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Mohammed A, Al-Rubaye H, Al-Araby M, Abu-Elwafa S, Abbas I. Molecular epidemiology of the Old World screwworm fly (OWSF) in Iraq, and the genetic structure of various OWSF populations worldwide. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 52:101058. [PMID: 38880571 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite being endemic in Iraq, no reports have been published in the past 10 years to update the molecular epidemiology of the Old World screwworm fly (OWSF), Chrysomya bezziana, in this country. In the present study, 130 sheep from 10 Iraqi governorates were found infected with C. bezziana larvae, whose identities were PCR-confirmed based on the cytochrome b (Cytb) gene, and 23 isolates from various tested governorates were successfully sequenced. Although most isolates (n = 20) belonged to the common haplotype circulating in Iraq, two new haplotypes were detected. Significant changes in OWSF epidemiology in Iraq were also suggested, since infestations were detected, for the first time, in Nineveh governorate. Isolates of the present study were combined to those previously published from Iraq and worldwide, collected after searching the GenBank, and various genetic and population structure analyses were conducted. These isolates displayed a great statistically significant value when tested for the purifying (negative) selection, suggesting the limited occurrence of genetic variations, which was evidenced by the high sequence conservation (C = 0.937) value detected. A few isolates from Africa were revealed during our search, and clustered in a separate lineage other than that of the Asian isolates. The latter displayed different genetic variation patterns when compared. For example, isolates from geographically separate regions, e.g., the Gulf Arab countries and South-Eastern Asia had marked genetic differences. On the other hand, isolates from regions with close geographic proximity (the Gulf Arab countries and Iran) had limited genetic subdivision. This is not the case when comparing isolates from 10 islands in the Indonesian Archipelago. Populations from Sumatra and Sumba were isolated and displayed high genetic variations toward the other populations. On the contrary, populations from Sulawesi, Lombok and Sumbawa displayed limited genetic variations. This is particularly important, since it can help detecting the dynamics of establishing the sterile insect technique over various regions as an effective control strategy against the OWSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aws Mohammed
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad 28061, Iraq
| | - Haydar Al-Rubaye
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad 28061, Iraq.
| | - Moustafa Al-Araby
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Salah Abu-Elwafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Abbas
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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Elowni EE. Screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana) myiasis in the Middle East: Potential risk of re-incursion and disease outbreaks. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:1-3. [PMID: 36258664 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed E Elowni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
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Bambaradeniya YTB, Magni PA, Dadour IR. Traumatic sheep myiasis: A review of the current understanding. Vet Parasitol 2023; 314:109853. [PMID: 36577285 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Myiasis, or the infestation of live humans and vertebrate animals by dipterous larvae, is a health issue worldwide. The economic impact and potential threat to animal health and wellbeing of this disease under the animal husbandry sector is considerable. Sheep are a highly vulnerable livestock category exposed to myiasis (sheep strike), due to several unique predisposing factors that attract flies. The successful mitigation of this disease relies on a thorough understanding of fly population dynamics associated with the change in weather patterns and the evaluation of this disease through different branches of science such as chemistry, molecular biology, and microbiology. The present review provides a summary of the existing knowledge of strike in sheep, discussed in relation to the application of volatile organic compounds, metagenomics, and molecular biology, and their use regarding implementing fly control strategies such as traps, and to increase the resilience of sheep to this disease through improving their health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T B Bambaradeniya
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - P A Magni
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Murdoch University Singapore, King's Centre, Singapore.
| | - I R Dadour
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular & Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Source Certain, PO Box 1570, Wangara DC, Western Australia 6947, Australia.
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Development of the new microsatellite markers of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from Korea. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:8245-8248. [PMID: 34661811 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lucilia sericata is a medical and veterinary important insect species because its larvae feed on tissues of vertebrates including humans. Very few microsatellite makers have been reported from the species to illuminate its genetic variability and population genetic structure. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, L. sericata samples were collected from four different localities in Korea to develop the microsatellite markers to provide basic information on the genetic variability and population genetic structure in Korea of this species. In total, ten new microsatellite markers were sequenced and analyzed. Genetic diversity was performed using these microsatellite markers. The observed heterozygosity varied from 0.205 to 0.824, with an average of 0.546. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.579 to 0.886, with an average of 0.804. PIC value varied from 0.553 to 0.876. CONCLUSIONS The markers developed in the present study are expected as informative for estimating genetic diversity of L. sericata.
