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DeMichele E, Sosnowski O, Buret AG, Allain T. Regulatory Functions of Hypoxia in Host-Parasite Interactions: A Focus on Enteric, Tissue, and Blood Protozoa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1598. [PMID: 37375100 PMCID: PMC10303274 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Body tissues are subjected to various oxygenic gradients and fluctuations and hence can become transiently hypoxic. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular hypoxic response and is capable of modulating cellular metabolism, immune responses, epithelial barrier integrity, and local microbiota. Recent reports have characterized the hypoxic response to various infections. However, little is known about the role of HIF activation in the context of protozoan parasitic infections. Growing evidence suggests that tissue and blood protozoa can activate HIF and subsequent HIF target genes in the host, helping or hindering their pathogenicity. In the gut, enteric protozoa are adapted to steep longitudinal and radial oxygen gradients to complete their life cycle, yet the role of HIF during these protozoan infections remains unclear. This review focuses on the hypoxic response to protozoa and its role in the pathophysiology of parasitic infections. We also discuss how hypoxia modulates host immune responses in the context of protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily DeMichele
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Olivia Sosnowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andre G. Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thibault Allain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (E.D.); (O.S.); (A.G.B.)
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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2
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Ben-Cheikh A, Bali A, Guerfali FZ, Atri C, Attia H, Laouini D. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha Stabilization in Human Macrophages during Leishmania major Infection Is Impaired by Parasite Virulence. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2022; 60:317-325. [PMID: 36320108 PMCID: PMC9633161 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is one of the master regulators of immune and metabolic cellular functions. HIF-1α, a transcriptional factor whose activity is closely related to oxygen levels, is a target for understanding infectious disease control. Several studies have demonstrated that HIF-1α plays an important role during the infectious process, while its role in relation to parasite virulence has not been addressed. In this work, we studied the expression levels of HIF-1α and related angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in human macrophages infected with promastigotes of hypo- or hyper-virulent Leishmania major human isolates. L. major parasites readily subverted host macrophage functions for their survival and induced local oxygen consumption at the site of infection. In contrast to hypo-virulent parasites that induce high HIF-1α expression levels, hyper-virulent L. major reduced HIF-1α expression in macrophages under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, and consequently impeded the expression of VEGF-A mRNA. HIF-1α may play a key role during control of disease chronicity, severity, or outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ben-Cheikh
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis,
Tunisia,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis,
Tunisia,Faculty of Sciences, Tunis,
Tunisia
| | - Aymen Bali
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis,
Tunisia,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis,
Tunisia
| | - Fatma Z Guerfali
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis,
Tunisia,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis,
Tunisia
| | - Chiraz Atri
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis,
Tunisia,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis,
Tunisia
| | - Hanène Attia
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis,
Tunisia,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis,
Tunisia
| | - Dhafer Laouini
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LR16IPT02, Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), Tunis,
Tunisia,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis,
Tunisia,Corresponding author (; )
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3
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Adeyemi OS, Afolabi LB, Rotimi DE, Ofume DS, Adeyanju AA, Awakan OJ, Elebiyo TC. Targeting of Hypoxia for Therapeutic Strategy in the Varied Physiological States. Open Biochem J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1874091x-v16-e2208010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that initiate the expression of cellular processes to cope with hypoxic conditions. HIFs are principal regulators of hypoxic adaptation, regulating gene expression involved in glycolysis, erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, and stem cell function under low O2. HIFs may play a pivotal role in tumor survival and metastasis in cancer formation and growth. Likewise, HIFs play a key role in microbial pathogenesis, particularly in host-pathogen interaction. Because of the role that HIF-1alpha plays in the biology of cancer and infections, it is a potential therapeutic target not only for malignant growth but also for parasitic infection. Several reports have demonstrated the up-regulation of host cellular HIFs due to infection-induced hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible pathways have attracted great interest in the down-regulation of prolyl hydroxylase for treating inflammatory diseases and infections by viruses, protozoa, or bacteria, among other pathogens. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests that HIFs play an important regulatory role in inflammation. For example, in macrophages, HIFs regulate glycolytic energy generation and optimize innate immunity, control pro-inflammatory gene expression, mediate the killing of pathogens and influence cell migration. Therefore, a good understanding of the biochemical mechanism of hypoxia signaling pathways will shed more light on how it could help identify and develop new treatment strategies for cancer and parasitic diseases, including viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoa infections.
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Alves Mota C, Stéfanie Sara Lopes Lera-Nonose D, Ávila Brustolin A, Chiqueto Duarte G, Carolina Mota Dos Santos M, Valdrinez Campana Lonardoni M, Gomes Verzignassi Silveira T. Low expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and differential expression of immune mediators during experimental infection with Leishmania (Viannia) spp. Cytokine 2022; 153:155833. [PMID: 35247649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) species are the major agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Americas. Ulcerative stigmatizing skin lesions generally characterize CL. The microenvironment during Leishmania infection is rich in inflammatory cells and molecules, which contrasts with low oxygen levels. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α activates several genes in response to hypoxia and inflammatory reactions, but its role in the CL course is poorly understood. We investigated the expression pattern of the genes HIF-1α, arginase, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-10 in skin lesions and lymph nodes of golden hamsters infected with L. braziliensis, L. lainsoni, and L. naiffi. The animals were infected and followed for 105 days, with paw volume measurements and photos taken weekly. Euthanasia was performed at 0, 15, 56, and 105 days post-infection. The parasite load of paw and lymph node tissues were measured through absolute quantification at real-time PCR (qPCR), and reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) was applied to demonstrate the relative mRNA expression of the target genes. Among groups, animals infected with L. braziliensis had the highest parasite load in paws and lymph nodes. HIF-1α mRNA was down-regulated during chronic Leishmania (Viannia) infection but demonstrated less inhibition in hamsters infected with L. lainsoni and L. naiffi. Arginase was the most detectable gene in animals infected by L. braziliensis; IFN-γ and IL-10 genes were the most detectable in L. lainsoni and L. naiffi-infected animals. HIF-1α gene transcription seemed to be down-modulated byL. (Viannia)infection and was less inhibited by L. lainsoni and L. naiffi when compared toL. braziliensis. Animals with L. lainsoni and L. naiffi showed better control of the disease. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the mechanism influencing HIF-1α expression and its role on CL protection; such research could elucidate potential use of HIF-1α as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Alves Mota
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil.
