1
|
Bagosi Z, Megyesi K, Ayman J, Rudersdorf H, Ayaz MK, Csabafi K. The Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and CRF-Related Peptides in the Social Behavior of Rodents. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2217. [PMID: 37626714 PMCID: PMC10452353 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was isolated from an ovine brain, a growing family of CRF-related peptides has been discovered. Today, the mammalian CRF system consists of four ligands (CRF, urocortin 1 (Ucn1), urocortin 2 (Ucn2), and urocortin 3 (Ucn3)); two receptors (CRF receptor type 1 (CRF1) and CRF receptor type 2 (CRF2)); and a CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP). Besides the regulation of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress, CRF and CRF-related peptides are also involved in different aspects of social behavior. In the present study, we review the experiments that investigated the role of CRF and the urocortins involved in the social behavior of rats, mice, and voles, with a special focus on sociability and preference for social novelty, as well as the ability for social recognition, discrimination, and memory. In general, these experiments demonstrate that CRF, Ucn1, Ucn2, and Ucn3 play important, but distinct roles in the social behavior of rodents, and that they are mediated by CRF1 and/or CRF2. In addition, we suggest the possible brain regions and pathways that express CRF and CRF-related peptides and that might be involved in social interactions. Furthermore, we also emphasize the differences between the species, strains, and sexes that make translation of these roles from rodents to humans difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bagosi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi School of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (H.R.); (M.K.A.); (K.C.)
| | - Kíra Megyesi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Excellence, Clinical Research Competence Center, Albert Szent-Györgyi School of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Jázmin Ayman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Albert School of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Hanna Rudersdorf
- Department of Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi School of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (H.R.); (M.K.A.); (K.C.)
| | - Maieda Khan Ayaz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi School of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (H.R.); (M.K.A.); (K.C.)
| | - Krisztina Csabafi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi School of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (H.R.); (M.K.A.); (K.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ismail OM, El-Omar OM, Said UN. Exploring the Role of Urocortin in Osteoporosis. Cureus 2023; 15:e38978. [PMID: 37313093 PMCID: PMC10259878 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease that affects over 200 million people worldwide. Overactive osteoclast activity leads to micro-architectural defects and low bone mass. This culminates in fragility fractures, such as femoral neck fractures. Treatments currently available either are not completely effective or have considerable side effects; thus, there is a need for more effective treatments. The urocortin (Ucn) family, composed of urocortin 1 (Ucn1), urocortin 2 (Ucn2), urocortin 3 (Ucn3), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein (CRF-BP), exerts a wide range of effects throughout the body. Ucn1 has been shown to inhibit murine osteoclast activity. This review article will aim to bridge the gap between existing knowledge of Ucn and whether it can affect human osteoclasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Ismail
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, GBR
| | - Omar M El-Omar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, GBR
| | - Umar N Said
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, GBR
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Choy KW, Tsai APY, Lin PBC, Wu MY, Lee C, Alias A, Pang CY, Liew HK. The Role of Urocortins in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010096. [PMID: 31935997 PMCID: PMC7022917 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes an accumulation of blood in the brain parenchyma that disrupts the normal neurological function of the brain. Despite extensive clinical trials, no medical or surgical therapy has shown to be effective in managing ICH, resulting in a poor prognosis for the patients. Urocortin (UCN) is a 40-amino-acid endogenous neuropeptide that belongs to the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) family. The effect of UCN is activated by binding to two G-protein coupled receptors, CRH-R1 and CRH-R2, which are expressed in brain neurons and glial cells in various brain regions. Current research has shown that UCN exerts neuroprotective effects in ICH models via anti-inflammatory effects, which generally reduced brain edema and reduced blood-brain barrier disruption. These effects gradually help in the improvement of the neurological outcome, and thus, UCN may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of ICH. This review summarizes the data published to date on the role of UCN in ICH and the possible protective mechanisms underlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ker Woon Choy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh 42300, Malaysia;
| | - Andy Po-Yi Tsai
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.P.-Y.T.); (P.B.-C.L.)
| | - Peter Bor-Chian Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.P.-Y.T.); (P.B.-C.L.)
| | - Meng-Yu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chihyi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
| | - Aspalilah Alias
- Department of Basic Sciences and Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia;
| | - Cheng-Yoong Pang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Section 3, Zhong-yang Road, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- CardioVascular Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.P.); or (H.-K.L.); Tel.: +886-3-8561825 (ext. 15911) (H.-K.L.); Fax: +886-3-8562019 (H.-K.L.)
