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Kosten IJ, Spiekstra SW, de Gruijl TD, Gibbs S. MUTZ-3 derived Langerhans cells in human skin equivalents show differential migration and phenotypic plasticity after allergen or irritant exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:35-42. [PMID: 26028481 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
After allergen or irritant exposure, Langerhans cells (LC) undergo phenotypic changes and exit the epidermis. In this study we describe the unique ability of MUTZ-3 derived Langerhans cells (MUTZ-LC) to display similar phenotypic plasticity as their primary counterparts when incorporated into a physiologically relevant full-thickness skin equivalent model (SE-LC). We describe differences and similarities in the mechanisms regulating LC migration and plasticity upon allergen or irritant exposure. The skin equivalent consisted of a reconstructed epidermis containing primary differentiated keratinocytes and CD1a(+) MUTZ-LC on a primary fibroblast-populated dermis. Skin equivalents were exposed to a panel of allergens and irritants. Topical exposure to sub-toxic concentrations of allergens (nickel sulfate, resorcinol, cinnamaldehyde) and irritants (Triton X-100, SDS, Tween 80) resulted in LC migration out of the epidermis and into the dermis. Neutralizing antibody to CXCL12 blocked allergen-induced migration, whereas anti-CCL5 blocked irritant-induced migration. In contrast to allergen exposure, irritant exposure resulted in cells within the dermis becoming CD1a(-)/CD14(+)/CD68(+) which is characteristic of a phenotypic switch of MUTZ-LC to a macrophage-like cell in the dermis. This phenotypic switch was blocked with anti-IL-10. Mechanisms previously identified as being involved in LC activation and migration in native human skin could thus be reproduced in the in vitro constructed skin equivalent model containing functional LC. This model therefore provides a unique and relevant research tool to study human LC biology in situ under controlled in vitro conditions, and will provide a powerful tool for hazard identification, testing novel therapeutics and identifying new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona J Kosten
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W Spiekstra
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center for Dentistry (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ouwehand K, Oosterhoff D, Breetveld M, Scheper RJ, de Gruijl TD, Gibbs S. Irritant-Induced Migration of Langerhans Cells Coincides with an IL-10-Dependent Switch to a Macrophage-Like Phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:418-25. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Breathnach RM, Fanning S, Mulcahy G, Bassett HF, Jones BR. A study of dendritic cell and MHC class II expression in dogs with immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis. Vet J 2007; 177:352-9. [PMID: 17804263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The term immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis (ImR-LPP) has previously been proposed to denote a sub-population of dogs with idiopathic pododermatitis. The objective of this study was to investigate dendritic cell (DC) and MHC class II antigen expression in lesional skin of dogs with ImR-LPP (n=47). Median epidermal CD1c(+) cell counts were 37.8 and 12.5 mm(-1) in ImR-LPP dogs and healthy controls (n=27), respectively (P<0.01), while the corresponding dermal cell counts were 180.9 and 45.0 mm(-2), respectively (P<0.01). Intra-epidermal clusters of DCs were observed in 18/47 dogs with ImR-LPP. Median epidermal MHC class II(+) cell counts were 32.5 and 10.5 mm(-1) in ImR-LPP dogs and healthy controls, respectively (P<0.01), while the corresponding dermal cell counts were 216.9 and 46.9 mm(-2), respectively (P<0.01). Dermal MHC class II(+) staining was primarily associated with DCs (47/47 dogs), mononuclear inflammatory cells (45/47), fibroblast-like cells (19/47) and vascular endothelium (14/47). The DC hyperplasia and increased MHC class II expression in lesional ImR-LPP skin are consistent with enhanced antigen presentation, and suggest that both parameters may contribute to the pathogenesis of ImR-LPP through the priming and activation of CD4(+) T cells. Equally, it is possible that the enhanced DC numbers observed in this study may contribute to the immunoregulation of steady-state pathology in lesional ImR-LPP skin through additional expanded, although as yet unresolved, mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory M Breathnach
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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4
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Abstract
Inflammatory, non-neoplastic epidermal alterations of the vulva can be correctly diagnosed using classification schemes applied to skin elsewhere on the body. A wide range of inflammatory disorders may occur on the vulva, and they may have a similar clinical presentation to HPV lesions. However, HPV is incurable and often is treated surgically. Accordingly, as inflammatory dermatoses commonly occur on the vulva and are often curable with topical therapy, an awareness of these entities and an ability to distinguish them from HPV are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Hammock
- Division of Dermatopathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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6
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Mikulowska A, Andersson A. Sodium lauryl sulfate effect on the density of epidermal Langerhans cells. Evaluation of different test models. Contact Dermatitis 1996; 34:397-401. [PMID: 8879924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of different test models for sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced irritant contact dermatitis on epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) numbers was examined. Finn Chambers, 8 and 12 mm, containing 15 and 34 or 50 microliters, respectively, of 1% aq. solution of SLS were applied to human forearm skin for 48 h as single or repeated application. The results showed a clear difference between the effects with the 2 chamber sizes. The effect of the 8-mm chambers could result in increased, unchanged or decreased LC numbers, while 12-mm chambers always produced a decrease. These results seem to explain, at least partly, the discrepant results reported from various laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mikulowska
- Dept. of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Sweden
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7
