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Nunes VS, Abrahão O, Rogério AP, Serhan CN. ALX/FPR2 Activation by Stereoisomers of D1 Resolvins Elucidating with Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6479-6486. [PMID: 37428488 PMCID: PMC10528287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to several diseases, but its resolution is driven by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) such as resolvin D1 (RvD1) and its epimer aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1), both biosynthesized from ω-3 fatty docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). RvD1 and AT-RvD1 have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution potentials, and their effects could be mediated by formyl peptide receptor type 2 receptor ALX/FPR2, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). In this work, we performed 44 μs of molecular dynamics simulations with two complexes: FPR2@AT-RvD1 and FPR2@RvD1. Our results show the following: (i) in the AT-RvD1 simulations, the ALX/FPR2 receptor remained in the active state in 62% of the frames, while in the RVD1 simulations, the receptor remained in the active state in 74% of the frames; (ii) two residues, R201 and R205, of ALX/FPR2 appear, establishing interactions with both resolvins in all simulations (22 in total); (iii) RvD1 hydrogen bonds with R201 and R205 presented higher frequency than AT-RvD1; and (iv) residues R201 and R205 are the two receptor hotspots, demonstrated by the binding free calculations. Such results show that the ALX/FPR2 receptor remained in the active state for longer in the FPR2@RvD1 simulations than in the FPR2@AT-RvD1 simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius S. Nunes
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Laboratório de Química Computacional Medicinal, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Odonírio Abrahão
- Laboratório de Química Computacional Medicinal, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alexandre P. Rogério
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Schreiber JA, Derksen A, Goerges G, Schütte S, Sörgel J, Kiper AK, Strutz-Seebohm N, Ruck T, Meuth SG, Decher N, Seebohm G. Cloxyquin activates hTRESK by allosteric modulation of the selectivity filter. Commun Biol 2023; 6:745. [PMID: 37464013 PMCID: PMC10354012 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The TWIK-related spinal cord K+ channel (TRESK, K2P18.1) is a K2P channel contributing to the maintenance of membrane potentials in various cells. Recently, physiological TRESK function was identified as a key player in T-cell differentiation rendering the channel a new pharmacological target for treatment of autoimmune diseases. The channel activator cloxyquin represents a promising lead compound for the development of a new class of immunomodulators. Identification of cloxyquin binding site and characterization of the molecular activation mechanism can foster the future drug development. Here, we identify the cloxyquin binding site at the M2/M4 interface by mutational scan and analyze the molecular mechanism of action by protein modeling as well as in silico and in vitro electrophysiology using different permeating ion species (K+ / Rb+). In combination with kinetic analyses of channel inactivation, our results suggest that cloxyquin allosterically stabilizes the inner selectivity filter facilitating the conduction process subsequently activating hTRESK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alexander Schreiber
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, Münster, Germany.
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstr. 48, Münster, Germany.
| | - Anastasia Derksen
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstr. 48, Münster, Germany
| | - Gunnar Goerges
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Schütte
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Sörgel
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Corrensstr. 48, Münster, Germany
| | - Aytug K Kiper
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niels Decher
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, GRK 2515, Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion), Münster, Germany
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Li Z, Zhang M, Haenen GRMM, Vervoort L, Moalin M. Flavonoids Seen through the Energy Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:187. [PMID: 35008613 PMCID: PMC8745170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In all life forms, opposing forces provide the energy that flows through networks in an organism, which fuels life. In this concept, health is the ability of an organism to maintain the balance between these opposing forces, which creates resilience, and a deranged flow of energy is the basis for diseases. Treatment should focus on adjusting the deranged flow of energy, e.g., by the redox modulating activity of antioxidants. A major group of antioxidants is formed by flavonoids, a group of polyphenolic compounds abundantly present in our diet. The objective here is to review how the redox modulation by flavonoids fits in the various concepts on the mode of action of bioactive compounds, so we can 'see' where there is overlap and where the missing links are. Based on this fundament, we should choose our research path aiming to 'understand' the redox modulating profile of specific flavonoids, so we can ultimately rationally apply the redox modulating power of flavonoids to improve our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Z.L.); (L.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Road, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Guido R. M. M. Haenen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Z.L.); (L.V.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lily Vervoort
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Z.L.); (L.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohamed Moalin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Z.L.); (L.V.); (M.M.)
