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Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Miamiensis avidus causing flatfish scuticociliatosis. Genetica 2022; 150:407-420. [PMID: 36269500 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-022-00167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Miamiensis avidus is a parasitic pathogen that causes the disease scuticociliatosis in teleost fish species. It is a ciliate and a free-living marine protozoan belonging to the order Philasterida, subclass Scuticociliatida, class Oligohymenophorea, and phylum Ciliophora. The complete mt-genome of M. avidus was linear and 38,695 bp in length with 47 genes, including 40 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and five transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Of these, 20 genes typically belong to the clusters of orthologous groups, playing roles in energy production and conversion, translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, and defense mechanisms. This is the first report of sequencing and characterization of the mt-genome of M. avidus, which was observed to be linear and possessing the typical ciliate mitochondrial genome organization and phylogenetic relationships. Remarkable differences were observed between M. avidus and other ciliates in the mitochondrially encoded rRNAs, extensive gene loss in ribosomal genes and tRNAs, terminal repeat sequences, and stop codon usage. A comparative and phylogenetic analysis of M. avidus and Uronema marinum of the order Hymenostomatida, which is most closely related to the order Philasterida, signified the promise of the mitogenome data of M. avidus as a valuable genetic marker in species detection and taxonomic research. The present study has potential applications in epidemiological studies and host-parasite interaction investigations facilitating disease control.
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Sueiro RA, Leiro JM, Blanco-Abad V, Raaijmakers J, de Bruijn I, Dirks RPH, Lamas J. Plant- and Bacteria-Derived Compounds with Anti-Philasterides dicentrarchi Activity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020267. [PMID: 35215209 PMCID: PMC8880129 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Philasterides dicentrarchi is a scuticociliate that causes high mortalities in farmed fish. Although vaccination is an effective method to prevent scuticociliatosis caused by the homologous serotype, a universal vaccine has not been developed yet. Many compounds have been shown to be toxic to this ciliate species; moreover, most of them are toxic to aquatic life and cannot be used to prevent the disease. We have evaluated the toxicity to P. dicentrarchi of several compounds of natural origin to be used to reduce parasite levels in the seawater. Ciliates were exposed to several compound concentrations, and the mortality was determined at several incubation times. Tomatine, plumbagin and 2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone displayed the highest anticiliate activity, with a dose-dependent response. The effects of these compounds on the EPC cell line were also evaluated, finding that 2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone displayed the lowest toxicity to fish cells. At 7.54 μM, 2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone inhibited 50% parasite growth but only killed about 10% of EPC cells after 24 h incubation. Finally, we evaluated the toxicity of Pseudomonas H6 surfactant (PS) to P. dicentrarchi, finding that PS was toxic to the ciliate but showed lower toxicity to EPC cells. At a concentration of 7.8 μg/mL (LC50 for the ciliate after 3 h incubation), PS killed 14.9% of EPC cells. We conclude that 2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone, and PS could be used to reduce parasite levels in seawater, thus decreasing the risk of scuticociliatosis infection in cultured fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Sueiro
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.A.S.); (J.M.L.)
| | - José Manuel Leiro
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.A.S.); (J.M.L.)
| | - Verónica Blanco-Abad
- Department of Functional Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Jos Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Irene de Bruijn
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.R.); (I.d.B.)
