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Hassanen EI, Morsy EA, Abuowarda M, Ibrahim MA, Shaalan M. Silver and gold nanoparticles as a novel approach to fight Sarcoptic mange in rabbits. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10618. [PMID: 38724594 PMCID: PMC11081955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60736-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Various kinds of pets have been known to contract the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei. Current acaricides are becoming less effective because of the resistance developed by the mite besides their adverse effects on the general activity and reproductive performance of domestic pets. For this reason, the present study aims to discover a novel and safe approach using silver and gold nanoparticles to fight Sarcoptic mange in rabbits as well as to explain their mechanism of action. 15 pet rabbits with clinical signs of Sarcoptic mange that were confirmed by the microscopic examination were used in our study. All rabbits used in this study were assessed positive for the presence of different developing stages of S. scabiei. Three groups of rabbits (n = 5) were used as follows: group (1) didn't receive any treatment, and group (2 and 3) was treated with either AgNPs or GNPs, respectively. Both nanoparticles were applied daily on the affected skin areas via a dressing and injected subcutaneously once a week for 2 weeks at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg bwt. Our results revealed that all rabbits were severely infested and took a mean score = 3. The skin lesions in rabbits that didn't receive any treatments progressed extensively and took a mean score = of 4. On the other hand, all nanoparticle-treated groups displayed marked improvement in the skin lesion and took an average score of 0-1. All NPs treated groups showed remarkable improvement in the microscopic pictures along with mild iNOS, TNF-α, and Cox-2 expression. Both nanoparticles could downregulate the m-RNA levels of IL-6 and IFγ and upregulate IL-10 and TGF-1β genes to promote skin healing. Dressing rabbits with both NPs didn't affect either liver and kidney biomarkers or serum Ig levels indicating their safety. Our residual analysis detected AgNPs in the liver of rabbits but did not detect any residues of GNPs in such organs. We recommend using GNPs as an alternative acaricide to fight rabbit mange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman I Hassanen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Eman A Morsy
- Department of Poultry Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mai Abuowarda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shaalan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
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d'Ovidio D, Santoro D. Efficacy of a spot-on combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin against naturally acquired Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in 10 pet rabbits: Retrospective case series. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:3-6. [PMID: 36062517 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatments for sarcoptic mange in rabbits mainly include administration of avermectines every 10-30 days. Recently, a single oral dose of fluralaner has been shown to be effective to treat sarcoptic mange in 12 pet rabbits over a three-month period. OBJECTIVES To retrospectively assess the efficacy of a spot-on combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin (Bravecto Plus) for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in rabbits. ANIMALS Ten client-owned rabbits diagnosed with sarcoptic mange. MATERIALS AND METHODS An application of fluralaner plus moxidectin at an average dose of 25 mg/kg and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively, was administered topically once. Parasitological and dermatological examination was carried out weekly for one month and monthly for three months. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 15 (range 3-48) months. Based on the age of onset, there were three juvenile (<6-month-old) and seven adult-onset cases. Of those, four were generalized (head, feet and/or genital area) and six were localized form (head only). The combination of fluralaner plus moxidectin resulted in 100% eradication of mites and complete resolution of all skin lesions within 21 days. Recurrence was not observed 90 days post-treatment. Relapse was not observed in one case followed up for a further four months and two rabbits followed up for a further six months. The other pets were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results indicated that a single dose of a formulation containing fluralaner plus moxidectin, at 25 mg/kg and 1.24 mg/kg, respectively, was effective for the treatment of naturally occurring sarcoptic mange in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario d'Ovidio
- Private practitioner, Arzano, Italy.,Anicura Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Mange in Rabbits: An Ectoparasitic Disease with a Zoonotic Potential. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:5506272. [PMID: 35880196 PMCID: PMC9308540 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5506272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mange in rabbits is a very important parasitic disease causing high losses. The disease is caused mainly by Sarcoptes scabiei, Psoroptes cuniculi, Cheyletiella parasitovorax, and Notoedres cati. Body mange and ear mange are the most common forms of this disease in rabbits. Animals can get mite infestation through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated fomites. This infestation is characterized by zoonotic nature and public health burden. The skin affection is characterized by pruritus, alopecia, severe cachexia, and sometimes death. Infestation is diagnosed mainly by skin scraping and microscopic examination. Control measures mainly depend on the use of different types of systemic and topical acaricides and the use of natural products and supportive elements. Vaccine is not commercially available and is still under investigation. Accordingly, this review article was designed to shed the light on the mange disease in rabbits in terms of mite's infestation and susceptibility, clinical manifestations, zoonosis, diagnosis, and control strategies.