- Research Centre Material Sciences, Zuyd University of Applied Science, 6400 AN Heerlen, The Netherlands
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Aghamiri SS, Amin R, Helikar T. Recent applications of quantitative systems pharmacology and machine learning models across diseases. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 49:19-37. [PMID: 34671863 PMCID: PMC8528185 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-021-09790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) is a quantitative and mechanistic platform describing the phenotypic interaction between drugs, biological networks, and disease conditions to predict optimal therapeutic response. In this meta-analysis study, we review the utility of the QSP platform in drug development and therapeutic strategies based on recent publications (2019-2021). We gathered recent original QSP models and described the diversity of their applications based on therapeutic areas, methodologies, software platforms, and functionalities. The collection and investigation of these publications can assist in providing a repository of recent QSP studies to facilitate the discovery and further reusability of QSP models. Our review shows that the largest number of QSP efforts in recent years is in Immuno-Oncology. We also addressed the benefits of integrative approaches in this field by presenting the applications of Machine Learning methods for drug discovery and QSP models. Based on this meta-analysis, we discuss the advantages and limitations of QSP models and propose fields where the QSP approach constitutes a valuable interface for more investigations to tackle complex diseases and improve drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sadat Aghamiri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rada Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Tomáš Helikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Patel K, Bunachita S, Agarwal AA, Bhamidipati A, Patel UK. A Comprehensive Overview of Antibiotic Selection and the Factors Affecting It. Cureus 2021; 13:e13925. [PMID: 33868859 PMCID: PMC8049037 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to prescribe an antibiotic, a physician must go through a series of decision-making processes that involve both the drug and the host. In this review article, we outline exactly what those decision-making processes are and some of their limitations. Before a medication can be prescribed, a physician has to determine if the antibiotic works against the host pathogen. To do this, basic science techniques are employed including phenotypic methods such as broth dilution methods, Kirby-Bauer susceptibility testing, Epsilometer test (E-test), and genotypic methods such as the new and upcoming automated tests. After determining if a drug has potential to work, the physician must consider the drug’s mechanism of action in order to determine a dosing regimen. Some groups of drugs should be administered at high concentrations infrequently, others should be given more frequently in smaller doses, and others lie somewhere between this spectrum. Finally, external factors such as the patient's age, especially for pediatrics and geriatrics patients, need to be considered, as these groups have the highest health care burden but are among the most vulnerable when it comes to the side effects of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Patel
- Medicine, Cooper Medical School, Camden, USA
| | - Sean Bunachita
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ank A Agarwal
- Medical Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Urvish K Patel
- Public Health and Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Xiang Q, Wang W, Chen T, Yu K, Li Q, Zhang T, Tian H, Ren Y. The value of the post-captopril aldosterone/renin ratio for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism and the influential factors: A meta-analysis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320972032. [PMID: 33234000 PMCID: PMC7691929 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320972032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The procedure for the captopril challenge test (CCT) in diagnosing primary aldosteronism (PA) is not standardized. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the controversial diagnostic value and influential factors of the post-captopril aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR). METHODS We searched literature in databases for eligible studies (until October 1, 2020). We extracted information regarding study and patient characteristics, CCT methods, outcome data. We pooled studies using the random-effect model. We performed meta-regression and six pre-specified subgroup analyses to explore heterogeneity. RESULTS Nineteen studies involving 4568 subjects were included. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.825 (95% CI 0.804-0.844) and 0.919 (95% CI 0.908-0.928). The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.9487 (95% CI 0.9207-0.9767). Meta-regression revealed that heterogeneity might derive from time interval (p = 0.0117) and study population (p = 0.0033). Subgroup analyses showed significant differences between the subgroups stratified by the dose, posture, study region, time interval, cut-off value and study population for sensitivity and/or specificity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Post-captopril ARR is comparably valuable for diagnosing PA at cut-offs from 12.0 to 50.0. Conducting the CCT in the supine position with 25 mg of captopril may attain greater sensitivity. Conducting the CCT in the seated position with 50 mg of captopril may attain greater specificity. A 90-min time interval may perform best in both the sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Centre and CREAT Group, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianrui Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Centre and CREAT Group, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Centre, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Health Management Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Adrenal Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Samy A, Elmetwally M, El-Khodery SA. Antinociceptive Effect of Intravenous Regional Analgesia in Horses Underwent Selected Short-Time Distal Limb Surgeries. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103113. [PMID: 32684258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish appropriate doses for both lidocaine hydrochloride (Hcl) and mepivacaine in intravenous regional analgesia (IVRA) and to assess their intraoperative and postoperative analgesic effects in horses with distal limb surgeries. A total of 55 draft horses were included in the present study. Six clinically healthy horses were selected randomly for establishing the doses of lidocaine Hcl and mepivacaine in IVRA in horse limbs. After selection, 32 horses suffered from various distal limb surgical affections were randomly allocated into three groups: thiopental group (n = 6), animals were operated under general anesthesia using thiopental sodium; IVRA-LID group (n = 12), animals were operated under both general anesthesia and IVRA using lidocaine Hcl; and IVRA-MEP group (n = 14), horses were operated under both general anesthesia and IVRA using mepivacaine. Postoperative pain was measured using both Horse Grimace Pain Scale and multifactorial numerical rating composite pain. The results showed that conjunction of IVRA along with thiopental general anesthesia using either lidocaine or mepivacaine significantly decreased the total required doses of thiopental sodium during the operations and significantly increased the duration of postoperative analgesia to 60 and 150 minutes using lidocaine and mepivacaine, respectively. In conclusion, the uses of local IVRA before distal limb surgery improve the depth of general anesthesia and reduced postoperative pain, despite thiopental anesthesia alone. Mepivacaine is superior to lidocaine in IVRA, with a longer duration of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Samy
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Elmetwally
- Department of Theiogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sabry A El-Khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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8
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Recent advances in physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for anticancer nanomedicines. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:80-99. [PMID: 31975317 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have distinct pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and can potentially improve the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of small-molecule drugs loaded therein. Owing to the unwanted toxicities of anticancer agents in healthy organs and tissues, their precise delivery to the tumor is an essential requirement. There have been numerous advancements in the development of nanomedicines for cancer therapy. Physiologically based PK (PBPK) models serve as excellent tools for describing and predicting the ADME properties and the efficacy and toxicity of drugs, in combination with pharmacodynamic (PD) models. The recent preliminary application of these modeling approaches to NPs demonstrated their potential benefits in research and development processes relevant to the ADME and pharmacodynamics of NPs and nanomedicines. Here, we comprehensively review the pharmacokinetics of NPs, the developed PBPK models for anticancer NPs, and the developed PD model for anticancer agents.