| | - Hock-Kean Liew
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 707, Section 3, Zhong-yang Road, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- CardioVascular Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.P.); or (H.-K.L.); Tel.: +886-3-8561825 (ext. 15911) (H.-K.L.); Fax: +886-3-8562019 (H.-K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stressors affect urocortin 1 and urocortin 2 gene expression in rat spleen: The role of glucocorticoids. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 336:577030. [PMID: 31473519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying stress-related modulation of immune function via urocortin 1 and urocortin 2 have been only vaguely described. Therefore, we investigated the effect of LPS injection or immobilization stress on gene expression of urocortin 1 and urocortin 2 in the rat spleen, along with the potential involvement of glucocorticoids. Our data showed: a) different regulation of urocortin 1 and urocortin 2 gene expression in the rat spleen under different stressful conditions (LPS vs. immobilization stress) and b) diverse effects of stress-induced adrenal glucocorticoids on this process. Our findings indicate a specific, rather than general regulation of splenic immune function by urocortins during stressful conditions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Cardiovascular Effects of Urocortin-2: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2019; 33:599-613. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-019-06895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Tillinger A, Horváthová Ľ, Nostramo R, Serova LI, Kvetňanský R, Sabban EL, Mravec B. Glucocorticoid withdrawal affects stress-induced changes of urocortin 2 gene expression in rat adrenal medulla and brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12595. [PMID: 29604138 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor is well known activator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, that represents crucial system participating on stress response of the organism. Urocortins are members of the corticotropin-releasing factor family of peptides with proposed effects on neuroendocrine and behavioral stress response mechanisms. Urocortin 2, one of three known urocortins, is present in central and peripheral stress response system and its expression can be augmented by glucocorticoids. In the present study we have examined how glucocorticoid withdrawal affects urocortin 2 gene expression after acute immobilization in the adrenal medulla and selected brain areas in rats. We used pharmacological adrenalectomy to block synthesis of corticosterone. Our results show that the immobilization-induced rise in urocortin 2 mRNA levels in rat adrenal medulla was not inhibited by glucocorticoid withdrawal. On the other hand, observed changes in the brain indicate that the effect of stress and pharmacological adrenalectomy on urocortin 2 gene expression is site-specific. While in the paraventricular nucleus and locus coeruleus the immobilization induced rise of urocortin 2 was not inhibited by pharmacological adrenalectomy in the arcuate nucleus and central amygdala it was. Moreover, we have seen a significant depletion of urocortin 2 plasma levels after immobilization. The immobilization induced rise of urocortin 2 gene expression in rat adrenal medulla and brain areas regulating stress response pathways and preservation of its induction after adrenalectomy suggests a role of urocortin 2 in the neuroendocrine stress response of an organism. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Tillinger
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubica Horváthová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Regina Nostramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Richard Kvetňanský
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Regulation of gonadotropins by urocortin 2 in gonadotropic tumor LβT2 cells. Neurosci Lett 2017; 660:63-67. [PMID: 28851616 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A close interaction has been shown between the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Urocortin 2 (Ucn2) has a very high affinity for the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 2 (CRF2) receptor. Pituitary Ucn2 regulates expression and secretion of gonadotropins in response to stress. The CRF2 receptor in the pituitary contributes to the modulation of gonadotropins. To explore the possible function of Ucn2 and the CRF2 receptor in pituitary gonadotropic tumor cells, we examined the direct regulation of gonadotropins by Ucn2 in a representative pituitary gonadotropic tumor, mouse LβT2 cells. LβT2 cells were found to express CRF1 receptor and CRF2 receptor mRNA. Ucn2 decreased CRF1 receptor mRNA levels, while it increased CRF2 receptor mRNA levels. Ucn2 directly decreased the mRNA levels of both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in LβT2 cells. Ucn2 also decreased gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) mRNA levels. A selective CRF2 receptor antagonist suppressed the Ucn2-induced decreases in LH, FSH, and GnRHR mRNA levels. Ucn2 acts on gonadotrophs expressing the CRF2 receptor, and inhibits the production of gonadotropins in the pituitary gonadotropic tumor cells. (177 words).
Collapse
|
8
|
Williams TA, Bergstrome JC, Scott J, Bernier NJ. CRF and urocortin 3 protect the heart from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in zebrafish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R91-R100. [PMID: 28539353 PMCID: PMC5582954 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00045.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish routinely experience environmental hypoxia and have evolved various strategies to tolerate this challenge. Given the key role of the CRF system in coordinating the response to stressors and its cardioprotective actions against ischemia in mammals, we sought to characterize the cardiac CRF system in zebrafish and its role in hypoxia tolerance. We established that all genes of the CRF system, the ligands CRFa, CRFb, urotensin 1 (UTS1), and urocortin 3 (UCN3); the two receptor subtypes (CRFR1 and CRFR2); and the binding protein (CRFBP) are expressed in the heart of zebrafish: crfr1 > crfr2 = crfbp > crfa > ucn3 > crfb > uts1 In vivo, exposure to 5% O2 saturation for 15 min and 90 min of recovery resulted in four- to five-fold increases in whole heart crfb and ucn3 mRNA levels but did not affect the gene expression of other CRF system components. In vitro, as assessed by monitoring caspase 3 activity and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells, pretreatment of excised whole hearts with CRF or UCN3 for 30 min prevented the increase in apoptosis associated with exposure to 1% O2 saturation for 30 min with a 24-h recovery. Lastly, the addition of the nonselective CRF receptor antagonist αh-CRF(9-41) prevented the cytoprotective effects of CRF. We show that the CRF system is expressed in fish heart, is upregulated by hypoxia, and is cytoprotective. These findings identify a novel role for the CRF system in fish and a new strategy to tolerate hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tegan A Williams
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jillian C Bergstrome
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juliana Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Bernier