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Efficacy of a dinotenfuran, permethrin and piriproxifen combination product in the treatment of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) naturally infested by Psoroptes ovis. Vet Parasitol 2022; 303:109681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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d'Ovidio D, Santoro D. Efficacy of Fluralaner in the Treatment of Sarcoptic Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) in 12 Pet Rabbits. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 43:100528. [PMID: 33548547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi are cutaneous mites of companion rabbits. In rabbits, sarcoptic mange is characterized by intense pruritus, alopecia, erythema, scales, and crusts around the head, neck, trunk, feet, and genitals. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oral fluralaner in pet rabbits naturally infested by S scabiei var. cuniculi. Twelve privately owned pet rabbits with a definitive diagnosis of sarcoptic mange were included in the study if they had compatible clinical signs and positive superficial skin scrapings for S scabiei. Clinical and parasitological evaluations were performed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, and 90 after receiving a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg of fluralaner. On day 7, 5 of 12 rabbits had positive skin scrapings, while 8 of 12 had clinical signs (alopecia and erythema) still present. By day 14 none of the rabbits had positive skin scrapings and only 1 of 12 had persistent clinical signs. By day 21 none of the rabbit had positive skin scrapings nor had clinical signs. A reoccurrence of the clinical signs or positive skin scrapings was not observed for the duration of the study (day 90). A single oral dose of fluralaner was effective for the treatment of naturally occurring sarcoptic mange in rabbits over a 90-day period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario d'Ovidio
- Private Practitioner, Arzano, NA, Italy; Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, VA, Italy.
| | - Domenico Santoro
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Lee-Chow B, Eshar D. Diagnostic challenge: Generalized erythema and pruritus in a miniature pot-bellied pig (Sus scrofa). J Exot Pet Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Efficacy of Ivermectin, Liquid Paraffin, and Carbaryl against Mange of Farmed Rabbits in Central Kenya. J Trop Med 2019; 2019:5092845. [PMID: 31885634 PMCID: PMC6900945 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5092845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mange is a common disease of rabbits globally, and knowledge of efficacy of drugs used in its treatment is critical for effective disease control. The current study evaluated the efficacy of three commonly used therapeutic agents in Kenya against mange. In a controlled laboratory trial, 20 adult rabbits were recruited for the study (16 of which were infested with mange, while 4 were mange-free). The 16 mange-infested rabbits were randomly allocated into 4 treatment groups each consisting of 4 rabbits, while 4 mange-free rabbits formed the negative control group. Treatments were administered as follows: group 1 (G1) received two ivermectin injections at an interval of 14 days, group 2 (G2) was treated with a combination of carbaryl and liquid paraffin applied every other day up to the end of the experiment, group 3 (G3) was treated with liquid paraffin droplets applied daily until the lesion cleared, while group 4 (G4, infected-untreated) received distilled water applied topically on their ears and group 5 (G5, uninfected-untreated negative control) was not treated with any preparation. The lesions were scored and sampled daily to check the viability of the mites. A field efficacy trial of the test compounds was performed using 105 mange-infested rabbits. The results revealed that all the test agents: ivermectin, liquid paraffin, carbaryl-water, and carbaryl-liquid paraffin combination were effective against mange, recording the lesion score of zero for psoroptic mange by day 21 in the laboratory and field trials. Lesion scores in the treated groups were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) at the termination of study compared with those of the positive control group in the laboratory trial. A point-biserial correlation revealed a strong association (rpb = 0.79, p < 0.05) between the presence of viable mites and degree of psoroptic lesions in the field trial.
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Moonarmart W, Tansakul M, Kiewsiri C, Watanaboonchai R, Somrith W, Yinharnmingmongkol C, Tunhikorn M. Haematological response in the treatment of naturally acquired ectoparasite infestations in rabbits. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2018.9823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine changes in haematological values of topical administration of selamectin in rabbits with at least one species of naturally acquired ectoparasite infestation (<em>Sarcoptes scabiei</em> var. <em>cuniculi</em>, <em>Psoroptes cuniculi</em>, or <em>Cheyletiella</em> spp). Thirty-five rabbits were enrolled. They underwent physical examination and assessment of ectoparasite infestations on days 0, 14, 28, 56 and 86. Blood for haematology and serum biochemistry was collected on days 0, 14, 28 and 56. Selamectin was topically applied at a dose of 15 mg/kg onto the skin on days 0, 14 and 28, respectively. No ectoparasites or eggs were found in these rabbits from day 28 onwards by skin scraping and/or tape cytology. Haematology and serum biochemistry values were within normal limit throughout the study. However, the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio significantly decreased post-treatment from 2.89 (0.90-5.47) on day 0 to 1.38 (0.56-3.09), and 1.44 (0.42-4.47) on days 14 and 56, respectively. There were no adverse drug reactions or treatment-related mortalities during the study. This study indicated that selamectin was effective and safe in the treatment and prevent re-infestation for at least 58 d post-treatment. Moreover, the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio could be used for monitoring of inflammatory response in rabbits.