| | | | - Aline Ávila Brustolin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
| | | | | | - Maria Valdrinez Campana Lonardoni
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Thaís Gomes Verzignassi Silveira
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil
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Nitric Oxide Resistance in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Involves Regulation of Glucose Consumption, Glutathione Metabolism and Abundance of Pentose Phosphate Pathway Enzymes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020277. [PMID: 35204161 PMCID: PMC8868067 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis production of cytokines, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) by host macrophages normally lead to parasite death. However, some Leishmania braziliensis strains exhibit natural NO resistance. NO-resistant strains cause more lesions and are frequently more resistant to antimonial treatment than NO-susceptible ones, suggesting that NO-resistant parasites are endowed with specific mechanisms of survival and persistence. To tests this, we analyzed the effect of pro- and antioxidant molecules on the infectivity in vitro of L. braziliensis strains exhibiting polar phenotypes of resistance or susceptibility to NO. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis of those parasites. NO-resistant parasites were more infective to peritoneal macrophages, even in the presence of high levels of reactive species. Principal component analysis of protein concentration values clearly differentiated NO-resistant from NO-susceptible parasites, suggesting that there are natural intrinsic differences at molecular level among those strains. Upon NO exposure, NO-resistant parasites rapidly modulated their proteome, increasing their total protein content and glutathione (GSH) metabolism. Furthermore, NO-resistant parasites showed increased glucose analogue uptake, and increased abundance of phosphotransferase and G6PDH after nitrosative challenge, which can contribute to NADPH pool maintenance and fuel the reducing conditions for the recovery of GSH upon NO exposure. Thus, increased glucose consumption and GSH-mediated redox capability may explain the natural resistance of L. braziliensis against NO.
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Rashidi S, Mansouri R, Ali-Hassanzadeh M, Ghani E, Barazesh A, Karimazar M, Nguewa P, Carrera Silva EA. Highlighting the interplay of microRNAs from Leishmania parasites and infected-host cells. Parasitology 2021; 148:1434-1446. [PMID: 34218829 PMCID: PMC11010138 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites, the causative agents of leishmaniasis, are protozoan parasites with the ability to modify the signalling pathway and cell responses of their infected host cells. These parasite strategies alter the host cell environment and conditions favouring their replication, survival and pathogenesis. Since microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression processes, these biomolecules can exert critical roles in controlling Leishmania-host cell interplay. Therefore, the identification of relevant miRNAs differentially expressed in Leishmania parasites as well as in infected cells, which affect the host fitness, could be critical to understand the infection biology, pathogenicity and immune response against these parasites. Accordingly, the current review aims to address the differentially expressed miRNAs in both, the parasite and infected host cells and how these biomolecules change cell signalling and host immune responses during infection. A deep understanding of these processes could provide novel guidelines and therapeutic strategies for managing and treating leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Rashidi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali-Hassanzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Esmaeel Ghani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Afshin Barazesh
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Karimazar
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Paul Nguewa
- University of Navarra, ISTUN Instituto de Salud Tropical, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, IdiSNA (Navarra Institute for Health Research), c/Irunlarrea 1, 31008Pamplona, Spain
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7
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Bogdan C. Macrophages as host, effector and immunoregulatory cells in leishmaniasis: Impact of tissue micro-environment and metabolism. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100041. [PMID: 33604563 PMCID: PMC7885870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that predominantly reside in myeloid cells within their mammalian hosts. Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of all forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The present review will highlight the diverse roles of macrophages in leishmaniasis as initial replicative niche, antimicrobial effectors, immunoregulators and as safe hideaway for parasites persisting after clinical cure. These multiplex activities are either ascribed to defined subpopulations of macrophages (e.g., Ly6ChighCCR2+ inflammatory monocytes/monocyte-derived dendritic cells) or result from different activation statuses of tissue macrophages (e.g., macrophages carrying markers of of classical [M1] or alternative activation [M2]). The latter are shaped by immune- and stromal cell-derived cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β), micro milieu factors (e.g., hypoxia, tonicity, amino acid availability), host cell-derived enzymes, secretory products and metabolites (e.g., heme oxygenase-1, arginase 1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, NOS2/NO, NOX2/ROS, lipids) as well as by parasite products (e.g., leishmanolysin/gp63, lipophosphoglycan). Exciting avenues of current research address the transcriptional, epigenetic and translational reprogramming of macrophages in a Leishmania species- and tissue context-dependent manner.