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Temur M, Yılmaz Ö, Aksun S, Calan M, Özün Özbay P, Kumbasar S, Sever E. The relationship of urocortin-2 with insulin resistance patients having PCOS. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017; 33:124-127. [PMID: 27841039 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2016.1240772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to compare the serum urocortin-2 (UCN2) levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and healthy women. Thirty-eight patients with PCOS and 41 healthy women were included in the study whose age and BMI matched. The fasting serum glucose, insulin, free testosterone, hs-CRP and UCN2 levels of the all participants were examined. HOMA-IR formula was used in order to calculate the insulin resistance. Circulating UCN2 levels were significantly elevated in women with PCOS compared with controls (142.93 ± 59.48 versus 98.56 ± 65.01 pg/ml, p = 0.002). FBG, serum insulin, hs-CRP and HOMA-IR levels were found to be increased in women with PCOS. There was a positive correlation between UCN2 and free-testosterone in only PCOS group (r = 0.235, p = 0.027). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the odds ratio for PCOS was 2.31 for patients in the highest quartile of UCN2 compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.88-2.83, p=0.021). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that HOMA-IR, hs-CRP and free-testosterone independently predicted UCN2 levels (p < 0.05). UCN2 levels were significantly higher in PCOS cases when compared to control group. UCN2 is thought to be effective on pathophysiology of PCOS by paracrine and autocrine pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Temur
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Manisa Merkezefendi Hospital , Manisa , Turkey
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine , Sakarya , Turkey
| | - Özgür Yılmaz
- c Manisa Merkezefendi State Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Manisa , Turkey
| | - Saliha Aksun
- d Department of Medical Biochemistry İzmir , İzmir Katipcelebi University Medical School , İzmir , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Calan
- e Department of Endocrinology İzmir , İzmir Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital , İzmir , Turkey
| | - Pelin Özün Özbay
- f Aydın Private Ege Liva Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Aydın , Aydın , Turkey , and
| | - Serkan Kumbasar
- g Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya Research and Education Hospital , Sakarya , Turkey
| | - Erman Sever
- g Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Sakarya University School of Medicine, Sakarya Research and Education Hospital , Sakarya , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yuan PQ, Wu SV, Pothoulakis C, Taché Y. Urocortins and CRF receptor type 2 variants in the male rat colon: gene expression and regulation by endotoxin and anti-inflammatory effect. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G387-98. [PMID: 26744472 PMCID: PMC4796293 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00337.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Urocortins (Ucns) 1, 2, and 3 and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 (CRF2) mRNA are prominently expressed in various layers of the upper gut. We tested whether Ucns and CRF2 variants are also expressed in the different layers of the rat colon, regulated by LPS (100 μg/kg ip) and play a modulatory role in the colonic immune response to LPS. Transcripts of Ucns and CRF2b, the most common isoform in the periphery, were detected in all laser microdissected layers, including myenteric neurons. LPS increased the mRNA level of Ucn 1, Ucn 2, and Ucn 3 and decreased that of CRF2b in both the colonic mucosa and submucosa + muscle (S+M) layers at 2, 6, and 9 h after injection with a return to basal at 24 h. In addition, CRF2a, another variant more prominent in the brain, and a novel truncated splice variant CRF2a-3 mRNA were detected in all segments of the large intestine. LPS reciprocally regulated the colonic expression of these CRF2 variants by decreasing both CRF2a and CRF2b, while increasing CRF2a-3 in the mucosa and S+M. The CRF2 antagonist astressin2-B further enhanced LPS-induced increase of mRNA level of interleukin (IL)-1β, TNF-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in S+M layers and IL-1β in the mucosa and evoked TNF-α expression in the mucosa. These data indicate that Ucns/CRF2 variants are widely expressed in all colonic layers and reciprocally regulated by LPS. CRF2 signaling dampens the CD14/TLR4-mediated acute inflammatory response to Gram-negative bacteria in the colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - S Vincent Wu
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yvette Taché
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nakayama N, Suzuki H, Li JB, Atsuchi K, Tsai M, Amitani H, Asakawa A, Inui A. The role of CRF family peptides in the regulation of food intake and anxiety-like behavior. Biomol Concepts 2015; 2:275-80. [PMID: 25962035 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the urocortins (UCN1, UCN2, and UCN3) belong to the CRF family of peptides and are the major regulators of the adaptive response to internal and external stresses. The actions of CRF and UCNs are mediated through two receptor subtypes: CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1) and CRFR2. Their physiological roles, among other functions, include the regulation of food intake and anxiety-like behavior. In this review, we describe the progress that has been made towards understanding how anxiety- and depression-like behavior and food intake are regulated by CRF, UCN1, UCN2, and UCN3.
Collapse
|
12
|
Spyroglou A, Riester A, Mueller-Peltzer K, Lu A, Rohde J, Hantel C, Kuehne C, Kulle A, Riepe F, Deussing JM, Beuschlein F. Adrenal and Ovarian Phenotype of a Tissue-Specific Urocortin 2-Overexpressing Mouse Model. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2646-56. [PMID: 25942073 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Urocortin 2 (UCN2) is a neuropeptide of the CRH family, involved in homeostatic mechanisms, the stress response, and control of anxiety. To elucidate the effects of UCN2 on steroidogenesis, we developed a mouse model that allows a Cre recombinase-determined conditional overexpression of UCN2 (UCN2-COE). In these mice SF1-Cre-driven overexpression of UCN2 was restricted to the adrenal glands, gonads, and parts of the hypothalamus. UCN2-COE animals of both sexes revealed significantly higher plasma UCN2 levels and significantly higher UCN2 expression levels in the adrenals and ovaries. In contrast, the baseline expression of UCN2 was already high in the testes of control mice with no further increase achievable in UCN2-COE animals. Adrenal steroidogenesis of UCN2-COE animals was investigated under baseline conditions, upon an ACTH stimulation test, and following a restraint stress test. A tendency toward lower expression of steroidogenic enzymes was detectable in UCN2-COE animals of both sexes with slight differences between males and females. A similar reduction in the expression levels of the final steps of ovarian steroidogenesis, accompanied by reduced plasma estradiol levels, was observed in female UCN2-COE animals. Thus, adrenal UCN2 overexpression resulted in down-regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis, suggesting a reduction in the stress response in the mouse (stress coping behavior). Similarly, UCN2 overexpression in the ovaries caused a decrease in steroidogenesis and reduction of follicles that had undergone ovulation. Nevertheless, this finding was not associated with reduced fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadni Spyroglou
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Riester
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Mueller-Peltzer
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ailing Lu
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Juliane Rohde
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Kuehne
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kulle
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Riepe
