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Eckmair B, Gao C, Mehta AY, Dutkiewicz Z, Vanbeselaere J, Cummings RD, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Recognition of Highly Branched N-Glycans of the Porcine Whipworm by the Immune System. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100711. [PMID: 38182041 PMCID: PMC10850124 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycans are key to host-pathogen interactions, whereby recognition by the host and immunomodulation by the pathogen can be mediated by carbohydrate binding proteins, such as lectins of the innate immune system, and their glycoconjugate ligands. Previous studies have shown that excretory-secretory products of the porcine nematode parasite Trichuris suis exert immunomodulatory effects in a glycan-dependent manner. To better understand the mechanisms of these interactions, we prepared N-glycans from T. suis and both analyzed their structures and used them to generate a natural glycan microarray. With this array, we explored the interactions of glycans with C-type lectins, C-reactive protein, and sera from T. suis-infected pigs. Glycans containing LacdiNAc and phosphorylcholine-modified glycans were associated with the highest binding by most of these proteins. In-depth analysis revealed not only fucosylated LacdiNAc motifs with and without phosphorylcholine moieties but phosphorylcholine-modified mannose and N-acetylhexosamine-substituted fucose residues, in the context of maximally tetraantennary N-glycan scaffolds. Furthermore, O-glycans also contained fucosylated motifs. In summary, the glycans of T. suis are recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems and also exhibit species-specific features distinguishing its glycome from those of other nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Eckmair
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zuzanna Dutkiewicz
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Jorick Vanbeselaere
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria.
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2
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Eckmair B, Gao C, Mehta AY, Dutkiewicz Z, Vanbeselaere J, Cummings RD, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Recognition of highly branched N-glycans of the porcine whipworm by the immune system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.21.557549. [PMID: 37790353 PMCID: PMC10542551 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.557549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are key to host-pathogen interactions, whereby recognition by the host and immunomodulation by the pathogen can be mediated by carbohydrate binding proteins, such as lectins of the innate immune system, and their glycoconjugate ligands. Previous studies have shown that excretory-secretory products of the porcine nematode parasite Trichuris suis exert immunomodulatory effects in a glycan-dependent manner. To better understand the mechanisms of these interactions, we prepared N-glycans from T. suis and both analyzed their structures and used them to generate a natural glycan microarray. With this array we explored the interactions of glycans with C-type lectins, C-reactive protein and sera from T. suis infected pigs. Glycans containing LacdiNAc and phosphorylcholine-modified glycans were associated with the highest binding by most of these proteins. In-depth analysis revealed not only fucosylated LacdiNAc motifs with and without phosphorylcholine moieties, but phosphorylcholine-modified mannose and N-acetylhexosamine-substituted fucose residues, in the context of maximally tetraantennary N-glycan scaffolds. Furthermore, O-glycans also contained fucosylated motifs. In summary, the glycans of T. suis are recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and also exhibit species-specific features distinguishing its glycome from those of other nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Eckmair
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zuzanna Dutkiewicz
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jorick Vanbeselaere
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
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3
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Oliveira LM, Oliveira YLDC, Oliveira YLM, Ramos ACS, Andrade GF, Sá VL, Geraldi RM, Pinheiro CS, Bueno LL, Fujiwara RT, Dolabella SS. Intestinal polyparasitism and levels of mucosal anthelmintic SIgA in children from endemic areas in Northeastern Brazil. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12899. [PMID: 34861047 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between parasites during co-infections are often complex and can impact immunization and treatment programmes, as well as disease outcomes and morbidity. However, little is known about these interactions and the mechanisms involved. In this study, a coproparasitological survey was carried out in school-age children living in endemic areas of parasitic infection in the state of Sergipe, Northeastern Brazil. Anti-helminth-specific and total secretory immunoglobulin-A (SIgA) levels were measured in stool and saliva samples and were compared in children presenting monoparasitism, polyparasitism (helminths and/or intestinal protozoa) and no infections. The survey showed that protozoa were more prevalent than helminths, and that there was a high frequency of polyparasitism in the studied population, mainly from combinations of protozoan species. Although less frequent, combinations between species of protozoa and helminths were also observed. The levels of salivary SIgA in these co-infected individuals were lower than the average observed in infections with helminths alone. Although the children participating in this survey were asymptomatic, and it was, therefore, not possible to evaluate the impact of salivary SIgA reduction on the diseases, and the study highlights the need for further investigations of co-infections by intestinal parasites and the effects on immune response induced by the interactions between different parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Yvanna L D C Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Yrna L M Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline S Ramos