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9
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Li Y, Xie J, Li Y, Yang Y, Yang L. Literature data based systems pharmacology uncovers the essence of "body fire" in traditional Chinese medicine: A case by Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 237:266-285. [PMID: 30922854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Like other concepts in traditional Chinese medical theory, "body fire", a concept that has already been well-known and widely used in describing the symptoms and the treatment of corresponding diseases, is, however, still under suspicions in the western medicine due to its vague essence and symptoms. Presently, Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), a typical popular TCM formula in cleansing the "body fire", is studied as a probe by a systems pharmacology method we produced, with purpose to explore the mechanisms of the potion, as well as to interpret the essence of "body fire" disease. METHODS The systematic process includes a pharmacokinetics prescreening, pharmacodynamics targets and pathways identification, and candidate-target-pathway network construction. RESULTS Through this method, 145 chemicals and 91 proteins are identified as active ingredients and "body fire"-related targets. And we find that the mechanism of HLJDT prescription for cleansing "body fire" lies in three, i.e., anti-OS/NS, anti-inflammation and anti-infection function modules, which are mainly executed through four, i.e., PI3K-AKT, MAPK, VEGF as well as Calcium signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Accordingly, the essence of "body fire" is a gradual process which is an integration of OS/NS, inflammation and infection. This work, we hope, may not only offer a systemic methodology for exploring and elucidating TCM concepts from a multi-scale perspective, but also provide an efficient way for herbal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China.
| | - Yaying Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China.
| | - Yinfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Faculty of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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10
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Bhuyan D, Greene GW, Das RK. Prospects and application of nanobiotechnology in food preservation: molecular perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:759-778. [PMID: 31167574 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1616668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Applications of biotechnological tools in food preservation have shown promising results in minimizing food spoilage. Design and development of highly efficient food preservatives are one of the key success factors in this application field. However, due to the inherent shortcomings of the bulk forms of such preservatives, research was in progress to find suitable alternatives to replace conventional modalities. The intervention of nanotechnology has made this approach feasible in almost every aspect of food preservation. This interface domain of nanobiotechnology has been very well explored in the last few decades and vast literature has been reported. Researchers have developed efficient nanopreservatives (NPRs) for diverse applications. However, the literature available on nano-based food preservation is not inclusive of molecular perspectives involved in food preservation. There is a large knowledge gap in the interface domain concerning the physics of intermolecular and interfacial forces and nanotechnology which play decisive roles in designing edible coatings (ECs). There is an urgent need for identifying the nano and molecular level contributing factors for developing efficient NPRs. Moreover, it is imperative to understand the possible health impact of NPRs in public interest and concern. This review revisits the fundamental aspects of food preservation and navigates through the applicability, safety, molecular aspects and future direction of NPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devangana Bhuyan
- a TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre , The Energy and Resources Institute , Gual Pahari , Haryana , India.,b Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Melbourne , Australia
| | | | - Ratul Kumar Das
- a TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre , The Energy and Resources Institute , Gual Pahari , Haryana , India
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Techniques Used for Functional Characterization of Polyamine Transporters. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 29080171 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7398-9_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Transport systems are key processes in every living organism: they allow the entry of all essential nutrients into the cell and its compartments and regulate the intracellular concentrations of metabolites. The transport of cell nutrients represents the first step of many metabolic routes and may also regulate such processes. They are also responsible for reaching the effective intracellular concentration of therapeutic drugs and some mechanisms of resistance and tolerance also depend on them. However, the common techniques used to evaluate the metabolites transport in different cells types are not easy to carry out and require extensive training. In this chapter, we report detailed protocols and tips about the expression of transporters, different activity assays and transporter kinetics determination.
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12
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Rahaman M, Aldalbahi A, Govindasami P, Khanam NP, Bhandari S, Feng P, Altalhi T. A New Insight in Determining the Percolation Threshold of Electrical Conductivity for Extrinsically Conducting Polymer Composites through Different Sigmoidal Models. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9100527. [PMID: 30965833 PMCID: PMC6418723 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrical conductivity of extrinsically conducting polymer composite systems passes through a transition state known as percolation threshold. A discussion has been made on how different Sigmoidal models (S-models), such as Sigmoidal⁻Boltzmann (SB), Sigmoidal⁻Dose Response (SD), Sigmoidal⁻Hill (SH), Sigmoidal⁻Logistic (SL), and Sigmoidal⁻Logistic-1 (SL-1), can be applied to predict the percolation threshold of electrical conductivity for ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer (NBR) conducting composite systems filled with different carbon fillers. An interesting finding that comes from these observations is that the percolation threshold for electrical conductivity determined by SB and SD models are similar, whereas, the other models give different result when estimated for a particular composite system. This similarity and discrepancy in the results of percolation threshold have been discussed by considering the strength, weakness, and limitation of the models. The percolation threshold value for the composites has also been determined using the classical percolation theory and compared with the sigmoidal models. Moreover, to check the universal applicability, these Sigmoidal models have also been tested on results from some published literature. Finally, it is revealed that, except SL-1 model, the remaining models can successfully be used to determine the percolation threshold of electrical conductivity for extrinsically conductive polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafizur Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Aldalbahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Periyasami Govindasami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Noorunnisa P Khanam
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Subhendu Bhandari
- Department of Plastics and Polymer Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra 431010, India.
| | - Peter Feng
- Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-8377, USA.
| | - Tariq Altalhi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia.