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Endocrine Research Unit (A.S., A.R., K.M.-P., C.H., F.B.), Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics (A.L., J.R., C.K., J.M.D.), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany; and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (A.K., F.R.), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kolasa M, Faron-Górecka A, Kuśmider M, Szafran-Pilch K, Solich J, Żurawek D, Gruca P, Papp M, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Differential stress response in rats subjected to chronic mild stress is accompanied by changes in CRH-family gene expression at the pituitary level. Peptides 2014; 61:98-106. [PMID: 25236411 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine molecular markers of the stress response at the pituitary and peripheral levels in animals that responded differently to chronic mild stress (CMS). Rats were subjected to 2-weeks CMS and symptoms of anhedonia was measured by the consumption of 1% sucrose solution. mRNA levels of CRH-family neuropeptides (Crh-corticotropin-releasing hormone, Ucn1-urocortin 1, Ucn2-urocortin 2, Ucn3-urocortin 3), CRH receptors (Crhr1-corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1, Crhr2-corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2) and Crhbp (corticotropin-releasing factor binding protein) in the pituitaries of rats were determined with real-time PCR. Plasma levels of ACTH (adrenocorticotropin), CRH and urocortins were measured with ELISA assays. CMS procedure led to the development of anhedonia manifested by the decreased sucrose consumption (stress-reactive, SR, stress-susceptible group). Additionally, the group of animals not exhibiting any signs of anhedonia (stress non-reactive, SNR, stress-resilient group) and the group characterized by the increased sucrose consumption (stress invert-reactive group SIR) were selected. The significant increases in ACTH plasma level accompanied by the decreases in the pituitary gene expression of the Crh, Ucn2 and Ucn3 in both stress non-reactive and stress invert-reactive groups were observed. The only molecular change observed in stress-reactive group was the increase in UCN2 plasma level. The differentiated behavioral stress responses were reflected by gene expression changes in the pituitary. Alterations in the mRNA levels of Crh, Ucn2 and Ucn3 in the pituitary might confirm the paracrine and/or autocrine effects of these peptides in stress response. The opposite behavioral effect between SNR vs. SIR groups and the surprising similarity at gene expression and plasma ACTH levels in these two groups may suggest the discrepancy between molecular and behavioral stress responses; however, there results might indicate to similarity underlying different ways to cope with stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maciej Kuśmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Szafran-Pilch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Żurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Papp
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liguori G, Squillacioti C, De Luca A, Ciarcia R, Vittoria A, Mirabella N. Presence and Distribution of Urocortin and its Receptors in the Epididymis of Alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:66-71. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Liguori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - C. Squillacioti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - A. De Luca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - R. Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - A. Vittoria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - N. Mirabella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Watanabe K, Nemoto T, Akira S, Takeshita T, Shibasaki T. Estrogens downregulate urocortin 2 expression in rat uterus. J Endocrinol 2013; 219:269-78. [PMID: 24109089 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin 2 (Ucn2) is a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor peptide family and is expressed by various tissues, including reproductive tissues such as the uterus, ovary, and placenta. However, the regulatory mechanisms of Ucn2 expression and the physiological significance of Ucn2 in these tissues remain unclear. We previously showed that passive immunization of immature female rats by i.p. injection of anti-Ucn2 IgG induces earlier onset of puberty. Therefore, this study was designed to clarify the site and regulatory mechanisms of Ucn2 expression in the uterus. Expression levels of Ucn2 mRNA in the uterus were higher in immature (2- and 4-week-old) and aged (17-month-old) rats than in mature (9-week-old) rats in the proestrus phase. In 9-week-old rats, mRNA expression levels and contents in the uterus were lower in the proestrus phase than in the diestrus phase, while plasma Ucn2 concentrations did not differ between the two phases. Ucn2-like immunoreactivitiy was detected in the endometrial gland epithelial cells of the uterus. S.c. injection of estradiol benzoate or an estrogen receptor α (ERα) agonist significantly reduced mRNA expression levels and contents of Ucn2 in the uterus when compared with vehicle-injected ovariectomized rats. By contrast, estradiol benzoate increased Ucn2 mRNA expression levels in the lung. Thus, estrogens downregulate Ucn2 expression in the uterus in a tissue-specific manner, and Ucn2 may play a role in the regulatory mechanisms of maturation of the uterus through ERα and estrous cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Watanabe
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Zbytek B, Tobin DJ, Theoharides TC, Rivier J. Key role of CRF in the skin stress response system. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:827-84. [PMID: 23939821 PMCID: PMC3857130 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or CRH defining the upper regulatory arm of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, along with the identification of the corresponding receptors (CRFRs 1 and 2), represents a milestone in our understanding of central mechanisms regulating body and local homeostasis. We focused on the CRF-led signaling systems in the skin and offer a model for regulation of peripheral homeostasis based on the interaction of CRF and the structurally related urocortins with corresponding receptors and the resulting direct or indirect phenotypic effects that include regulation of epidermal barrier function, skin immune, pigmentary, adnexal, and dermal functions necessary to maintain local and systemic homeostasis. The regulatory modes of action include the classical CRF-led cutaneous equivalent of the central HPA axis, the expression and function of CRF and related peptides, and the stimulation of pro-opiomelanocortin peptides or cytokines. The key regulatory role is assigned to the CRFR-1α receptor, with other isoforms having modulatory effects. CRF can be released from sensory nerves and immune cells in response to emotional and environmental stressors. The expression sequence of peptides includes urocortin/CRF→pro-opiomelanocortin→ACTH, MSH, and β-endorphin. Expression of these peptides and of CRFR-1α is environmentally regulated, and their dysfunction can lead to skin and systemic diseases. Environmentally stressed skin can activate both the central and local HPA axis through either sensory nerves or humoral factors to turn on homeostatic responses counteracting cutaneous and systemic environmental damage. CRF and CRFR-1 may constitute novel targets through the use of specific agonists or antagonists, especially for therapy of skin diseases that worsen with stress, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- MD, PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 500, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yamagata