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Lei Y, Fu S, Yang Y, Chen J, Li B, Guo Z, Ye J. Identification and Functional Analysis of Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase Type 5b (TRAP5b) in Oreochromis niloticus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7179. [PMID: 37108342 PMCID: PMC10138680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 (TRAP5) is an enzyme that is highly expressed in activated macrophages and osteoclasts and plays important biological functions in mammalian immune defense systems. In the study, we investigated the functions of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b from Oreochromis niloticus (OnTRAP5b). The OnTRAP5b gene has an open reading frame of 975 bp, which encodes a mature peptide consisting of 302 amino acids with a molecular weight of 33.448 kDa. The OnTRAP5b protein contains a metallophosphatase domain with metal binding and active sites. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that OnTRAP5b is clustered with TRAP5b of teleost fish and shares a high amino acid sequence similarity with other TRAP5b in teleost fish (61.73-98.15%). Tissues expression analysis showed that OnTRAP5b was most abundant in the liver and was also widely expressed in other tissues. Upon challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila in vivo and in vitro, the expression of OnTRAP5b was significantly up-regulated. Additionally, the purified recombinant OnTRAP5b ((r)OnTRAP5) protein exhibited optimal phosphatase activity at pH 5.0 and an ideal temperature of 50 °C. The Vmax, Km, and kcat of purified (r)OnTRAP5b were found to be 0.484 μmol × min-1 × mg-1, 2.112 mM, and 0.27 s-1 with respect to pNPP as a substrate, respectively. Its phosphatase activity was differentially affected by metal ions (K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+) and inhibitors (sodium tartrate, sodium fluoride, and EDTA). Furthermore, (r)OnTRAP5b was found to promote the expression of inflammatory-related genes in head kidney macrophages and induce reactive oxygen expression and phagocytosis. Moreover, OnTRAP5b overexpression and knockdown had a significant effect on bacterial proliferation in vivo. When taken together, our findings suggest that OnTRAP5b plays a significant role in the immune response against bacterial infection in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lei
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shengli Fu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanjian Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Bingxi Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Lei Y, Cao Z, Hou Y, Du X, Zhang H, Du H, Zhou Y, Sun Y. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (ACP5) gene in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108495. [PMID: 36566835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (ACP5) plays an important biological function in immune defense and is highly expressed in activated macrophages, osteoclasts and dendritic cells. In teleost, the functionality of ACP5 remains to be revealed. In this study, we cloned and identified SoACP5 from red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and analyzed its function in vivo and in vitro. The open reading frame of SoACP5 is 1002 bp in length, encoding 333 amino acids. SoACP5 shares high sequence identities (96.70%-49.25%) with ACP5 of other species. The SoACP5 mRNA was widely distributed in collected tissues of healthy red drum, and with the maximum in gills. The expression of SoACP5 increased significantly in vivo following challenge with Edwardsiella tarda. Moreover, the recombinant SoACP5 protein (rSoACP5) was purified with his-tag band resin columns, and confirmed to have phosphatase activity which was optimal at pH 5 and 55 °C. Various metal ions (K+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+) have different effects on phosphatase activity. rSoACP5 induced the cellular proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes. The over-expression and knockdown of SoACP5 in vivo had a significant effect on bacterial proliferation. Furthermore, both of the antibacterial activity and phosphatase activity were decreased when the reducedSoACP5 was oxidized by H2O2. In summary, the present study indicated that SoACP5 is likely involved in host defense against bacterial infection in S. ocellatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China
| | - Yongwei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China
| | - Hehe Du
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China.
| | - Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China.
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Quantitative trait loci and genes associated with salmonid alphavirus load in Atlantic salmon: implications for pancreas disease resistance and tolerance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10393. [PMID: 32587341 PMCID: PMC7316828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus infection results in pancreas disease causing severe economic losses for Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Knowledge about genes and pathways contributing to resistance is limited. A 54 K SNP panel was used to genotype 10 full-sibling families each consisting of ~ 110 offspring challenged with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3. Relative heart viral load was assessed at 4- and 10-weeks post-infection using quantitative PCR. A moderate genomic heritability of viral load at 4 weeks (0.15–0.21) and a high positive correlation with survival (0.91–0.98) were detected. Positions of QTL detected on chromosome 3 matched those for survival detected by other studies. The SNP of highest significance occurred in the 3′ untranslated region of gig1, a fish-specific antiviral effector. Locus B of immunoglobulin heavy chain mapped to an area containing multiple SNPs with genome-wide association. Heart mRNA-seq comparing parr from families with high- versus low-genomic breeding value, and matching sample genotypes for SNPs, identified two eQTL for salmonid alphavirus load. Immune genes associated with trans-eQTL were numerous and spread throughout the genome. QTL regions contained several genes with known or predicted immune functions, some differentially expressed. The putative functional genes and variants identified could help improve marker-based selection for pancreas disease resistance.
