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Longo R, Ferrari A, Fiorino E, Mitro N, Cermenati G, Silva R, Caruso D, De Fabiani E, Hiebert S, Crestani M. Epigenetic regulation of white adipose tissue physiology: Histone deacetylase 3 as a key molecular switch of white adipose tissue metabolism and browning. Atherosclerosis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Audano M, Pedretti S, Cermenati G, Brioschi E, Diaferia GR, Ghisletti S, Cuomo A, Bonaldi T, Salerno F, Mora M, Grigore L, Garlaschelli K, Baragetti A, Bonacina F, Catapano AL, Norata GD, Crestani M, Caruso D, Saez E, De Fabiani E, Mitro N. Zc3h10 is a novel mitochondrial regulator. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201745531. [PMID: 29507079 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the energy-generating hubs of the cell. In spite of considerable advances, our understanding of the factors that regulate the molecular circuits that govern mitochondrial function remains incomplete. Using a genome-wide functional screen, we identify the poorly characterized protein Zinc finger CCCH-type containing 10 (Zc3h10) as regulator of mitochondrial physiology. We show that Zc3h10 is upregulated during physiological mitochondriogenesis as it occurs during the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes. Zc3h10 overexpression boosts mitochondrial function and promotes myoblast differentiation, while the depletion of Zc3h10 results in impaired myoblast differentiation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced expression of electron transport chain (ETC) subunits, and blunted TCA cycle flux. Notably, we have identified a loss-of-function mutation of Zc3h10 in humans (Tyr105 to Cys105) that is associated with increased body mass index, fat mass, fasting glucose, and triglycerides. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals homozygotic for Cys105 display reduced oxygen consumption rate, diminished expression of some ETC subunits, and decreased levels of some TCA cycle metabolites, which all together derive in mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, our study identifies Zc3h10 as a novel mitochondrial regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Audano
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pedretti
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brioschi
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Salerno
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Mora
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Liliana Grigore
- IRCSS Multimedica, Milan, Italy.,SISA Centre, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Baragetti
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,SISA Centre, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCSS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,SISA Centre, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emma De Fabiani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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3
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Ferrari A, Longo R, Fiorino E, Silva R, Mitro N, Cermenati G, Gilardi F, Desvergne B, Andolfo A, Magagnotti C, Caruso D, Fabiani ED, Hiebert SW, Crestani M. HDAC3 is a molecular brake of the metabolic switch supporting white adipose tissue browning. Nat Commun 2017; 8:93. [PMID: 28733645 PMCID: PMC5522415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) can undergo a phenotypic switch, known as browning, in response to environmental stimuli such as cold. Post-translational modifications of histones have been shown to regulate cellular energy metabolism, but their role in white adipose tissue physiology remains incompletely understood. Here we show that histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) regulates WAT metabolism and function. Selective ablation of Hdac3 in fat switches the metabolic signature of WAT by activating a futile cycle of de novo fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation that potentiates WAT oxidative capacity and ultimately supports browning. Specific ablation of Hdac3 in adipose tissue increases acetylation of enhancers in Pparg and Ucp1 genes, and of putative regulatory regions of the Ppara gene. Our results unveil HDAC3 as a regulator of WAT physiology, which acts as a molecular brake that inhibits fatty acid metabolism and WAT browning.Histone deacetylases, such as HDAC3, have been shown to alter cellular metabolism in various tissues. Here the authors show that HDAC3 regulates WAT metabolism by activating a futile cycle of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, which supports WAT browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Raffaella Longo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Erika Fiorino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Rui Silva
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Federica Gilardi
- Centre Intégratif de Génomique, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Desvergne
- Centre Intégratif de Génomique, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Annapaola Andolfo
- ProMiFa, Protein Microsequencing Facility, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Cinzia Magagnotti
- ProMiFa, Protein Microsequencing Facility, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Emma De Fabiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Scott W Hiebert
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy.