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Spengler M, Adler M, Niemeyer CM. Highly sensitive ligand-binding assays in pre-clinical and clinical applications: immuno-PCR and other emerging techniques. Analyst 2016. [PMID: 26196036 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology and corresponding innovations in molecular biology, chemistry and medicine have led to novel therapeutic biomacromolecules as lead candidates in the pharmaceutical drug development pipelines. While monoclonal antibodies and other proteins provide therapeutic potential beyond the possibilities of small molecule drugs, the concomitant demand for supportive bioanalytical sample testing creates multiple novel challenges. For example, intact macromolecules can usually not be quantified by mass-spectrometry without enzymatic digestion and isotopically labeled internal standards are costly and/or difficult to prepare. Classical ELISA-type immunoassays, on the other hand, often lack the sensitivity required to obtain pharmacokinetics of low dosed drugs or pharmacodynamics of suitable biomarkers. Here we summarize emerging state-of-the-art ligand-binding assay technologies for pharmaceutical sample testing, which reveal enhanced analytical sensitivity over classical ELISA formats. We focus on immuno-PCR, which combines antibody specificity with the extremely sensitive detection of a tethered DNA marker by quantitative PCR, and alternative nucleic acid-based technologies as well as methods based on electrochemiluminescence or single-molecule counting. Using case studies, we discuss advantages and drawbacks of these methods for preclinical and clinical sample testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Spengler
- Chimera Biotec GmbH, Emil-Figge-Str. 76 A, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Intraosseous infusion of the distal phalanx compared to systemic intravenous infusion for marimastat delivery to equine lamellar tissue. Vet J 2015; 205:357-63. [PMID: 26073286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
No validated laminitis drug therapy exists, yet pharmaceutical agents with potential for laminitis prevention have been identified. Many of these are impractical for systemic administration but may be effective if administered locally. This study compared intraosseous infusion of the distal phalanx (IOIDP) with systemic intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) to determine which was more effective for lamellar marimastat delivery. Ultrafiltration probes were placed in both forefeet of five horses to collect lamellar interstitial fluid as lamellar ultrafiltrate (LUF). Marimastat solution (3.5 mg/mL) containing lidocaine (20 mg/mL) was infused by IOIDP at 0.15 mL/min for 12 h. After a 12 h wash-out, marimastat (3.5 mg/mL) and lidocaine were infused by constant rate infusion (CRI) at 0.15 mL/min for 12 h. LUF, plasma and lamellar tissue marimastat concentrations were quantified using UPLC-MS. Zymography was used to establish the inhibitory concentrations of marimastat for equine lamellar matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Data were analysed non-parametrically. There was no difference between the steady-state marimastat concentration in lamellar ultrafiltrate (LUF[M]) during IOIDP (139[88-497] ng/mL) and CRI (136[93-157] ng/mL). During IOIDP, there was no difference between marimastat concentrations in the treated foot (139[88-497] ng/mL), the untreated foot (91[63-154] ng/mL) and plasma (101[93-118] ng/mL). LUF[M] after IOIDP and CRI were >IC50 of lamellar MMP-2 and 9, but below the concentration considered necessary for in vivo laminitis prevention. Lamellar drug delivery during IOIDP was inconsistent and did not achieve higher lamellar marimastat concentrations than CRI. Modification or refinement of the IOIDP technique is necessary if it is to be consistently effective.
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15
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Téllez Mosquera JA, Bedoya Chavarriaga JC. Dosis personal de drogas: inconsistencias técnico-científicas en la legislación y la jurisprudencia colombiana. PERSONA Y BIOÉTICA 2015. [DOI: 10.5294/pebi.2015.19.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Con la promulgación de la Ley 30 de 1986, se incluyó el concepto del consumo de la dosis personal de drogas. La Corte Constitucional, mediante sentencia C-221 de 1994, resolvió la demanda de constitucionalidad presentada por el ciudadano Alexandre Sochandamandou, ratificando el concepto de “dosis personal de consumo de drogas”, y despenalizando el mismo. En este artículo se plantea el desconocimiento de la legislación y la jurisprudencia acerca de la opinión técnico-científica en cuanto a esta temática, que originó diversas inconveniencias, inconsistencias, vacíos e imprecisiones técnico-científicas que riñen con normas y tratados internacionales de ética médica, al igual que con evidencia médica encontrada sobre los efectos adversos ocasionados por las drogas en la salud de los consumidores de estas sustancias.