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Gabriela F Andrade
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Vitor L Sá
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Ricardo M Geraldi
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Carina S Pinheiro
- Department of Biointeraction, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
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4
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Caraballo L, Zakzuk J, Acevedo N. Helminth-derived cystatins: the immunomodulatory properties of an Ascaris lumbricoides cystatin. Parasitology 2021; 148:1-13. [PMID: 33563346 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infections such as ascariasis elicit a type 2 immune response resembling that involved in allergic inflammation, but differing to allergy, they are also accompanied with strong immunomodulation. This has stimulated an increasing number of investigations, not only to better understand the mechanisms of allergy and helminth immunity but to find parasite-derived anti-inflammatory products that could improve the current treatments of chronic non-communicable inflammatory diseases such as asthma. A great number of helminth-derived immunomodulators have been discovered and some of them extensively analysed, showing their potential use as anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical settings. Since Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the most successful parasites, several groups have focused on the immunomodulatory properties of this helminth. As a result, several excretory/secretory components and purified molecules have been analysed, revealing interesting anti-inflammatory activities potentially useful as therapeutic tools. One of these molecules is A. lumbricoides cystatin, whose genomic, cellular, molecular, and immunomodulatory properties are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Nathalie Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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Wang T, Nie S, Ma G, Vlaminck J, Geldhof P, Williamson NA, Reid GE, Gasser RB. Quantitative lipidomic analysis of Ascaris suum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008848. [PMID: 33264279 PMCID: PMC7710092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascaris is a soil-transmitted nematode that causes ascariasis, a neglected tropical disease affecting predominantly children and adolescents in the tropics and subtropics. Approximately 0.8 billion people are affected worldwide, equating to 0.86 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Exploring the molecular biology of Ascaris is important to gain a better understanding of the host-parasite interactions and disease processes, and supports the development of novel interventions. Although advances have been made in the genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics of Ascaris, its lipidome has received very limited attention. Lipidomics is an important sub-discipline of systems biology, focused on exploring lipids profiles in tissues and cells, and elucidating their biological and metabolic roles. Here, we characterised the lipidomes of key developmental stages and organ systems of Ascaris of porcine origin via high throughput LC-MS/MS. In total, > 500 lipid species belonging to 18 lipid classes within three lipid categories were identified and quantified–in precise molar amounts in relation to the dry weight of worm material–in different developmental stages/sexes and organ systems. The results showed substantial differences in the composition and abundance of lipids with key roles in cellular processes and functions (e.g. energy storage regulation and membrane structure) among distinct stages and among organ systems, likely reflecting differing demands for lipids, depending on stage of growth and development as well as the need to adapt to constantly changing environments within and outside of the host animal. This work provides the first step toward understanding the biology of lipids in Ascaris, with possibilities to work toward designing new interventions against ascariasis. Lipids are of vital importance in the biology of parasitic worms, particularly in relation to cellular membranes, energy storage, and intra- and intercellular signalling. However, very little is known about the biology of lipids in parasitic nematodes. Using a high-throughput LC-MS/MS approach, we characterised the first global lipidome for Ascaris. We investigated the lipid composition and abundance in key developmental stages/sexes as well as the organ systems of Ascaris. We observed substantial differences in lipid composition and abundance among these stages/sexes and among the organ systems studied. The findings provide a basis to start to understand lipid biology in Ascaris, with possible implications for developing new interventions against ascariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Johnny Vlaminck
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nicholas A. Williamson
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin E. Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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6