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Dahle MK, Jørgensen JB. Antiviral defense in salmonids - Mission made possible? FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:421-437. [PMID: 30708056 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases represent one of the major threats for salmonid aquaculture. Survival from viral infections are highly dependent on host innate antiviral immune defense, where interferons are of crucial importance. Neutralizing antibodies and T cell effector mechanisms mediate long-term antiviral protection. Despite an immune cell repertoire comparable to higher vertebrates, farmed fish often fail to mount optimal antiviral protection. In the quest to multiply and spread, viruses utilize a variety of strategies to evade or escape the host immune system. Understanding the specific interplay between viruses and host immunity at depth is crucial for developing successful vaccination and treatment strategies in mammals. However, this knowledge base is still limited for pathogenic fish viruses. Here, we have focused on five RNA viruses with major impact on salmonid aquaculture: Salmonid alphavirus, Infectious salmon anemia virus, Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, Piscine orthoreovirus and Piscine myocarditis virus. This review explore the protective immune responses that salmonids mount to these viruses and the existing knowledge on how the viruses counteract and/or bypass the immune response, including their IFN antagonizing effects and their mechanisms to establish persisting infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Dahle
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway; Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries & Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway.
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Bello-Pérez M, Falcó A, Galiano V, Coll J, Perez L, Encinar JA. Discovery of nonnucleoside inhibitors of polymerase from infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2337-2359. [PMID: 30104863 PMCID: PMC6072831 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s171087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) causes serious losses in several fish species of commercial interest. IPNV is a non-enveloped double-stranded RNA virus with a genome consisting of two segments A and B. Segment B codes for the VP1 protein, a non-canonical RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that can be found both in its free form and linked to the end of genomic RNA, an essential enzyme for IPNV replication. Materials and methods We take advantage of the knowledge over the allosteric binding site described on the surface of the thumb domain of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase to design new non-nucleoside inhibitors against the IPNV VP1 polymerase. Results Molecular docking techniques have been used to screen a chemical library of 23,760 compounds over a defined cavity in the surface of the thumb domain. Additional ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) filter criteria has been applied. Conclusion We select two sets of 9 and 50 inhibitor candidates against the polymerases of HCV and IPNV, respectively. Two non-toxic compounds have been tested in vitro with antiviral capacity against IPNV Sp and LWVRT60 strains in the low µM range with different activity depending on the IPNV strain used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bello-Pérez
- Molecular and Cell Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, Spain, ;
| | - Alberto Falcó
- Molecular and Cell Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, Spain, ;
| | - Vicente Galiano
- Department of Physics and Computer Architecture, Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Perez
- Molecular and Cell Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, Spain, ;
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Molecular and Cell Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), Elche, Spain, ;
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Manríquez RA, Vera T, Villalba MV, Mancilla A, Vakharia VN, Yañez AJ, Cárcamo JG. Molecular characterization of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strains isolated from the three types of salmonids farmed in Chile. Virol J 2017; 14:17. [PMID: 28143585 PMCID: PMC5282824 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) causes significant economic losses in Chilean salmon farming. For effective sanitary management, the IPNV strains present in Chile need to be fully studied, characterized, and constantly updated at the molecular level. Methods In this study, 36 Chilean IPNV isolates collected over 6 years (2006–2011) from Salmo salar, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Oncorhynchus kisutch were genotypically characterized. Salmonid samples were obtained from freshwater, estuary, and seawater sources from central, southern, and the extreme-south of Chile (35° to 53°S). Results Sequence analysis of the VP2 gene classified 10 IPNV isolates as genogroup 1 and 26 as genogroup 5. Analyses indicated a preferential, but not obligate, relationship between genogroup 5 isolates and S. salar infection. Fifteen genogroup 5 and nine genogroup 1 isolates presented VP2 gene residues associated with high virulence (i.e. Thr, Ala, and Thr at positions 217, 221, and 247, respectively). Four genogroup 5 isolates presented an oddly long VP5 deduced amino acid sequence (29.6 kDa). Analysis of the VP2 amino acid motifs associated with clinical and subclinical infections identified the clinical fingerprint in only genogroup 5 isolates; in contrast, the genogroup 1 isolates presented sequences predominantly associated with the subclinical fingerprint. Predictive analysis of VP5 showed an absence of transmembrane domains and plasma membrane tropism signals. WebLogo analysis of the VP5 BH domains revealed high identities with the marine birnavirus Y-6 and Japanese IPNV strain E1-S. Sequence analysis for putative 25 kDa proteins, coded by the ORF between VP2 and VP4, exhibited three putative nuclear localization sequences and signals of mitochondrial tropism in two isolates. Conclusions This study provides important advances in updating the characterizations of IPNV strains present in Chile. The results from this study will help in identifying epidemiological links and generating specific biotechnological tools for controlling IPNV outbreaks in Chilean salmon farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- René A Manríquez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Tamara Vera