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4
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Mitro N, Cermenati G, Audano M, Giatti S, Pesaresi M, Pedretti S, Spezzano R, Caruso D, Melcangi RC. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1C knockout mice show altered neuroactive steroid levels in sciatic nerve. J Neurochem 2017; 142:420-428. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Silvia Pedretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Spezzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
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5
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Cermenati G, Giatti S, Audano M, Pesaresi M, Spezzano R, Caruso D, Mitro N, Melcangi RC. Diabetes alters myelin lipid profile in rat cerebral cortex: Protective effects of dihydroprogesterone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:60-70. [PMID: 28167298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emerging association of diabetes with several psychiatric and neurodegenerative events, the evaluation of the effects of this pathology on the brain function has now a high priority in biomedical research. In particular, the effects of diabetes on myelin compartment have been poorly taken into consideration. To this purpose, we performed a deep lipidomic analysis of cortical myelin in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. In male rats three months of diabetes induced an extensive alterations in levels of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines (the main species present in myelin membranes), plasmalogens as well as phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidylserines. In addition, the levels of cholesterol and myelin basic protein were also decreased. Because these lipids exert important functional and structural roles in the myelin compartment, our data indicate that cerebral cortex myelin is severely compromised in diabetic status. Treatment for one-month with a metabolite of progesterone, dihydroprogesterone, restored the lipid and protein myelin profiles to the levels observed in non-diabetic animals. These data suggest the potential of therapeutic efficacy of DHP to restore myelin in the diabetic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cermenati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Spezzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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6
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Mauro C, Smith J, Cucchi D, Coe D, Fu H, Bonacina F, Baragetti A, Cermenati G, Caruso D, Mitro N, Catapano AL, Ammirati E, Longhi MP, Okkenhaug K, Norata GD, Marelli-Berg FM. Obesity-Induced Metabolic Stress Leads to Biased Effector Memory CD4 + T Cell Differentiation via PI3K p110δ-Akt-Mediated Signals. Cell Metab 2017; 25:593-609. [PMID: 28190771 PMCID: PMC5355363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Low-grade systemic inflammation associated to obesity leads to cardiovascular complications, caused partly by infiltration of adipose and vascular tissue by effector T cells. The signals leading to T cell differentiation and tissue infiltration during obesity are poorly understood. We tested whether saturated fatty acid-induced metabolic stress affects differentiation and trafficking patterns of CD4+ T cells. Memory CD4+ T cells primed in high-fat diet-fed donors preferentially migrated to non-lymphoid, inflammatory sites, independent of the metabolic status of the hosts. This was due to biased CD4+ T cell differentiation into CD44hi-CCR7lo-CD62Llo-CXCR3+-LFA1+ effector memory-like T cells upon priming in high-fat diet-fed animals. Similar phenotype was observed in obese subjects in a cohort of free-living people. This developmental bias was independent of any crosstalk between CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells and was mediated via direct exposure of CD4+ T cells to palmitate, leading to increased activation of a PI3K p110δ-Akt-dependent pathway upon priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Mauro
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Joanne Smith
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Danilo Cucchi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK; Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - David Coe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 9-20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 9-20133, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 9-20133, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 9-20133, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 9-20133, Italy
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 9-20133, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, Milan 2-242091, Italy
| | - Enrico Ammirati
- De Gasperis Cardio Center, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan 3-20162, Italy
| | - Maria P Longhi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Giuseppe D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 9-20133, Italy; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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7
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Crestani M, Ferrari A, Fiorino E, Long R, Mitro N, Cermenati G, Mai A, Caruso D, De Fabiani E, Hiebert S. Identification of histone deacetylase 3 as a molecular brake of white adipose tissue browning. Atherosclerosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Giatti S, Romano S, Pesaresi M, Cermenati G, Mitro N, Caruso D, Tetel MJ, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids and the peripheral nervous system: An update. Steroids 2015; 103:23-30. [PMID: 25824325 PMCID: PMC6314841 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the physiology of peripheral nerves and exert notable neuroprotective actions. Indeed, neuroactive steroids have been recently proposed as therapies for different types of peripheral neuropathy, like for instance those occurring during aging, chemotherapy, physical injury and diabetes. Moreover, pharmacological tools able to increase the synthesis of neuroactive steroids might represent new interesting therapeutic strategy to be applied in case of peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giatti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Romano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marc J Tetel
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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9