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Caraballo L, Acevedo N, Zakzuk J. Ascariasis as a model to study the helminth/allergy relationships. Parasite Immunol 2018; 41:e12595. [PMID: 30295330 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ascariasis is the most frequent soil transmitted helminthiasis and, as well as other helminth infections, is expected to influence the clinical presentation of allergic diseases such as asthma. Indeed, several clinical and experimental works have shown an important impact either increasing or suppressing symptoms, and the same effects have been detected on the underlying immune responses. In this review we analyze the work on this field performed in Colombia, a Latin American tropical country, including aspects such as the molecular genetics of the IgE response to Ascaris; the allergenic activity of Ascaris IgE-binding molecular components and the immunological and clinical influences of ascariasis on asthma. The analysis allows us to conclude that the impact of ascariasis on the inception and evolution of allergic diseases such as asthma deserves more investigation, but advances have been made during the last years. The concurrent parasite-induced immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects during this helminthiasis do modify the natural history of asthma and some aspects of the practice of allergology in the tropics. Theoretically it can also influence the epidemiological trends of allergic diseases either by its absence or presence in different regions and countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Nathalie Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
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A Phosphorylcholine-Containing Glycolipid-like Antigen Present on the Surface of Infective Stage Larvae of Ascaris spp. Is a Major Antibody Target in Infected Pigs and Humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005166. [PMID: 27906979 PMCID: PMC5131908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pig parasite Ascaris suum plays and important role in veterinary medicine and represents a suitable model for A. lumbricoides, which infects over 800 million people. In pigs, continued exposure to Ascaris induces immunity at the level of the gut, protecting the host against migrating larvae. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize parasite antigens targeted by this local immune response that may be crucial for parasite invasion and establishment and to evaluate their protective and diagnostic potential. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Pigs were immunized by trickle infection for 30 weeks, challenged with 2,000 eggs at week 32 and euthanized two weeks after challenge. At necropsy, there was a 100% reduction in worms recovered from the intestine and a 97.2% reduction in liver white spots in comparison with challenged non-immune control animals. Antibodies purified from the intestinal mucus or from the supernatant of cultured antibody secreting cells from mesenteric lymph nodes of immune pigs were used to probe L3 extracts to identify antibody targets. This resulted in the recognition of a 12kDa antigen (As12) that is actively shed from infective Ascaris L3. As12 was characterized as a phosphorylcholine-containing glycolipid-like antigen that is highly resistant to different enzymatic and chemical treatments. Vaccinating pigs with an As12 fraction did not induce protective immunity to challenge infection. However, serological analysis using sera or plasma from experimentally infected pigs or naturally infected humans demonstrated that the As12 ELISA was able to detect long-term exposure to Ascaris with a high diagnostic sensitivity (98.4% and 92%, respectively) and specificity (95.5% and 90.0%) in pigs and humans, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings show the presence of a highly stage specific, glycolipid-like component (As12) that is actively secreted by infectious Ascaris larvae and which acts as a major antibody target in infected humans and pigs.
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Meyer Sauteur PM, Huizinga R, Tio-Gillen AP, Roodbol J, Hoogenboezem T, Jacobs E, van Rijn M, van der Eijk AA, Vink C, de Wit MCY, van Rossum AMC, Jacobs BC. Mycoplasma pneumoniae triggering the Guillain-Barré syndrome: A case-control study. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:566-80. [PMID: 27490360 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute postinfectious immune-mediated polyneuropathy. Although preceding respiratory tract infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae have been reported in some cases, the role of M. pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of GBS remains unclear. We here cultured, for the first time, M. pneumoniae from a GBS patient with antibodies against galactocerebroside (GalC), which cross-reacted with the isolate. This case prompted us to unravel the role of M. pneumoniae in GBS in a case-control study. METHODS We included 189 adults and 24 children with GBS and compared them to control cohorts for analysis of serum antibodies against M. pneumoniae (n = 479) and GalC (n = 198). RESULTS Anti-M. pneumoniae immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies were detected in GBS patients and healthy controls in 3% and 0% of adults (p = 0.16) and 21% and 7% of children (p = 0.03), respectively. Anti-GalC antibodies (IgM and/or IgG) were found in 4% of adults and 25% of children with GBS (p = 0.001). Anti-GalC-positive patients showed more-frequent preceding respiratory symptoms, cranial nerve involvement, and a better outcome. Anti-GalC antibodies correlated with anti-M. pneumoniae antibodies (p < 0.001) and cross-reacted with different M. pneumoniae strains. Anti-GalC IgM antibodies were not only found in GBS patients with M. pneumoniae infection, but also in patients without neurological disease (8% vs 9%; p = 0.87), whereas anti-GalC IgG was exclusively found in patients with GBS (9% vs 0%; p = 0.006). INTERPRETATION M. pneumoniae infection is associated with GBS, more frequently in children than adults, and elicits anti-GalC antibodies, of which specifically anti-GalC IgG may contribute to the pathogenesis of GBS. Ann Neurol 2016;80:566-580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Meyer Sauteur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, and Children's Research Center (CRC), University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Huizinga
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne P Tio-Gillen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce Roodbol