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Melina V Villalba
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandra Mancilla
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Vikram N Vakharia
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, 21202, USA
| | - Alejandro J Yañez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan G Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile. .,Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Valdivia, Chile.
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7
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Robledo D, Taggart JB, Ireland JH, McAndrew BJ, Starkey WG, Haley CS, Hamilton A, Guy DR, Mota-Velasco JC, Gheyas AA, Tinch AE, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Paley RK, Rimmer GSE, Tew IJ, Bishop SC, Bron JE, Houston RD. Gene expression comparison of resistant and susceptible Atlantic salmon fry challenged with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis virus reveals a marked contrast in immune response. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:279. [PMID: 27066778 PMCID: PMC4827185 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) is a highly contagious birnavirus disease of farmed salmonid fish, which often causes high levels of morbidity and mortality. A large host genetic component to resistance has been previously described for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), which mediates high mortality rates in some families and zero mortality in others. However, the molecular and immunological basis for this resistance is not yet fully known. This manuscript describes a global comparison of the gene expression profiles of resistant and susceptible Atlantic salmon fry following challenge with the IPN virus. RESULTS Salmon fry from two IPNV-resistant and two IPNV-susceptible full sibling families were challenged with the virus and sampled at 1 day, 7 days and 20 days post-challenge. Significant viral titre was observed in both resistant and susceptible fish at all timepoints, although generally at higher levels in susceptible fish. Gene expression profiles combined with gene ontology and pathway analyses demonstrated that while a clear immune response was observed in both resistant and susceptible fish, there were striking differences between the two phenotypes. The susceptible fish showed marked up-regulation of genes related to cytokine activity and inflammatory response that evidently failed to protect against the virus. In contrast, the resistant fish demonstrated a less pronounced immune response including up-regulation of genes relating to the M2 macrophage system. CONCLUSIONS While only the susceptible phenotype shows appreciable mortality levels, both resistant and susceptible fish can become infected with IPNV. Susceptible fish are characterized by a much larger, yet ineffective, immune response, largely related to cytokine and inflammatory systems. Resistant fish demonstrate a more moderate, putative macrophage-mediated inflammatory response, which may contribute to their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Robledo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - John B Taggart
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Jacqueline H Ireland
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Brendan J McAndrew
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - William G Starkey
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Chris S Haley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alastair Hamilton
- Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd., 15 Beta Centre, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Derrick R Guy
- Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd., 15 Beta Centre, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Jose C Mota-Velasco
- Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd., 15 Beta Centre, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Almas A Gheyas
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd., 15 Beta Centre, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Alan E Tinch
- Landcatch Natural Selection Ltd., 15 Beta Centre, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | | | - Richard K Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Georgina S E Rimmer
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ian J Tew