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Cermenati G, Audano M, Giatti S, Carozzi V, Porretta-Serapiglia C, Pettinato E, Ferri C, D'Antonio M, De Fabiani E, Crestani M, Scurati S, Saez E, Azcoitia I, Cavaletti G, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC, Caruso D, Mitro N. Lack of sterol regulatory element binding factor-1c imposes glial Fatty Acid utilization leading to peripheral neuropathy. Cell Metab 2015; 21:571-83. [PMID: 25817536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is a membrane characterized by high lipid content to facilitate impulse propagation. Changes in myelin fatty acid (FA) composition have been associated with peripheral neuropathy, but the specific role of peripheral nerve FA synthesis in myelin formation and function is poorly understood. We have found that mice lacking sterol regulatory element-binding factor-1c (Srebf1c) have blunted peripheral nerve FA synthesis that results in development of peripheral neuropathy. Srebf1c-null mice develop Remak bundle alterations and hypermyelination of small-caliber fibers that impair nerve function. Peripheral nerves lacking Srebf1c show decreased FA synthesis and glycolytic flux, but increased FA catabolism and mitochondrial function. These metabolic alterations are the result of local accumulation of two endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (Pparα) ligands, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine and 1-stearoyl-2-oleyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphatidylcholine. Treatment with a Pparα antagonist rescues the neuropathy of Srebf1c-null mice. These findings reveal the importance of peripheral nerve FA synthesis to sustain myelin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cermenati
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Valentina Carozzi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20052, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Pettinato
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Antonio
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Emma De Fabiani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | | | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Iñigo Azcoitia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, E-28040, Spain
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20052, Italy
| | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Nico Mitro
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy.
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10
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Mitro N, Cermenati G, Audano M, Giatti S, D'Antonio M, Fabiani ED, Crestani M, Saez E, Azcoitia I, Cavaletti G, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC, Caruso D. The lipogenic regulator Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Factor-1c is required to maintain peripheral nerve structure and function. Springerplus 2015; 4:L45. [PMID: 27386207 PMCID: PMC4798017 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-4-s1-l45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Mitro
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | - Emma De Fabiani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto C Melcangi
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Mitro N, Cermenati G, Brioschi E, Abbiati F, Audano M, Giatti S, Crestani M, De Fabiani E, Azcoitia I, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroid treatment modulates myelin lipid profile in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:115-21. [PMID: 24607810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy causes a decrease in the levels of dihydroprogesterone and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol) in the peripheral nerves. These two neuroactive steroids exert protective effects, by mechanisms that still remain elusive. We have previously shown that the activation of Liver X Receptors improves the peripheral neuropathic phenotype in diabetic rats. This protective effect is accompanied by the restoration to control values of the levels of dihydroprogesterone and 3α-diol in peripheral nerves. In addition, activation of these receptors decreases peripheral myelin abnormalities by improving the lipid desaturation capacity, which is strongly blunted by diabetes, and ultimately restores the myelin lipid profile to non-diabetic values. On this basis, we here investigate whether dihydroprogesterone or 3α-diol may exert their protective effects by modulating the myelin lipid profile. We report that both neuroactive steroids act on the lipogenic gene expression profile in the sciatic nerve of diabetic rats, reducing the accumulation of myelin saturated fatty acids and promoting desaturation. These changes were associated with a reduction in myelin structural alterations. These findings provide evidence that dihydroprogesterone and 3α-diol are protective agents against diabetic peripheral neuropathy by regulating the de novo lipogenesis pathway, which positively influences myelin lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brioschi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Abbiati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emma De Fabiani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Inigo Azcoitia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Donatella Caruso
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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12
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Melcangi RC, Giatti S, Calabrese D, Pesaresi M, Cermenati G, Mitro N, Viviani B, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D. Levels and actions of progesterone and its metabolites in the nervous system during physiological and pathological conditions. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 113:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Gilardi F, Giudici M, Mitro N, Maschi O, Guerrini U, Rando G, Maggi A, Cermenati G, Laghezza A, Loiodice F, Pochetti G, Lavecchia A, Caruso D, De Fabiani E, Bamberg K, Crestani M. LT175 is a novel PPARα/γ ligand with potent insulin-sensitizing effects and reduced adipogenic properties. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6908-6920. [PMID: 24451380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.506394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. Ongoing drug discovery programs aim to develop dual PPARα/γ agonists devoid of the side effects of the marketed antidiabetic agents thiazolidinediones and the dual agonists glitazars. Recently, we described a new dual PPARα/γ ligand, LT175, with a partial agonist profile against PPARγ and interacting with a newly identified region of the PPARγ-ligand binding domain (1). Here we show that LT175 differentially activated PPARγ target genes involved in fatty acid esterification and storage in 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes. This resulted in a less severe lipid accumulation compared with that triggered by rosiglitazone, suggesting that LT175 may have a lower adipogenic activity. Consistent with this hypothesis, in vivo administration of LT175 to mice fed a high-fat diet decreased body weight, adipocyte size, and white adipose tissue mass, as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, LT175 significantly reduced plasma glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol and increased circulating adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 21 levels. Oral glucose and insulin tolerance tests showed that the compound improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, we demonstrate that the peculiar interaction of LT175 with PPARγ affected the recruitment of the coregulators cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein-binding protein and nuclear corepressor 1 (NCoR1), fundamentals for the PPARγ-mediated adipogenic program. In conclusion, our results describe a new PPAR ligand, modulating lipid and glucose metabolism with reduced adipogenic activity, that may be used as a model for a series of novel molecules with an improved pharmacological profile for the treatment of dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gilardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Giudici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Omar Maschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Uliano Guerrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Rando
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pochetti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 00016 Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emma De Fabiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Crestani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Abstract
Lipids in the nervous system are represented by cholesterol and phospholipids as constituents of cell membranes and, in particular, of myelin. Therefore, lipids are finely regulated to guarantee physiological functions. In the central nervous system, cholesterol is locally synthesized due to the presence of the blood brain barrier. In the peripheral nervous system cholesterol is either up-taken by lipoproteins and/or produced by de novo biosynthesis. Defects in lipid homeostasis in these tissues lead to structural and functional changes that often result in different pathological conditions depending on the affected pathways (i.e. cholesterol biosynthesis, cholesterol efflux, fatty acid biosynthesis etc.). Alterations in cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system are linked to several disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, Multiple sclerosis, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Niemann-Pick type C disease, and glioblastoma. In the peripheral nervous system changes in lipid metabolism are associated with the development of peripheral neuropathy that may be caused by metabolic disorders, injuries, therapeutics, and autoimmune diseases. Transcription factors, such as the Liver X receptors (LXR), regulate both cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in several tissues including the nervous system. In the last few years several studies elucidated the biology of LXR in the nervous system due to the availability of knock-out mice and the development of synthetic ligands. Here, we review a survey of the literature focused on the central and peripheral nervous system and in physiological and pathological settings with particular attention to the roles played by LXR in both districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, Milan, Italy
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15
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Galmozzi A, Mitro N, Ferrari A, Gers E, Gilardi F, Godio C, Cermenati G, Gualerzi A, Donetti E, Rotili D, Valente S, Guerrini U, Caruso D, Mai A, Saez E, De Fabiani E, Crestani M. Inhibition of class I histone deacetylases unveils a mitochondrial signature and enhances oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Diabetes 2013; 62:732-42. [PMID: 23069623 PMCID: PMC3581211 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin modifications are sensitive to environmental and nutritional stimuli. Abnormalities in epigenetic regulation are associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes that are often linked with defects in oxidative metabolism. Here, we evaluated the potential of class-specific synthetic inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs), central chromatin-remodeling enzymes, to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction. Cultured myotubes and primary brown adipocytes treated with a class I-specific HDAC inhibitor showed higher expression of Pgc-1α, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, and augmented oxygen consumption. Treatment of obese diabetic mice with a class I- but not a class II-selective HDAC inhibitor enhanced oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and promoted energy expenditure, thus reducing body weight and glucose and insulin levels. These effects can be ascribed to increased Pgc-1α action in skeletal muscle and enhanced PPARγ/PGC-1α signaling in adipose tissue. In vivo ChIP experiments indicated that inhibition of HDAC3 may account for the beneficial effect of the class I-selective HDAC inhibitor. These results suggest that class I HDAC inhibitors may provide a pharmacologic approach to treating type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/cytology
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/ultrastructure
- Animals
- Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Obesity Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Histone Deacetylase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Histone Deacetylase 1/metabolism
- Histone Deacetylase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Histone Deacetylase 2/metabolism
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Obesity/complications
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Random Allocation
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galmozzi
- Laboratorio “Giovanni Galli” di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare del Metabolismo e Spettrometria di Massa, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Laboratorio “Giovanni Armenise-Harvard Foundation,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferrari