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Lu M, Cai Y, Yang S, Wan Q, Pan B. A single subcutaneous administration of a sustained-release ivermectin suspension eliminates Psoroptes cuniculi infection in a rabbit farm. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:2000-2004. [PMID: 30058406 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1506474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoroptes cuniculi mites are the most common ear parasites infesting breeding female rabbits. The suffering rabbits show cutaneous signs of the infestation in the ears and are prone to secondary infections. OBJECTIVES This trial was conducted to eliminate P. cuniculi in farm rabbits with a sustained-release ivermectin-loaded solid dispersion suspension (IVM-SD) suspension, and studied the stability of the formulation. ANIMALS There were 986 breeding female Hyplus rabbits naturally infected with P. cuniculi. METHODS All rabbits infected with P. cuniculi were subcutaneously administered with a single dose of IVM-SD suspension at 2 mg/kg body weight. Twenty-seven rabbits with severe infections were observed daily and examined on days 0 and 14 to score the lesions and count mites in crusts. RESULTS Fourteen days after the treatment no live mites were detected, demonstrating 100% therapeutic efficacy. The mean lesion scores decreased from 4.33 to 0.11 in the left ears and from 4.22 to 0.22 in the right ears. No reinfection occurred within 60 days of treatment. CONCLUSIONS A single subcutaneous administration of the IVM-SD suspension at 2 mg/kg was effective in eliminating P. cuniculi infection in the rabbit farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Lu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China.,b Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy , Pharmaceutical College of Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan Province , China
| | - Yunpeng Cai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Shizhuang Yang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Qiang Wan
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
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10
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Shang XF, Liu YQ, Guo X, Miao XL, Chen C, Zhang JX, Xu XS, Yang GZ, Yang CJ, Li JC, Zhang XS. Application of Sustainable Natural Resources in Agriculture: Acaricidal and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Naphthoquinones and Their Analogs against Psoroptes cuniculi. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1609. [PMID: 29371639 PMCID: PMC5785474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As important secondary plant metabolites, naphthoquinones exhibit a wide range of biological activities. However, their potential as sustainable alternatives to synthetic acaricides has not been studied. This study for the first time investigates the acaricidal activity of naphthoquinones against Psoroptes cuniculi in vitro. Furthermore, the in vivo activity, the skin irritation effects, the cytotoxicity and the inhibitory activities against mite acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) of the two compounds that displayed the best insecticidal activity in vitro were evaluated. Among fourteen naphthoquinones and their analogs, juglone and plumbagin were observed to possess the strongest acaricidal activities against P. cuniculi with LC50 values of 20.53 ppm and 17.96 ppm, respectively, at 24 h. After three treatments, these two chemicals completely cured naturally infested rabbits in vivo within 15 days, and no skin irritation was found in any of the treated rabbits. Compared to plumbagin, juglone presented no or weak cytotoxicity against HL-7702 cells. Moreover, these two chemicals significantly inhibited AChE and GST activity. These results indicate that juglone has promising toxicity against P. cuniculi, is safe for both humans and animals at certain doses, and could be used as a potential alternative bio-acaricide for controlling the development of psoroptic mange in agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao Guo
- Tibetan Medicine Research Center of Qinghai University, Qinghai University Tibetan Medical College, Qinghai University, 251 Ningda Road, Xining, 810016, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lou Miao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Xiang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Shan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Zhou Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Cai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Shuai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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Elhawary N, Sorour SS, El-Abasy M, Bazh E, Sultan K. A trial of doramectin injection and ivermectin spot-on for treatment of rabbits artificially infested with the ear mite “Psoroptes cuniculi”. Pol J Vet Sci 2017; 20:521-525. [DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ear mite “Psoroptes cuniculi” is the main cause of ear mange, a highly contagious parasitic skin disease in rabbits all over the world. In the current work, a preliminary therapeutic trial to study the effect of the broad use acaricides doramectin and ivermectin on P. cuniculi was performed on artificially infested rabbits. Twenty five adult New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. The rabbits were assigned randomly into five groups/ 5 rabbits in each group. Each rabbit was experimentally infested with 100 mites/ ear. The first group was designated the positive control group and was not treated. The second and third groups were treated with doramectin 200 and 400 μg/kg bw, respectively. Groups 4 and 5 were treated by dressing with ivermectin in one dose and 2 doses with a 1 week interval. After the therapy, all rabbits were examined microscopically on the 7th, 14th, and 28th day post treatment and the number of live mites (larvae, nymphs, and adults) on each rabbit was counted at the end of the experiment (28th day). The results showed that the rabbits treated subcutaneously with doramectin at a single dose of 200 μg /kg bw showed a very low effect, although there was significant improvement when the dose was doubled to 400 μg /kg bw, with the number of mites counted decreasing significantly. Rabbits treated topically with ivermectin spot-on, a single dose or 2 doses, showed great improvement of the lesion: the number of mites was reduced to zero. In conclusion, this work showed that ivermectin spot-on applied locally on infested ears proves to be more effective against P. cuniculi than doramectin injected subcutaneously. Further trials on ear mange therapeutics in rabbits are to be encouraged.