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Key Words
- (L)CL, (localized) cutaneous leishmaniasis
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide
- Arg, arginase
- Arginase
- CAMP, cathelicidin-type antimicrobial peptide
- CR, complement receptor
- DC, dendritic cells
- DCL, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Hypoxia
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase
- IFN, interferon
- IFNAR, type I IFN (IFN-α/β) receptor
- IL, interleukin
- Interferon-α/β
- Interferon-γ
- JAK, Janus kinase
- LPG, lipophosphoglycan
- LRV1, Leishmania RNA virus 1
- Leishmaniasis
- Macrophages
- Metabolism
- NCX1, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1
- NFAT5, nuclear factor of activated T cells 5
- NK cell, natural killer cell
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS2 (iNOS), type 2 (or inducible) nitric oxide synthase
- NOX2, NADPH oxidase 2 (gp91 or cytochrome b558 β-subunit of Phox)
- Nitric oxide
- OXPHOS, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
- PKDL, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis
- Phagocyte NADPH oxidase
- Phox, phagocyte NADPH oxidase
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- Th1 (Th2), type 1 (type2) T helper cell
- Tonicity
- VL, visceral leishmaniasis
- mTOR, mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Leishmania Infection Induces Macrophage Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Production in an ARNT/HIF-Dependent Manner. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00088-19. [PMID: 31451620 PMCID: PMC6803331 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00088-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by vascular remodeling. Following infection with Leishmania parasites, the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) signaling pathway mediates lymphangiogenesis, which is critical for lesion resolution. Therefore, we investigated the cellular and molecular mediators involved in VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling using a murine model of infection. We found that macrophages are the predominant cell type expressing VEGF-A during Leishmania major infection. Given that Leishmania parasites activate hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and this transcription factor can drive VEGF-A expression, we analyzed the expression of HIF-1α during infection. We showed that macrophages were also the major cell type expressing HIF-1α during infection and that infection-induced VEGF-A production is mediated by ARNT/HIF activation. Furthermore, mice deficient in myeloid ARNT/HIF signaling exhibited larger lesions without differences in parasite numbers. These data show that L. major infection induces macrophage VEGF-A production in an ARNT/HIF-dependent manner and suggest that ARNT/HIF signaling may limit inflammation by promoting VEGF-A production and, thus, lymphangiogenesis during infection.
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Sadiku P, Walmsley SR. Hypoxia and the regulation of myeloid cell metabolic imprinting: consequences for the inflammatory response. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201847388. [PMID: 30872317 PMCID: PMC6500960 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflamed and infected tissue sites are characterised by oxygen and nutrient deprivation. The cellular adaptations to insufficient oxygenation, hypoxia, are mainly regulated by a family of transcription factors known as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). The protein members of the HIF signalling pathway are critical regulators of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, and there is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that the elicited changes occur through cellular metabolic reprogramming. Here, we review the literature on innate immunometabolism to date and discuss the role of hypoxia in innate cell metabolic reprogramming, and how this determines immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranvera Sadiku
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah R Walmsley
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Keeley TP, Mann GE. Defining Physiological Normoxia for Improved Translation of Cell Physiology to Animal Models and Humans. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:161-234. [PMID: 30354965 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2 ~21 kPa) and its ultimate distribution within mitochondria (as low as ~0.5-1 kPa) is testament to the efforts expended in limiting its inherent toxicity. It has long been recognized that cell culture undertaken under room air conditions falls short of replicating this protection in vitro. Despite this, difficulty in accurately determining the appropriate O2 levels in which to culture cells, coupled with a lack of the technology to replicate and maintain a physiological O2 environment in vitro, has hindered addressing this issue thus far. In this review, we aim to address the current understanding of tissue Po2 distribution in vivo and summarize the attempts made to replicate these conditions in vitro. The state-of-the-art techniques employed to accurately determine O2 levels, as well as the issues associated with reproducing physiological O2 levels in vitro, are also critically reviewed. We aim to provide the framework for researchers to undertake cell culture under O2 levels relevant to specific tissues and organs. We envisage that this review will facilitate a paradigm shift, enabling translation of findings under physiological conditions in vitro to disease pathology and the design of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
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11
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HIF-1α-regulated MIF activation and Nox2-dependent ROS generation promote Leishmania amazonensis killing by macrophages under hypoxia. Cell Immunol 2019; 335:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Ávila LR, Gomes CM, Oliveira PG, Gomes RS, Vinaud MC, Dorta ML, Uliana SRB, Ribeiro-Dias F, Oliveira MAP. Promastigote parasites cultured from the lesions of patients with mucosal leishmaniasis are more resistant to oxidative stress than promastigotes from a cutaneous lesion. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:35-45. [PMID: 30196081 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis can be presented as localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). Macrophages kill parasites using nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of parasites obtained from patients with LCL or ML to produce and resist NO or ROS. Promastigotes and amastigotes from LCL or ML isolates produced similar amounts of NO in culture. Promastigotes from ML isolates were more resistant to NO and H2O2 than LCL parasites in a stationary phase, whereas amastigotes from LCL isolates were more resistant to NO. In addition, in the stationary phase, promastigote isolates from patients with ML expressed more thiol-specific antioxidant protein (TSA) than LCL isolates. Therefore it is suggested that infective promastigotes from ML isolates are more resistant to microbicidal mechanisms in the initial phase of infection. Subsequently, amastigotes lose this resistance. This behavior of ML parasites can decrease the number of parasites capable of stimulating the host immune response shortly after the infection establishment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Culture Media/chemistry
- Female
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Immunity, Innate
- Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects
- Leishmania braziliensis/growth & development
- Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification
- Leishmania braziliensis/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/parasitology
- Life Cycle Stages/drug effects
- Life Cycle Stages/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Ribeiro Ávila
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Clayson Moura Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Av, Universitária 1069, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-010, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Guimarães Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Marina Clare Vinaud
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Miriam Leandro Dorta
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Silvia Reni Bortolin Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Milton Adriano Pelli Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil.
