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Jmel H, Boukhalfa W, Gouiza I, Seghaier RO, Dallali H, Kefi R. Pharmacogenetic landscape of pain management variants among Mediterranean populations. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1380613. [PMID: 38813106 PMCID: PMC11134176 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1380613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain is a major socioeconomic burden in the Mediterranean region. However, we noticed an under-representation of these populations in the pharmacogenetics of pain management studies. In this context, we aimed 1) to decipher the pharmacogenetic variant landscape among Mediterranean populations compared to worldwide populations in order to identify therapeutic biomarkers for personalized pain management and 2) to better understand the biological process of pain management through in silico investigation of pharmacogenes pathways. Materials and Methods We collected genes and variants implicated in pain response using the Prisma guidelines from literature and PharmGK database. Next, we extracted these genes from genotyping data of 829 individuals. Then, we determined the variant distribution among the studied populations using multivariate (MDS) and admixture analysis with R and STRUCTURE software. We conducted a Chi2 test to compare the interethnic frequencies of the identified variants. We used SNPinfo web server, miRdSNP database to identify miRNA-binding sites. In addition, we investigated the functions of the identified genes and variants using pathway enrichment analysis and annotation tools. Finally, we performed docking analysis to assess the impact of variations on drug interactions. Results We identified 63 variants implicated in pain management. MDS analysis revealed that Mediterranean populations are genetically similar to Mexican populations and divergent from other populations. STRUCTURE analysis showed that Mediterranean populations are mainly composed of European ancestry. We highlighted differences in the minor allele frequencies of three variants (rs633, rs4680, and rs165728) located in the COMT gene. Moreover, variant annotation revealed ten variants with potential miRNA-binding sites. Finally, protein structure and docking analysis revealed that two missense variants (rs4680 and rs6267) induced a decrease in COMT protein activity and affinity for dopamine. Conclusion Our findings revealed that Mediterranean populations diverge from other ethnic groups. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of pain-related pathways and miRNAs to better implement these markers as predictors of analgesic responses in the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Jmel
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Genetic Typing Service, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Wided Boukhalfa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Genetic Typing Service, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ismail Gouiza
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Genetic Typing Service, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- MitoLab Team, Unité MitoVasc, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1083, SFR ICAT, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Roua Ouled Seghaier
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamza Dallali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Genetic Typing Service, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Kefi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Genetic Typing Service, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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2
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Yeh TY, Chang MF, Kan YY, Chiang H, Hsieh ST. HSP27 Modulates Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting P2X3 Degradation. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:707-724. [PMID: 37656312 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), a chaperone, in neuropathic pain after nerve injury has not been systematically surveyed despite its neuroprotective and regeneration-promoting effects. In this study, we found that HSP27 expression in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) mediated nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain behaviors were alleviated by silencing HSP27 in the DRG of a rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. Local injection of an HSP27-overexpression construct into the DRG of naïve rats elicited neuropathic pain behaviors. HSP27 interacted with a purinergic receptor, P2X3, and their expression patterns corroborated the induction and reversal of neuropathic pain according to two lines of evidence: colocalization immunohistochemically and immunoprecipitation biochemically. In a cell model cotransfected with HSP27 and P2X3, the degradation rate of P2X3 was reduced in the presence of HSP27. Such an alteration was mediated by reducing P2X3 ubiquitination in SNL rats and was reversed after silencing HSP27 in the DRGs of SNL rats. In summary, the interaction of HSP27 with P2X3 provides a new mechanism of injury-induced neuropathic pain that could serve as an alternative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Yen Yeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fong Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Kan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | | | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
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3
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Jin J, Li L, Wang Y, Li K, Qian A, Li W, Liu Q, Wen C, Liu Q, Yan G, Xue F. Estrogen alleviates acute and chronic itch in mice. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:255. [PMID: 37153887 PMCID: PMC10155243 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Itching is associated with various skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis and allergic dermatitis, and leads to repeated scratching behavior and unpleasant sensation. Although clinical and laboratory research data have shown that estrogen is involved in regulating itch, the molecular and cellular basis of estrogen in itch sensation remains elusive. In the present study, it was found that estrogen-treated mice exhibited reduced scratching bouts when challenged with histamine, chloroquine, the proteinase-activated receptor-2 activating peptide SLIGRL-NH2 (SLIGRL), compound 48/80, and 5-hydroxytryptamine when compared with mice in the placebo group. Moreover, estrogen also suppressed scratching bouts in the mouse model of chronic itch induced by acetone-ether-water treatment. Notably, consistent with the behavioral tests, the present RNA-seq analysis showed that estrogen treatment caused significantly reduced expression levels of itch-related molecules such as Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member A3, neuromedin B and natriuretic polypeptide b. In addition, estradiol attenuated histamine-induced and chloroquine-induced calcium influx in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Collectively, the data of the present study suggested that estrogen modulates the expression of itch-related molecules and suppresses both acute and chronic itch in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anatomy, Yanbian University of Medicine, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Keyan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Weiou Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Quanle Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, P.R. China
| | - Guanghai Yan
- Department of Anatomy, Yanbian University of Medicine, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Fushan Xue, Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-An Road, Xi-Cheng, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Fushan Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Fushan Xue, Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-An Road, Xi-Cheng, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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4