S, Kageyama K, Akimoto K, Watanuki Y, Suda T, Daimon M. Regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin 2/3 mRNA by leptin in hypothalamic N39 cells. Peptides 2013; 50:1-7. [PMID: 24083959 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) activates the pituitary-adrenal axis during stress, and shows anorectic effects via CRF type 1 receptors in the hypothalamus. Both urocortin (Ucn) 2 and Ucn3 also act as anorectic neuropeptides via CRF type 2 receptors. Leptin, a product of the obesity gene secreted mainly from adipose tissue, reduces food intake and increases energy expenditure. A possible interaction between leptin and CRF/Ucns has been suggested, as leptin can regulate expression and activation of CRF and Ucns in the hypothalamus. This study aimed to explore the possible function of leptin in the hypothalamus, and its effects in regulating CRF and Ucns. The study identified mRNA expression of the leptin receptor (Ob-R) and its subtypes, CRF, and Ucn2/3 in mouse hypothalamic N39 cells. Leptin stimulated signal transducer and activators of transcription type 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation, directly increased the mRNA levels of both CRF and Ucn2/3 in hypothalamic cells, and increased Ob-Rb mRNA levels. A Janus kinase inhibitor inhibited the leptin-mediated increase in STAT3 phosphorylation, and then the increases in CRF and Ucn2/3 mRNA levels. Leptin may contribute to a stress response or anorectic effect via the regulation of CRF and Ucn2/3 in the hypothalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamagata
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hostetler CM, Ryabinin AE. The CRF system and social behavior: a review. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:92. [PMID: 23754975 PMCID: PMC3668170 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system plays a key role in a diversity of behaviors accompanying stress, anxiety and depression. There is also substantial research on relationships between social behaviors and the CRF system in a variety of taxa including fish, birds, rodents, and primates. Some of these relationships are due to the broad role of CRF and urocortins in stress and anxiety, but these peptides also modulate social behavior specifically. For example, the social interaction (SI) test is often used to measure anxiety-like behavior. Many components of the CRF system including CRF, urocortin1, and the R1 receptor have been implicated in SI, via general effects on anxiety as well as specific effects depending on the brain region. The CRF system is also highly responsive to chronic social stressors such as social defeat and isolation. Animals exposed to these stressors display a number of anxiety- and stress-related behaviors, accompanied by changes in specific components the CRF system. Although the primary focus of CRF research on social behavior has been on the deleterious effects of social stress, there are also insights on a role for CRF and urocortins in prosocial and affiliative behaviors. The CRF system has been implicated in parental care, maternal defense, sexual behavior, and pair bonding. Species differences in the ligands and CRF receptors have been observed in vole and bird species differing in social behavior. Exogenous administration of CRF facilitates partner preference formation in monogamous male prairie voles, and these effects are dependent on both the CRF R1 and R2 receptors. These findings are particularly interesting as studies have also implicated the CRF and urocortins in social memory. With the rapid progress of social neuroscience and in understanding the complex structure of the CRF system, the next challenge is in parsing the exact contribution of individual components of this system to specific social behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Hostetler
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tillinger A, Nostramo R, Kvetnansky R, Serova L, Sabban EL. Stress-induced changes in gene expression of urocortin 2 and other CRH peptides in rat adrenal medulla: involvement of glucocorticoids. J Neurochem 2013; 125:185-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Tillinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; New York Medical College; Valhalla New York USA
| | - Regina Nostramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; New York Medical College; Valhalla New York USA
| | - Richard Kvetnansky
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Lidia Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; New York Medical College; Valhalla New York USA
| | - Esther L. Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; New York Medical College; Valhalla New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kageyama K. Regulation of gonadotropins by corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:12. [PMID: 23431022 PMCID: PMC3576618 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, it suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a major regulatory peptide in the HPA axis during stress. Urocortin 1 (Ucn1), a member of the CRF family of peptides, has a variety of physiological functions and both CRF and Ucn1 contribute to the stress response via G protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptors. Ucn2 and Ucn3, which belong to a separate paralogous lineage from CRF, are highly selective for the CRF type 2 receptor (CRF(2) receptor). The HPA and HPG axes interact with each other, and gonadal function and reproduction are suppressed in response to various stressors. In this review, we focus on the regulation of gonadotropins by CRF and Ucn2 in pituitary gonadotrophs and of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) via CRF receptors in the hypothalamus. In corticotrophs, stress-induced increases in CRF stimulate Ucn2 production, which leads to the inhibition of gonadotropin secretion via the CRF(2) receptor in the pituitary. GnRH in the hypothalamus is regulated by a variety of stress conditions. CRF is also involved in the suppression of the HPG axis, especially the GnRH pulse generator, via CRF receptors in the hypothalamus. Thus, complicated regulation of GnRH in the hypothalamus and gonadotropins in the pituitary via CRF receptors contributes to stress responses and adaptation of gonadal functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kageyama
- *Correspondence: Kazunori Kageyama, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yuan PQ, Wu SV, Taché Y. Urocortins and CRF type 2 receptor isoforms expression in the rat stomach are regulated by endotoxin: role in the modulation of delayed gastric emptying. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G20-31. [PMID: 22517775 PMCID: PMC3404575 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00547.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRF(2)) by urocortin 1, 2, or 3 (Ucns) exerts powerful effects on gastric function; however, little is known about their expression and regulation in the stomach. We investigated the expression of Ucns and CRF(2) isoforms by RT-PCR in the gastric corpus (GC) mucosa and submucosa plus muscle (S+M) or laser captured layers in naive rats, their regulations by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 μg/kg ip) over 24 h, and the effect of the CRF(2) antagonist astresssin(2)-B (100 μg/kg sc) on LPS-induced delayed gastric emptying (GE) 2-h postinjection. Transcripts of Ucns and CRF(2b,) the most common wild-type CRF(2) isoform in the periphery, were expressed in all layers, including myenteric neurons. LPS increased Ucn mRNA levels significantly in both mucosa and S+M, reaching a maximal response at 6 h postinjection and returning to basal levels at 24 h except for Ucn 1 in S+M. By contrast, CRF(2b) mRNA level was significantly decreased in the mucosa and M+S with a nadir at 6 h. In addition, CRF(2a), reportedly only found in the brain, and the novel splice variant CRF(2a-3) were also detected in the GC, antrum, and pylorus. LPS reciprocally regulated these variants with a decrease of CRF(2a) and an increase of CRF(2a-3) in the GC 6 h postinjection. Astressin(2)-B exacerbated LPS-delayed GE (42-73%, P < 0.001). These data indicate that Ucn and CRF(2) isoforms are widely distributed throughout the rat stomach and inversely regulated by immune stress. The CRF(2) signaling system may act to counteract the early gastric motor alterations to endotoxemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Digestive Diseases Division, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Institute/UCLA, 1301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Squillacioti C, De Luca A, Alì S, Paino S, Liguori G, Mirabella N. Expression of urocortin and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the horse thyroid gland. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:45-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