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Underwood C, Collins SN, Mills PC, Van Eps AW, Allavena RE, Medina Torres CE, Pollitt CC. Regional intravenous limb perfusion compared to systemic intravenous administration for marimastat delivery to equine lamellar tissue. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:392-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Underwood
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - S. N. Collins
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - P. C. Mills
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - A. W. Van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - R. E. Allavena
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. E. Medina Torres
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
| | - C. C Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
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Narang BK, Roy S, Sharma R, Singh V, Rawal RK. Riociguat as a treatment regime for pulmonary arterial hypertension: a review. Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 37:323-31. [PMID: 25268409 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2014.960976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a life-threatening condition distinguished by elevated pressure of pulmonary arteries and increased vascular resistance. The management of patients with PAH and CTEPH has advanced rapidly over last decade but despite the progress in the treatment, the survival of suffering patients remain unsatisfactory and there is no cure for the diseases. However, surgery is not a first choice for patients. Furthermore, some patients who undergo surgery have persistent pulmonary hypertension (HTN) as a side effect after surgery. Therefore, the search for an "ideal" therapy still goes on and it lead to the approval of riociguat as a potential agent for the treatment. It acts directly on soluble guanylate cyclase, exciting the enzyme, and elevating sensitivity to lower levels of NO. Riociguat, therefore, has potential as a novel therapy for PAH and CTEPH. This review is focused on various aspects of the recently approved "riociguat" including its efficacy and safety profiles with the clinical data highlighting its importance in the present scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bawneet K Narang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy , Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab , India and
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18
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Erkekoglu P, Baydar T. Chronopharmacodynamics of drugs in toxicological aspects: A short review for clinical pharmacists and pharmacy practitioners. J Res Pharm Pract 2014; 1:41-7. [PMID: 24991588 PMCID: PMC4076864 DOI: 10.4103/2279-042x.108369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For many decades, researchers are aware of the importance of circadian rhythm in physiological/biochemical properties and drug metabolism. Chronopharmacology is the study of how the effects of drugs vary with biological timing and endogenous periodicities. It has been attaching substantial attention in the last years. Chronopharmacodynamics mainly deals with the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body, the mechanisms of drug action, the relationship between drug concentration and effect in relation to circadian clock. In this review, we will focus on mammalian circadian pharmacodynamics and discuss new chronotherapy approaches. Moreover, we will try to highlight the chronopharmacodynamics of cardiovascular drugs, anti-cancer drugs, analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and give some practical concerns for clinical pharmacists and pharmacy practitioners, concerning this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Erkekoglu
- Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Department of Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Endogenous hormones have effects on tissue morphology, cell physiology, and behaviors at low doses. In fact, hormones are known to circulate in the part-per-trillion and part-per-billion concentrations, making them highly effective and potent signaling molecules. Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) mimic hormones, yet there is strong debate over whether these chemicals can also have effects at low doses. In the 1990s, scientists proposed the "low-dose hypothesis," which postulated that EDCs affect humans and animals at environmentally relevant doses. This chapter focuses on data that support and refute the low-dose hypothesis. A case study examining the highly controversial example of bisphenol A and its low-dose effects on the prostate is examined through the lens of endocrinology. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of factors that can influence the ability of a study to detect and interpret low-dose effects appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDSs) face several challenges including site-specific delivery, stability, and the programmed release of drugs. Engineered nanoparticle (NP) surfaces with responsive moieties can enhance the efficacy of DDSs for in vitro and in vivo systems. This triggering process can be achieved through both endogenous (biologically controlled release) and exogenous (external stimuli controlled release) activation. In this review, we will highlight recent examples of the use of triggered release strategies of engineered nanomaterials for in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Corresponding author at: Department of Chemistry, 710 North Pleasant St., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA, Tel.: +1 413 545 058; fax: +1 413 545 4490.
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Pandit S, Kim HJ, Song KY, Jeon JG. Relationship between fluoride concentration and activity against virulence factors and viability of a cariogenic biofilm: in vitro study. Caries Res 2013; 47:539-47. [PMID: 23774608 DOI: 10.1159/000348519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread use of various concentrations of fluoride for the prevention of dental caries, the relationship between fluoride concentration and activity against cariogenic biofilms has not been much studied. Herein we investigated the relationship between fluoride concentration and activity against virulence factors and viability of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. S. mutans biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs. The 70-hour-old biofilms were exposed to 0, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1,000 or 2,000 ppm F(-). The changes of virulence factors and viability of the biofilms were analyzed using biochemical methods and laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. At 1-2,000 ppm F(-), the activity of fluoride against acid production, acid tolerance, and extracellular polysaccharide formation of S. mutans biofilms accurately followed a sigmoidal pattern of concentration dependence (R(2) = 0.94-0.99), with EC50 values ranging from 3.07 to 24.7 ppm F(-). Generally, the activity of fluoride against the virulence factors was concentration-dependently augmented in 10-100 ppm F(-) and did not increase further at concentrations higher than 100 ppm F(-). However, fluoride did not alter glucosyltransferase activity and viability of S. mutans biofilm cells in all concentrations tested. These results can provide a basis for the selection of appropriate fluoride concentrations that reduce the physiological ability of cariogenic biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pandit
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Nguyen HAT, Musson J, Li F, Wang W, Zhang G, Xu R, Richey C, Schnell T, McKenzie FD, Li J. EOG artifact removal using a wavelet neural network. Neurocomputing 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Donalisio C, Barbero R, Cuniberti B, Vercelli C, Casalone M, Re G. Effects of flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen on mediator production in ex vivo and in vitro models of inflammation in healthy dairy cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:130-9. [PMID: 22724509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ex vivo assays were carried out in dairy cows to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: ketoprofen (KETO) and flunixin meglumine (FM). Twelve healthy Holstein dairy cattle were randomly allocated to two groups (n=6): group 1 received FM and group 2 received KETO at recommended therapeutic dosages. The anti-inflammatory effects of both drugs were determined by measuring the production of coagulation-induced thromboxane B2 (TXB2 ), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (10 μg/mL)-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), and calcium ionophore (60 μm)-induced leukotrien B4 (LTB4 ). Cytokine production was assessed by measuring tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-8 (CXCL8) concentrations after incubation in the presence of 10 μg/mL LPS. The IC50 of FM and KETO was determined in vitro by determining the concentration of TXB2 and PGE2 in the presence of scalar drug concentrations (10(-9) -10(-3) m). Both FM and KETO inhibited the two COX isoforms in vitro, but showed a preference for COX-1. FM and KETO showed similar anti-inflammatory effects in the cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Donalisio