| | - Ron P. H. Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies, Leiden BioScience Park, Sylviusweg 74, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Jesús Lamas
- Department of Functional Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+34-881-816951
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Hwang JY, Kwon MG, Seo JS, Hwang SD, Jeong JM, Lee JH, Jeong AR, Jee BY. Current use and management of commercial fish vaccines in Korea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:20-27. [PMID: 32272258 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture industry in Korea has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and it is a major food source. However, the expansion of aquaculture systems has increased the chances of infectious disease outbreaks, and vaccination plays an important role in commercial fish farming. This is the first comprehensive review of commercial fish vaccines in Korea. It not only provides an overview of commercially available fish vaccines and their associated approval processes and laws, but also some perspectives on research advances regarding fish vaccines in Korea. In Korea, fish vaccines are approved only after their safety and effectiveness have been verified according to the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, and after approval, each vaccine lot must pass the national evaluation criteria. As of the end of 2019, 29 vaccines were approved for 10 fish pathogens, including both single and combination vaccines containing more than two inactivated pathogens. The approved fish vaccines consist of 2 immersion vaccines, as well as 1 intramuscular and 26 intraperitoneal vaccines, which require syringe injection. All the 29 vaccines are manufactured as formalin-inactivated vaccines; 1 is an adjuvant vaccine and 28 are non-adjuvant vaccines; 25 are bacterial vaccines, 2 are viral vaccines, 1 is a parasite vaccine, and 1 is a parasite and bacterial vaccine. In terms of the target fish species, 27 vaccines are used in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), 1 in the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), and 1 in the red seabream (Pagrus major), striped beakfish (Oplegnathus fasciatus), and amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata). This imbalance exists mostly because the olive flounder is the main farmed fish species in Korea. In 2018, 67.71 million vaccine doses were distributed following satisfactory performance in the national evaluation. They were used to vaccinate approximately 80.6% of farmed olive flounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Youn Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mun Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Seo
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Jeong
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Lee
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Reum Jeong
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Jee
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
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Matsuura Y, Terashima S, Takano T, Matsuyama T. Current status of fish vaccines in Japan. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:236-247. [PMID: 31586679 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is an important industry in Japan for the sustainable production of fish. It contributes to the diversity of Japanese traditional food culture, which uses fish such as "sushi" and "sashimi". In the recent aquaculture setting in Japan, infectious diseases have been an unavoidable problem and have caused serious economic losses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to overcome the disease problem to increase the productivity of aquaculture. Although our country has developed various effective vaccines against fish pathogens, which have contributed to disease prevention on fish farms, infectious diseases that cannot be controlled by conventional inactivated vaccines are still a problem. Therefore, other approaches to developing effective vaccines other than inactivated vaccines are required. This review introduces the vaccine used in Japan within the context of the current status of finfish aquacultural production and disease problems. This review also summarizes the current research into vaccine development and discusses the future perspectives of fish vaccines, focusing on the problems associated with vaccine promotion in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Matsuura
- Research Center of Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami.-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Sachiko Terashima
- Research Center of Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami.-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Takano
- Research Center of Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami.-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomomasa Matsuyama
- Research Center of Fish Diseases, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami.-Ise, Mie, Japan.
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Analysis of genes encoding high-antigenicity polypeptides in three serotypes of Miamiensis avidus. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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New data on flatfish scuticociliatosis reveal that Miamiensis avidus and Philasterides dicentrarchi are different species. Parasitology 2017; 144:1394-1411. [PMID: 28552088 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Scuticociliatosis is a severe disease in farmed flatfish. However, the causative agent is not always accurately identified. In this study, we identified two isolates of scuticociliates from an outbreak in cultured fine flounder Paralichthys adspersus. Scuticociliate identification was based on morphological data, examination of life stages and the use of molecular approaches. The isolates were compared with a strain of Philasterides dicentrachi from turbot Scophthalmus maximus and with a strain deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as Miamiensis avidus ATCC® 50180™. The use of morphological, biological and molecular methods enabled us to identify the isolates from the fine flouder as P. dicentrarchi. Comparison of P. dicentrachi isolates and M. avidus revealed some differences in the buccal apparatus. Unlike P. dicentrarchi, M. avidus has a life cycle with three forms: macrostomes (capable of feeding on P. dicentrarchi), microstomes and tomites. Additionally, we found differences in the 18S rRNA and α- and β-tubulin gene sequences, indicating that P. dicentrarchi and M. avidus are different species. We therefore reject the synonymy/conspecificity of the two taxa previously suggested. Finally, we suggest that a combination of morphological, biological, molecular (by multigene analysis) and serological techniques could improve the identification of scuticociliates parasites in fish.