- Laboratorio “Giovanni Galli” di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare del Metabolismo e Spettrometria di Massa, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elise Gers
- Laboratorio “Giovanni Galli” di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare del Metabolismo e Spettrometria di Massa, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Gilardi
- Laboratorio “Giovanni Galli” di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare del Metabolismo e Spettrometria di Massa, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Godio
- Laboratorio “Giovanni Galli” di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare del Metabolismo e Spettrometria di Massa, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- Laboratorio “Giovanni Armenise-Harvard Foundation,” Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Gualerzi
- Laboratorio di Immunoistochimica degli Epiteli, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche “Città Studi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Donetti
- Laboratorio di Immunoistochimica degli Epiteli, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Scienze Biomediche “Città Studi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dante Rotili
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Uliano Guerrini
- Unit of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Laboratorio “Giovanni Galli” di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare del Metabolismo e Spettrometria di Massa, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Emma De Fabiani
- Laboratorio “Giovanni Galli” di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare del Metabolismo e Spettrometria di Massa, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding authors: Maurizio Crestani, , and Emma De Fabiani,
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- Laboratorio “Giovanni Galli” di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare del Metabolismo e Spettrometria di Massa, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding authors: Maurizio Crestani, , and Emma De Fabiani,
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16
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Ferrari A, Fiorino E, Giudici M, Gilardi F, Galmozzi A, Mitro N, Cermenati G, Godio C, Caruso D, De Fabiani E, Crestani M. Linking epigenetics to lipid metabolism: focus on histone deacetylases. Mol Membr Biol 2012; 29:257-66. [PMID: 23095054 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2012.729094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A number of recent studies revealed that epigenetic modifications play a central role in the regulation of lipid and of other metabolic pathways such as cholesterol homeostasis, bile acid synthesis, glucose and energy metabolism. Epigenetics refers to aspects of genome functions regulated in a DNA sequence-independent fashion. Chromatin structure is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms through DNA methylation and histone modifications. The main modifications are histone acetylation and deacetylation on specific lysine residues operated by two different classes of enzymes: Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. The interaction between these enzymes and histones can activate or repress gene transcription: Histone acetylation opens and activates chromatin, while deacetylation of histones and DNA methylation compact chromatin making it transcriptionally silent. The new evidences on the importance of HDACs in the regulation of lipid and other metabolic pathways will open new perspectives in the comprehension of the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
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17
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Mitro N, Cermenati G, Giatti S, Abbiati F, Pesaresi M, Calabrese D, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D, Melcangi RC. LXR and TSPO as new therapeutic targets to increase the levels of neuroactive steroids in the central nervous system of diabetic animals. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:616-21. [PMID: 22406419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuroactive steroid levels are decreased in the central nervous system (CNS) of streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. In agreement, they exert protective effects in this experimental model, counteracting degenerative events occurring in the CNS. Therefore, an interesting therapeutic strategy could be to increase their levels directly in the CNS. In this study we have evaluated whether activation of translocator protein-18kDa (TSPO) or liver X receptors (LXRs) may affect the levels of neuroactive steroids present in the CNS of diabetic and non-diabetic animals. We observed that the treatment with either Ro5-4864 (i.e., a ligand of TSPO) or with GW3965 (i.e., a ligand of LXRs) induced an increase of neuroactive steroids in the spinal cord, the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex of STZ-rats, but not in the CNS of non-pathological animals. Interestingly, the pattern of induction was different among the three CNS areas analyzed and between the two pharmacological tools. In particular, the activation of LXRs might represent a promising neuroprotective strategy, because the treatment with GW3965, at variance to Ro5-4864 treatment, did not induce significant changes in the plasma levels of neuroactive steroids. This suggests that activation of LXRs may selectively increase the CNS levels of neuroactive steroids avoiding possible endocrine side effects exerted by the systemic treatment with these molecules. Interestingly GW3965 treatment induced an increase of dihydroprogesterone in the spinal cord of diabetic animals in association with an increase of myelin basic protein expression. Thus we demonstrated that LXR activation was able to rescue CNS symptoms of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Mitro
- Dept. of Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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18