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Dunstand-Guzmán E, Hallal-Calleros C, Morales-Montor J, Hernández-Velázquez VM, Zárate-Ramos JJ, Hoffman KL, Peña-Chora G, Flores-Pérez FI. Therapeutic use of Bacillus thuringiensis in the treatment of psoroptic mange in naturally infested New Zealand rabbits. Vet Parasitol 2017; 238:24-29. [PMID: 28342673 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacteria known for its bioinsecticidal toxins and it has been proposed as an alternative in the treatment of several parasites that infect domestic animals (helminths, ticks, mites). In this work, we evaluated the clinical efficiency of the Bacillus thuringiensis GP532 strain in the treatment of six rabbits naturally infested with the P. cuniculi mite. GP532 extract (10mg/ml) was applied by aspersion in both pinna, with a second application after seven days, and the therapeutic effect was measured in both qualitative and quantitative manner. GP532 application resulted in a decreased infestation rate, which was observed as early as 3days post-treatment. At day 14, a decrease from 4.66±0.61 to 0.50±0.10 in the left pinna and from 1.66±0.21 to 0.66±0.16 (P<0.05) in the right pinna was observed. This response was comparable to the commercial drug Ivermectin, which induced a decreased infestation rate from 4.00±0.51 to 0.16±0.10 in the left pinna and from 4.66±0.80 to 0.25±0.11 in the right pinna (P<0.05). At day 30 post-treatment, GP532 decreased the total infested area by 76.80±16.06%, whereas Ivermectin resulted in a 97.41±0.99% decrease. Neither treatment produced irritation or macroscopic lesions. Our results show that the B. thuringiensis GP532 strain has a therapeutic potential in the treatment of psoroptic mange in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dunstand-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Claudia Hallal-Calleros
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Víctor Manuel Hernández-Velázquez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Juan José Zárate-Ramos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco Villa sn, Col. Ex hacienda el Canadá, 66050, Escobedo, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Kurt L Hoffman
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal (CIRA), Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala Km. 10.5 Autopista San Martín Texmelucan, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Peña-Chora
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Iván Flores-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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Casais R, Granda V, Balseiro A, del Cerro A, Dalton KP, González R, Bravo P, Prieto JM, Montoya M. Vaccination of rabbits with immunodominant antigens from Sarcoptes scabiei induced high levels of humoral responses and pro-inflammatory cytokines but confers limited protection. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:435. [PMID: 27502394 PMCID: PMC4977775 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is an attractive ecological alternative to the use of acaricides for parasite control. However, effective anti-parasite vaccines against sarcoptic mange have not yet been developed. The purpose of this study was first to identify Sarcoptes scabiei immunodominant antigens and second to evaluate them as vaccine candidates in a rabbit/S. scabiei var. cuniculi model. METHODS The S. scabiei Ssλ15 immunodominant antigen was selected by immunoscreening of a S. scabiei var. hominis cDNA. The full-length cDNA was sequenced and cloned into the pGEX vector and the recombinant protein expressed in BL21 (DE3) cells and purified. A vaccination trial was performed consisting of a test group (n = 8) immunised with recAgs (a mix of two recombinant antigens, Ssλ15 and the previously described Ssλ20∆B3) and a control group (n = 8) immunised with PBS. All analyses were performed with R Statistical Environment with α set at 0.050. RESULTS The full-length open reading frame of the 1,821 nt cloned cDNA encodes a 64 kDa polypeptide, the sequence of which had 96 % identity with a hypothetical protein of S. scabiei. Ssλ15 was localised by immunostaining of skin sections in the tegument surrounding the mouthparts and the coxa in the legs of mites. Rabbit immunisation with recAgs induced high levels of specific IgG (P < 0.010) and increased levels of total IgEs. However, no significant clinical protection against S. scabiei challenge was detected. Unexpectedly, the group immunised with the recAgs mix had significantly higher lesion scores (P = 0.050) although lower mean mite densities than those observed in the control group. These results might indicate that the lesions in the recAgs group were due not only to the mites density but also to an exacerbated immunological response after challenge, which is in agreement with the specific high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNFα) detected after challenge in this group. CONCLUSIONS The selected antigens delivered as recombinant proteins had no clinical protective efficacy against S. scabiei infestation although immunisation reduced mite density. However, these results pave the way for future studies on alternative production systems, adjuvants, delivery methods and combinations of antigens in order to manage stimulation of clinical protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Casais
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de, Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, 33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Victor Granda
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Finca experimental La Mata, Programa de Investigación Forestal (PIF). Área de Cultivos Hortofrutícolas y Forestales, La Mata s/n, 33825 Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de, Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, 33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana del Cerro