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Martins RC, Dorneles GP, Teixeira VON, Antonello AM, Couto JL, Rodrigues Júnior LC, Monteiro MC, Peres A, Schrekker HS, Romão PRT. Imidazolium salts as innovative agents against Leishmania amazonensis. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kumar V, Kumar A, Das S, Kumar A, Abhishek K, Verma S, Mandal A, Singh RK, Das P. Leishmania donovani Activates Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α and miR-210 for Survival in Macrophages by Downregulation of NF-κB Mediated Pro-inflammatory Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:385. [PMID: 29568285 PMCID: PMC5852103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a critical regulator of several biological processes in both animals and plants. They have also been associated with regulation of immune responses in many human diseases during recent years. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of leishmaniasis, which is characterized by impairment of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the present study, we observed that Leishmania establishes hypoxic environment in host macrophages that induces the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and miRNA-210. Further, the expression of miRNA-210 was found to be dependent on activation of HIF-1α expression. The HIF-1α silencing by siRNA resulted in significantly (p < 0.001) decreased expression of miR-210 in parasites infected macrophages. We also observed that in siHIF-1α or antagomir-210 treated L. donovani infected macrophages, the parasitic load and percentage infectivity were significantly (p < 0.001) decreased. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of miR-210 leads to activation of NF-κB subunit p50, and it forms heterodimer with p65 and translocates into the nucleus from the cytoplasm. This significantly (p < 0.05) induced the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines genes such as TNF-α and IL-12 in miRNA-210 inhibited macrophages compared to uninhibited macrophages whereas the level of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, was found to be significantly decreased (p < 0.001). These findings suggested that L. donovani infection induces hypoxic environment inside the macrophages that activates HIF-1α. Further, HIF-1α upregulates miR-210, which eventually establishes a suitable environment for the survival of parasite inside the host macrophages by downregulating NF-κB mediated pro-inflammatory immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Sudha Verma
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
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15
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Hammami A, Abidin BM, Heinonen KM, Stäger S. HIF-1α hampers dendritic cell function and Th1 generation during chronic visceral leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3500. [PMID: 29472618 PMCID: PMC5823892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21891-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, although responsible for controlling infection, is often associated with the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, induces a strong inflammatory response that leads to splenomegaly and ultimately immune suppression. Inflamed tissues are typically characterized by low levels of oxygen, a microenvironment that triggers the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α). Although HIF-1α plays an integral role in dendritic cell function, its involvement in the generation of protective Th1 responses against Leishmania has not yet been studied. Here we demonstrate that HIF-1α inhibits IL-12 production in dendritic cells, limiting therefore Th1 cell development. Indeed, depletion of HIF-1α in CD11c+ cells resulted in higher and sustained expression of IL-12 and complete abrogation of IL-10. Moreover, CD11c-specific HIF-1α-deficient mice showed higher frequencies of IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells in the spleen and bone marrow and, consequently, a significantly reduced parasite burden in both organs. Taken together, our results suggest that HIF-1α expression in dendritic cells largely contributes to the establishment of persistent Leishmania infection and may therefore represent a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akil Hammami
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Belma Melda Abidin
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Krista M Heinonen
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), H7V 1B7, Canada.
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16
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Santos SAD, Andrade DRD. HIF-1alpha and infectious diseases: a new frontier for the development of new therapies. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e92. [PMID: 29267600 PMCID: PMC5738998 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to show the significant role of HIF-1alpha in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Hypoxia is a physiological characteristic of a wide range of diseases from cancer to infection. Cellular hypoxia is sensed by oxygen-sensitive hydrolase enzymes, which control the protein stability of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha 1 (HIF-1alpha) transcription factors. When stabilized, HIF-1alpha binds with its cofactors to HIF-responsive elements (HREs) in the promoters of target genes to organize a broad ranging transcriptional program in response to the hypoxic environment. HIF-1alpha also plays a regulatory function in response to a diversity of molecular signals of infection and inflammation even under normoxic conditions. HIF-1alpha is stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and a wide range of infections. Its induction is a general element of the host response to infection. In this review, we also discuss recent advances in knowledge on HIF-1alpha and inflammatory responses, as well as its direct influence in infectious diseases caused by bacteria, virus, protozoan parasites and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sânia Alves Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Bacteriologia (LIM 54), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dahir Ramos de Andrade
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Bacteriologia (LIM 54), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Entomopathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens as drug source against Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitology 2017; 145:1065-1074. [PMID: 29157317 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widely spread and zoonotic disease with serious problems as low effectiveness of drugs, emergence of parasite resistance and severe adverse reactions. In recent years, considerable attention has been given to secondary metabolites produced by Photorhabdus luminescens, an entomopathogenic bacterium. Here, we assessed the leishmanicidal activity of P. luminescens culture fluids. Initially, promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis were incubated with cell free conditioned medium of P. luminescens and parasite survival was monitored. Different pre-treatments of the conditioned medium revealed that the leishmanicidal activity is due to a secreted peptide smaller than 3 kDa. The Photorhabdus-derived leishmanicidal toxin (PLT) was enriched from conditioned medium and its effect on mitochondrial membrane potential of promastigotes, was determined. Moreover, the biological activity of PLT against amastigotes was evaluated. PLT inhibited the parasite growth and showed significant leishmanicidal activity against promastigote and amastigotes of L. amazonensis. PLT also caused mitochondrial dysfunction in parasites, but low toxicity to mammalian cell and human erythrocytes. Moreover, the anti-amastigote activity was independent of nitric oxide production. In summary, our results highlight that P. luminescens secretes Leishmania-toxic peptide(s) that are promising novel drugs for therapy against leishmaniasis.