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Cermenati G, Abbiati F, Cermenati S, Brioschi E, Volonterio A, Cavaletti G, Saez E, De Fabiani E, Crestani M, Garcia-Segura LM, Melcangi RC, Caruso D, Mitro N. Diabetes-induced myelin abnormalities are associated with an altered lipid pattern: protective effects of LXR activation. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:300-10. [PMID: 22158827 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m021188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is characterized by myelin abnormalities; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying such deficits remain obscure. To uncover the effects of diabetes on myelin alterations, we have analyzed myelin composition. In a streptozotocin-treated rat model of diabetic neuropathy, analysis of sciatic nerve myelin lipids revealed that diabetes alters myelin's phospholipid, FA, and cholesterol content in a pattern that can modify membrane fluidity. Reduced expression of relevant genes in the FA biosynthetic pathway and decreased levels of the transcriptionally active form of the lipogenic factor sterol-regulatory element binding factor-1c (SREBF-1c) were found in diabetic sciatic nerve. Expression of myelin's major protein, myelin protein zero (P0), was also suppressed by diabetes. In addition, we confirmed that diabetes induces sciatic nerve myelin abnormalities, primarily infoldings that have previously been associated with altered membrane fluidity. In a diabetic setting, synthetic activator of the nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR) increased SREBF-1c function and restored myelin lipid species and P0 expression levels to normal. These LXR-modulated improvements were associated with restored myelin structure in sciatic nerve and enhanced performance in functional tests such as thermal nociceptive threshold and nerve conduction velocity. These findings demonstrate an important role for the LXR-SREBF-1c axis in protection from diabetes-induced myelin abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cermenati
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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19
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Cermenati G, Terracciano I, Castelli I, Giordana B, Rao R, Pennacchio F, Casartelli M. The CPP Tat enhances eGFP cell internalization and transepithelial transport by the larval midgut of Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera, Bombycidae). J Insect Physiol 2011; 57:1689-1697. [PMID: 21959108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that are able to translocate across the cell membrane a wide range of cargoes. In the past decade, different mammalian cell lines have been used to clarify the mechanism of CPPs penetration and to characterize the internalization process, which has been described either as an energy-independent direct penetration through the plasma membrane, or as endocytic uptake. Whatever the mechanism involved, the cell penetration properties of these peptides make their use very attractive as vector for promoting the cellular uptake of coupled bioactive macromolecules, such as peptides, proteins and oligonucleotides. Here we demonstrate, for the first time in insect, that cultured columnar cells from the larval midgut of Bombyx mori more readily internalize eGFP (enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein) when fused to CPP Tat. Tat-eGFP translocates across the plasma membrane of absorptive cells in an energy-independent and non-endocytic manner, since no inhibition of the fusion protein uptake is exerted by metabolic inhibitors and by drugs that interfere with the endocytic uptake. Moreover, the CPP Tat enhances the internalization of eGFP in the columnar cells of intact midgut tissue, mounted in a suitable perfusion apparatus, and the transepithelial flux of the protein. These results open new perspectives for effective delivery of insecticidal macromolecules targeting receptors located both within the insect gut epithelium and behind the gut barrier, in the hemocoel compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Cermenati
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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20
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Ferrari A, Galmozzi A, Mitro N, Gers E, Gilardi F, Godio C, Cermenati G, Caruso D, Mai A, Saez E, De Fabiani E, Crestani M. Inhibition of class I histone deacetylases unveils a mitochondrial signature and enhances lipid oxidation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Chem Phys Lipids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Gilardi F, Mitro N, Giudici M, Cermenati G, Guerrini U, Tremoli E, Rando G, Maggi A, Loiodice F, Fracchiolla G, Laghezza A, Pochetti G, Lavecchia A, De Fabiani E, Caruso D, Crestani M. Improved lipid metabolism and reduced fat deposition in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) with a new dual PPARα/γ ligand. Chem Phys Lipids 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Fiandra L, Casartelli M, Cermenati G, Burlini N, Giordana B. The intestinal barrier in lepidopteran larvae: permeability of the peritrophic membrane and of the midgut epithelium to two biologically active peptides. J Insect Physiol 2009; 55:10-18. [PMID: 18948109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous peptide regulators of insect physiology and development are presently being considered as potential biopesticides, but their efficacy by oral delivery cannot be easily anticipated because of the limited information on how the insect gut barrier handles these kind of molecules. We investigated, in Bombyx mori larvae, the permeability properties of the two components of the intestinal barrier, the peritrophic membrane (PM) and the midgut epithelium, separately isolated and perfused in conventional Ussing chambers. The PM discriminated compounds of different dimensions but was easily crossed by two small peptides recently proposed as bioinsecticides, the neuropeptide proctolin and Aedes aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (Aea-TMOF), although their flux values indicated that the permeability was highly affected by their steric conformation. To date, there is very little functional data available on how peptides cross the insect intestinal epithelium, but it has been speculated that peptides could reach the haemocoel through the paracellular pathway. We characterized the permeability properties of this route to a number of organic molecules, showing that B. mori septate junction was highly selective to both the dimension and the charge of the permeant compound. Confocal images of whole-mount midguts incubated with rhodamine(rh)-proctolin or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Aea-TMOF added to the mucosal side of the epithelium, revealed that rh-proctolin did not enter the cell and crossed the midgut only by the paracellular pathway, while FITC-Aea-TMOF did cross the cell apical membrane, permeating also through the transcellular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fiandra
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, Italy.