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de, Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, 33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Kevin P. Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Santiago Gascón, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Roxana González
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de, Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, 33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Pablo Bravo
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Santiago Gascón, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Barts Health NHS Trust, 2 Newark Street, Abernethy Building, Whitechapel, London, UK
| | - J. M. Prieto
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de, Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, 33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Maria Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
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Evaluation of an ELISA using recombinant Ssλ20ΔB3 antigen for the serological diagnosis of Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in domestic and wild rabbits. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:315-21. [PMID: 26276579 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An ELISA, based on the Sarcoptes scabiei Ssλ20ΔB3 inmunodominant antigen, was evaluated for the detection of antibodies to S. scabiei in experimentally infested (n=10), farm (n=109), and wild (n=78) rabbit sera. The S. scabiei antigen Ssλ20ΔB3, a major structural protein present over the entire mite's body, was produced as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli and purified for its use in the ELISA. The resulting ELISA showed, in experimentally infested domestic rabbits, detectable specific antibody responses (IgG) above the cut off level from week three post-infestation indicating that the assay is able to detect positive rabbits very early during the course of the infestation. The ELISA was validated on a panel of 109 domestic breeding rabbit sera collected from 26 Spanish farms, of which 41 were obtained from rabbits with skin lesions compatible with sarcoptic mange, 26 with skin lesions compatible with psoroptic mange, and 42 from unexposed individuals from mange-free farms. The ELISA in this group was characterized by 95% sensitivity, 97% specificity, and a high degree of repeatability. In the psoroptic mange compatible lesions group, included in the study as control group for cross-reactivity with the closely related mite Psoroptes cuniculi, cross-reacting antibodies to Ssλ20ΔB3 S. scabiei antigen were detected in 42.30% of the rabbit sera. However, mean% OD values of the sarcoptic-mange group (55.61 ± 39.20%) were significantly higher (p<0.001) than OD values of the psoroptic-mange (3.64% ± 5.4%) and also of the free-mange (0.21% ± 0.67%) groups. In addition, the ELISA was also evaluated in serum samples obtained from both naturally infested and non-infested wild rabbits from Mallorca Island. The sensitivity of the assay for this group was 100% (4 out of the 4 rabbits with sarcoptic mange compatible lesions and presence of S. scabiei mites were seropositive) and the specificity was 90% (67 out of 74 wild rabbits without detectable mange lesions were seronegative). Although, the total number of tested samples from experimentally infested, farm and wild rabbits was limited, our study showed that the ELISA is able to differentiate between infested and non-infested animals in all tested groups with very high sensitivity and specificity indicating that recombinant Ssλ20ΔB3 is a reliable diagnostic antigen. This assay might be a cost-effective tool for detecting the presence of mangy animals and therefore helping prevent spread of mange among domestic rabbits, reducing potential transmission from female breeding rabbits to other farms, and detecting infestation with sarcoptic mange in the wild.
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Abstract
It is important that veterinarians treating exotic companion mammals stay abreast of the latest developments relating to medications and drug delivery approaches for safety, efficacy and welfare issues. Sustained release formulations of commonly used drugs as well as newer routes for administration of therapeutic agents allow the veterinarian treating exotic companion mammals to reduce the stress associated with drug administration. Interactions can occur between vehicle and drugs when formulations are compounded, therefore research studies are warranted regarding potential problems associated with these formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Hawkins
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Nowland MH, Brammer DW, Garcia A, Rush HG. Biology and Diseases of Rabbits. LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150064 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beginning in 1931, an inbred rabbit colony was developed at the Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania. This colony was used to study natural resistance to infection with tuberculosis (Robertson et al., 1966). Other inbred colonies or well-defined breeding colonies were also developed at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics, the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Jackson Laboratories. These colonies were moved or closed in the years to follow. Since 1973, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has reported the total number of certain species of animals used by registered research facilities (1997). In 1973, 447,570 rabbits were used in research. There has been an overall decrease in numbers of rabbits used. This decreasing trend started in the mid-1990s. In 2010, 210,172 rabbits were used in research. Despite the overall drop in the number used in research, the rabbit is still a valuable model and tool for many disciplines.