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Animal Pathology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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24
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Optimal control of drug therapy: Melding pharmacokinetics with viral dynamics. Biosystems 2012; 107:174-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Ferro N, Bredow T, Jacobsen HJ, Reinard T. Route to Novel Auxin: Auxin Chemical Space toward Biological Correlation Carriers. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4690-708. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800229s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noel Ferro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegeler Strasse 12, Bonn, Germany 53115 and Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Bredow
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegeler Strasse 12, Bonn, Germany 53115 and Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans-Jorg Jacobsen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegeler Strasse 12, Bonn, Germany 53115 and Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinard
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegeler Strasse 12, Bonn, Germany 53115 and Institute for Plant Genetics, Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany
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Generic vancomycin products fail in vivo despite being pharmaceutical equivalents of the innovator. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3271-9. [PMID: 20547818 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01044-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generic versions of intravenous antibiotics are not required to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence with the innovator because therapeutic equivalence is assumed from pharmaceutical equivalence. To test such assumptions, we studied three generic versions of vancomycin in simultaneous experiments with the innovator and determined the concentration and potency of the active pharmaceutical ingredient by microbiological assay, single-dose pharmacokinetics in infected mice, antibacterial effect by broth microdilution and time-kill curves (TKC), and pharmacodynamics against two wild-type strains of Staphylococcus aureus by using the neutropenic mouse thigh infection model. The main outcome measure was the comparison of magnitudes and patterns of in vivo efficacy between generic products and the innovator. Except for one product exhibiting slightly greater concentration, vancomycin generics were undistinguishable from the innovator based on concentration and potency, protein binding, in vitro antibacterial effect determined by minimal inhibitory or bactericidal concentrations and TKC, and serum pharmacokinetics. Despite such similarities, all generic products failed in vivo to kill S. aureus, while the innovator displayed the expected bactericidal efficacy: maximum antibacterial effect (Emax) (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 2.04 (1.89 to 2.19), 2.59 (2.21 to 2.98), and 3.48 (2.92 to 4.04) versus 5.65 (5.52 to 5.78) log10 CFU/g for three generics and the innovator product, respectively (P<0.0001, any comparison). Nonlinear regression analysis suggests that generic versions of vancomycin contain inhibitory and stimulatory principles within their formulations that cause agonistic-antagonistic actions responsible for in vivo failure. In conclusion, pharmaceutical equivalence does not imply therapeutic equivalence for vancomycin.
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28
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Zuluaga AF, Agudelo M, Cardeño JJ, Rodriguez CA, Vesga O. Determination of therapeutic equivalence of generic products of gentamicin in the neutropenic mouse thigh infection model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10744. [PMID: 20505762 PMCID: PMC2873963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug regulatory agencies (DRA) support prescription of generic products of intravenous antibiotics assuming therapeutic equivalence from pharmaceutical equivalence. Recent reports of deaths associated with generic heparin and metoprolol have raised concerns about the efficacy and safety of DRA-approved drugs. Methodology/Principal Findings To challenge the assumption that pharmaceutical equivalence predicts therapeutic equivalence, we determined in vitro and in vivo the efficacy of the innovator product and 20 pharmaceutically equivalent generics of gentamicin. The data showed that, while only 1 generic product failed in vitro (MIC = 45.3 vs. 0.7 mg/L, P<0.05), 10 products (including gentamicin reference powder) failed in vivo against E. coli due to significantly inferior efficacy (Emax = 4.81 to 5.32 vs. 5.99 log10 CFU/g, P≤0.043). Although the design lacked power to detect differences in survival after thigh infection with P. aeruginosa, dissemination to vital organs was significantly higher in animals treated with generic gentamicin despite 4 days of maximally effective treatment. Conclusion Pharmaceutical equivalence does not predict therapeutic equivalence of generic gentamicin. Stricter criteria based on solid experimental evidence should be required before approval for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres F. Zuluaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia Medical School, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Antioquia Medical School, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria Agudelo
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Antioquia Medical School, Medellín, Colombia
| | - John J. Cardeño
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Antioquia Medical School, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos A. Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia Medical School, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Antioquia Medical School, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Vesga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Antioquia Medical School, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas, University of Antioquia Medical School, Medellín, Colombia
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paul and University of Antioquia Medical School, Medellín, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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29
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Retlich S, Duval V, Graefe-Mody U, Jaehde U, Staab A. Impact of target-mediated drug disposition on Linagliptin pharmacokinetics and DPP-4 inhibition in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 50:873-85. [PMID: 20160157 DOI: 10.1177/0091270009356444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of the novel dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor linagliptin is nonlinear. Based on in vitro experiments, concentration-dependent binding to DPP-4 is the most likely cause for the nonlinearity. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling was performed using linagliptin plasma concentrations and plasma DPP-4 activities from 2 phase 2a studies. In these studies, type 2 diabetic patients received either 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg of linagliptin once daily over 12 days (study 1) or 2.5, 5, or 10 mg of linagliptin once daily over 28 days (study 2). The modeling results supported the hypothesis that linagliptin exhibits target-mediated drug disposition. The linagliptin plasma concentrations were best described by a 2-compartment model including concentration-dependent protein binding in the central and peripheral compartment. The plasma DPP-4 activity was included in the model in a semi-mechanistic way by relating it to the model-calculated plasma DPP-4 occupancy with linagliptin. The target binding has a major impact on linagliptin pharmacokinetics. Although unbound linagliptin is cleared efficiently (CL/F 220 L/h), the concentration-dependent binding is responsible for the long terminal half-life (approximatelly 120 hours) of linagliptin and its nonlinear pharmacokinetics. The model allowed a comprehensive understanding of the impact of target-mediated drug disposition and provides a useful tool to support clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Retlich
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, D-88397 Biberach, Germany.