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Stephen C Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James E Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Ross D Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Julin K, Johansen LH, Sommer AI, Jørgensen JB. Persistent infections with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) of different virulence in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:1005-1019. [PMID: 25557127 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a prevalent pathogen in fish worldwide. The virus causes substantial mortality in Atlantic salmon juveniles and smolts when transferred to sea water and persistent infection in surviving fish after disease outbreaks. Here, we have investigated the occurrence of the virus as well as the innate immune marker Mx in the head kidney (HK) of Atlantic salmon throughout an experimental challenge covering both a fresh and a seawater phase. The fish were challenged with a high (HV) and low virulence (LV) IPNV. Both isolates caused mortality due to reactivation of the virus after transfer to sea water. In the freshwater phase, higher levels of virus transcripts were detected in the HK of fish infected with LV IPNV compared to HV, suggesting that the HV isolate is able to limit its own replication to a level where the innate immune system is not alerted. Further, ex vivoHK leucocytes derived from fish infected with the two isolates were stimulated with CpG DNA. Significantly, higher IFN levels were found in the LV compared to the HV group in the freshwater phase. This suggests that the viruses attenuate the antiviral host immune response at different levels which may contribute to the observed differences in disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J B Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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9
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Reyes-Cerpa S, Reyes-López F, Toro-Ascuy D, Montero R, Maisey K, Acuña-Castillo C, Sunyer JO, Parra D, Sandino AM, Imarai M. Induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression by IPNV in persistent infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:172-182. [PMID: 25193394 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) is the agent of a well-characterized acute disease that produces a systemic infection and high mortality in farmed fish species but also persistent infection in surviving fish after outbreaks. Because viral persistence of susceptible mammal hosts appears to be associated with the modulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, in this study we examined the expression levels of key pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in kidney and spleen of trout, as well as humoral immune response (IgM and IgT) during experimental persistent viral infection and in the acute phase of infection as a comparison. IPNV infection in rainbow trout resulted in a distinct profile of cytokine expression depending on the type of infection, acute or persistent. Levels of early pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-8, did not increase in the head kidney of the fish with persistent asymptomatic infection but increased in some of the symptomatic infected fish. The antiviral cytokine IFNα was not significantly induced in any of the infected fish groups. The level of expression of the Th1-related cytokine IL-12 was significantly higher in trout with persistent asymptomatic infection than in symptomatic fish. This was also accompanied by an increase in IFNγ. The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β1 had distinct expression profiles. While IL-10 expression increased in all infected fish, TGF-β1 was only up-regulated in fish with persistent infection. All infected fish had significantly lower total IgM levels than the non-infected fish whereas IgT levels did not change. Specific and neutralizing antibodies against IPNV were not observed in acute and persistent infection except in the group of fish with the lowest degree of clinical signs. Interestingly, the lack of humoral immune response could be associated with the high expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which might inhibit antibody production. The balance between pro-inflammatory Th1 type cytokines and the regulatory cytokines could explain the high percentage of survival and the resolution of the inflammatory response in the IPNV-infected fish but also the establishment of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Felipe Reyes-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Toro-Ascuy
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ruth Montero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoterapia, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Parra
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Collet B. Innate immune responses of salmonid fish to viral infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:160-73. [PMID: 23981327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the most serious pathogenic threat to the production of the main aquacultured salmonid species the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. The viral diseases Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN), Pancreatic Disease (PD), Infectious Haemorrhagic Necrosis (IHN), Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), and Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA) cause massive economic losses to the global salmonid aquaculture industry every year. To date, no solution exists to treat livestock affected by a viral disease and only a small number of efficient vaccines are available to prevent infection. As a consequence, understanding the host immune response against viruses in these fish species is critical to develop prophylactic and preventive control measures. The innate immune response represents an important part of the host defence mechanism preventing viral replication after infection. It is a fast acting response designed to inhibit virus propagation immediately within the host, allowing for the adaptive specific immunity to develop. It has cellular and humoral components which act in synergy. This review will cover inflammation responses, the cell types involved, apoptosis, antimicrobial peptides. Particular attention will be given to the type I interferon system as the major player in the innate antiviral defence mechanism of salmonids. Viral evasion strategies will also be discussed.