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Coelho CN, Nunes TA, Batista LCDS, Silva DDD, Santos RRD, Correia TR, Scott FB, Fernandes JI. Eficácia da ivermectina oral no controle de Psoroptes ovis e Leporacarus gibbus em coelhos naturalmente infestados. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014000900005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da ivermectina administrada por via oral no controle de Psoroptes ovis e Leporacarus gibbus em coelhos naturalmente infestados. Foram selecionados 20 coelhos adultos, distribuídos na mesma proporção de ambos os sexos, em dois grupos experimentais, compondo dez animais por grupo. No grupo controle foi administrado o mesmo volume do tratamento de solução salina, enquanto o grupo tratado recebeu dose única de ivermectina oral (400 µg/Kg). O diagnóstico dos ácaros foi realizado com auxílio de microscópio estereoscópico após a devida coleta de material. Para P. ovis foi realizada através de coleta do cerúmen com auxílio de zaragatoas efetuadas nas orelhas e para por L. gibbus foi realizada coleta de pelos nas regiões do pescoço dorsal, lombar direita, lombar esquerda, cauda ventral e abdômen ventral. A avaliação da eficácia e a avaliação clínica das lesões, mensuradas em escores (grau 0 a 4) foi realizada nos dias 0, +3, +7, +14, +21, +28 e + 35, após o tratamento. Foi observada a eficácia de 100% no controle de P. ovis a partir do dia +7 e para L. gibbus a partir do dia +14, mantendo-se negativos até o final do período experimental. O escore da lesão das orelhas do grupo tratado regrediu a partir do dia +14 e no dia +21 todos os animais atingiram grau 0. No grupo controle, dois animais apresentaram aumento no escore da lesão das orelhas, um coelho apresentou aumento do escore de grau 1 para 2 e outro coelho de grau 3 para 4. Não foram observadas quaisquer reações adversas nos animais tratados. A ivermectina administrada por via oral em dose única foi eficaz no controle de P. ovis e L. gibbus em coelhos naturalmente infestados.
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Bulliot C, Mentré V, Marignac G, Polack B, Chermette R. A Case of Atypical Psoroptic Mange in a Domestic Rabbit. J Exot Pet Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Ectoparasites inhabiting the skin are responsible for significant problems in small mammals, owing to ingestion of blood, lymph, sebaceous secretions, and scavenging skin debris, as well as a hypersensitivity reaction to parasite antigen resulting in severe pruritus and subsequent self-trauma-induced lesions. In general practice, the most common diagnosis in exotic pets is an unspecified mite infestation, but other ectoparasites such as lice, fleas, insects, or even helminths may cause dermatologic diseases. If treatment with topical insecticides is planned, the small mammal should be isolated for a few hours to enable drying and spreading of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fehr
- Clinic for Exotic Pets, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Nong X, Ren YJ, Wang JH, Xie Y, Fang CL, Yang DY, Liu TF, Zhang RH, Chen L, Gu XB, Peng XR, Wang SX, Lai SJ, Yang GY. Clinical efficacy of botanical extracts from Eupatorium adenophorum against the Sarcoptes scabiei (Sarcoptidae: Sarcoptes) in rabbits. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:157-64. [PMID: 23518619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aims of present study were to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of extracts from Eupatorium adenophorum against Sarcoptes scabiei. A 30-day experiment was performed using New Zealand rabbits that were naturally infested with S. scabiei in the toes (n=30) or artificially infected in the external ear margin with S. scabiei (n=30). Rabbits were randomly divided into five groups (6 animals per group, A-E groups for rabbits of naturally infested and F-J groups for artificially infected rabbits), respectively. All 60 rabbits were treated twice on days 0 and 7 successively. Animals in groups A/F, B/G, and C/H were treated on each toe/external ear margin with topical E. adenophorum ethanol extract at 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 g/ml (w/v), respectively. Animals in groups D/I and E/J were treated with ivermectin by injections (positive controls) or by glycerol with water only rubbed onto the affected area (negative controls). After two treatments with extracts of E. adenophorum with relatively high concentrations of 0.5 and 1g/ml, the S. scabiei was completely eliminated in rabbits between days 14 and 30. Our results showed that rabbits treated with ivermectin (positive controls) and those treated with the extracts of concentrations of 1.0 or 0.5 g/ml achieved remarkable therapeutic efficacy; no mites were present in toes of rabbits in these groups on day 14, which confirmed a 100% therapeutic efficacy rate up to day 30 of the end of the trial. The clinical effects of treatment with 1.0 and 0.5 g/ml E. adenophorum extracts (groups A and B) were similar to ivermectin treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy in group C and E rabbits only reached 43.25% and 7.13% by day 14. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy improved slightly by the end of the experiment on day 30, and rabbits in groups F, G and I also achieved good efficacy according to the recovery scoring criteria. These results indicate that E. adenophorum contains potent compounds for the effective control of sarcoptidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Nong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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Nong X, Ren YJ, Wang JH, Fang CL, Xie Y, Yang DY, Liu TF, Chen L, Zhou X, Gu XB, Zheng WP, Peng XR, Wang SX, Lai SJ, Yang GY. Clinical efficacy of botanical extracts from Eupatorium adenophorum against the scab mite, Psoroptes cuniculi. Vet Parasitol 2013; 192:247-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Singh SK, Dimri U, Ahmed QS, Sayedda K, Singh KV. Efficacy of doramectin in Trixacarus caviae infestation in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). J Parasit Dis 2012; 37:148-50. [PMID: 24431558 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-012-0155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was intended to evaluate the efficacy of doramectin against seven naturally Trixacarus caviae infested male guinea pigs. Multiple skin scrapings of all the seven guinea pigs were found microscopically positive for T. caviae mites. Clinically these animals revealed, more or less denuded, very red often thickened, and crustated cutaneous lesions restricted at the sacral region and back. Doramectin 1 % (w/v) was administered intramuscularly at a dose rate of 400 μg/kg once weekly, which resulted in profound improvements in clinical conditions within 14 days after the first doramectin application. It took almost 28 days for the cutaneous lesions to disappear and to witness partial hair coat regrowth. Two moderately infested guinea pigs required only single injection of doramectin to achieve complete parasitological cure, while remaining five (one moderately infested and four severely infested) guinea pigs required two injections of doramectin to achieve complete parasitological cure. No adverse effects were revealed by any of the doramectin treated guinea pigs during the study period. Thus, it can be concluded from the present study that guinea pigs naturally infested by T. caviae mites can be cured safely using two doses of doramectin once in a week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanker K Singh
- Laboratory Animals Resource Section, Sri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhojipura, Bareilly, 243 202 UP India ; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, 281001 UP India
| | - Umesh Dimri
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122 UP India
| | - Quazi Shahir Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhojipura, Bareilly, 243 202 UP India
| | - Kauser Sayedda
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhojipura, Bareilly, 243 202 UP India
| | - Krishna Veer Singh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, DUVASU, Mathura, 281001 UP India
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Carpenter JW, Dryden MW, KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse effects of selamectin following topical administration in flea-infested rabbits. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:562-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.4.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bian Y, Yang G, Wang T, Sun J, Li K, Chen W. Haemaphysalis concinna (Acari: Ixodida): persistent efficacy of selamectin in Angora rabbits under laboratory conditions. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:879-83. [PMID: 21472406 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the persistent efficacy of selamectin (SEL) in Angora rabbits infested with Haemaphysalis concinna was observed. SEL (6 mg/kg) was administered to rabbits with a single topical application. Eighteen Angora rabbits were randomly allocated to three groups of six rabbits each. At days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 following SEL administration, rabbits were inoculated with larval, nymphal, and adult ticks and were then observed for a period of 7 days. The cumulative reduction rates at days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 for dead ticks were 100%, 100%, 100%, 95.0%, and 76.7%, respectively, for larvae; 100%, 100%, 100%, 85.0%, and 65.0%, respectively, for nymphs; and 100%, 95.0%, 85.0%, 60.0%, and 45.0%, respectively, for adults. The cumulative reduction rates for larvae in untreated Angora rabbits (controls) were 3.3%, 1.7%, 3.3%, 5.0%, and 5.0%, respectively. There was no reduction of nymphs and adults in untreated Angora rabbits (controls). The reduction rates for larvae, nymphs, and adults were significantly higher for Angora rabbits inoculated with SEL than the controls (P < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Bian
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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Gokbulut C, Biligili A, Kart A, Turgut C. Plasma dispositions of ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin following subcutaneous administration in rabbits. Lab Anim 2010; 44:138-42. [DOI: 10.1258/la.2009.009053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the comparative plasma dispositions of ivermectin (IVM), doramectin (DRM) and moxidectin (MXD) following subcutaneous administration in rabbits. Fifteen New Zealand white rabbits were allocated into three groups of five animals each. The animals in each group received IVM, DRM or MXD by subcutaneous injection at a single dose of 0.3 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at various times between 1 h and 40 days after treatment and the plasma samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection. Moxidectin was absorbed faster from the injection site and reached the peak plasma concentration ( Cmax) significantly earlier than IVM and DRM. There was no significant difference in Cmax values among the three molecules, whereas the area under the concentration–time curves of DRM (258.40 ng.d/mL) and IVM (191.62 ng.d/mL) was significantly higher than that of MXD (83.17 ng.d/mL). The mean plasma residence time and terminal half-life ( t1/2λ z) were longer for DRM (7.52 and 4.48 days, respectively) and MXD (8.97 and 8.16 days, respectively) compared with IVM (4.73 and 2.75 days, respectively). Considering the pharmacokinetic parameters for the parent molecules, the persistence of DRM and MXD are significantly longer than IVM and this may have a positive effect on their efficacy in rabbits following subcutaneous administration or utility relating to interdosing interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Isikli Koyu, Aydin, Turkey