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Hoogenboezem
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno Jacobs
- TU Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Dresden, Germany
| | - Monique van Rijn
- Department of Neurology, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek A van der Eijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Vink
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus University College, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Claire Y de Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M C van Rossum
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Tahapary DL, de Ruiter K, Martin I, van Lieshout L, Guigas B, Soewondo P, Djuardi Y, Wiria AE, Mayboroda OA, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Tasman H, Sartono E, Yazdanbakhsh M, Smit JWA, Supali T. Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:133. [PMID: 25888525 PMCID: PMC4389675 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin resistance is a strong predictor of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chronic helminth infections might protect against insulin resistance via a caloric restriction state and indirectly via T-helper-2 polarization of the immune system. Therefore the elimination of helminths might remove this beneficial effect on insulin resistance. Methods/Design To determine whether soil-transmitted helminth infections are associated with a better whole-body insulin sensitivity and whether this protection is reversible by anthelmintic treatment, a household-based cluster-randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in the area of Nangapanda on Flores Island, Indonesia, an area endemic for soil-transmitted helminth infections. The trial incorporates three monthly treatment with albendazole or matching placebo for one year, whereby each treatment round consists of three consecutive days of supervised drug intake. The presence of soil-transmitted helminths will be evaluated in faeces using microscopy and/or PCR. The primary outcome of the study will be changes in insulin resistance as assessed by HOMA-IR, while the secondary outcomes will be changes in body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, 2 h-glucose levels after oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c, serum lipid levels, immunological parameters, and efficacy of anthelmintic treatment. Discussion The study will provide data on the effect of helminth infections on insulin resistance. It will assess the relationship between helminth infection status and immune responses as well as metabolic parameters, allowing the establishment of a link between inflammation and whole-body metabolic homeostasis. In addition, it will give information on anthelmintic treatment efficacy and effectiveness. Trial registration This study has been approved by the ethical committee of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia (ref: 549/H2.F1/ETIK/2013), and has been filed by the ethics committee of Leiden University Medical Center, clinical trial number: ISRCTN75636394. The study is reported in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines for cluster-randomised trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky L Tahapary
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. .,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin de Ruiter
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivonne Martin
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Mathematics, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Pradana Soewondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Yenny Djuardi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Aprilianto E Wiria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Oleg A Mayboroda
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Hengki Tasman
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Taniawati Supali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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10
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Souza V, Medeiros D, Sales I, Costa V, Silva A, Rizzo J, Sole D, Sarinho E. Ascaris lumbricoides infection in urban schoolchildren: specific IgE and IL-10 production. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2014; 42:206-11. [PMID: 23648101 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth infections and allergies are diseases with intense Th2 lymphocytes participation and characterised by a high IgE and Interleukin-(IL) IL-4, IL-5 production and eosinophilia. However, helminths also induce IL-10 production, which may alter the outcome of allergic diseases in infected patients. OBJECTIVE This experimental study analyses the relationship between IL-10 production by cell culture from geohelminth infected and non-infected children and specific IgE to Ascaris lumbricoides (Asc) or Blomia tropicalis (BT). METHODS IL-10 content in supernatant from peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture from nine helminth infected and eleven non-infected patients was determined by ELISA after in vitro stimulation with Asc or BT extracts. RESULTS A positive association was observed between total IgE levels and anti-Ascaris and anti-Blomia tropicalis specific IgE, independent of infection status. For both helminth-infected and non-infected groups, there was no difference in IL-10 production in response to Asc extract, even though anti-Ascaris IgE levels were higher in the latter group. In response to BT stimulus, a lower production of IL-10 by the geohelminth-infected group was observed, but with no relationship between IL-10 production and specific IgE to BT. CONCLUSION The results suggest that anti-Ascaris IgE in non-infected patients may be associated to a resistance to parasites. Levels of specific IgE to parasite antigens or B. tropicalis allergen were not impaired by IL-10 production in children from an urban area in which geohelminthiasis is endemic.