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18
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Hammami A, Abidin BM, Charpentier T, Fabié A, Duguay AP, Heinonen KM, Stäger S. HIF-1α is a key regulator in potentiating suppressor activity and limiting the microbicidal capacity of MDSC-like cells during visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006616. [PMID: 28892492 PMCID: PMC5608422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is known to induce myelopoiesis and to dramatically increase extramedullary myelopoiesis. This results in splenomegaly, which is then accompanied by disruption of the splenic microarchitecture, a chronic inflammatory environment, and immunosuppression. Chronically inflamed tissues are typically hypoxic. The role of hypoxia on myeloid cell functions during visceral leishmaniasis has not yet been studied. Here we show that L. donovani promotes the output from the bone marrow of monocytes with a regulatory phenotype that function as safe targets for the parasite. We also demonstrate that splenic myeloid cells acquire MDSC-like function in a HIF-1α-dependent manner. HIF-1α is also involved in driving the polarization towards M2-like macrophages and rendering intermediate stage monocytes more susceptible to L. donovani infection. Our results suggest that HIF-1α is a major player in the establishment of chronic Leishmania infection and is crucial for enhancing immunosuppressive functions and lowering leishmanicidal capacity of myeloid cells. The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani causes chronic infection in the spleen, which is accompanied by a chronic inflammatory environment, an enlargement of the organ, and immunosuppression. The environment of chronically inflamed tissues is characterized by low oxygen levels and tissue disruption, which induce the expression of the transcription factor HIF-1α in all cells. The kinetics of monocyte production and differentiation in the bone marrow and the spleen, and the role of hypoxia in myeloid cell functions during visceral leishmaniasis have not yet been studied. Here we show that L. donovani promotes the output from the bone marrow of monocytes with a regulatory phenotype that function as safe targets for the parasite. We also demonstrate that HIF-1α potentiates inhibitory functions of myeloid cells and is involved in driving the polarization towards M2-like macrophages and rendering them more susceptible to L. donovani infection. Our results suggest that HIF-1α is a major player in the establishment of chronic Leishmania infection and is crucial for enhancing immunosuppressive functions and lowering leishmanicidal capacity of myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akil Hammami
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), Canada
| | - Belma Melda Abidin
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), Canada
| | - Tania Charpentier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), Canada
| | - Aymeric Fabié
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), Canada
| | - Annie-Pier Duguay
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), Canada
| | - Krista M. Heinonen
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier and Center for Host-Parasite interactions, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval (QC), Canada
- * E-mail:
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19
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Tiwari N, Kumar V, Gedda MR, Singh AK, Singh VK, Gannavaram S, Singh SP, Singh RK. Identification and Characterization of miRNAs in Response to Leishmania donovani Infection: Delineation of Their Roles in Macrophage Dysfunction. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:314. [PMID: 28303124 PMCID: PMC5332369 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of Leishmania infection depends on parasite abilities to evade host immune response and its survival in hostile environment of host macrophages. Despite a wealth of gained crucial information, parasite strategies by which it dampens host macrophage functions remain poorly understood. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous 22-nucleotide small non-coding RNA gene products, described to participate in the regulation of almost every cellular process investigated so far. In this study, we identified 940 miRNAs in Leishmania donovani infected macrophages by de novo sequencing out of which levels of 85 miRNAs were found to be consistently modified by parasite infection. Herein, we report the functional characteristics of 10 miRNAs i.e., mir-3620, mir-6385, mir-6973a, mir-6996, mir-328, mir-8113, mir-3473f, mir-763, mir-6540, and mir-1264 that were differentially but constantly regulated in infected macrophages for their role in regulation of macrophage effector functions. The target gene prediction and biological interaction analysis revealed involvement of these miRNAs in various biological processes such as apoptosis inhibition, phagocytosis, drug response, and T cell phenotypic transitions. These findings could contribute for the better understanding of macrophages dysfunction and leishmanial pathogenesis. Further, the identified miRNAs could also be used as biomarker/s in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Tiwari
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Parasitology and Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute Patna, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish K Singh
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Vijay K Singh
- Bioinformatics Programme, Centre for Biological Science, Central University of South Bihar Patna, India
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Surya P Singh
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
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20
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Devraj G, Beerlage C, Brüne B, Kempf VAJ. Hypoxia and HIF-1 activation in bacterial infections. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:144-156. [PMID: 27903434 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For most of the living beings, oxygen is one of the essential elements required to sustain life. Deprivation of oxygen causes tissue hypoxia and this severely affects host cell and organ functions. Tissue hypoxia is a prominent microenvironmental condition occurring in infections and there is a body of evidence that hypoxia and inflammation are interconnected with each other. The primary key factor mediating the mammalian hypoxic response is hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1, which regulates oxygen homeostasis on cellular, tissue and organism level. Recent studies show that HIF-1 plays a central role in angiogenesis, cancer and cardiovascular disease but also in bacterial infections. Activation of HIF-1 depends on the nature of the pathogen and the characteristics of infections in certain hosts. Up to date, it is not completely clear whether the phenomenon of HIF-1 activation in infections has a protective or detrimental effect on the host. In this review, we give an overview of whether and how hypoxia and HIF-1 affect the course of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Devraj
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christiane Beerlage
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I - Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volkhard A J Kempf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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21