- Research and Development Laboratory, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
| | - A Biligili
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Kart
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - C Turgut
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Adnan Menderes, Aydin, Turkey
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The effect of self-licking behavior on pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin and clinical efficacy against Psoroptes cuniculi in topically administered rabbits. Parasitol Res 2010; 106:607-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Millán J. First description of sarcoptic mange in wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-009-0347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Farmaki R, Koutinas AF, Papazahariadou MG, Kasabalis D, Day MJ. Effectiveness of a selamectin spot-on formulation in rabbits with sarcoptic mange. Vet Rec 2009; 164:431-2. [PMID: 19346543 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.14.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Farmaki
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Stavrou Voutyra 11, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
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The acute effects of single-dose orally administered doramectin, eprinomectin and selamectin on natural infections of Syphacia muris in rats. Exp Parasitol 2009; 122:177-81. [PMID: 19318096 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the acute effects of a single-dose of orally administered doramectin, eprinomectin and selamectin on Syphacia muris infection in rats. Rats, naturally infected with S. muris, were divided into four groups: three different treatment groups (n=7) and one positive control (n=7). Cellophane tape preparations were obtained from the treated rats on day 0 pre-treatment and on days 2, 4 and 6 post-treatment. Syphacia sp. eggs were counted. Eprinomectin was found to be 100% effective in eliminating eggs on two post-treatment. However when egg counts on day 6 post-treatment were compared with pre-treatment egg counts, doramectin and selamectin were found to be 99.32 and 98.77% effective in eliminating eggs, respectively. On day 7 post-treatment, blood samples were obtained from all groups, and then the rats were necropsied. Doramectin, eprinomectin and selamectin were found to be 100% effective in eliminating adult S. muris, when compared with the positive control group.
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Ural K, Ulutas B, Kar S. Eprinomectin treatment of psoroptic mange in hunter/jumper and dressage horses: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Vet Parasitol 2008; 156:353-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Toxicoses are an uncommon presentation to rabbit practitioners; however, veterinarians who accept rabbits as patients should be familiar with the basic concepts of toxicosis management and the specific syndromes associated with clinical toxicoses. The objective of this article is to present clinically relevant information for veterinarians presented with rabbits exhibiting characteristic signs of toxicosis. In addition, specific mention is made to the most common clinical toxicoses, including lead, chemicals, rodenticides, aflatoxins, and poisonous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Johnston
- James L Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Mellgren M, Bergvall K. Treatment of rabbit cheyletiellosis with selamectin or ivermectin: a retrospective case study. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:1. [PMID: 18171479 PMCID: PMC2235873 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A retrospective study of rabbits treated against cheyletiellosis was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of selamectin or ivermectin in clinical practice. METHODS Medical records from 53 rabbits with microscopically confirmed Cheyletiella infestation were collected from two small animal clinics. The rabbits were divided into three groups, based on treatment protocols. Group 1 included 11 rabbits treated with ivermectin injections at 200-476 microg kg-1 subcutaneously 2-3 times, with a mean interval of 11 days. In Group 2, 27 rabbits were treated with a combination of subcutaneous ivermectin injections (range 618-2185 microgkg-1) and oral ivermectin (range 616-2732 microgkg-1) administered by the owners, 3-6 times at 10 days interval. The last group (Group 3) included 15 rabbits treated with selamectin spot-on applications of 6.2-20,0 mgkg-1, 1-3 times with an interval of 2-4 weeks. Follow-up time was 4 months-4.5 years. RESULTS Rabbits in remission were 9/11 (81,8%), 14/27 (51,9%) and 12/15 (80,8%) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSION All treatment protocols seemed to be sufficiently effective and safe for practice use. Though very high doses were used in Group 2 (ivermectin injections followed by oral administration), the protocol seemed less efficacious compared to ivermectin injections (Group 1) and selamectin spot on (Group 3), respectively, although not statistically significant. Controlled prospective studies including larger groups are needed to further evaluate efficacy of the treatment protocols.
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