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Antiviral activity produced by an IPNV-carrier EPC cell culture confers resistance to VHSV infection. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:412-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rønneseth A, Haugland GT, Wergeland HI. Flow cytometry detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) within subpopulations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) leucocytes after vaccination and during the time course of experimental infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1294-1305. [PMID: 23458707 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, intracellular infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in salmon leucocytes was detected by flow cytometry after experimental cohabitant challenge. IPNV vaccinated, non-vaccinated and intraperitoneally (i.p.) infected salmon (virus shedders) were analysed at different times throughout the period when mortality occurred. Fish that had survived 61 days post challenge (carriers) were also analysed. In particular, we analysed the presence of IPNV in B-cells (C7G7+cells) and in neutrophils (E3D9+ cells) in head kidney leucocytes (HKL) and in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL). IPNV was present in HKL and PBL from all challenged fish groups at all samplings, including carriers. IPNV was also found intracellular in other leucocytes than B-cells and neutrophils. During the time course of infection there were changes in proportion of B-cells and neutrophils and in proportions of IPNV+ cells. In vaccinated fish, a delay in the changes observed in the proportion of IPNV+ cells and in the proportions of the two subpopulations was identified. The vaccinated fish were protected against disease as no fish died compared to 30.8% of non-vaccinated cohabitant fish. All i.p. infected fish, except one, survived the challenge. This is consistent with previous studies and confirmed that the routes of infection can influence mortality. The analyses in this study could not identify any factors enlightening this absence of mortality in i.p. infected fish, but both flow cytometry and qRT-PCR showed that i.p. infected fish were carriers of IPNV. The present study also found that IPNV was present in both B-cells and neutrophils as well as in other leucocytes in all carriers after cohabitant challenge. These fish had survived 9 weeks post challenge and 4 weeks after mortality has ceased. The fish harbouring virus within their leucocytes might become life long carriers and represent a risk for disease outbreaks, being virus shedders. Such fish are protected from later infections if the virus exposure has resulted in protective immunity. Flow cytometry was found to be very suitable for detection of intracellular virus after in vivo challenge and the sensitivity was demonstrated by the detection of virus in carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Rønneseth
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen High-Technology Center, PO Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Reyes-Cerpa S, Reyes-López FE, Toro-Ascuy D, Ibañez J, Maisey K, Sandino AM, Imarai M. IPNV modulation of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in Atlantic salmon might help the establishment of infection and persistence. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:291-300. [PMID: 22142704 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
IPNV is the agent of a well-characterized acute disease that produces a systemic infection and high mortality in farmed fish species and persistent infection in surviving fish after outbreaks. Because modulation of the host expression of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines can help establish persistence, in this study, we examined the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, IFNα1 and IL-10 during acute and persistent IPNV infection of Atlantic salmon. Results showed that IPNV infection induces an increase of the IFNα1 and IL-10 mRNA levels in the spleen and head kidney (HK) of fish after acute experimental infection. Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 did not rise in the spleen although an increase of IL-1β, but not of IL-8, was observed in head kidney. In carrier asymptomatic salmon, cytokine gene expression of IFNα1 in the spleen and IL-10 in head kidney were also significantly higher than expression in non-carrier fish. Interestingly, a decrease of IL-8 expression was also observed. IPNV infection of SHK-1, which is a macrophage-like cell line of salmon, also induced an increase of expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 with no effects on the expression of IL-1β and IL-8. The effects are induced by an unknown mechanism during viral infection because poly I:C and the viral genomic dsRNA showed the opposite effects on cytokine expression in SHK-1 cells. In summary, IPNV always induces up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in Atlantic salmon. As this is accompanied by a lack of induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8, the anti-inflammatory milieu may explain the high frequency, prevalence and persistence of IPNV in salmon. Effects might be part of the viral mechanisms of immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Skjesol A, Skjæveland I, Elnæs M, Timmerhaus G, Fredriksen BN, Jørgensen SM, Krasnov A, Jørgensen JB. IPNV with high and low virulence: host immune responses and viral mutations during infection. Virol J 2011; 8:396. [PMID: 21827718 PMCID: PMC3169513 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is an aquatic member of the Birnaviridae family that causes widespread disease in salmonids. IPNV is represented by multiple strains with markedly different virulence. Comparison of isolates reveals hyper variable regions (HVR), which are presumably associated with pathogenicity. However little is known about the rates and modes of sequence divergence and molecular mechanisms that determine virulence. Also how the host response may influence IPNV virulence is poorly described. Methods In this study we compared