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The role of antibody in parasitic helminth infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:1-26. [PMID: 25253025 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Prasanphanich NS, Mickum ML, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Glycoconjugates in host-helminth interactions. Front Immunol 2013; 4:240. [PMID: 24009607 PMCID: PMC3755266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms that comprise a major class of human pathogens and cause an immense amount of suffering worldwide. Helminths possess an abundance of complex and unique glycoconjugates that interact with both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity in definitive and intermediate hosts. These glycoconjugates represent a major untapped reservoir of immunomodulatory compounds, which have the potential to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, and antigenic glycans, which could be exploited as vaccines and diagnostics. This review will survey current knowledge of the interactions between helminth glycans and host immunity and highlight the gaps in our understanding which are relevant to advancing therapeutics, vaccine development, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Salinger Prasanphanich
- Department of Biochemistry, Glycomics Center of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Megan L. Mickum
- Department of Biochemistry, Glycomics Center of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Biochemistry, Glycomics Center of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Glycomics Center of Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Urban JF, Hu Y, Miller MM, Scheib U, Yiu YY, Aroian RV. Bacillus thuringiensis-derived Cry5B has potent anthelmintic activity against Ascaris suum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2263. [PMID: 23818995 PMCID: PMC3688533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides are two closely related geo-helminth parasites that ubiquitously infect pigs and humans, respectively. Ascaris suum infection in pigs is considered a good model for A. lumbricoides infection in humans because of a similar biology and tissue migration to the intestines. Ascaris lumbricoides infections in children are associated with malnutrition, growth and cognitive stunting, immune defects, and, in extreme cases, life-threatening blockage of the digestive tract and aberrant migration into the bile duct and peritoneum. Similar effects can be seen with A. suum infections in pigs related to poor feed efficiency and performance. New strategies to control Ascaris infections are needed largely due to reduced treatment efficacies of current anthelmintics in the field, the threat of resistance development, and the general lack of new drug development for intestinal soil-transmitted helminths for humans and animals. Here we demonstrate for the first time that A. suum expresses the receptors for Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein and novel anthelmintic Cry5B, which has been previously shown to intoxicate hookworms and which belongs to a class of proteins considered non-toxic to vertebrates. Cry5B is able to intoxicate A. suum larvae and adults and triggers the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway similar to that observed with other nematodes. Most importantly, two moderate doses of 20 mg/kg body weight (143 nM/kg) of Cry5B resulted in a near complete cure of intestinal A. suum infections in pigs. Taken together, these results demonstrate the excellent potential of Cry5B to treat Ascaris infections in pigs and in humans and for Cry5B to work effectively in the human gastrointestinal tract. Ascaris suum is an intestinal parasitic nematode of pigs that is very closely related to Ascaris lumbricoides, a major intestinal parasitic nematode of humans that infects more than one billion people worldwide. Because of reduced efficacy and the threat of resistance to the current small set of approved drugs to treat Ascaris infections, new treatments are needed. Here we test against A. suum infections the effectiveness of Cry5B, a nematode-killing protein made by the natural soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and representing a promising new class of anthelmintics. We demonstrate for the first time that A. suum possesses the receptors to bind Cry5B and that Cry5B can kill A. suum larvae and adults in culture. Most importantly, we demonstrate that oral administration of Cry5B to pigs infected with A. suum larvae results in a near complete elimination of the infection. Given the similarities between A. suum and A. lumbricoides and the similarity between the pig and human gastrointestinal tracts, our data indicate that Cry5B has excellent potential to treat Ascaris infections in veterinary animals and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Urban
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yan Hu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Melanie M. Miller
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Scheib
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ying Y. Yiu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raffi V. Aroian
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Microbial modulation of host immunity with the small molecule phosphorylcholine. Infect Immun 2012; 81:392-401. [PMID: 23230294 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01168-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
All microorganisms dependent on persistence in a host for survival rely on either hiding from or modulating host responses to infection. The small molecule phosphorylcholine, or choline phosphate (ChoP), is used for both of these purposes by a wide array of bacterial and parasitic microbes. While the mechanisms underlying ChoP acquisition and expression are diverse, a unifying theme is the use of ChoP to reduce the immune response to infection, creating an advantage for ChoP-expressing microorganisms. In this minireview, we discuss several benefits of ChoP expression during infection as well as how the immune system fights back against ChoP-expressing pathogens.