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Sivcev S, Kudova E, Zemkova H. Neurosteroids as positive and negative allosteric modulators of ligand-gated ion channels: P2X receptor perspective. Neuropharmacology 2023; 234:109542. [PMID: 37040816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are steroids synthesized de novo in the brain from cholesterol in an independent manner from peripheral steroid sources. The term "neuroactive steroid" includes all steroids independent of their origin, and newly synthesized analogs of neurosteroids that modify neuronal activities. In vivo application of neuroactive steroids induces potent anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic and amnesic effects, mainly through interaction with the γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor (GABAAR). However, neuroactive steroids also act as positive or negative allosteric regulators on several ligand-gated channels including N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and ATP-gated purinergic P2X receptors. Seven different P2X subunits (P2X1-7) can assemble to form homotrimeric or heterotrimeric ion channels permeable for monovalent cations and calcium. Among them, P2X2, P2X4, and P2X7 are the most abundant within the brain and can be regulated by neurosteroids. Transmembrane domains are necessary for neurosteroid binding, however, no generic motif of amino acids can accurately predict the neurosteroid binding site for any of the ligand-gated ion channels including P2X. Here, we will review what is currently known about the modulation of rat and human P2X by neuroactive steroids and the possible structural determinants underlying neurosteroid-induced potentiation and inhibition of the P2X2 and P2X4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Sivcev
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Zemkova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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5
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Godin SK, Wagner J, Huang P, Bree D. The role of peripheral nerve signaling in endometriosis. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:802-813. [PMID: 34632315 PMCID: PMC8493968 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of endometriosis - a chronic debilitating condition whose causes are poorly understood - is neuronal innervation of lesions. Recent evidence demonstrates that the peripheral nervous system plays an important role in the pathophysiology of this disease. Sensory nerves, which surround and innervate endometriotic lesions, not only drive the chronic and debilitating pain associated with endometriosis but also contribute to a pro-growth phenotype by secreting neurotrophic factors and interacting with surrounding immune cells. The diverse array of contributions that neurons play in endometriosis indicate that it should be considered as a nerve-centric disease. This review is focused on the emerging field of exoneural biology and how it applies to the field of endometriosis, in particular the role that peripheral nerves play in driving and maintaining endometriotic lesions. A better understanding of the mechanisms of neuronal contribution to endometriosis, as well as their interactions with accompanying stromal and immune cells, will unearth novel disease-relevant pathways and targets, providing additional, more selective therapeutic horizons.
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6
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Hirakawa M, Yokoyama T, Yamamoto Y, Saino T. Morphology of P2X3-immunoreactive basket-like afferent nerve endings surrounding serosal ganglia and close relationship with vesicular nucleotide transporter-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat gastric antrum. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3866-3881. [PMID: 34297862 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported P2X3 purinoceptor (P2X3)-expressing vagal afferent nerve endings with large web-like structures in the subserosal tissue of the antral lesser curvature, suggesting that these nerve endings were one of the vagal mechanoreceptors. The present study investigated the morphological relationship between P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings and serosal ganglia in the rat gastric antrum by immunohistochemistry of whole-mount preparations using confocal scanning laser microscopy. P2X3-immunoreactive basket-like subserosal nerve endings with new morphology were distributed laterally to the gastric sling muscles in the distal antrum of the lesser curvature. Parent axons ramified into numerous nerve fibers with pleomorphic flattened structures to form basket-like nerve endings, and the parent axons were originated from large net-like structures of vagal afferent nerve endings. Basket-like nerve endings wrapped around the whole serosal ganglia, which were characterized by neurofilament 200 kDa-immunoreactive neurons with or without neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity and S100B-immunoreactive glial cells. Furthermore, basket-like nerve endings were localized in close apposition to dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive sympathetic nerve fibers immunoreactive for vesicular nucleotide transporter. These results suggest that P2X3-immunoreactive basket-like nerve endings associated with serosal ganglia are the specialized ending structures of vagal subserosal mechanoreceptors in order to increase the sensitivity during antral peristalsis, and are activated by ATP from sympathetic nerve fibers and/or serosal ganglia for the regulation of mechanoreceptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hirakawa
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saino
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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7
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Delay L, Gonçalves Dos Santos G, Dias EV, Yaksh TL, Corr M. Sexual Dimorphism in the Expression of Pain Phenotype in Preclinical Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2021; 47:245-264. [PMID: 33781493 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is one of most frequent rheumatic diseases, affecting around 1% of the population worldwide. Pain impacting the quality of life for the patient with rheumatoid arthritis, is often the primary factor leading them to seek medical care. Although sex-related differences in humans and animal models of rheumatoid arthritis are described, the correlation between pain and sex in rheumatoid arthritis has only recently been directly examined. Here we review the literature and explore the mechanisms underlying the expression of the pain phenotype in females and males in preclinical models of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Delay
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | - Elayne Vieira Dias
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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8
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Chen Q, Zhang W, Sadana N, Chen X. Estrogen receptors in pain modulation: cellular signaling. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:22. [PMID: 33568220 PMCID: PMC7877067 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception and emotional disorders are disproportionally represented in men and women and are thus thought to be modulated by different sex hormones in various conditions. Among the most important hormones perceived to affect sensory processing and transduction is estrogen. Numerous previous researchers have endeavored to demonstrate that estrogen is capable of modulating the activity of sensory neurons in peripheral and central sites in female, male, or castrated animals. However, the underlying mechanisms of its modulation of neuronal activity are somewhat unclear. In the present review, we discuss the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the modulation of nociception by estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Neeti Sadana