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Piazzon MC, Leiro J, Lamas J. Reprint of "fish immunity to scuticociliate parasites". DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:280-289. [PMID: 24309548 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some species of scuticociliates (Ciliophora) behave as facultative parasites and produce severe mortalities in cultured fish. Pathogenic scuticociliates can cause surface lesions and can also penetrate inside the body, where they feed on tissue and proliferate in the blood and most internal organs, killing the host in a few days. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the protective role of fish cellular and humoral immune responses against these parasites. Immune humoral factors, especially complement, are of particular importance in defending fish against these ciliates. However, knowledge about how the fish immune system responds to scuticociliates is scant, and the cellular and molecular events that occur during the response are not known. We also describe the possible mechanisms used by scuticociliates to avoid or resist the defensive reaction of the host. For example, the release of proteases can help parasites enter fish tissues and impair the fish cellular and humoral responses. Several vaccine formulations containing scuticociliates have induced a good antibody response and protection in fish immunized and challenged with homologous strains of particular species. However, protection was not achieved in fish immunized and challenged with heterologous strains, and the antigens involved in protection and the antigenic differences between heterologous strains have not yet been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carla Piazzon
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen PG 6709, Netherlands
| | - José Leiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Lamas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Piazzon MC, Leiro J, Lamas J. Fish immunity to scuticociliate parasites. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:248-256. [PMID: 23764255 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some species of scuticociliates (Ciliophora) behave as facultative parasites and produce severe mortalities in cultured fish. Pathogenic scuticociliates can cause surface lesions and can also penetrate inside the body, where they feed on tissue and proliferate in the blood and most internal organs, killing the host in a few days. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the protective role of fish cellular and humoral immune responses against these parasites. Immune humoral factors, especially complement, are of particular importance in defending fish against these ciliates. However, knowledge about how the fish immune system responds to scuticociliates is scant, and the cellular and molecular events that occur during the response are not known. We also describe the possible mechanisms used by scuticociliates to avoid or resist the defensive reaction of the host. For example, the release of proteases can help parasites enter fish tissues and impair the fish cellular and humoral responses. Several vaccine formulations containing scuticociliates have induced a good antibody response and protection in fish immunized and challenged with homologous strains of particular species. However, protection was not achieved in fish immunized and challenged with heterologous strains, and the antigens involved in protection and the antigenic differences between heterologous strains have not yet been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carla Piazzon
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen PG 6709, Netherlands
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Pardo BG, Millán A, Gómez-Tato A, Fernández C, Bouza C, Alvarez-Dios JA, Cabaleiro S, Lamas J, Leiro JM, Martínez P. Gene expression profiles of spleen, liver, and head kidney in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) along the infection process with Philasterides dicentrarchi using an immune-enriched oligo-microarray. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:570-582. [PMID: 22367415 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the expression profiles of turbot in spleen, liver, and head kidney across five temporal points of the Philasterides dicentrarchi infection process using an 8x15K Agilent oligo-microarray. The microarray included 2,176 different fivefold replicated gene probes designed from a turbot 3' sequenced EST database. We were able to identify 221 differentially expressed (DE) genes (8.1% of the whole microarray), 113 in spleen, 83 in liver, and 90 in head kidney, in at least 1 of the 5 temporal points sampled for each organ. Most of these genes could be annotated (83.0%) and functionally categorized using GO terms (69.1%) after the additional sequencing of DE genes from the 5' end. Many DE genes were related to innate and acquired immune functions. A high proportion of DE genes were organ-specific (70.6%), although their associated GO functions showed notable similarities in the three organs. The most striking difference in functional distribution was observed between the up- and downregulated gene groups. Upregulated genes were mostly associated to immune functions, while downregulated ones mainly involved metabolism-related genes. Genetic response appeared clustered in a few groups of genes with similar expression profiles along the temporal series. The information obtained will aid to understand the turbot immune response and will specifically be valuable to develop strategies of defense to P. dicentrarchi to achieve more resistant broodstocks for turbot industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén G Pardo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Lugo, Spain