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30
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King JN, Rudaz C, Borer L, Jung M, Seewald W, Lees P. In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of canine cyclooxygenase isoforms by robenacoxib: a comparative study. Res Vet Sci 2009; 88:497-506. [PMID: 20004922 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro whole blood canine assays were used to quantify the inhibitory actions of the novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) robenacoxib on the cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, in comparison with other drugs of the NSAID class. COX-1 activity was determined by measuring serum thromboxane (Tx)B(2) synthesis in blood samples allowed to clot at 37 degrees C for 1h. COX-2 activity was determined by measuring prostaglandin (PG)E(2) synthesis in blood samples incubated at 37 degrees C for 24h in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. The rank order of selectivity for inhibition of COX-2 versus COX-1 (IC(50) COX-1:IC(50) COX-2) for veterinary drugs was highest with robenacoxib (128.8) compared to deracoxib (48.5), nimesulide (29.2), S+ carprofen (17.6), meloxicam (7.3), etodolac (6.6), R- carprofen (5.8) and ketoprofen (0.88). Selectivity expressed as the clinically relevant ratio IC(20) COX-1:IC(80) COX-2 was highest for robenacoxib (19.8) compared to deracoxib (2.3), S+ carprofen (2.5), R- carprofen (2.1), nimesulide (1.8), etodolac (0.76), meloxicam (0.46) and ketoprofen (0.21). An in vivo pharmacokinetic ex vivo pharmacodynamic study in the dog established dosage and concentration-effect relationships for single oral doses of robenacoxib over the dosage range 0.5-8.0mg/kg. Values of C(max) and AUC were linearly related to dosage over the tested range. Robenacoxib did not inhibit serum TxB(2) synthesis (COX-1) ex vivo at dosages of 0.5-4.0mg/kg and produced only transient inhibition (at the 1h and 2h sampling times) at the 8mg/kg dosage. All dosages of robenacoxib (0.5-8mg/kg) produced marked, significant and dose related inhibition of PGE(2) synthesis (COX-2) ex vivo. The data demonstrate that in the dog robenacoxib is a highly selective inhibitor of the COX-2 isoform of COX, and significantly inhibits COX-2 and spares COX-1 in vivo when administered orally over the dosage range 0.5-4.0mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N King
- Novartis Animal Health Inc., CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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31
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Grobbel M, Lübke-Becker A, Wieler LH, Froyman R, Friederichs S, Filios S. Comparative quantification of the in vitro activity of veterinary fluoroquinolones. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:73-81. [PMID: 17498893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the veterinary fluoroquinolones against a panel of recently isolated porcine and bovine bacterial pathogens. The study used enrofloxacin as a benchmark against which other agents were compared, being the most common fluoroquinolone used in treatment of bovine and porcine infections. The activity of ciprofloxacin was also assessed as it is the main metabolite of enrofloxacin in cattle. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin generally showed higher antibacterial activity, in terms of MIC(50) values, for most pathogen species when compared with marbofloxacin, difloxacin, danofloxacin and norfloxacin. Ciprofloxacin showed significantly greater in vitro antibacterial activity than enrofloxacin against M. haemolytica, P. multocida and E. coli, whereas enrofloxacin showed greater activity than ciprofloxacin against S. aureus. Marbofloxacin was significantly more active than enrofloxacin against M. haemolytica, E. coli and B. bronchiseptica but less active against P. multocida, S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci, S. dysgalactiae, S. uberis, A. pleuropneumoniae and S. suis. Danofloxacin was significantly less active than enrofloxacin against P. multocida, E. coli, S. uberis, A. pleuropneumoniae and S. suis. Enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin showed the highest in vitro activities against most bovine pathogens tested and the porcine pathogens also showed a high degree of sensitivity to enrofloxacin. These data facilitate further pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic comparison of fluoroquinolones currently used in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grobbel
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Free University Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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Zerpa H, Berhane Y, Elliott J, Bailey SR. Cooling augments vasoconstriction mediated by 5-HT1 and alpha2-adrenoceptors in the isolated equine digital vein: involvement of Rho kinase. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 569:212-21. [PMID: 17560569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature of the equine digit fulfils an important role in thermoregulation. In other species, it has been found that cooling may enhance the response of cutaneous vessels to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists. Translocation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors to the smooth muscle cell membrane, mediated by Rho kinase, is thought to be involved in the cooling-enhanced response in mouse tail arteries. However, little is known about the effect of cooling on 5-HT receptor function. The present investigation compared the response of 5-bromo-6-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino) quinoxaline (UK14304:1 nM to 30 microM), methoxamine (0.1 nM to 30 microM; in the presence of yohimbine 0.1 microM), 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT; 0.1 nM to 10 microM) and alpha-methyl 5-HT (0.1 nM to 10 microM) in the isolated equine digital vein at 30 degrees C and 22 degrees C. The effect of the Rho kinase inhibitor, fasudil (1 microM), and the recovery of the response after the irreversible blockade of surface receptors with phenoxybenzamine (10 microM) or 2-ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ;10 microM), was established. Moderate cooling significantly increased the maximum response to alpha-methyl 5-HT, 5-CT and UK14304 and shifted their response curves to the left. Cooling also augmented the phenoxybenzamine- and EEDQ-resistant response to UK14304 and 5-CT, respectively. Fasudil had no effect on the contractile response at 30 degrees C, but completely abrogated the effect of cooling on the response to 5-CT and UK14304. The response to methoxamine was not significantly affected by cooling. These results suggest that Rho kinase plays an important role in the cooling-enhanced response mediated by 5-HT(1B/D) receptors and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. The exact mechanism by which Rho/Rho kinase enhances the functional responses mediated by these receptors in these vessels has yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Zerpa
