 4 (IL-4) and serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody were measured by ELISA. The regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper cells 17 (Th17) were quantified by flow cytometric analysis. As a result, the repeated oral administration of desipramine attenuated the nasal symptoms (sneezing and nasal rubbing) in AR mice. Desipramine also suppressed the serum OVA-specific IgE and IL-4 levels, but had no effect on IFN-gamma level. Moreover, desipramine treatment up regulated CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells, which were found down-regulated in established AR mice. Meanwhile, desipramine administration attenuated CD4+IL-17+ Th17 cells, which were significantly increased in AR mice. These results suggest that the antidepressant drug, desipramine, also has anti-allergic action, which was possibly achieved by reducing allergen-specific IgE and Th2 cytokine production and maintaining a balance between Treg and Th17 cells. Thus, this study provide the first evidence that desipramine may be utilized to treat allergic diseases, especially for those allergic patients with depression or depression patients with allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
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8
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Abstract
Neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSSs) play a critical role in signaling by reuptake of neurotransmitters. Eukaryotic NSSs are chloride-dependent, whereas prokaryotic NSS homologs like LeuT are chloride-independent but contain an acidic residue (Glu290 in LeuT) at a site where eukaryotic NSSs have a serine. The LeuT-E290S mutant displays chloride-dependent activity. We show that, in LeuT-E290S cocrystallized with bromide or chloride, the anion is coordinated by side chain hydroxyls from Tyr47, Ser290, and Thr254 and the side chain amide of Gln250. The bound anion and the nearby sodium ion in the Na1 site organize a connection between their coordinating residues and the extracellular gate of LeuT through a continuous H-bond network. The specific insights from the structures, combined with results from substrate binding studies and molecular dynamics simulations, reveal an anion-dependent occlusion mechanism for NSS and shed light on the functional role of chloride binding.
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9
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Schroeder C, Jordan J. Norepinephrine transporter function and human cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H1273-82. [PMID: 23023867 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00492.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 80-90% of the norepinephrine released in the brain or in peripheral tissues is taken up again through the neuronal norepinephrine transporter (NET). Pharmacological studies with NET inhibitors showed that NET has opposing effects on cardiovascular sympathetic regulation in the brain and in the periphery. Furthermore, NET is involved in the distribution of sympathetic activity between vasculature, heart, and kidney. Genetic NET dysfunction is a rare cause of the postural tachycardia syndrome. The condition is characterized by excessive adrenergic stimulation of the heart, particularly with standing. Conversely, NET inhibition may be beneficial in hypoadrenergic states, such as central autonomic failure or neurally mediated syncope, which results from acute sympathetic withdrawal. Biochemical studies suggested reduced NET function in some patients with essential hypertension. Furthermore, cardiac NET function appears to be reduced in common heart diseases, such as congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Whether NET dysfunction is a consequence or cause of progressive heart disease in human subjects requires further study. However, studies with the nonselective NET inhibitor sibutramine suggest that reduced NET function could have an adverse effect on the cardiovascular system. Given the widespread use of medications inhibiting NET, the issue deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schroeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Muck A, Gilsbach R, Löbbe-Werner S, Brüss M, Bönisch H. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the murine noradrenaline transporter. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 376:65-71. [PMID: 17882401 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA of the murine noradrenaline transporter (mNAT) was cloned from the RNA of the placenta of a C57BL/6 mouse. The cloned mNAT differs from a previously published sequence in two amino acids within the C-terminal region. A cDNA obtained from an inbred mouse strain showed a further amino acid exchange (Ile(505)Val) within the fifth intracellular loop. The pharmacological properties of both, the wild-type mNAT and the variant (mNAT-I(505)V), were studied in human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells transfected with the corresponding cDNA. The kinetic constants for transport (K (m), V (max)) of [(3)H]noradrenaline ([(3)H]-NA) and binding (K (D), B (max)) of the selective NAT inhibitor [(3)H]nisoxetine were not different between the two isoforms; the mean kinetic constants amounted to about 4 microM and 120pmol/mg protein for K (m) and V (max) and 6nM and 18pmol/mg protein for K (D) and B (max), respectively. [(3)H]-NA transport by both isoforms showed the typical properties of an NAT because it was dependent on sodium and chloride and inhibited with almost identical K (i) values by various NAT substrates and inhibitors. The only significant pharmacological difference identified between the two mNAT isoforms was an about threefold higher affinity for cocaine of the very rare mNAT-I(505)V variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Muck
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Reuterstr. 2 b, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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11
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Paczkowski FA, Sharpe IA, Dutertre S, Lewis RJ. chi-Conotoxin and tricyclic antidepressant interactions at the norepinephrine transporter define a new transporter model. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:17837-44. [PMID: 17428804 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610813200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine neurotransmitter transporters for norepinephrine (NE), dopamine and serotonin are important targets for antidepressants and analgesics. The conopeptide chi-MrIA is a noncompetitive and highly selective inhibitor of the NE transporter (NET) and is being developed as a novel intrathecal analgesic. We used site-directed mutagenesis to generate a suite of mutated transporters to identify two amino acids (Leu(469) and Glu(382)) that affected the affinity of chi-MrIA to inhibit [(3)H]NE uptake through human NET. Residues that increased the K(d) of a tricyclic antidepressant (nisoxetine) were also identified (Phe(207), Ser(225), His(296), Thr(381), and Asp(473)). Phe(207), Ser(225), His(296), and Thr(381) also affected the rate of NE transport without affecting NE K(m). In a new model of NET constructed from the bLeuT crystal structure, chi-MrIA-interacting residues were located at the mouth of the transporter near residues affecting the binding of small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip A Paczkowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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12