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Charpentier T, Hammami A, Stäger S. Hypoxia inducible factor 1α: A critical factor for the immune response to pathogens and Leishmania. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:42-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Fecher RA, Horwath MC, Friedrich D, Rupp J, Deepe GS. Inverse Correlation between IL-10 and HIF-1α in Macrophages Infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:565-79. [PMID: 27271565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is a transcription factor that regulates metabolic and immune response genes in the setting of low oxygen tension and inflammation. We investigated the function of HIF-1α in the host response to Histoplasma capsulatum because granulomas induced by this pathogenic fungus develop hypoxic microenvironments during the early adaptive immune response. In this study, we demonstrated that myeloid HIF-1α-deficient mice exhibited elevated fungal burden during the innate immune response (prior to 7 d postinfection) as well as decreased survival in response to a sublethal inoculum of H. capsulatum The absence of myeloid HIF-1α did not alter immune cell recruitment to the lungs of infected animals but was associated with an elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Treatment with mAb to IL-10 restored protective immunity to the mutant mice. Macrophages (Mϕs) constituted most IL-10-producing cells. Deletion of HIF-1α in neutrophils or dendritic cells did not alter fungal burden, thus implicating Mϕs as the pivotal cell in host resistance. HIF-1α was stabilized in Mϕs following infection. Increased activity of the transcription factor CREB in HIF-1α-deficient Mϕs drove IL-10 production in response to H. capsulatum IL-10 inhibited Mϕ control of fungal growth in response to the activating cytokine IFN-γ. Thus, we identified a critical function for Mϕ HIF-1α in tempering IL-10 production following infection. We established that transcriptional regulation of IL-10 by HIF-1α and CREB is critical for activation of Mϕs by IFN-γ and effective handling of H. capsulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Fecher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Michael C Horwath
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220
| | - Dirk Friedrich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; and
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267; Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220
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Lima FL, Joazeiro PP, Lancellotti M, de Hollanda LM, de Araújo Lima B, Linares E, Augusto O, Brocchi M, Giorgio S. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility to imipenem and macrophages. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:179-89. [PMID: 25689530 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The seriousness to treat burn wounds infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa led us to examine whether the effect of the carbapenem antibiotic imipenem is enhanced by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). MATERIALS & METHODS The effects of HBO (100% O2, 3 ATA, 5 h) in combination with imipenen on bacterial counts of six isolates of P. aeruginosa and bacterial ultrastructure were investigated. Infected macrophages were exposed to HBO (100% O2, 3 ATA, 90 min) and the production of reactive oxygen species monitored. RESULTS HBO enhanced the effects of imipenen. HBO increased superoxide anion production by macrophages and likely kills bacteria by oxidative mechanisms. CONCLUSION HBO in combination with imipenem can be used to kill P. aeruginosa in vitro and such treatment may be beneficial for the patients with injuries containing the P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Luna Lima
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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de Mesquita Barbosa A, dos Santos Costa S, da Rocha JR, Montanari CA, Giorgio S. Evaluation of the leishmanicidal and cytotoxic effects of inhibitors for microorganism metabolic pathway enzymes. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 74:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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25
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Jennewein J, Matuszak J, Walter S, Felmy B, Gendera K, Schatz V, Nowottny M, Liebsch G, Hensel M, Hardt WD, Gerlach RG, Jantsch J. Low-oxygen tensions found in Salmonella-infected gut tissue boost Salmonella replication in macrophages by impairing antimicrobial activity and augmenting Salmonella virulence. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1833-47. [PMID: 26104016 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In Salmonella infection, the Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 (SPI-2)-encoded type three secretion system (T3SS2) is of key importance for systemic disease and survival in host cells. For instance, in the streptomycin-pretreated mouse model SPI-2-dependent Salmonella replication in lamina propria CD11c(-)CXCR1(-) monocytic phagocytes/macrophages (MΦ) is required for the development of colitis. In addition, containment of intracellular Salmonella in the gut critically depends on the antimicrobial effects of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (PHOX), and possibly type 2 nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). For both antimicrobial enzyme complexes, oxygen is an essential substrate. However, the amount of available oxygen upon enteroinvasive Salmonella infection in the gut tissue and its impact on Salmonella-MΦ interactions was unknown. Therefore, we measured the gut tissue oxygen levels in a model of Salmonella enterocolitis using luminescence two-dimensional in vivo oxygen imaging. We found that gut tissue oxygen levels dropped from ∼78 Torr (∼11% O2) to values of ∼16 Torr (∼2% O2) during infection. Because in vivo virulence of Salmonella depends on the Salmonella survival in MΦ, Salmonella-MΦ interaction was analysed under such low oxygen values. These experiments revealed an increased intracellular replication and survival of wild-type and t3ss2 non-expressing Salmonella. These findings were paralleled by blunted nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reduced Salmonella ROS perception. In addition, hypoxia enhanced SPI-2 transcription and translocation of SPI-2-encoded virulence protein. Neither pharmacological blockade of PHOX and NOS2 nor impairment of T3SS2 virulence function alone mimicked the effect of hypoxia on Salmonella replication under normoxic conditions. However, if t3ss2 non-expressing Salmonella were used, hypoxia did not further enhance Salmonella recovery in a PHOX and NOS2-deficient situation. Hence, these data suggest that hypoxia-induced impairment of antimicrobial activity and Salmonella virulence cooperate to allow for enhanced Salmonella replication in MΦ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Jennewein
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg und Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Matuszak
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffi Walter
- Robert Koch-Institut, Bereich Wernigerode, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Boas Felmy
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Gendera
- Robert Koch-Institut, Bereich Wernigerode, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Valentin Schatz
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg und Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Monika Nowottny
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg und Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie / Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Roman G Gerlach