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Hirakawa M, Yokoyama T, Yamamoto Y, Saino T. Distribution and morphology of P2X3-immunoreactive subserosal afferent nerve endings in the rat gastric antrum. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:2014-2028. [PMID: 33190284 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the morphological characteristics of subserosal afferent nerve endings with immunoreactivity for the P2X3 purinoceptor (P2X3) in the rat stomach by immunohistochemistry of whole-mount preparations using confocal scanning laser microscopy. P2X3 immunoreactivity was observed in subserosal nerve endings proximal and lateral to the gastric sling muscles in the distal antrum of the lesser curvature. Parent axons ramified into several lamellar processes to form net-like complex structures that extended two-dimensionally in every direction on the surface of the longitudinal smooth muscle layer. The axon terminals in the periphery of P2X3-immunoreactive net-like structures were flat and looped or leaf-like in shape. Some net-like lamellar structures and their axon terminals with P2X3 immunoreactivity were also immunoreactive for P2X2. P2X3-immunoreactive nerve fibers forming net-like terminal structures were closely surrounded by S100B-immunoreactive terminal Schwann cells, whereas axon terminals twined around these cells and extended club-, knob-, or thread-like protrusions in the surrounding tissues. Furthermore, a retrograde tracing method using fast blue dye indicated that most of these nerve endings originated from the nodose ganglia of the vagus nerve. These results suggest that P2X3-immunoreactive subserosal nerve endings have morphological characteristics of mechanoreceptors and contribute to sensation of a mechanical deformation of the distal antral wall associated with antral peristalsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hirakawa
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saino
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Japan
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10
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Colciago A, Bonalume V, Melfi V, Magnaghi V. Genomic and Non-genomic Action of Neurosteroids in the Peripheral Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:796. [PMID: 32848567 PMCID: PMC7403499 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the former evidence of biologic actions of neurosteroids in the central nervous system, also the peripheral nervous system (PNS) was reported as a structure affected by these substances. Indeed, neurosteroids are synthesized and active in the PNS, exerting many important actions on the different cell types of this system. PNS is a target for neurosteroids, in their native form or as metabolites. In particular, old and recent evidence indicates that the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone possesses important functions in the PNS, thus contributing to its physiologic processes. In this review, we will survey the more recent findings on the genomic and non-genomic actions of neurosteroids in nerves, ganglia, and cells forming the PNS, focusing on the mechanisms regulating the peripheral neuron-glial crosstalk. Then, we will refer to the physiopathological significance of the neurosteroid signaling disturbances in the PNS, in to identify new molecular targets for promising pharmacotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Colciago
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Bonalume
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Melfi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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11
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Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Serafini MM, Caruso D, Garcia-Segura LM, Viviani B, Melcangi RC. Sex differences in steroid levels and steroidogenesis in the nervous system: Physiopathological role. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100804. [PMID: 31689419 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system, in addition to be a target for steroid hormones, is the source of a variety of neuroactive steroids, which are synthesized and metabolized by neurons and glial cells. Recent evidence indicates that the expression of neurosteroidogenic proteins and enzymes and the levels of neuroactive steroids are different in the nervous system of males and females. We here summarized the state of the art of neuroactive steroids, particularly taking in consideration sex differences occurring in the synthesis and levels of these molecules. In addition, we discuss the consequences of sex differences in neurosteroidogenesis for the function of the nervous system under healthy and pathological conditions and the implications of neuroactive steroids and neurosteroidogenesis for the development of sex-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Melania Maria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barbara Viviani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Yokoyama T, Yamamoto Y, Hirakawa M, Kato K, Saino T. Vesicular nucleotide transporter-immunoreactive type I cells associated with P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings in the rat carotid body. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1486-1501. [PMID: 31808543 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ATP is the major excitatory transmitter from chemoreceptor type I cells to sensory nerve endings in the carotid body, and has been suggested to be released by exocytosis from these cells. We investigated the mRNA expression and immunohistochemical localization of vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) in the rat carotid body. RT-PCR detected mRNA expression of VNUT in extracts of the tissue. Immunoreactivity for VNUT was localized in a part of type I cells immunoreactive for synaptophysin (SYN), but not in glial-like type II cells immunoreactive for S100 and S100B. Among SYN-immunoreactive type I cells, VNUT immunoreactivity was selectively localized in the sub-population of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunorective type I cells associated with nerve endings immunoreactive for the P2X3 purinoceptor; however, it was not detected in the sub-population of type I cells immunoreactive for dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Multi-immunolabeling for VNUT, P2X3, and Bassoon revealed that Bassoon-immunoreactive products were localized in type I cells with VNUT immunoreactivity, and accumulated on the contact side of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings. These results revealed the selective localization of VNUT in the subpopulation of TH-immunoreactive type I cells attached to sensory nerve endings and suggested that these cells release ATP by exocytosis for chemosensory transmission in the carotid body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masato Hirakawa
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Kouki Kato
- Center for Laboratory Animal Science, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saino