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Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET) terminates noradrenergic signalling by rapid re-uptake of neuronally released norepinephrine (NE) into presynaptic terminals. NET exerts a fine regulated control over NE-mediated behavioural and physiological effects including mood, depression, feeding behaviour, cognition, regulation of blood pressure and heart rate. NET is a target of several drugs which are therapeutically used in the treatment or diagnosis of disorders among which depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and feeding disturbances are the most common. Individual genetic variations in the gene encoding the human NET (hNET), located at chromosome 16q12.2, may contribute to the pathogenesis of those diseases. An increasing number of studies concerning the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the hNET gene and their potential association with disease as well as the functional investigation of naturally occurring or induced amino acid variations in hNET have contributed to a better understanding of NET function, regulation and genetic contribution to disorders. This review will reflect the current knowledge in the field of NET from its initial discovery until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bönisch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Reuterstr. 2b, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Sharpe IA, Palant E, Schroeder CI, Kaye DM, Adams DJ, Alewood PF, Lewis RJ. Inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter by the venom peptide chi-MrIA. Site of action, Na+ dependence, and structure-activity relationship. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40317-23. [PMID: 12885787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m213030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
chi-Conopeptide MrIA (chi-MrIA) is a 13-residue peptide contained in the venom of the predatory marine snail Conus marmoreus that has been found to inhibit the norepinephrine transporter (NET). We investigated whether chi-MrIA targeted the other members of the monoamine transporter family and found no effect of the peptide (100 microM) on the activity of the dopamine transporter and the serotonin transporter, indicating a high specificity of action. The binding of the NET inhibitors, [3H]nisoxetine and [3H]mazindol, to the expressed rat and human NET was inhibited by chi-MrIA with the conopeptide displaying a slight preference toward the rat isoform. For both radioligands, saturation binding studies showed that the inhibition by chi-MrIA was competitive in nature. It has previously been demonstrated that chi-MrIA does not compete with norepinephrine, unlike classically described NET inhibitors such as nisoxetine and mazindol that do. This pattern of behavior implies that the binding site for chi-MrIA on the NET overlaps the antidepressant binding site and is wholly distinct from the substrate binding site. The inhibitory effect of chi-MrIA was found to be dependent on Na+ with the conopeptide becoming a less effective blocker of [3H]norepinephrine by the NET under the conditions of reduced extracellular Na+. In this respect, chi-MrIA is similar to the antidepressant inhibitors of the NET. The structure-activity relationship of chi-MrIA was investigated by alanine scanning. Four residues in the first cysteine-bracketed loop of chi-MrIA and a His in loop 2 played a dominant role in the interaction between chi-MrIA and the NET. H alpha chemical shift comparisons indicated that side-chain interactions at these key positions were structurally perturbed by the replacement of Gly-6. From these data, we present a model of the structure of chi-MrIA that shows the relative orientation of the key binding residues. This model provides a new molecular caliper for probing the structure of the NET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A Sharpe
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Eisenhofer G. The role of neuronal and extraneuronal plasma membrane transporters in the inactivation of peripheral catecholamines. Pharmacol Ther 2001; 91:35-62. [PMID: 11707293 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(01)00144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamines are translocated across plasma membranes by transporters that belong to two large families with mainly neuronal or extraneuronal locations. In mammals, neuronal uptake of catecholamines involves the dopamine transporter (DAT) at dopaminergic neurons and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) at noradrenergic neurons. Extraneuronal uptake of catecholamines is mediated by organic cation transporters (OCTs), including the classic corticosterone-sensitive extraneuronal monoamine transporter. Catecholamine transporters function as part of uptake and metabolizing systems primarily responsible for inactivation of transmitter released by neurons. Additionally, the neuronal catecholamine transporters, recycle catecholamines for rerelease, thereby reducing requirements for transmitter synthesis. In a broader sense, catecholamine transporters function as part of integrated systems where catecholamine synthesis, release, uptake, and metabolism are regulated in a coordinated fashion in response to the demands placed on the system. Location is also important to function. Neuronal transporters are essential for rapid termination of the signal in neuronal-effector organ transmission, whereas non-neuronal transporters are more important for limiting the spread of the signal and for clearance of catecholamines from the bloodstream. Besides their presynaptic locations, NET and DAT are also present at several extraneuronal locations, including syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta and endothelial cells of the lung (NET), stomach and pancreas (DAT). The extraneuronal monoamine transporter shows a broad tissue distribution, whereas the other two non-neuronal catecholamine transporters (OCT1 and OCT2) are mainly localized to the liver, kidney, and intestine. Altered function of peripheral catecholamine transporters may be involved in disturbances of the autonomic nervous system, such as occurs in congestive heart failure and hypernoradrenergic hypertension. Peripheral catecholamine transporters provide important targets for clinical imaging of sympathetic nerves and diagnostic localization and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors, such as neuroblastomas and pheochromocytomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eisenhofer
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Building 10, Room 6N 252, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1620, Bethesda, MD 20892-1620, USA.
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