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León-Rodríguez L, Luzardo-Álvarez A, Blanco-Méndez J, Lamas J, Leiro J. A vaccine based on biodegradable microspheres induces protective immunity against scuticociliatosis without producing side effects in turbot. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:21-27. [PMID: 22513203 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The histiophagous scuticociliate parasite Philasterides dicentrarchi is an emergent pathogen in aquaculture and causes significant economic losses on turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) farms. In this study, the surface antigens (Ag) of the parasite were encapsulated and covalently linked to a polymeric microparticle formulation composed of two biodegradable polymers (chitosan and Gantrez). The antigenicity of the formulation and the protection provided were compared in mice and turbot. This formulation induced a higher antibody (Ab) response in mice at doses of 5mg of microspheres (MS) conjugated with approximately 230 μg of Ag (MS-Ag(c)). However, Ab levels were significantly lower than in mice vaccinated with the same concentration of Ag in complete Freund's adjuvant (FCA). In turbot, the MS-Ag(c) formulation induced a higher level of Abs than that induced by the same vaccine emulsified in FCA. The challenge experiments performed with P. dicentrarchi and vaccinated turbot also showed a clear correlation between Ab levels and survival levels. Growth was significantly affected in fish vaccinated with FCA, but not in fish vaccinated with MS. The high adjuvant capacity of MS, together with its biodegradability and low toxicity to fish, makes this new vaccine an economical, effective and safe alternative to oil-based adjuvants for the immunoprophylaxis of scuticociliatosis in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- L León-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Rodríguez-Ramilo ST, Fernández J, Toro MA, Bouza C, Hermida M, Fernández C, Pardo BG, Cabaleiro S, Martínez P. Uncovering QTL for resistance and survival time to Philasterides dicentrarchi in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Anim Genet 2012; 44:149-57. [PMID: 22690723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2012.02385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Disease resistance-related traits have received increasing importance in aquaculture breeding programs worldwide. Currently, genomic information offers new possibilities in breeding to address the improvement of this kind of traits. The turbot is one of the most promising European aquaculture species, and Philasterides dicentrarchi is a scuticociliate parasite causing fatal disease in farmed turbot. An appealing approach to fight against disease is to achieve a more robust broodstock, which could prevent or diminish the devastating effects of scuticociliatosis on farmed individuals. In the present study, a genome scan for quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting resistance and survival time to P. dicentrarchi in four turbot families was carried out. The objectives were to identify QTL using different statistical approaches [linear regression (LR) and maximum likelihood (ML)] and to locate significantly associated markers for their application in genetic breeding strategies. Several genomic regions controlling resistance and survival time to P. dicentrarchi were detected. When analyzing each family separately, significant QTL for resistance were identified by the LR method in two linkage groups (LG1 and LG9) and for survival time in LG1, while the ML methodology identified QTL for resistance in LG9 and LG23 and for survival time in LG6 and LG23. The analysis of the total data set identified an additional significant QTL for resistance and survival time in LG3 with the LR method. Significant association between disease resistance-related traits and genotypes was detected for several markers, a single one explaining up to 22% of the phenotypic variance. Obtained results will be essential to identify candidate genes for resistance and to apply them in marker-assisted selection programs to improve turbot production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Rodríguez-Ramilo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e Inmunología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Heo MS. Poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-encapsulated vaccine on immune system in Epinephelus bruneus against Uronema marinum. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:325-32. [PMID: 22580022 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the efficacy of poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-encapsulated vaccine on innate and adaptive immune response in kelp grouper (Epinephelus bruneus) against Uronema marinum at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The respiratory burst (RB) activity, complement activity, and α2-macroglobulin were significantly enhanced in fish immunization with vaccine on week 4 whereas vaccine and PLGA-encapsulated vaccine from weeks 1 to 4. The serum lysozyme activity, antiprotease activity, and antibody level were significantly enhanced in fish immunized with vaccine and PLGA-encapsulated vaccine on weeks 2 and 4. The cumulative mortality was low in PLGA-encapsulated vaccine with 20% whereas high in PLGA and vaccine with 40% and 30%. The results from the present study suggest that PLGA-encapsulated vaccine is useful for further design of immunoprophylatic nano formulation against scuticociliatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Marine Applied Microbes and Aquatic Organism Disease Control Lab, Department of Aquatic Biomedical Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences & Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea.