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Bambaradeniya YTB, Karunaratne WAIP, Tomberlin JK, Goonerathne I, Kotakadeniya RB. Effect of Temperature and Tissue Type on the Development of Myiasis Causing Fly; Chrysomya bezziana (Diptera: Calliphoridae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:625-631. [PMID: 30517705 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve is the major human myiasis producer in tropical countries, including Sri Lanka. Although of great medical and veterinary importance, only a single study has been published on the development of C. bezziana. This limitation is due in part to the difficulty of maintaining this species in a colony outside of using a living host. In this study, a novel technique that overcomes this limitation is presented along with development data for C. bezziana fed on three different meat types: swine muscle, swine liver, and bovine muscle at two temperature regimes: 35 and 37°C. The optimum development of C. bezziana was recorded at 35°C in bovine muscle (262.20 h) followed by swine muscle (286.00 h) and swine liver (307.00 h). Data from the current study indicate tissue type significantly impacts change in length and width of larvae over time, whereas the two temperatures examined had no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T B Bambaradeniya
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - W A I P Karunaratne
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - J K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
| | - I Goonerathne
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - R B Kotakadeniya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Golachowski A, Hashmi SA, Golachowska B. Isolation and preservation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow of Arabian leopard ( Panthera pradus nimr). Open Vet J 2018; 8:325-329. [PMID: 30237980 PMCID: PMC6140384 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) is critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, with an effective population of 150-250 across its entire range in the Arabian Peninsula. Isolation and preservation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells is beneficial both for medical and research purposes. The optimal protocol for collection, handling, culturing and preserving the Arabian leopard mesenchymal stem cells acquired from bone marrow was established. Anesthesia with combination of medetomidine and tiletamine-zozalepam is the safest option even for old animals with concurrent disease including chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Golachowski
- Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Royal Court Affairs, PC111 PO 64 Seeb, Oman
| | - Sulaiman Al Hashmi
- Biomedical Laboratory, University of Nizwa P. O. Box : 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mouz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Barbara Golachowska
- Directorate General of Veterinary Services, Royal Court Affairs, PC111 PO 64 Seeb, Oman
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Zaidi F, Fatima SH, Khisroon M, Gul A. Distribution Modeling of three screwworm species in the ecologically diverse landscape of North West Pakistan. Acta Trop 2016; 162:56-65. [PMID: 27311386 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
North West Pakistan (NWP) is characterized by four eco-zones: Northern Montane Region, North Western Hills, Submontane Region and Indus Plains. Present study identified 1037 cases of traumatic myiasis in the region during 2012-2015. Screw worm larvae were classified as 12 species: Chrysomya bezziana (Villeneuve), Chryomya megacephala (Fabricius), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Lucilia illustris (Meigen), Lucilia porphyrina (Walker), Hemipyrellia ligguriens (Wiedemann), Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy), Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner), Sarcophaga crassipalpalis (Macquart), Sarchophaga species. Among these C. bezziana, L. cuprina and W. magnifica with approximately 882 case reports were the principal agents of traumatic myiasis. The species W. magnifica is a first report from Pakistan. In order to investigate spatial distribution of these dominant species we used MaxEnt niche model. Our results revealed a well-established occurrence of C. bezziana and L. cuprina in the four eco-regions while W. magnifica is currently contained in the Submontane Region. Several hot spot areas of infestation were detected all characterized by high human population density showing synanthropic nature of these species. Wohlfahrtia magnifica was excluded from Northern Montane Region with severe winters and Southern Indus Plains with harsh summers revealing that invasive species are initially sensitive to extreme of temperatures. Presence of L. cuprina in the wet areas of North Humid Belt (Maximum annual precipitation: 1641mm) depicted a moisture preference of the species. In perspective of changing climate and future predictions of severe events such as droughts and flooding in NWP, W. magnifica can potentially alter the species composition. Considering these findings in an eco-geographically dynamic region of Pakistan we predict that two factors (1) Growing human population (2) Climatic conditions, equally contribute to range shift of synanthropic species.