23
|
Nemoto T, Mano A, Shibasaki T. Increased expression of miR-325-3p by urocortin 2 and its involvement in stress-induced suppression of LH secretion in rat pituitary. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E781-7. [PMID: 22252941 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00616.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin 2 (Ucn2) is a member of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) peptide family, which binds to CRF type 2 receptor. We previously reported on expression of Ucn2 in proopiomelanocortin cells of rat pituitary and its inhibitory action on LH secretion. We also demonstrated that Ucn2 is involved in the mechanism underlying immobilization-induced suppression of LH secretion; the details remain unclear. Here, we found that Ucn2 increased the expression of miR-325-3p, one of three microRNAs with predicted sequence for binding to LH β-subunit 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) in monolayer cultured rat anterior pituitary cells, and that miR-325-3p was expressed in LH cells of the anterior pituitary. Immobilization also increased miR-325-3p expression in the anterior pituitary, and its increase was blocked by pretreatment with anti-Ucn2 IgG. Overexpression of miR-325-3p in cultured pituitary cells significantly suppressed intracellular contents and secretion of LH, while miR-325-3p knockdown blocked Ucn2-induced suppression of intracellular contents and secretion of LH. Coexpression of miR-325-3p with LH β-subunit 3'-UTR-fused luciferase vector significantly suppressed luciferase activity compared with that of mock transfectants. These results suggest that miR-325-3p is involved in immobilization-induced suppression of LH translation and secretion and that Ucn2 plays a role in the increase in miR-325-3p expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nemoto
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fekete EM, Zhao Y, Szücs A, Sabino V, Cottone P, Rivier J, Vale WW, Koob GF, Zorrilla EP. Systemic urocortin 2, but not urocortin 1 or stressin 1-A, suppresses feeding via CRF2 receptors without malaise and stress. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1959-75. [PMID: 21627635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Infusion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)/urocortin (Ucn) family peptides suppresses feeding in mice. We examined whether rats show peripheral CRF/Ucn-induced anorexia and determined its behavioural and pharmacological bases. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats (n= 5-12 per group) were administered (i.p.) CRF receptor agonists with different subtype affinities. Food intake, formation of conditioned taste aversion and corticosterone levels were assessed. In addition, Ucn 1- and Ucn 2-induced anorexia was studied in fasted CRF(2) knockout (n= 11) and wild-type (n= 13) mice. KEY RESULTS Ucn 1, non-selective CRF receptor agonist, reduced food intake most potently (~0.32 nmol·kg(-1) ) and efficaciously (up to 70% reduction) in fasted and fed rats. The peptides' rank-order of anorexic potency was Ucn 1 ≥ Ucn 2 > >stressin(1) -A > Ucn 3, and efficacy, Ucn 1 > stressin(1) -A > Ucn 2 = Ucn 3. Ucn 1 reduced meal frequency and size, facilitated feeding bout termination and slowed eating rate. Stressin(1) -A (CRF(1) agonist) reduced meal size; Ucn 2 (CRF(2) agonist) reduced meal frequency. Stressin(1) -A and Ucn 1, but not Ucn 2, produced a conditioned taste aversion, reduced feeding efficiency and weight regain and elicited diarrhoea. Ucn 1, but not Ucn 2, also increased corticosterone levels. Ucn 1 and Ucn 2 reduced feeding in wild-type, but not CRF(2) knockout, mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CRF(1) agonists, Ucn 1 and stressin(1) -A, reduced feeding and induced interoceptive stress, whereas Ucn 2 potently suppressed feeding via a CRF(2) -dependent mechanism without eliciting malaise. Consistent with their pharmacological differences, peripheral urocortins have diverse effects on appetite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Fekete
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Squillacioti C, De Luca A, Liguori G, Paino S, Mirabella N. Expression of urocortin and corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the bovine adrenal gland. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 172:416-22. [PMID: 21504748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urocortin (UCN), a 40 amino acid peptide, is a corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-related peptide. The biological actions of CRH family peptides are mediated via two types of G protein-coupled receptors, CRH type 1 receptor (CRHR1) and CRH type 2 receptor (CRHR2). The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of UCN, CRHR1 and CRHR2 by immunohistochemistry, western blot and real-time RT-PCR in the bovine adrenal gland to clarify the mechanisms of the intra-adrenal CRH-based regulatory system. The results showed that UCN, CRHR1 and CRHR2 were expressed in both the cortex and medulla. Specifically, UCN-immunoreactivity (IR) was distributed in the outer part of the zona fasciculata and in the zona reticularis of the cortex and in the medulla. UCN and CRHR2 mRNA expression levels were higher in the cortex than in the medulla, while CRHR1 mRNA levels were undetectable in the cortex. These results suggest that UCN, CRHR1 and CRHR2 are expressed in the bovine adrenal gland and that UCN might play a role in the intra-adrenal CRH-based regulatory system through an autocrine mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Squillacioti
- Department of Structure, Functions and Biological Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chang J, Adams MR, Clifton MS, Liao M, Brooks JH, Hasdemir B, Bhargava A. Urocortin 1 modulates immunosignaling in a rat model of colitis via corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G884-94. [PMID: 21330446 PMCID: PMC3094137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00319.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Urocortins (UCNs) and their receptors are potent immunoregulators in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where they can exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. We examined the contribution of Ucn1 and its receptors to the pathogenesis, progression, and resolution of colitis. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid was used to induce colitis in rats. Ucn1 mRNA and immunoreactivity (IR) were ubiquitously expressed throughout the GI tract under basal conditions. During colitis, Ucn1 mRNA levels fell below basal levels on day 1 then increased again by day 6, in association with an increase in the number of Ucn1-IR inflammatory cells. Ucn1-IR cells were also numerous in proliferating granulation tissue. In contrast to Ucn1 expression, average phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) expression rose above controls levels on day 1 and was very low on day 6 of colitis. Knockdown of corticotropin-releasing factor 2 (CRF(2)) but not CRF(1) by RNA interference during colitis significantly decreased the macroscopic lateral spread of ulceration compared with uninjected controls or animals with CRF(1) knockdown. After knockdown of CRF(2), but not of CRF(1) during colitis, edema resolution assessed microscopically was slowed, and myeloperoxidase activity remained elevated even at day 6. Ucn1 and TNF-α mRNA peaked earlier, whereas pERK1/2 activation was attenuated after CRF(2) knockdown. Thus we conclude that local CRF(2) and pERK1/2 activation is pivotal for macroscopic spread of colitis and resolution of edema. Elimination of CRF(2), but not CRF(1), results in uncoordinated immune and pERK1/2 signaling responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Melanie R. Adams