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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Vojnits K, Mahammad S, Collins TJ, Bhatia M. Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathy and Drug Discovery Platform Using Human Sensory Neurons Converted Directly from Adult Peripheral Blood. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:1180-1191. [PMID: 31347791 PMCID: PMC6811699 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a disorder damaging the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and represents one of the most common side effects of chemotherapy, negatively impacting the quality of life of patients to the extent of withdrawing life‐saving chemotherapy dose or duration. Unfortunately, the pathophysiological effects of PN are poorly understood, in part due to the lack of availability of large numbers of human sensory neurons (SNs) for study. Previous reports have demonstrated that human SNs can be directly converted from primitive CD34+ hematopoietic cells, but was limited to a small‐scale product of SNs and derived exclusively from less abundant allogenic sources of cord or drug mobilized peripheral blood (PB). To address this shortcoming, we have developed and report detailed procedures toward the generation of human SN directly converted from conventionally drawn PB of adults that can be used in a high‐content screening platform for discovery‐based studies of chemotherapy agents on neuronal biology. In the absence of mobilization drugs, cryogenically preserved adult human PB could be induced to (i)SN via development through expandable neural precursor differentiation. iSNs could be transferable to high‐throughput procedures suitable for high‐content screening applicable to neuropathy for example, alterations in neurite morphology in response to chemotherapeutics. Our study provides the first reported platform using adult PB‐derived iSNs to study peripheral nervous system‐related neuropathies as well as target and drug screening potential for the ability to prevent, block, or repair chemotherapy‐induced PN damage. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:1180–1191
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Vojnits
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saleemulla Mahammad
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony J Collins
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mickie Bhatia
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Lozano C, Córdova C, Marchant I, Zúñiga R, Ochova P, Ramírez-Barrantes R, González-Arriagada WA, Rodriguez B, Olivero P. Intracellular aggregated TRPV1 is associated with lower survival in breast cancer patients. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2018; 10:161-168. [PMID: 30410392 PMCID: PMC6197232 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s170208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a malignant disease that represents an important public health burden. The description of new molecular markers can be important to diagnosis, classification, and treatment. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) polymodal channel is expressed in different neoplastic tissues and cell lines of breast cancer and associated with the regulation of tumor growth, tumor neurogenesis, cancer pain, and malignant progression of cancer. In primary and metastatic breast cancer tumors, TRPV1 is expressed during neoplastic transformation, invasive behavior, and resistance to cytotoxic therapy. Objective The objective of this study was to describe the subcellular distribution of TRPV1 in invasive breast carcinomas and its association with survival. Methods In 33 cases of invasive breast carcinomas, we identified immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent expression patterns of TRPV1 compared to healthy breast tissue. We characterized the expression of TRPV1 induced by estrogens in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA to establish a model of the TRPV1-estrogen relationship regarding the malignant potential. We examined the association of TRPV1 patterns with patients' survival with the Kaplan-Meyer model, using the log-rank test at 5 years of follow-up. The relation of TRPV1 expression patterns to the St. Gallen breast cancer subtypes was also tested. Results Based on immunohistochemical expression pattern of TRPV1, we distinguished two main categories of breast cancer tissue, a "classical category" that exhibited diffuse expression of the channel and a "non-classical category" that expressed the channel in aggregates at the ER/Golgi and/or surrounding these structures. The classical pattern of TRPV1 was associated with a higher survival rate. In breast cancer cell lines, increasing doses of estrogens induced increased TRPV1 expression with nonclassical patterns at higher doses via a mechanism dependent on ER α. Conclusion The expression and distribution of TRPV1 in invasive breast carcinomas may be considered as a biomarker for prognosis of the disease and a probable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Lozano
- Laboratorio de Estructura y Función Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Hontaneda, Valparaíso, Chile, ; .,Centro Interoperativo en Ciencias Odontológicas y Médicas, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, ; .,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Carlos van Buren, San Ignacio, Valparaíso, Chile,
| | - Claudio Córdova
- Laboratorio de Estructura y Función Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Hontaneda, Valparaíso, Chile, ;
| | - Ivanny Marchant
- Laboratorio de Estructura y Función Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Hontaneda, Valparaíso, Chile, ; .,Centro Interoperativo en Ciencias Odontológicas y Médicas, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, ;
| | - Rodrigo Zúñiga
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Carlos van Buren, San Ignacio, Valparaíso, Chile,
| | - Paola Ochova
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Carlos van Buren, San Ignacio, Valparaíso, Chile,
| | | | - Wilfredo Alejandro González-Arriagada
- Centro Interoperativo en Ciencias Odontológicas y Médicas, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, ; .,Patología y Diagnóstico Oral, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Valparaíso-Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Belén Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Estructura y Función Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Hontaneda, Valparaíso, Chile, ;
| | - Pablo Olivero
- Laboratorio de Estructura y Función Celular, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Hontaneda, Valparaíso, Chile, ; .,Centro Interoperativo en Ciencias Odontológicas y Médicas, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile, ;
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15
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Distribution and morphology of baroreceptors in the rat carotid sinus as revealed by immunohistochemistry for P2X3 purinoceptors. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:161-173. [PMID: 30244428 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The morphological characteristics of baroreceptors in the rat carotid sinus were reevaluated by whole-mount preparations with immunohistochemistry for P2X3 purinoceptors using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Immunoreactive nerve endings for P2X3 were distributed in the internal carotid artery proximal to the carotid bifurcation, particularly in the region opposite the carotid body. Some pre-terminal axons in nerve endings were ensheathed by myelin sheaths immunoreactive for myelin basic protein. Pre-terminal axons ramified into several branches that extended two-dimensionally in every direction. The axon terminals of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings were flat and leaf-like in shape, and extended hederiform- or knob-like protrusions in the adventitial layer. Some axons and axon terminals with P2X3 immunoreactivity were also immunoreactive for P2X2, and axon terminals were closely surrounded by terminal Schwann cells with S100 or S100B immunoreactivity. These results revealed the detailed morphology of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings and suggested that these endings respond to a mechanical deformation of the carotid sinus wall with their flat leaf-like terminals.