two field isolates of IPNV (NFH-Ar and NFH-El). The sequence changes, replication and mortality were assessed following experimental challenge of Atlantic salmon. Gene expression analyses with qPCR and microarray were applied to examine the immune responses in head kidney. Results Significant differences in mortality were observed between the two isolates, and viral load in the pancreas at 13 days post infection (d p.i.) was more than 4 orders of magnitude greater for NFH-Ar in comparison with NFH-El. Sequence comparison of five viral genes from the IPNV isolates revealed different mutation rates and Ka/Ks ratios. A strong tendency towards non-synonymous mutations was found in the HRV of VP2 and in VP3. All mutations in VP5 produced precocious stop codons. Prior to the challenge, NFH-Ar and NFH-El possessed high and low virulence motifs in VP2, respectively. Nucleotide substitutions were noticed already during passage of viruses in CHSE-214 cells and their accumulation continued in the challenged fish. The sequence changes were notably directed towards low virulence. Co-ordinated activation of anti-viral genes with diverse functions (IFN-a1 and c, sensors - Rig-I, MDA-5, TLR8 and 9, signal transducers - Srk2, MyD88, effectors - Mx, galectin 9, galectin binding protein, antigen presentation - b2-microglobulin) was observed at 13 d p.i. (NFH-Ar) and 29 d p.i. (both isolates). Conclusions Mortality and expression levels of the immune genes were directly related to the rate of viral replication, which was in turn associated with sequences of viral genes. Rapid changes in the viral genome that dramatically reduced virus proliferation might indicate a higher susceptibility to protective mechanism employed by the host. Disease outbreak and mortality depend on a delicate balance between host defence, regulation of signalling cascades and virus genomic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Skjesol
- Norwegian College of Fishery Sciences, University of Tromsø, N- 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Characterization of an infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus carrier cell culture with resistance to superinfection with heterologous viruses. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ellis AE, Cavaco A, Petrie A, Lockhart K, Snow M, Collet B. Histology, immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR analysis of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post-smolts following infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:803-818. [PMID: 20561142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a very serious viral disease in terms of its impact on production of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fry and post-smolts. Post-smolts of Atlantic salmon were injected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and cohabited with naive fish to produce natural infection. Cohabitant fish were sampled every 2 days, up to day 36 post-infection (p.i.). From 90 cohabitant fish, 11 (12.2%) were positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The first detection of IPNV by IHC occurred on day 16 p.i. which coincided with the onset of mortality in this group. Besides the pancreas, the liver was found to be a key target organ for IPNV. For the first time, the virus was observed in the islets of Langerhans and in the kidney corpuscles of Stannius which suggests that the virus could affect the fish's metabolism. The liver of two fish, which showed the most widespread presence of IPNV by IHC, had a pathology including focal necrosis and widespread presence of apoptotic hepatocytes, many of which did not stain for virus by IHC. Up-regulation of cytokine gene expression was found only in the IHC-positive (IHC+ve) fish and reflected the level of infection as determined by IHC positivity of the liver. In most fish, interferon (IFN), Mx, γIFN and γIP were up-regulated in liver and kidney, while only IFN and Mx were up-regulated in gill. IL1β and TNFα were not induced in any tissue. The gill showed variable levels of constitutive expression of IL1β and γIFN. The two fish with liver pathology had the highest level of IFN expression, especially relative to the level of Mx expression, in the liver compared with the other IHC+ve fish which did not have a liver pathology. The results suggest that following widespread infection of hepatocytes, the cells may over-produce IFN, resulting in apoptosis of neighbouring cells with subsequent death from liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Ellis
- Marine Scotland, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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Chaves-Pozo E, Montero J, Cuesta A, Tafalla C. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia and infectious pancreatic necrosis viruses replicate differently in rainbow trout gonad and induce different chemokine transcription profiles. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:648-658. [PMID: 20096727 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) are two rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) pathogens. While IPNV is known to be vertically transmitted to the next generation through the oocyte, VHSV is known to replicate in the ovary and be transmitted horizontally through the ovarian fluid. In this work, we wanted to study whether these differences had an effect on the immune response triggered in the ovary, with a focus on the chemokine response. We have studied the kinetics of viral gene expression and the sites of replication, confirming that great differences exist between the replication of the two viruses in the gonad. Next, we studied the levels of expression of several CXC and CC chemokines in the ovary and found that while VHSV strongly triggered chemokine transcription, IPNV had almost no effect. This lack of immune response might be an advantage that permits its vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