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew S. Clifton
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Min Liao
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Julia H. Brooks
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Burcu Hasdemir
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee S, Braden B, Kang SS, Rivier C. Urocortins are present in the rat testis. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:131-7. [PMID: 21256589 PMCID: PMC3043384 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and release of testosterone (T) depends both on circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) and on an array of testicular factors whose role remains incompletely understood. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) had been reported in the rat testes, where it was thought to inhibit T secretion. However, the discovery that the CRF-related peptides urocortins (Ucns), of which there are currently three subtypes (Ucn 1, 2 and 3), cross-react with many reagents previously used to detect CRF, has cast doubt on this concept. Here we show that while CRF was readily measurable in rat hypothalami (which served as controls), signals for this peptide were barely detectable in total RNA extracted from the testes. On the other hand, microarray, RT-PCR and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses all indicated strong signals for Ucn 1 in the male gonads, with weaker levels of Ucn 2 and 3 mRNA gene expression. Results obtained for Ucn 1 gene expression were corroborated by immunohistochemical detection, which appeared restricted to Leydig cells. Finally, to investigate possible changes in testicular Ucn 1 levels induced by homeostatic challenges, we measured them in rats exposed to alcohol. We observed that indeed, the intragastric injection of this drug significantly increased testicular Ucn 1, but not Ucn 2, Ucn 3, CRF, CRFR1 or CRFR2 mRNA levels. Collectively, these results provide novel information regarding the presence of CRF-like peptides in the adult male rat testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Lee
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian Braden
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Health Science Institute, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 92 Chilam-Dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-751, Korea
| | - Catherine Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nemoto T, Iwasaki-Sekino A, Yamauchi N, Shibasaki T. Role of urocortin 2 secreted by the pituitary in the stress-induced suppression of luteinizing hormone secretion in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E567-75. [PMID: 20663987 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00163.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that urocortin 2 (Ucn 2), a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) peptide family that binds to CRF type 2 receptor, is expressed in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cells of rat pituitary and that its secretion and expression are increased by CRF in both the anterior and intermediate lobes and suppressed by glucocorticoids in the anterior lobe. We have also shown that Ucn 2 secreted by POMC cells acts on gonadotrophs expressing CRF type 2 receptors and inhibits the expression and secretion of gonadotropins. In the present study, we examined whether pituitary Ucn 2 is involved in stress-induced inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. A 90-min period of immobilization stress increased POMC mRNA expression without influencing Ucn 2 mRNA expression and suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) β-subunit mRNA expression in the anterior lobe and plasma LH levels, while it increased both POMC and Ucn 2 mRNA expression in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. Pretreatment with anti-CRF IgG blocked immobilization-induced increases in plasma ACTH and corticosterone and in POMC mRNA expression in both pituitary lobes and Ucn 2 mRNA expression in the intermediate pituitary. It also blocked immobilization-induced suppression of plasma LH and LH β-subunit mRNA expression. Pretreatment with anti-Ucn 2 IgG blocked immobilization-induced suppression of plasma LH and LH β-subunit expression without affecting immobilization-induced ACTH and corticosterone release and POMC or Ucn 2 mRNA expression. These results suggest that CRF suppresses the secretion and expression of LH probably through pituitary Ucn 2 in stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nemoto
- Dept. of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602 Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
The human urocortin 2 gene is regulated by hypoxia: identification of a hypoxia-responsive element in the 3′-flanking region. Biochem J 2009; 424:119-27. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20090311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ucn2 (urocortin 2) has been shown to exert potent beneficial effects in the cardiovascular system, including inhibition of apoptosis, improvement of cardiomyocyte contractility and decrease of oxidative stress. The mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of hUcn2 (human Ucn2) expression in cardiovascular pathologies are not known. In the present study, we analysed the mechanism by which hypoxia, a major stimulus in ischaemic heart disease, regulates Ucn2 gene expression. Hypoxia and CPX (ciclopirox olamine), which prevents proteolytic degradation of HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor), significantly increased hUcn2 mRNA levels in TE-671 cells. Gene silencing of endogenous HIF1α abolishes this increase. Hypoxia and CPX activated a luciferase-linked fragment of the 3′FLR (3′-flanking region) of the hUcn2 gene containing two putative HREs (hypoxia-response elements), HRE1 and HRE2. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that HRE1 is required for HIF1α-dependent luciferase activation. This activation was conserved in constructs with the 3′FLR fragment placed upstream of the luciferase gene, indicating an enhancer function for HRE1. Competition assays revealed direct binding between HRE1 and HIF1α. Regulation of Ucn2 by hypoxia was confirmed in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and in cardiac-derived H9c2 cells transfected with constructs of the 3′FLR of the hUcn2 gene. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that hypoxia induces hUcn2 expression via a specific HRE in the 3′FLR of the hUcn2 gene, which interacts with the transcription factor HIF1α. Hypoxia-mediated stimulation of cardioprotective Ucn2 may help to preserve cardiac function and prevent apoptosis in ischaemic conditions in the heart.