- Robert Koch-Institut, Bereich Wernigerode, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg und Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Hammami A, Charpentier T, Smans M, Stäger S. IRF-5-Mediated Inflammation Limits CD8+ T Cell Expansion by Inducing HIF-1α and Impairing Dendritic Cell Functions during Leishmania Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004938. [PMID: 26046638 PMCID: PMC4457842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is known to be necessary for promoting, sustaining, and tuning CD8+ T cell responses. Following experimental Leishmania donovani infection, the inflammatory response is mainly induced by the transcription factor IRF-5. IRF-5 is responsible for the activation of several genes encoding key pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF. Here, we investigate the role of IRF-5-mediated inflammation in regulating antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses during L. donovani infection. Our data demonstrate that the inflammatory response induced by IRF-5 limits CD8+ T cell expansion and induces HIF-1α in dendritic cells. Ablation of HIF-1α in CD11c+ cells resulted into a higher frequency of short-lived effector cells (SLEC), enhanced CD8+ T cell expansion, and increased IL-12 expression by splenic DCs. Moreover, mice with a targeted depletion of HIF-1α in CD11c+ cells had a significantly lower splenic parasite burden, suggesting that induction of HIF-1α may represent an immune evasive mechanism adopted by Leishmania parasites to establish persistent infections. Inflammation is essential for inducing, sustaining, and regulating CD8+ T cell responses. The transcription factor IRF-5 is mainly responsible for initiating the inflammatory response following experimental Leishmani donovani infection. IRF-5 activates several genes encoding key pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF. In this study, we investigate the role of IRF-5-mediated inflammation in regulating antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses during L. donovani infection. Our data demonstrate that the inflammatory response induced by IRF-5 limits the expansion CD8+ T cell. This negative effect is mediated by the induction of HIF-1α in dendritic cells. Indeed, we observed a significant increase in CD8+ T cell expansion in mice lacking HIF-1α expression in dendritic cells. Moreover, these mice had a significantly lower parasite burden in the spleen, suggesting that induction of HIF-1α may represent an immune evasive mechanism adopted by Leishmania parasites to establish persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akil Hammami
- INRS—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mélina Smans
- INRS—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- INRS—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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27
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Bruns H, Stenger S. New insights into the interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human macrophages. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:327-41. [PMID: 24762307 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen. It infects macrophages where it avoids elimination by interfering with host defense mechanisms. Until recently, it was assumed that the acidification of phagosomes is the major strategy of macrophages to eliminate M. tuberculosis. However, there is emerging evidence demonstrating that human macrophages are equipped with additional antimicrobial effector functions. Specifically, autophagy, efferocytosis and antimicrobial peptides have been identified as mechanisms to restrict mycobacterial proliferation. Here we review recent findings on effector functions of human macrophages and mechanisms of the pathogen to interfere with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 - Hematology/Oncology, University of Erlangen, Germany
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28
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The virtues of oxygenation: low tissue oxygen adversely affects the killing of Leishmania. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2303-2305. [PMID: 25120145 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia contributes to the persistence of infections through altered immune responses. Studies examining skin O2 changes at the site of a lesion are limited. The prevailing methods require the use of electrochemical O2 sensors or radiolabeled electrodes that utilize O2 and may interfere with the precision at low O2 levels. In this issue, Mahnke et al. (2014) demonstrate, using a novel fluorescence-based imaging technology, that low oxygen tension (pO2) impairs NO-mediated anti-leishmanial immunity, leading to increased parasite burden. Replenishing tissue oxygen profoundly enhanced NO-mediated leishmanial killing, underscoring the need to accurately assess oxygenation in infected tissues as a novel strategy to challenge intracellular infection. The technology presented here may have clinical-translational potential in noninvasively assessing disease burden and response to treatment.
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Jantsch J, Schödel J. Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in myeloid cell-driven host defense and tissue homeostasis. Immunobiology 2014; 220:305-14. [PMID: 25439732 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The impact of tissue oxygenation and hypoxia on immune cells has been recognized as a major determinant of host defense and tissue homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize the available data on tissue oxygenation in inflamed and infected tissue and the effect of low tissue oxygenation on myeloid cell function. Furthermore, we will highlight effects of the master regulators of the cellular hypoxic response, hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF), in myeloid cells in antimicrobial defense and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Jantsch
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Schödel
- Medizinische Klinik 4, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Translational Research Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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The role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonas State, Brazil. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:481750. [PMID: 25295285 PMCID: PMC4177821 DOI: 10.1155/2014/481750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors discuss in this paper the role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with different species of Leishmania in Amazonas State, Brazil. A comparative analysis was made of serum concentrations of these cytokines in the peripheral blood of 33 patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The isolates were identified as Leishmania guyanensis, L. naiffi, and L. amazonensis. Most (64%) of the patients were male ranging in age from 18 to 58 years. Protein expression profiles of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 cytokines were shown to vary significantly between infected and noninfected (control group) individuals and according to the Leishmania species. Infection caused by L. guyanensis accounted for 73% of the cases and patients with this parasite also showed higher concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 when compared to infection by L. amazonensis. Patients with infection caused by L. naiffi showed higher concentration of the cytokines analyzed when compared to uninfected patients; however, there was no statistically significant difference with the other species analyzed.