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Ingerslev HC, Rønneseth A, Pettersen EF, Wergeland HI. Differential Expression of Immune Genes in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salarL.) Challenged Intraperitoneally or by Cohabitation with IPNV. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:90-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Binding of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) to membrane proteins from different fish cell lines. Arch Virol 2008; 153:485-93. [PMID: 18175041 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The early interactions between infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) from Atlantic salmon and susceptible cell lines were studied using a virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA). Membrane preparations from four different cell lines, bluegill fry (BF)-2 cells, Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE)-214 cells, salmon head kidney (SHK)-1 cells and Atlantic salmon kidney (ASK) cells were separated by SDS-PAGE, blotted to nitrocellulose membranes and incubated with either a highly virulent IPNV field isolate or different recombinant IPNV strains exhibiting variations in virulence. Binding of virus to the respective membrane fractions was detected using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. Independent of variations in virulence, IPNV bound in a specific manner to an approximately 220-kDa membrane protein from the salmonid cell lines CHSE-214, SHK-1 and ASK, whereas the size of the binding protein from the non-salmonid cell line BF-2 was approximately 190 kDa. Neutralization of IPNV prior to incubation with the blotted membrane fractions inhibited binding to the indicated proteins. Complete deglycosylation of the membrane proteins did not interfere with the binding of IPNV, suggesting that the interaction between virus and cells is not carbohydrate specific. The described binding proteins may represent putative cellular binding sites or receptors for IPNV.
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Smail DA, Munro ES. Isolation and quantification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from ovarian and seminal fluids of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:49-58. [PMID: 18086034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Methods for the isolation and quantification of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) from ovarian and seminal fluids of Atlantic salmon are described. Both have utility for the non-lethal detection of IPNV in mature broodstock and for research into vertical transmission. Two experiments are described to check the efficiency of an elution method for the removal of IPNV from milt. The isolation rate for ovarian fluid of females was generally higher than that for seminal fluid of males from the same populations. In IPNV milt mixing experiments up to 99.98% of available IPNV adsorbed to Atlantic salmon spermatozoa and 20-100% of virus eluted using a variety of procedures. Titration of virus from naturally infected milt can be useful in estimating the relative vertical transmission risk from male broodstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Smail
- Fisheries Research Services, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK.
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Das BK, Collet B, Snow M, Ellis AE. Expression kinetics of ISG15 and viral major capsid protein (VP2) in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) fry following infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:825-30. [PMID: 17606384 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic cod fry (1g) were infected by intraperitoneal injection with IPNV and samples of liver were taken every second day from four fish up to day 21. Samples were analysed for levels of viral transcripts by real time RT-PCR and the induction of expression of interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) transcripts were estimated by conventional RT-PCR relative to beta-actin. Mortality of over 40% occurred in infected groups between day 6 and 12 after infection. Levels of viral transcripts were low on day 1, rose on day 3, peaked on day 5 remaining high till day 13, and thereafter declined to low levels by day 21. The highest levels of viral transcripts, therefore, coincided with the onset and duration of mortality, but low levels persisted in surviving fish. ISG15 transcripts in control fish were detectable at low levels. Following infection with IPNV there was a marked increase in transcripts on day 3 and this level persisted up to day 21. This is the first report that IPNV induces the expression of the ISG15 gene in Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Das
- Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India
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Garcia J, Urquhart K, Ellis AE. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus establishes an asymptomatic carrier state in kidney leucocytes of juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:409-13. [PMID: 16866924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Atlantic cod (10 g) were infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) by intraperitoneal injection and cohabitation. Fish showed no signs of disease but IPNV could be re-isolated from kidney tissue for up to 12 weeks. On weeks 2, 5, 8, 10, 11 and 12 following infection, kidney leucocytes were fractionated on Percoll gradients, and cells separated into plastic adherent and non-adherent cell populations after overnight incubation. IPNV was detectable in lysates of both cell populations and in supernatants by culture in CHSE-214 cells. Wells containing 10(5)-10(6) macrophages had an IPNV TCID(50) of about 10(3)/well and in serially diluted macrophages the minimum number of cells required to detect virus ranged from 10(1) to 10(4). These data indicate that about one in 10(4) macrophages were infected and the mean number of virus/infected cell was about 10. Replication of IPNV in the macrophages was low as the titre of the virus in macrophage lysates did not increase between days 1 and 3 of culturing the macrophages, but virus was released into the supernatant over this time.
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