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Hamid F, Wiria AE, Wammes LJ, Kaisar MM, Lell B, Ariawan I, Uh HW, Wibowo H, Djuardi Y, Wahyuni S, Schot R, Verweij JJ, van Ree R, May L, Sartono E, Yazdanbakhsh M, Supali T. A longitudinal study of allergy and intestinal helminth infections in semi urban and rural areas of Flores, Indonesia (ImmunoSPIN Study). BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:83. [PMID: 21457539 PMCID: PMC3090332 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of asthma and atopic disease has been reported to be low in low income countries, however helminth infections are likely to be high among these communities. The question of whether helminth infections play a role in allergic diseases can best be addressed by intervention studies. None of the studies so far have been based on a large scale placebo-controlled trial. Method/Design This study was designed to assess how intestinal helminth infections can influence the immune response and atopic and allergic disorders in children in Indonesia. The relations between allergic outcomes and infection and lifestyle factors will be addressed. This study was set up among school-age children in semi urban and rural areas, located in Ende District of Flores Island, Indonesia. A randomized placebo-controlled anthelmintic treatment trial to elucidate the impact of helminth infections on the prevalence of skin prick test (SPT) reactivity and symptoms of allergic diseases will be performed. The children living in these semi-urban and rural areas will be assessed for SPT to allergens before and after 1 and 2 years of treatment as the primary outcome of the study; the secondary outcome is symptoms (asthma and atopic dermatitis); while the tertiary outcome is immune responses (both antibody levels to allergens and cellular immune responses). Discussion The study will provide information on the influence of helminth infections and anthelmintic treatment on immune response, atopy and allergic disorders. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN: ISRCTN83830814
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdaus Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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17
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Wiria AE, Prasetyani MA, Hamid F, Wammes LJ, Lell B, Ariawan I, Uh HW, Wibowo H, Djuardi Y, Wahyuni S, Sutanto I, May L, Luty AJF, Verweij JJ, Sartono E, Yazdanbakhsh M, Supali T. Does treatment of intestinal helminth infections influence malaria? Background and methodology of a longitudinal study of clinical, parasitological and immunological parameters in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia (ImmunoSPIN Study). BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:77. [PMID: 20338054 PMCID: PMC2859773 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Given that helminth infections are thought to have strong immunomodulatory activity, the question whether helminth infections might affect responses to malaria antigens needs to be addressed. Different cross-sectional studies using diverse methodologies have reported that helminth infections might either exacerbate or reduce the severity of malaria attacks. The same discrepancies have been reported for parasitemia. Methods/Design To determine the effect of geohelminth infections and their treatment on malaria infection and disease outcome, as well as on immunological parameters, the area of Nangapanda on Flores Island, Indonesia, where malaria and helminth parasites are co-endemic was selected for a longitudinal study. Here a Double-blind randomized trial will be performed, incorporating repeated treatment with albendazole (400 mg) or placebo at three monthly intervals. Household characteristic data, anthropometry, the presence of intestinal helminth and Plasmodium spp infections, and the incidence of malaria episodes are recorded. In vitro cultures of whole blood, stimulated with a number of antigens, mitogens and toll like receptor ligands provide relevant immunological parameters at baseline and following 1 and 2 years of treatment rounds. The primary outcome of the study is the prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infection. The secondary outcome will be incidence and severity of malaria episodes detected via both passive and active follow-up. The tertiary outcome is the inflammatory cytokine profile in response to parasite antigens. The project also facilitates the transfer of state of the art methodologies and technologies, molecular diagnosis of parasitic diseases, immunology and epidemiology from Europe to Indonesia. Discussion The study will provide data on the effect of helminth infections on