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16
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Giatti S, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids, neurosteroidogenesis and sex. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 176:1-17. [PMID: 29981391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is a target and a source of steroids. Neuroactive steroids are steroids that target neurons and glial cells. They include hormonal steroids originated in the peripheral glands, steroids locally synthesized by the neurons and glial cells (neurosteroids) and synthetic steroids, some of them used in clinical practice. Here we review the mechanisms of synthesis, metabolism and action of neuroactive steroids, including the role of epigenetic modifications and the mitochondria in their sex specific actions. We examine sex differences in neuroactive steroid levels under physiological conditions and their role in the establishment of sex dimorphic structures in the nervous system and sex differences in its function. In addition, particular attention is paid to neuroactive steroids under pathological conditions, analyzing how pathology alters their levels and their role as neuroprotective factors, considering the influence of sex in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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17
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Ross JL, Queme LF, Lamb JE, Green KJ, Jankowski MP. Sex differences in primary muscle afferent sensitization following ischemia and reperfusion injury. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:2. [PMID: 29298725 PMCID: PMC5751812 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain conditions are more prevalent in women, but most preclinical studies into mechanisms of pain generation are performed using male animals. Furthermore, whereas group III and IV nociceptive muscle afferents provoke central sensitization more effectively than their cutaneous counterparts, less is known about this critical population of muscle nociceptors. Here, we compare the physiology of individual muscle afferents in uninjured males and females. We then characterize the molecular, physiological, and behavioral effects of transient ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/R), a model we have extensively studied in males and in females. METHODS Response properties and phenotypes to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimulation were compared using an ex vivo muscle/nerve/dorsal root ganglia (DRG)/spinal cord recording preparation. Analyses of injury-related changes were also performed by assaying evoked and spontaneous pain-related behaviors, as well as mRNA expression of the affected muscle and DRGs. The appropriate analyses of variance and post hoc tests (with false discovery rate corrections when needed) were performed for each measure. RESULTS Females have more mechanically sensitive muscle afferents and show greater mechanical and thermal responsiveness than what is found in males. With I/R, both sexes show fewer cells responsive to an innocuous metabolite solution (ATP, lactic acid, and protons), and lower mechanical thresholds in individual afferents; however, females also possess altered thermal responsiveness, which may be related to sex-dependent changes in gene expression within the affected DRGs. Regardless, both sexes show similar increases in I/R-induced pain-like behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Here, we illustrate a unique phenomenon wherein discrete, sex-dependent mechanisms of primary muscle afferent sensitization after ischemic injury to the periphery may underlie similar behavioral changes between the sexes. Furthermore, although the group III and IV muscle afferents are fully developed functionally, the differential mechanisms of sensitization manifest prior to sexual maturity. Hence, this study illustrates the pressing need for further exploration of sex differences in afferent function throughout the lifespan for use in developing appropriately targeted pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ross
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 6016, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Luis F Queme
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 6016, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jordan E Lamb
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 6016, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kathryn J Green
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 6016, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael P Jankowski
- Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave MLC 6016, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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18
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Yamamoto Y, Nakamuta N. Morphology of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings in the rat tracheal mucosa. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:550-566. [PMID: 29124772 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nerve endings with immunoreactivity for the P2X3 purinoreceptor (P2X3) in the rat tracheal mucosa were examined by immunohistochemistry of whole-mount preparations with confocal scanning laser microscopy. P2X3 immunoreactivity was observed in ramified endings distributed in the whole length of the trachea. The myelinated parent axons of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings ramified into several branches that extended two-dimensionally in every direction at the interface between the epithelial layer and lamina propria. The axonal branches of P2X3-immunoreactive endings branched off many twigs located just beneath the epithelium, and continued to intraepithelial axon terminals. The axon terminals of P2X3-immunoreactive endings were beaded, rounded, or club-like in shape and terminated between tracheal epithelial cells. Flat axon terminals sometimes partly ensheathed neuroendocrine cells with immunoreactivity for SNAP25 or CGRP. Some axons and axon terminals with P2X3 immunoreactivity were immunoreactive for P2X2, while some terminals were immunoreactive for vGLUT2. Furthermore, a retrograde tracing method using fast blue (FB) revealed that 88.4% of FB-labeled cells with P2X3 immunoreactivity originated from the nodose ganglion. In conclusion, P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings in the rat tracheal mucosa have unique morphological characteristics, and these endings may be rapidly adapting receptors and/or irritant receptors that are activated by mucosal irritant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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19