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Casartelli M, Cermenati G, Rodighiero S, Pennacchio F, Giordana B. A megalin-like receptor is involved in protein endocytosis in the midgut of an insect (Bombyx mori, Lepidoptera). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1290-300. [PMID: 18635456 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00036.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism responsible for fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-albumin internalization by columnar cells in culture obtained from the midgut of Bombyx mori larvae was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Protein uptake changed over time, and it appeared to be energy dependent, since it was strongly reduced by both low temperatures and metabolic inhibitors. Labeled albumin uptake as a function of increasing protein concentration showed a saturation kinetics with a Michaelis constant value of 2.0 +/- 0.6 microM. These data are compatible with the occurrence of receptor-mediated endocytosis. RT-PCR analysis and colocalization experiments with an anti-megalin primary antibody indicated that the receptor involved was a putative homolog of megalin, the multiligand endocytic receptor belonging to the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, responsible for the uptake of various molecules, albumin included, in many epithelial cells of mammals. This insect receptor, like the mammalian counterpart, required Ca(2+) for albumin internalization and was inhibited by gentamicin. FITC-albumin internalization was clathrin mediated, since two inhibitors of this process caused a significant reduction of the uptake, and clathrin and albumin colocalized in the intermicrovillar areas of the apical plasma membrane. The integrity of actin and microtubule organization was essential for the correct functioning of the endocytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Casartelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Casartelli M, Corti P, Cermenati G, Grimaldi A, Fiandra L, Santo N, Pennacchio F, Giordana B. Absorption of horseradish peroxidase in Bombyx mori larval midgut. J Insect Physiol 2007; 53:517-25. [PMID: 17391693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing experimental evidence indicates that ingested proteins can in part reach the haemocoel undegraded, but information on the mechanisms involved in protein transport across the insect gut is very limited, in spite of the implications that this may have on the development of novel delivery strategies of insecticide proteins targeting haemocoelic receptors. Here we contribute to this field of study, by focusing on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport through Bombyx mori larval midgut, isolated and perfused in vitro. The protein crossed the intestinal barrier in a time-dependent manner and the influx was linearly related to time between 30 and 90 min of incubation. HRP absorption was strongly affected by temperature and inhibition of cell metabolism: protein influx at 4 degrees C was reduced to 27% of that measured at 25 degrees C and was similarly inhibited by the metabolic inhibitor DNP. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of midgut columnar cells exposed to HRP showed the presence of the protein both in vesicular structures inside the cytoplasm and in the space between two adjacent absorptive cells, indicating the occurrence of both a transcellular and a paracellular permeation route. The analysis of HRP influx as a function of increasing protein concentration in the lumen supported this morphological indication. The J(max) relative to the HRP transcellular transport component was 121+/-24 pmol/cm(2)/h and the K(d) of the passage through the paracellular route was 1.9+/-0.3 microl/cm(2)/h. The paracellular electrical resistance decreased in midguts exposed to HRP, indicating that its passage through this pathway was likely due to an alteration exerted on the junctional complex by the protein itself. The role of the cytoskeleton in HRP transport was investigated by assessing the impact of drugs affecting microtubules and actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Casartelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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