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu X, Serova L, Kvetnanský R, Sabban EL. Identifying the stress transcriptome in the adrenal medulla following acute and repeated immobilization. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1148:1-28. [PMID: 19120088 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1410.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress triggers changes in gene expression mediating important adaptive and maladaptive responses. The full repertoire of genes whose expression in the adrenal medulla is altered by stress has not been previously determined. In this study, gene profiling (RAE 230 2.0 Affymetrix) was applied to elucidate global changes in gene expression in adrenal medulla of rats exposed to 2-h immobilization (IMO) stress once or repeatedly for 6 consecutive days. The number of transcripts significantly (P < 0.01) altered with single IMO (651 up, 487 down) was more than with repeated IMO (370 up, 195 down). The annotated transcripts were further analyzed and categorized. The largest numbers of changes were in mRNA levels in the transcription factor and cell signaling categories. Robust changes were also observed in transcripts related to growth factors, apoptosis, neurosecretion/neuropeptides, heat shock proteins, structural proteins, chemokines, cytokines, metabolism/lipid-metabolism, and proteases. Many (>80%) were uniquely induced by single IMO. About half of transcripts changed by repeated IMO were also responsive to single IMO. Pathway analysis was applied to identify direct interactions and common targets among gene products altered by single and repeated IMO. In this paper, we briefly describe the most pronounced changes observed, with emphasis on those that may provide new insight into the common and distinct mechanisms whereby the adrenal medulla responses to a first encounter with stress compared to repeated exposure to the same stressor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chang J, Hoy JJ, Idumalla PS, Clifton MS, Pecoraro NC, Bhargava A. Urocortin 2 expression in the rat gastrointestinal tract under basal conditions and in chemical colitis. Peptides 2007; 28:1453-60. [PMID: 17586086 PMCID: PMC3718314 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that the urocortins (Ucns) and their receptors are involved in the initiation and development of inflammation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There has not been a systematic study of the basal expression of Ucns or their receptors in the GI tract. Here, we examined basal expression of Ucn 2 and its high-affinity receptor, CRF-R2 in the rat GI tract. Ucn 2 mRNA was expressed throughout the small and large intestine. Surprisingly, CRF-R2 mRNA expression was detected in only a subset of GI regions that expressed Ucn 2. Immunohistochemical study showed that both Ucn 2 immuno-reactivity (Ucn 2-IR) and CRF-R2-IR were consistently seen in the neurons of the myenteric plexus and the nerve fibers innervating the circular muscle. By and large, Ucn 2-IR was detected in all layers, including the mucosal and the submucosal layers throughout the GI regions. In contrast, CRF-R2-IR was very low or undetectable in the mucosal layers of all regions examined. The role of Ucn 2 and CRF-R2 was then examined in a rat model of chemically-induced colitis. In the early phase of colitis, Ucn 2 mRNA levels peaked, whereas, in striking contrast, CRF-R2 mRNA expression decreased approximately 2.5-fold below control levels. At the peptide level, Ucn 2-IR was specifically induced in a large population of immune cells that infiltrated the lamina propria and submucosa of the distal colon, whereas CRFR2-IR was detected in only a small fraction of infiltrated immune cells. CRF-R2-IR was dramatically reduced in the neurons of the myenteric plexus. Thus, we show, for the first time, that in the acute phase of inflammation, Ucn 2 levels are increased whereas expression levels of its only identified receptor, CRF-R2, are decreased. This suggests that Ucn 2 exerts its effects only in part via CRF-R2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Julia J. Hoy
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Prema S. Idumalla
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Matthew S. Clifton
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Norman C. Pecoraro
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, 415 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dermitzaki E, Tsatsanis C, Minas V, Chatzaki E, Charalampopoulos I, Venihaki M, Androulidaki A, Lambropoulou M, Spiess J, Michalodimitrakis E, Gravanis A, Margioris AN. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and the urocortins differentially regulate catecholamine secretion in human and rat adrenals, in a CRF receptor type-specific manner. Endocrinology 2007; 148:1524-38. [PMID: 17194738 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) affects catecholamine production both centrally and peripherally. The aim of the present work was to examine the presence of CRF, its related peptides, and their receptors in the medulla of human and rat adrenals and their direct effect on catecholamine synthesis and secretion. CRF, urocortin I (UCN1), urocortin II (UCN2), and CRF receptor type 1 (CRF1) and 2 (CRF2) were present in human and rat adrenal medulla as well as the PC12 pheochromocytoma cells by immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence, and RT-PCR. Exposure of dispersed human and rat adrenal chromaffin cells to CRF1 receptor agonists induced catecholamine secretion in a dose-dependent manner, an effect peaking at 30 min, whereas CRF2 receptor agonists suppressed catecholamine secretion. The respective effects were blocked by CRF1 and CRF2 antagonists. CRF peptides affected catecholamine secretion via changes of subplasmaliminal actin filament polymerization. CRF peptides also affected catecholamine synthesis. In rat chromaffin and PC12 cells, CRF1 and CRF2 agonists induced catecholamine synthesis via tyrosine hydroxylase. However, in human chromaffin cells, activation of CRF1 receptors induced tyrosine hydroxylase, whereas activation of CRF2 suppressed it. In conclusion, it appears that a complex intraadrenal CRF-UCN/CRF-receptor system exists in both human and rat adrenals controlling catecholamine secretion and synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Dermitzaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry-Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion GR-710 03, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fekete ÉM, Zorrilla EP. Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic relevance of urocortins in mammals: ancient CRF paralogs. Front Neuroendocrinol 2007; 28:1-27. [PMID: 17083971 PMCID: PMC2730896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urocortins, three paralogs of the stress-related peptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) found in bony fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals, have unique phylogenies, pharmacologies, and tissue distributions. As a result and despite a structural family resemblance, the natural functions of urocortins and CRF in mammalian homeostatic responses differ substantially. Endogenous urocortins are neither simply counterpoints nor mimics of endogenous CRF action. In their own right, urocortins may be clinically relevant molecules in the pathogenesis or management of many conditions, including congestive heart failure, hypertension, gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders (irritable bowel syndrome, active gastritis, gastroparesis, and rheumatoid arthritis), atopic/allergic disorders (dermatitis, urticaria, and asthma), pregnancy and parturition (preeclampsia, spontaneous abortion, onset, and maintenance of effective labor), major depression and obesity. Safety trials for intravenous urocortin treatment have already begun for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Further understanding the unique functions of urocortin 1, urocortin 2, and urocortin 3 action may uncover other therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva M. Fekete
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Pécs University Medical School, 7602 Pécs,
Hungary
| | - Eric P. Zorrilla
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Harold L. Dorris Neurological Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2005 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity, neurophysiology and transmitter release (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); immunological responses (Section 17).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang N, Sugama S, Conti B, Teramoto A, Shibasaki T. Interleukin-18 mRNA expression in the rat pituitary gland. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 173:117-25. [PMID: 16460811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the expression of IL-18 mRNA under several stimuli, and molecular structures of IL-18 mRNA of the rat pituitary. Real-time PCR demonstrated that IL-18 mRNA, highly expressed in anterior pituitary, significantly increased following stress and adrenalectomy. In situ hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry demonstrated that corticotrope cells expressed IL-18 mRNA. RACE and sequence analysis demonstrated that pituitary IL-18 mRNA possesses five new exons at the upstream of exon 1 and between exon 1 and exon 2, indicating the preferential usage of promoter 1. The present study suggests that IL-18 in the corticotrope cells may play some roles in stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|