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Gao P, Ding XW, Dong L, Luo P, Zhang GH, Rong WF. Expression of aromatase in the rostral ventromedial medulla and its role in the regulation of visceral pain. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:980-989. [PMID: 29047208 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Estrogens are known to exert a wide spectrum of actions on brain functions including modulation of pain. Besides the circulating estrogens produced mainly by the ovaries, many brain regions are also capable of de novo synthesizing estrogens, which may exert important modulatory effects on neuronal functions. This study was aimed to test the hypothesis that aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to estradiols, may be distributed in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), where it may impact on visceral pain. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult female rats were treated with cyclophosphamide (CPM, 50 mg/kg, ip, once every 3 days) or saline. At approximately day 10 following the 3rd injection, CPM-treated rats exhibited colorectal hyperalgesia as they showed significantly greater abdominal withdrawal responses (AWR) to graded colorectal distension (CRD, 0-100 mm Hg) than the saline group. Immunofluorescent staining and Western blot assay revealed that CPM-induced colorectal hyperalgesia was associated with significantly increased expression of aromatase and phosphorylated μ-type opioid receptor (pMOR) and decreased expression of total MOR in the RVM. Intracisternal application of aromatase inhibitors, fadrozole, and letrozole reversed CPM-induced colorectal hyperalgesia and restored pMOR and MOR expression in the RVM. CONCLUSIONS Our observations confirmed the expression of aromatase in the RVM, a pivotal brain region in descending modulation of pain and opioid analgesia. The results support the hypothesis that locally produced estrogens in the RVM may be involved in the maintenance of chronic visceral hyperalgesia and the downstream signaling may involve phosphorylation of MOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Gao
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ding
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Dong
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Hua Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Fang Rong
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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20
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Gohar EY, Kasztan M, Becker BK, Speed JS, Pollock DM. Ovariectomy uncovers purinergic receptor activation of endothelin-dependent natriuresis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F361-F369. [PMID: 28468962 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00098.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that natriuresis produced by renal medullary salt loading is dependent on endothelin (ET)-1 and purinergic (P2) receptors in male rats. Because sex differences in ET-1 and P2 signaling have been reported, we decided to test whether ovarian sex hormones regulate renal medullary ET-1 and P2-dependent natriuresis. The effect of medullary NaCl loading on Na+ excretion was determined in intact and ovariectomized (OVX) female Sprague-Dawley rats with and without ET-1 or P2 receptor antagonism. Isosmotic saline (284 mosmol/kgH2O) was infused in the renal medullary interstitium of anesthetized rats during a baseline urine collection period, followed by isosmotic or hyperosmotic saline (1,800 mosmol/kgH2O) infusion. Medullary NaCl loading significantly enhanced Na+ excretion in intact and OVX female rats. ETA+B or P2 receptor blockade did not attenuate the natriuretic effect of medullary NaCl loading in intact females, whereas ETA+B or P2 receptor blockade attenuated the natriuretic response to NaCl loading in OVX rats. Activation of medullary P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors by UTP infusion had no significant effect in intact females but enhanced Na+ excretion in OVX rats. Combined ETA+B receptor blockade significantly inhibited the natriuretic response to UTP observed in OVX rats. These data demonstrate that medullary NaCl loading induces ET-1 and P2-independent natriuresis in intact females. In OVX, activation of medullary P2 receptors promotes ET-dependent natriuresis, suggesting that ovarian hormones may regulate the interplay between the renal ET-1 and P2 signaling systems to facilitate Na+ excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Y Gohar
- Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Malgorzata Kasztan
- Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bryan K Becker
- Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joshua S Speed
- Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David M Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Ferrari LF, Khomula EV, Araldi D, Levine JD. Marked Sexual Dimorphism in the Role of the Ryanodine Receptor in a Model of Pain Chronification in the Rat. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31221. [PMID: 27499186 PMCID: PMC4976309 DOI: 10.1038/srep31221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperalgesic priming, an estrogen dependent model of the transition to chronic pain, produced by agonists at receptors that activate protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), occurs in male but not in female rats. However, activation of second messengers downstream of PKCε, such as the ryanodine receptor, induces priming in both sexes. Since estrogen regulates intracellular calcium, we investigated the interaction between estrogen and ryanodine in the susceptibility to develop priming in females. The lowest dose of ryanodine able to induce priming in females (1 pg) is 1/100,000th that needed in males (100 ng), an effect dependent on the activation of ryanodine receptors. Treatment of female rats with antisense to estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), but not beta (ERβ), mRNA, prevented the induction of priming by low dose ryanodine, and the ERα agonist, PPT, induced ryanodine receptor-dependent priming. In vitro application of ryanodine in low concentration (2 nM) to small DRG neurons cultured from females, significantly potentiated calcium release via ryanodine receptors induced by caffeine. This effect was only observed in IB4+ neurons, cultured in the presence of β-estradiol or PPT. Our results demonstrate a profound regulatory role of ERα in ryanodine receptor-dependent transition to chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F Ferrari
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eugen V Khomula
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dionéia Araldi
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jon D Levine
- Departments of Medicine and Oral Surgery, and Division of Neuroscience, University of California at San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Levels and actions of neuroactive steroids in the nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions: Sex-specific features. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Robarge JD, Duarte DB, Shariati B, Wang R, Flockhart DA, Vasko MR. Aromatase inhibitors augment nociceptive behaviors in rats and enhance the excitability of sensory neurons. Exp Neurol 2016; 281:53-65. [PMID: 27072527 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are commonly used therapies for breast cancer, their use is limited because they produce arthralgia in a large number of patients. To determine whether AIs produce hypersensitivity in animal models of pain, we examined the effects of the AI, letrozole, on mechanical, thermal, and chemical sensitivity in rats. In ovariectomized (OVX) rats, administering a single dose of 1 or 5mg/kg letrozole significantly reduced mechanical paw withdrawal thresholds, without altering thermal sensitivity. Repeated injection of 5mg/kg letrozole in male rats produced mechanical, but not thermal, hypersensitivity that extinguished when drug dosing was stopped. A single dose of 5mg/kg letrozole or daily dosing of letrozole or exemestane in male rats also augmented flinching behavior induced by intraplantar injection of 1000nmol of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). To determine whether sensitization of sensory neurons contributed to AI-induced hypersensitivity, we evaluated the excitability of neurons isolated from dorsal root ganglia of male rats chronically treated with letrozole. Both small and medium-diameter sensory neurons isolated from letrozole-treated rats were more excitable, as reflected by increased action potential firing in response to a ramp of depolarizing current, a lower resting membrane potential, and a lower rheobase. However, systemic letrozole treatment did not augment the stimulus-evoked release of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from spinal cord slices, suggesting that the enhanced nociceptive responses were not secondary to an increase in peptide release from sensory endings in the spinal cord. These results provide the first evidence that AIs modulate the excitability of sensory neurons, which may be a primary mechanism for the effect of these drugs to augment pain behaviors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Robarge
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Djane B Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Laboratório de Farmacologia Molecular, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Behzad Shariati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Ruizhong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - David A Flockhart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Michael R Vasko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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Giatti S, Romano S, Pesaresi M, Cermenati G, Mitro N, Caruso D, Tetel MJ, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids and the peripheral nervous system: An update. Steroids 2015; 103:23-30. [PMID: 25824325 PMCID: PMC6314841 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the physiology of peripheral nerves and exert notable neuroprotective actions. Indeed, neuroactive steroids have been recently proposed as therapies for different types of peripheral neuropathy, like for instance those occurring during aging, chemotherapy, physical injury and diabetes. Moreover, pharmacological tools able to increase the synthesis of neuroactive steroids might represent new interesting therapeutic strategy to be applied in case of peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Romano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marc J Tetel
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Chen J, Hu R, Ge H, Duanmu W, Li Y, Xue X, Hu S, Feng H. G-protein-coupled receptor 30-mediated antiapoptotic effect of estrogen on spinal motor neurons following injury and its underlying mechanisms. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1733-40. [PMID: 25872489 PMCID: PMC4464192 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) may result in severe dysfunction of motor neurons. G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) expression in the motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord mediates neuroprotection through estrogen signaling. The present study explored the antiapoptotic effect of estrogen, mediated by GPR30 following SCI, and the mechanisms underlying this effect. Spinal motor neurons from rats were cultured in vitro in order to establish cell models of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). The effects of estrogen, the estrogen agonist, G1, and the estrogen inhibitor, G15, on motor neurons were observed using MTT assays. The effects of E2, G1 and G15 on spinal motor neuron apoptosis following OGD, were detected using flow cytometry. The role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) inhibitor, LY294002, was also determined using flow cytometry. Rat SCI models were established. E2, G1 and E2+LY294002 were administered in vivo. Motor function was scored at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 d following injury, using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) standards. Cell activity in the estrogen and G1 groups was higher than that in the solvent group, whereas cell activity in the E2+G15 group was lower than that in the E2 group (P<0.05). Following OGD, the proportion of apoptotic cells significantly increased (P<0.05). The proportion in the estrogen group was significantly lower than that in the solvent group, whereas the proportion of apoptotic cells in the E2+G15 and E2+LY294002 groups was higher than that in the E2 group (P<0.05). Treatment with E2 and G1 led to upregulation of P-Akt expression in normal cells and post-OGD cells. The BBB scores of rats in the E2 and G1 groups were higher than those in the placebo group (P<0.05). The BBB scores of the E2+LY294002 group were lower than those of the E2 group (P<0.05). Estrogen thus appears to exert a protective effect on spinal motor neurons following OGD, via GPR30. The PI3K/Akt pathway may be one of those involved in the estrogen-related antiapoptotic effects mediated by GPR30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Wangsheng Duanmu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Xingseng Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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26
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Chaban V. Visceral pain modulation in female primary afferent sensory neurons. CURRENT TRENDS IN NEUROLOGY 2015; 9:111-114. [PMID: 26962272 PMCID: PMC4780352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The variations in symptoms and pain perception across the menstrual cycle in a large percentage of women diagnosed with functional syndromes such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Painful Bladder Syndrome (PBS), and Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPP), suggests the involvement of modulation of sex steroid hormones. Our recent studies have shown that estrogen modulation of visceral inputs of primary afferent nociceptors, located in the afferent primary sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), accounts for the observed changes in nociception. Patients with CPP frequently experience pain from several organs. For patients with IBS, the most common co-morbid diagnoses include PBS and CPP. Pain is strongly associated with these diseases and the lack of awareness of their pathology is further illustrated by the fact that the average time between the onset of pain and the diagnosis is three to ten years. CPP patients may initially only have pain in the pelvis, but a multitude of mechanisms involving the peripheral and central nervous systems can lead to development of painful sensations in other adjacent organs; examples include lower colonic pain associated with IBS, and other viscera, such as the endometrium. In addition to the central regulation of pain, it is important to understand new pathways in which sex steroid hormones, such as estrogen, affect visceral nociception peripherally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chaban
- Address for correspondence: Life Sciences Research and Nursing Education Building, 1731 East 120 St., Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA,
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Chaban VV. Visceral Pain: Basic Research Concepts and Therapeutic Interventions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:27-28. [PMID: 26962411 PMCID: PMC4780356 DOI: 10.3844/ijrnsp.2015.27.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Chaban