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Tuccia F, Giordani G, Vanin S. A combined protocol for identification of maggots of forensic interest. Sci Justice 2016; 56:264-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Edman RM, Linger RJ, Belikoff EJ, Li F, Sze SH, Tarone AM, Scott MJ. Functional characterization of calliphorid cell death genes and cellularization gene promoters for controlling gene expression and cell viability in early embryos. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:58-70. [PMID: 25225046 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The New World screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, and the Australian sheep blow fly, Lucilia cuprina, are major pests of livestock. The sterile insect technique was used to eradicate C. hominivorax from North and Central America. This involved area-wide releases of male and female flies that had been sterilized by radiation. Genetic systems have been developed for making 'male-only' strains that would improve the efficiency of genetic control of insect pests. One system involves induction of female lethality in embryos through activation of a pro-apoptotic gene by the tetracycline-dependent transactivator. Sex-specific expression is achieved using an intron from the transformer gene, which we previously isolated from several calliphorids. In the present study, we report the isolation of the promoters from the C. hominivorax slam and Lucilia sericata bnk cellularization genes and show that these promoters can drive expression of a GFP reporter gene in early embryos of transgenic L. cuprina. Additionally, we report the isolation of the L. sericata pro-apoptotic hid and rpr genes, identify conserved motifs in the encoded proteins and determine the relative expression of these genes at different stages of development. We show that widespread expression of the L. sericata pro-apoptotic genes was lethal in Drosophila melanogaster. The isolated gene promoters and pro-apoptotic genes could potentially be used to build transgenic embryonic sexing strains of calliphorid livestock pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Edman
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Peck SL. Perspectives on why digital ecologies matter: combining population genetics and ecologically informed agent-based models with GIS for managing dipteran livestock pests. Acta Trop 2014; 138 Suppl:S22-5. [PMID: 24680756 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that handling the inherent complexity found in ecological systems is an essential task for finding ways to control insect pests of tropical livestock such as tsetse flies, and old and new world screwworms. In particular, challenging multivalent management programs, such as Area Wide Integrated Pest Management (AW-IPM), face daunting problems of complexity at multiple spatial scales, ranging from landscape level processes to those of smaller scales such as the parasite loads of individual animals. Daunting temporal challenges also await resolution, such as matching management time frames to those found on ecological and even evolutionary temporal scales. How does one deal with representing processes with models that involve multiple spatial and temporal scales? Agent-based models (ABM), combined with geographic information systems (GIS), may allow for understanding, predicting and managing pest control efforts in livestock pests. This paper argues that by incorporating digital ecologies in our management efforts clearer and more informed decisions can be made. I also point out the power of these models in making better predictions in order to anticipate the range of outcomes possible or likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Peck
- Biology Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Wardhana A, Hall M, Mahamdallie S, Muharsini S, Cameron M, Ready P. Phylogenetics of the Old World screwworm fly and its significance for planning control and monitoring invasions in Asia. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:729-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fauna and abundance of medically important flies of Muscidae and Fanniidae (Diptera) in Tehran, Iran. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:220-3. [PMID: 21771457 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the faunal diversity of Muscidae and Fanniidae flies in Tehran, Iran. METHODS A net-capturing by direct observing method and fly trap were used to capture adult flies. To determine the fauna of flies in different habitats, 4 biotopes including corpse (human, birds, livestock), garbage and decaying organic matters, animal carcasses and human indoor habitat were selected. Big hashing nets (95 cm in diameter) have been used for adult flies capture in these biotopes. RESULTS In this study, totally 2 418 adult flies from 8 families including Muscidae, Fanniidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae, Syrphidae, Anthomyiidae and Conopidae were captured. Among these, 1 279 belong to Muscidae and Fanniidae families. Four genera and 5 medically important species captured from two above mentioned families. CONCLUSIONS Based on scientific documentation, 2 species of Muscina stabulans (M. stabulans) and Fannia scalaris (F. scalaris) are reported for the first time in Iran. However M. stabulans is a cosmopolitan species and its presence in Iran was probable.
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Robinson AS, Vreysen MJB, Hendrichs J, Feldmann U. Enabling technologies to improve area-wide integrated pest management programmes for the control of screwworms. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 23 Suppl 1:1-7. [PMID: 19335824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The economic devastation caused in the past by the New World screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) to the livestock industry in the U.S.A., Mexico and the rest of Central America was staggering. The eradication of this major livestock pest from North and Central America using the sterile insect technique (SIT) as part of an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programme was a phenomenal technical and managerial accomplishment with enormous economic implications. The area is maintained screwworm-free by the weekly release of 40 million sterile flies in the Darien Gap in Panama, which prevents migration from screwworm-infested areas in Columbia. However, the species is still a major pest in many areas of the Caribbean and South America and there is considerable interest in extending the eradication programme to these countries. Understanding New World screwworm fly populations in the Caribbean and South America, which represent a continuous threat to the screwworm-free areas of Central America and the U.S.A., is a prerequisite to any future eradication campaigns. The Old World screwworm fly Chrysomya bezziana Villeneuve (Diptera: Calliphoridae) has a very wide distribution ranging from Southern Africa to Papua New Guinea and, although its economic importance is assumed to be less than that of its New World counterpart, it is a serious pest in extensive livestock production and a constant threat to pest-free areas such as Australia. In the 1980s repeated introductions and an expansion of Old World screwworm populations were reported in the Middle East; in the 1990s it invaded Iraq and since late 2007 it has been reported in Yemen, where a severe outbreak of myiasis occurred in 2008. Small-scale field trials have shown the potential of integrating the SIT in the control of this pest and various international organizations are considering using the release of sterile insects as part of an AW-IPM approach on a much wider scale. Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a screwworm of temperate regions, which, although of limited agricultural importance, has invaded several new locations in the past few years. This special issue reports on the results of a 6-year project funded by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency (FAO/IAEA) Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture entitled 'Enabling Technologies for the Expansion of the SIT for Old and New World Screwworm'. A major goal of the project was to better understand population genetic variation in screwworms as an aid to the identification of isolated populations. The project also addressed issues related to genetic sexing, cuticular hydrocarbons, population dynamics, genetic transformation and chromosome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Robinson
- Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency (FAO/IAEA) Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria.
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