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Salinas I, Anderson SA, Wright J, Webb VL. In vivo innate immune responses of groper (Polyprion oxygeneios) against Miamiensis avidus infection and lack of protection following dietary vitamin C administration. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:8-15. [PMID: 22040675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Scuticociliates are extracellular histophagous parasites that affect farmed fish worldwide. One of the most common pathogenic species is Miamiensis avidus, a pathogen of New Zealand groper (Polyprion oxygeneios). The aim of this study was to characterise both the host (groper)-parasite (M. avidus) immune interactions and the possible protective role of dietary sodium ascorbate. Head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs) from naturally infected adult groper showed decreased respiratory burst response and peroxidase (Px) levels than healthy individuals. Infected groper also had significantly higher serum Px levels compared to controls. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) was inhibited in the head-kidney (HK) whereas MPO(+) cells were observed in the skin and muscle lesions. The inhibition of the innate immune responses was further studied in experimental infections with M. avidus, which confirmed depletion of Px inside leucocytes and marked increases in serum Px in infected individuals. Groper juveniles were fed a diet supplemented with sodium ascorbate (Vitamin C) (2g Kg(-1)) for 21 days and then challenged by subcutaneous injection or immersion exposure with live M. avidus cells. No protection was observed in the sodium ascorbate fed groper compared to the control diet following challenge by either injection or immersion. In vitro assays showed that sodium ascorbate itself results in the inhibition of Px and respiratory burst of groper HKLs, supporting the results obtained in vivo. Our results show that histophagous protozoa such as M. avidus hamper innate immune defences of fish hosts and that dietary sodium ascorbate does not protect groper against experimental infection with this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salinas
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.
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Differences in the in vitro susceptibility to resveratrol and other chemical compounds among several Philasterides dicentrarchi isolates from turbot. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:1573-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Piazzon MC, Wiegertjes GF, Leiro J, Lamas J. Turbot resistance to Philasterides dicentrarchi is more dependent on humoral than on cellular immune responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:1339-1347. [PMID: 21420498 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Philasterides dicentrarchi is a ciliate that causes high mortalities in cultured turbot, Psetta maxima (L.). This pathogen displays high phagocytic activity and after entering the body it multiplies and feeds on host cells and tissue components. In previous studies, we found that complement, activated through the classical pathway, is a potent killer of P. dicentrarchi. Here, we compared the killing activity of turbot leucocytes and humoral factors against two virulent isolates of P. dicentrarchi, in order to determine the importance of leucocytes in the defence against this pathogen. Components of P. dicentrarchi (ciliary and membrane) stimulated turbot leucocytes, and increased the respiratory burst, degranulation and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We tested the susceptibility of ciliates to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, by incubating them with different oxidative systems (H(2)O(2), Fe/ascorbate, which induces lipid peroxidation, an O(2)(-) donor (XOD/HX), an NO donor (SNAP) and an ONOO(-) donor (SIN-1)), for 24h. Both isolates were susceptible to high concentrations of H(2)O(2,) Fe/ascorbate, XOD/HX, and SIN-1 but were resistant to incubation with SNAP. Leucocytes became strongly activated when they were in contact with or were phagocytosed by the ciliate. Incubation of P. dicentrarchi with a combination of fresh serum and specific antibodies killed most of the ciliates, but the addition of leucocytes to ciliate cultures did not increase the toxicity to the ciliates. On the contrary, the number of ciliates increased when leucocytes were added to the culture because the ciliates fed on them. Despite being activated, leucocytes did not produce sufficiently high concentrations of toxic substances to kill the parasite. The most virulent isolate was that which induced greatest activation of leucocytes but was least susceptible to complement. We concluded that humoral factors such as complement (activated through the classical pathway) are critical for fish defence against P. dicentrarchi and that cellular responses appear to play a minor role, if any, in defence against this ciliate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Piazzon