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Mahnke A, Meier RJ, Schatz V, Hofmann J, Castiglione K, Schleicher U, Wolfbeis OS, Bogdan C, Jantsch J. Hypoxia in Leishmania major Skin Lesions Impairs the NO-Dependent Leishmanicidal Activity of Macrophages. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2339-2346. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Brüne B, Dehne N, Grossmann N, Jung M, Namgaladze D, Schmid T, von Knethen A, Weigert A. Redox control of inflammation in macrophages. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:595-637. [PMID: 23311665 PMCID: PMC3718318 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are present throughout the human body, constitute important immune effector cells, and have variable roles in a great number of pathological, but also physiological, settings. It is apparent that macrophages need to adjust their activation profile toward a steadily changing environment that requires altering their phenotype, a process known as macrophage polarization. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), derived from NADPH-oxidases, mitochondria, or NO-producing enzymes, are not necessarily toxic, but rather compose a network signaling system, known as redox regulation. Formation of redox signals in classically versus alternatively activated macrophages, their action and interaction at the level of key targets, and the resulting physiology still are insufficiently understood. We review the identity, source, and biological activities of ROS produced during macrophage activation, and discuss how they shape the key transcriptional responses evoked by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, nuclear-erythroid 2-p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. We summarize the mechanisms how redox signals add to the process of macrophage polarization and reprogramming, how this is controlled by the interaction of macrophages with their environment, and addresses the outcome of the polarization process in health and disease. Future studies need to tackle the option whether we can use the knowledge of redox biology in macrophages to shape their mediator profile in pathophysiology, to accelerate healing in injured tissue, to fight the invading pathogens, or to eliminate settings of altered self in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I-Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Savage MW, Pottinger JM, Chiang HY, Yohnke KR, Bowdler NC, Herwaldt LA. Surgical site infections and cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:108.e1-10. [PMID: 23711665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify risk factors for and outcomes of surgical site infections and cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomies. STUDY DESIGN We used logistic regression analysis to analyze data from a case-control study of 1104 patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomies at a university hospital between Jan. 1, 2007 and Dec. 30, 2010. RESULTS Factors significantly associated with surgical site infections and with cellulitis were: pulmonary disease, operations done in Main Operating Room East, and seroma. Body mass index >35, no private insurance, and fluid and electrolyte disorders were risk factors for surgical site infections. The mean prophylactic dose of cefazolin was significantly higher for controls than for patients with surgical site infections. Preoperative showers with Hibiclens (Molnlycke Health Care US, LLC, Norcross, GA) and cefazolin prophylaxis were associated with a significantly decreased cellulitis risk. Surgical site infections and cellulitis were significantly associated with readmissions and return visits and surgical site infections were associated with reoperations. CONCLUSION Preoperative showers, antimicrobial prophylaxis, surgical techniques preventing seromas, and the operating room environment may affect the risk of surgical site infections and cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mack W Savage
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Giorgio S. Macrophages: plastic solutions to environmental heterogeneity. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:835-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Infection by Leishmania amazonensis in mice: a potential model for chronic hypoxia. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:797-804. [PMID: 22360823 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of injured and infected tissues. Hypoxia inducible factors 1α and 2α (HIF-1α, HIF-2α) are heterodimeric transcription factors mediating the cellular responses to hypoxia and also the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is a cytokine which can be induced by hypoxia, whose pathogenic mechanisms are still unclear and which is the subject of debate. Murine cutaneous lesions during Leishmania amazonensis parasite infection are chronic, although they are small and self-controlled in C57BL/6 mice and severe in BALB/c mice. In the present study we examined the presence of hypoxia, HIF-1α, HIF-2α and VEGF during the course of infection in both mouse strains. Hypoxia was detected in lesions from BALB/c mice by pimonidazole marking, which occurred earlier than in lesions from C57Bl/6 mice. The lesions in the BALB/c mice showed HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression in the cytoplasm of macrophages and failed to promote any VEGF expression, while lesions in the C57BL/6 mice showed HIF-2α nuclear accumulation and subsequent VEGF expression. In conclusion, the animal models of leishmaniasis demonstrated a diversity of patterns of expression, cell localization and activity of the main transducers of hypoxia and may be useful models for studying the pathogenic mechanisms of HIF-1α and HIF-2α during chronic hypoxic diseases.
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Cyrino LT, Araújo AP, Joazeiro PP, Vicente CP, Giorgio S. In vivo and in vitro Leishmania amazonensis infection induces autophagy in macrophages. Tissue Cell 2012; 44:401-8. [PMID: 22939777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is the primary mechanism of degradation of cellular proteins and at least two functions can be attributed to this biological phenomenon: increased nutrient supply via recycling of the products of autophagy under nutrient starvation; and antimicrobial response involved in the innate immune system. Many microorganisms induce host cell autophagy and it has been proposed as a pathway by which parasites compete with the host cell for limited resources. In this report we provide evidence that the intracellular parasite Leishmania amazonensis induces autophagy in macrophages. Using western blotting, the LC3II protein, a marker of autophagosomes, was detected in cell cultures with a high infection index. Macrophages infected with L. amazonensis were examined by transmission electronic microscopy, which revealed enlarged myelin-like structures typical late autophagosome and autolysosome. Other evidence indicating autophagy was Lysotracker red dye uptake by the macrophages. Autophagy also occurs in the leishmaniasis skin lesions of BALB/c mice, detected by immunohistochemistry with anti-LC3II antibody. In this study, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA) reduced the infection index, while autophagy inductors, such as rapamycin or starvation, did not alter the infection index in cultivated macrophages, suggesting that one aspect of the role of autophagy could be the provision of nutritive support to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Tavares Cyrino
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Cep 13.083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:203818. [PMID: 22570765 PMCID: PMC3337613 DOI: 10.1155/2012/203818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis affects millions of people around the world. Several species of Leishmania infect mouse strains, and murine models closely reproduce the cutaneous lesions caused by the parasite in humans. Mouse models have enabled studies on the pathogenesis and effector mechanisms of host resistance to infection. Here, we review the role of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) in the control of parasites by macrophages, which are both the host cells and the effector cells. We also discuss the role of neutrophil-derived oxygen and nitrogen reactive species during infection with Leishmania. We emphasize the role of these cells in the outcome of leishmaniasis early after infection, before the adaptive Th-cell immune response.
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