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
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Gassel AD, Tobias KM, Cox SK. Disposition of Deracoxib in Cats After Oral Administration. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2006; 42:212-7. [PMID: 16611933 DOI: 10.5326/0420212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of deracoxib in seven healthy cats were determined following a single oral (1 mg/kg) dose. Minimal variability among cats was found for all estimated pharmacokinetic variables. Terminal half-life (t1/2) was 7.9 hours. The mean maximum concentration (Cmax) was 0.28 μg/mL and was measured 3.64 hours after drug administration. Deracoxib was not detectable in the plasma after 60 hours. The compounded liquid formula was accepted readily, and no adverse effects were observed. Further studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of deracoxib after acute and chronic use in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Gassel
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4544, USA
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34
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Toutain PL, Lees P. Integration and modelling of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data to optimize dosage regimens in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 27:467-77. [PMID: 15601441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In veterinary drug development procedures, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data have generally been established in separate, parallel studies to assist in the design of dosage schedules for subsequent evaluation in clinical trials. This review introduces the concept of PK/PD modelling, an approach in which PK and PD data are generated in the same study, and used to derive numerical values for PD parameters based on drug plasma concentrations. The PD parameters define the efficacy, potency and slope (sensitivity) of the concentration-effect relationship. It is proposed that the parameters derived from PK/PD modelling may be used as an alternative and preferred approach to dose titration studies for selecting rational dosage regimens (both dose and dosing interval) for further evaluation in clinical trials. In PK/PD modelling, the explicative variable for effect is the plasma concentration profile. The PK/PD approach provides several advantages over dose-titration studies, including determination of a projected dosage regimen by investigation of a single dose, in contrast to dose-ranging studies which by definition require testing of multiple dosage. Implementation of PK/PD modelling in the veterinary drug development process is currently constrained by the limited number of veterinary studies performed to date, and the consequently limited understanding of PK/PD concepts and their absence from regulatory authority guidelines. Nevertheless, PK/PD modelling has major potential for rational dosage regimen determination, as it considers and quantifies the two main sources of interspecies variability (PK and PD). It is therefore applicable to interspecies extrapolation and to multiple species drug development. As well as the currently limited appreciation of PK/PD principles in the veterinary scientific community, a further constraint in implementing PK/PD modelling is the need to validate PK/PD approaches and thereby gain confidence in its value by pharmaceutical companies and regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Toutain
- UMR 181 Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Expérimentales INRA/ENVT, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse cedex 03, France.
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Lees P, Landoni MF, Giraudel J, Toutain PL. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in species of veterinary interest. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2005; 27:479-90. [PMID: 15601442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises selected aspects of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is not intended to be comprehensive, in that it covers neither minor species nor several important aspects of NSAID PD. The limited objective of the review is to summarise those aspects of NSAID PK and PD, which are important to an understanding of PK-PD integration and PK-PD modelling (the subject of the next review in this issue). The general features of NSAID PK are: usually good bioavailability from oral, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration routes (but with delayed absorption in horses and ruminants after oral dosing), a high degree of binding to plasma protein, low volumes of distribution, limited excretion of administered dose as parent drug in urine, marked inter-species differences in clearance and elimination half-life and ready penetration into and slow clearance from acute inflammatory exudate. The therapeutic effects of NSAIDs are exerted both locally (at peripheral inflammatory sites) and centrally. There is widespread acceptance that the principal mechanism of action (both PD and toxicodynamics) of NSAIDs at the molecular level comprises inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), an enzyme in the arachidonic acid cascade, which generates inflammatory mediators of the prostaglandin group. However, NSAIDs possess also many other actions at the molecular level. Two isoforms of COX have been identified. Inhibition of COX-1 is likely to account for most of the side-effects of NSAIDs (gastrointestinal irritation, renotoxicity and inhibition of blood clotting) but a minor contribution also to some of the therapeutic effects (analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions) cannot be excluded. Inhibition of COX-2 accounts for most and possibly all of the therapeutic effects of NSAIDs. Consequently, there has been an intensive search to identify and develop drugs with selectivity for inhibition of COX-2. Whole blood in vitro assays are used to investigate quantitatively the three key PD parameters (efficacy, potency and sensitivity) for NSAID inhibition of COX isoforms, providing data on COX-1:COX-2 inhibition ratios. Limited published data point to species differences in NSAID-induced COX inhibition, for both potency and potency ratios. Members of the 2-arylpropionate sub-groups of NSAIDs exist in two enantiomeric forms [R-(-) and S-(+)] and are licensed as racemic mixtures. For these drugs there are marked enantiomeric differences in PK and PD properties of individual drugs in a given species, as well as important species differences in both PK and PD properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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