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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28
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Traub RJ, Ji Y. Sex differences and hormonal modulation of deep tissue pain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:350-66. [PMID: 23872333 PMCID: PMC3830473 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Women disproportionately suffer from many deep tissue pain conditions. Experimental studies show that women have lower pain thresholds, higher pain ratings and less tolerance to a range of painful stimuli. Most clinical and epidemiological reports suggest female gonadal hormones modulate pain for some, but not all, conditions. Similarly, animal studies support greater nociceptive sensitivity in females in many deep tissue pain models. Gonadal hormones modulate responses in primary afferents, dorsal horn neurons and supraspinal sites, but the direction of modulation is variable. This review will examine sex differences in deep tissue pain in humans and animals focusing on the role of gonadal hormones (mainly estradiol) as an underlying component of the modulation of pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Traub
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore St., 8 South, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Pain Studies, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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29
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Chaban VV, Cho T, Reid CB, Norris KC. Physically disconnected non-diffusible cell-to-cell communication between neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and DRG primary sensory neurons. Am J Transl Res 2013; 5:69-79. [PMID: 23390567 PMCID: PMC3560476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-cell communication occurs via a variety of mechanisms, including long distances (hormonal), short distances (paracrine and synaptic) or direct coupling via gap junctions, antigen presentation, or ligand-receptor interactions. We evaluated the possibility of neuro-hormonal independent, non-diffusible, physically disconnected pathways for cell-cell communication using dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. METHODS We assessed intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]) in primary culture DRG neurons that express ATP-sensitive P2X3, capsaicinsensitive TRPV1 receptors modulated by estradiol. Physically disconnected (dish-in-dish system; inner chamber enclosed) mouse DRG were cultured for 12 hours near: a) media alone (control 1), b) mouse DRG (control 2), c) human neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cells (cancer intervention), or d) mouse DRG treated with KCl (apoptosis intervention). RESULTS Chemosensitive receptors [Ca(2+)](i) signaling did not differ between control 1 and 2. ATP (10 μM) and capsaicin (100nM) increased [Ca(2+)](i) transients to 425.86 + 49.5 nM, and 399.21 ± 44.5 nM, respectively. 17β-estradiol (100 nM) exposure reduced ATP (171.17 ± 48.9 nM) and capsaicin (175.01±34.8 nM) [Ca(2+)](i) transients. The presence of cancer cells reduced ATP- and capsaicin-induced [Ca(2+)](i) by >50% (p<0.05) and abolished the 17β-estradiol effect. By contrast, apoptotic DRG cells increased initial ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i), flux four fold and abolished subsequent [Ca(2+)](i), responses to ATP stimulation (p<0.001). Capsaicin (100nM) induced [Ca(2+)](i) responses were totally abolished. CONCLUSION The local presence of apoptotic DRG or human neuroblastoma cells induced differing abnormal ATP and capsaicin-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) fluxes in normal DRG. These findings support physically disconnected, non-diffusible cell-to-cell signaling. Further studies are needed to delineate the mechanism(s) of and model(s) of communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Chaban
- Life Sciences Institute, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles, USA ; Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
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30
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Chaban V. Estrogen modulation of visceral nociceptors. CURRENT TRENDS IN NEUROLOGY 2013; 7:51-55. [PMID: 26752851 PMCID: PMC4704695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A large body of literature supports the idea that estrogen modulates nociceptive responses in pelvic pain syndromes; however, whether this hormone is pro- or anti-nociceptive remains unresolved. The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is an important site of visceral afferent convergence and cross-sensitization. Within the context of our hypothesis visceral nociception and nociceptor sensitization appear to be regulated by purinergic P2X3 and vanilloid TRPV1 receptors and 17β-estradiol modulates DRG neuron response to ATP (P2X agonist) and capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist) suggesting that visceral afferent nociceptors are modulated by estrogen in the DRG. 17-β estradiol (E2), the most common form of estrogen, acts on functional properties of P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors in DRG neurons in vitro. The localization of estrogen receptors (ER) in DRG neurons and the attenuation of ATP/capsaicin-induced intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i strongly suggest that E2 modulates visceral pain processing peripherally. Moreover, E2 appears to have different actions on nociceptive signaling depending on the input. Based on our data we propose that E2 can gate primary afferent response to increase or decrease nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Chaban
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Expression of P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors in primary sensory neurons from estrogen receptors-α and estrogen receptor-β knockout mice. Neuroreport 2012; 23:530-4. [PMID: 22581043 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e328353fabc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In women, pain symptoms and nociceptive thresholds vary with the reproductive cycle, suggesting the role of estrogen receptors (ERs) in modulating nociception. Our previous data strongly suggest an interaction between ERs and ATP-induced purinergic (P2X3) as well as ERs and capsaicin-induced vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors at the level of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In this study, we investigated the expression of P2X3 and TRPV1 receptors by western blotting and immunohistochemistry in lumbosacral DRGs from wild type, ERα, and ERβ knockout mice. We found a significant decrease for both P2X3 and TRPV1 in ERαKO and ERβKO. This phenomenon was visualized in L1, L2, L4, and L6 levels for P2X3 receptors and in L1, L2, and S2 levels for TRPV1 receptors. This tan interaction between P2X3/TRPV1 and ERs expression in sensory neurons may represent a novel mechanism that can explain the sex differences in nociception observed in clinical practice. The DRG is an important site of visceral afferent convergence and cross-sensitization and a potential target for designing new anti-nociceptive therapies.
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