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Biología Celular, Edificio CIBUS, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Characterization of acid phosphatases from marine scuticociliate parasites and their activation by host's factors. Parasitology 2011; 138:836-47. [PMID: 21554845 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Scuticociliates are histophagous marine parasites that cause mortality in fish. Acid phosphatases (AcPs) are considered virulence factors and they are used by different parasites to dephosphorylate host molecules. The aim of this work was to characterize the AcPs from 3 scuticociliate species, Uronema marinum, Miamiensis avidus and Parauronema virginianum, which parasitize marine finfish species. We identified AcP activity (pH 5.2) with differential cellular distribution in the 3 parasite species. Native gel electrophoresis of ciliate lysates revealed the presence of 1 high molecular weight AcP activity band in M. avidus (tartrate-sensitive), several low molecular weight AcPs in U. marinum and 1 low molecular weight band only in P. virginianum (tartrate-resistant). Scuticociliate AcP was inhibited by specific inhibitors of tyrosine protein phosphatases. AcP decreased upon starvation but rapid reactivation occurred following exposure to skin mucus. Groper (Polyprion oxygeneios) peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) and, to a lesser extent, red blood cells, also increased AcP activity. Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1b was primarily detected in the plasma membrane of M. avidus and ingestion of groper PBLs upregulated its expression. M. avidus recovered from experimentally infected groper had greater levels of PTP1b expression than the injected suspension. The present results highlight the importance of PTPs in histophagous parasites and their interaction with fish host's factors.
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17
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Intraspecific variability in several isolates of Philasterides dicentrarchi (syn. Miamiensis avidus), a scuticociliate parasite of farmed turbot. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175:260-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Small subunit ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene sequences of 21 strains of the parasitic scuticociliate Miamiensis avidus (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatia). Parasitol Res 2010; 108:1153-61. [PMID: 21113725 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The scuticociliate Miamiensis avidus is a histophagous parasite that causes high mortality in cultured marine fishes. Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) genes were analyzed for 21 strains of M. avidus isolated from diseased olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), ridged-eye flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus), and spotted knifejaw (Oplegnathus fasciatus) in Korea and Japan (collected in 2003-2007). Analysis of SSU rRNA gene sequences (1,759 bp) indicates they are very conserved with less than 0.17% (3 nucleotides) differences suggesting that SSU rRNA are useful to identify M. avidus; however, the cox1 gene (900 bp) has higher variations with intraspecific divergences up to 5.67% (51 nucleotides). A distance tree of cox1 gene sequences based on a neighbor-joining analysis can separate 21 strains into five cox1 types (two heterogeneous clusters and three individual branches). The cox1-type matches with serotype of strains but do not reflect geographical origins, host species, or pathogenicity.
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MOUSTAFA EMM, NAOTA M, MORITA T, TANGE N, SHIMADA A. Pathological Study on the Scuticociliatosis Affecting Farmed Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1359-62. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Moustafa Moustafa MOUSTAFA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University
| | - Misaki NAOTA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University
| | | | - Nahoko TANGE
- Tottori Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station
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20
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MOUSTAFA EMM, TANGE N, SHIMADA A, MORITA T. Experimental Scuticociliatosis in Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Infected with Miamiensis avidus: Pathological Study on the Possible Neural Routes of Invasion and Dissemination of the Scuticociliate inside the Fish Body. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1557-63. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Moustafa Moustafa MOUSTAFA
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University
| | - Nahoko TANGE
- Tottori Prefectural Fisheries Experimental Station
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