malaria. It will also give information on anthelminthic treatment efficacy and effectiveness and could help develop evidence-based policymaking. Trial registration This study was approved by The Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, ref:194/PT02.FK/Etik/2006 and has been filed by ethics committee of the Leiden University Medical Center. Clinical trial number:ISRCTN83830814. The study is reported in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines for cluster-randomized studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprilianto E Wiria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Acevedo N, Mercado D, Vergara C, Sánchez J, Kennedy MW, Jiménez S, Fernández AM, Gutiérrez M, Puerta L, Caraballo L. Association between total immunoglobulin E and antibody responses to naturally acquired Ascaris lumbricoides infection and polymorphisms of immune system-related LIG4, TNFSF13B and IRS2 genes. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:282-90. [PMID: 19604268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The 13q33-34 region harbours a susceptibility locus to Ascaris lumbricoides, although the underlying genes are unknown. Immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG confer protective immunity and here we sought to investigate in an endemic population whether LIG4, TNFSF13B and IRS2 genes influence IgE and IgG levels against Ascaris and the ABA-1 allergen as a putative resistance marker. Mite-allergic asthmatic patients were analysed for potential relationships between Ascaris predisposition and allergy. One thousand and sixty-four subjects from Cartagena, Colombia, were included. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using TaqMan assays. Antibody levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Linear and logistic regressions were used to model effects of genotypes on antibody levels. The GG genotype of LIG4 (rs1805388) was associated with higher IgE levels to Ascaris compared with other genotypes. TNFSF13B (rs10508198) was associated positively with IgG levels against Ascaris extract and IgE levels against ABA-1. In asthmatics, IRS2 (rs2289046) was associated with high total IgE levels. Associations held up after correction by population stratification using a set of 52 ancestry markers, age, sex and disease status. There was no association with asthma or mite sensitization. In a tropical population, LIG4 and TNFSF13B polymorphisms are associated with specific IgE and IgG to Ascaris, supporting previous linkage studies implicating the 13q33 region. Our results suggest that genes protecting against parasite infections can be different to those predisposing to asthma and atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
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Scott ME. Ascaris lumbricoides: A Review of Its Epidemiology and Relationship to Other Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1159/000113305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pöltl G, Kerner D, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. N-glycans of the porcine nematode parasite Ascaris suum are modified with phosphorylcholine and core fucose residues. FEBS J 2006; 274:714-26. [PMID: 17181538 PMCID: PMC2850173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the glycoconjugates of many parasitic nematodes have attracted interest due to their immunogenic and immunomodulatory nature. Previous studies with the porcine roundworm parasite Ascaris suum have focused on its glycosphingolipids, which were found, in part, to be modified by phosphorylcholine. Using mass spectrometry and western blotting, we have now analyzed the peptide N-glycosidase A-released N-glycans of adults of this species. The presence of hybrid bi- and triantennary N-glycans, some modified by core alpha1,6-fucose and peripheral phosphorylcholine, was demonstrated by LC/electrospray ionization (ESI)-Q-TOF-MS/MS, as was the presence of paucimannosidic N-glycans, some of which carry core alpha1,3-fucose, and oligomannosidic oligosaccharides. Western blotting verified the presence of protein-bound phosphorylcholine and core alpha1,3-fucose, whereas glycosyltransferase assays showed the presence of core alpha1,6-fucosyltransferase and Lewis-type alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase activities. Although, the unusual tri- and tetrafucosylated glycans found in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans were not found, the vast majority of the N-glycans found in A. suum represent a subset of those found in C. elegans; thus, our data demonstrate that the latter is an interesting glycobiological model for parasitic nematodes.
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