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Garmann EM, Gollnick HP. Immunophenotyping of the cellular infiltrate in the early elicitation phase of contact dermatitis in the skin of presensitized atopic individuals. Arch Dermatol Res 1995; 287:129-36. [PMID: 7763083 DOI: 10.1007/bf01262320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the composition of the cellular infiltrate in the early elicitation phase of contact allergy in atopic individuals. Therefore, we rechallenged ten presensitized disease-free atopic volunteers with their known contact allergen and performed biopsies at time 0 and after 6 and 24 h. Ten patients with acute exacerbated atopic dermatitis in the early stage were chosen as a control group. Skin biopsy specimens were processed for immunohistochemistry (APAAP) and evaluated by computer-assisted morphometry. CD4+ and CD45R0+ cells were found to be significantly increased after 6 (t6) and 24 h (t24), and this was accompanied by an enhanced TCR alpha/beta receptor expression at t6-CD45O+ cells showed a marked influx into the epidermis at t24. CD8+ cells infiltrated the basal layer of the epidermis, thus changing the CD4/CD8 ratio from 4.6:1 at t0 to 2.2:1 at t6. CD1a+ epidermal dendritic cells increased significantly from 811 +/- 240/mm2 at t0, to 1210 +/- 333/mm2 at t24 (P < 0.01). At t6 and t24, a so-called 'epitope CD1a+ shedding' was observed into the intercellular spaces of keratinocytes as well as an elongation and enlargement of the dendrites of CD1a+ cells. In the upper dermis, the number of CD1a+ cells increased from 1098 +/- 485/mm2 at t0 to 2388 +/- 740/mm2 at t24 (P < 0.01). In 7/10 volunteers, IgE+ dendritic cells increased significantly in number at t6 (P < 0.02). The activation markers HLA-DR and CD25 were expressed most distinctly at t24. Interestingly, expression of ICAM-1 on keratinocytes occurred only in four of the ten atopic volunteers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Biopsy
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/pathology
- Erythema
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Tests
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Garmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Steglitz, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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8
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Mikulowska A, Falck B. Distributional changes of Langerhans cells in human skin during irritant contact dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 1994; 286:429-33. [PMID: 7532388 DOI: 10.1007/bf00371567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We used light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to study distributional changes in the human Langerhans cell (LC) system during the first 14 days of a mild irritancy caused by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). A marked initial decrease in epidermal LC was noted possibly resulting from migration from the epidermis to the dermis and from irreversible cell damage. Several studies have previously found an unchanged number of LC in SLS-induced contact irritant dermatitis, but these studies may not have taken into account the fact that SLS is effectively absorbed from the test chamber. Unless certain precautions are taken the SLS concentration rapidly falls to topical levels that have no effect on the LC system. Simultaneously with the decrease in the epidermis we observed an increase in dermal CD1a+ cells, confirming an often reported finding. There is, however, no consensus as to the identity of these cells, and several authors have reported that such cells lack LC granules and thus these cells have often been classed as indeterminate cells. We found that, during irritant contact dermatitis, provided an adequate number of sections were scrutinized in the electron microscope, all dermal CD1+ cells contained Birbeck granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mikulowska
- Department of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Sweden
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9
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Mikulowska A, Ohlsson L, Boketoft A, Andersson A, Falck B. Immunocytochemical detection of the carbohydrate antigen, Sialyl Lewis(x), in normal human skin and during irritant contact dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 1994; 3:199-203. [PMID: 7533625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1994.tb00277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sialys Lewis(x) (SLex) is a ligand for the E-selectin and the interaction of E-selectin on the endothelium and SLex on T cells may be important for T-cell migration into the skin. We investigated the expression of SLex on Langerhans cells (LC) in normal skin and on LC repopulating epidermis deprived of LC due to a preceding irritant contact dermatitis. SLex was visualized by fluorescence and light microscopic immunocytochemistry using the monoclonal antibody, CSLEX-1. The results showed that about 40% of LC in normal epidermis express SLex. In the repopulation phase, most of the epidermal cells were CD1a+/SLex. We suggest that SLex is present on epidermal LC that have recently immigrated from the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mikulowska
- Department of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Sweden
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10
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Abu el-Asrar AM, Tabbara KF. Tetracycline treatment of phlyctenulosis. Ophthalmology 1994; 101:1161-2. [PMID: 8035976 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(13)31723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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11
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Stricker RB, Zhu YS, Elswood BF, Dumlao C, Van Elk J, Berger TG, Tappero J, Epstein WL, Kiprov DD. Pilot study of topical dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Immunol Lett 1993; 36:1-6. [PMID: 8102123 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(93)90060-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells, the primary antigen presenting cells of the human immune system, are heavily infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) is a contact sensitizing agent that acts as a potent immune modulator of dendritic cells. In this pilot study, we examined the safety and efficacy of topical DNCB application in patients with early HIV disease. Topical DNCB was well tolerated by these patients, with an adverse reaction rate of 10%. CD4+ T-cell counts remained stable with repeated DNCB use. In contrast, CD8+ T-cell counts and natural killer cells increased significantly following DNCB sensitization. This increase in CD8+ T-cell and natural killer cell subsets was accompanied by a decrease in HIV replication, as measured by serum HIV RNA levels. Based on this pilot study, we conclude that topical DNCB is safe in early HIV disease and may decrease viral load via a systemic effect on dendritic cells, CD8+ T-cells and natural killer cells. These results require confirmation in larger controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Stricker
- Department of Medicine, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco 94120
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12
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Imamura S, Horio T, Yanase K, Taniguchi S, Miyachi Y, Tachibana T, Yoshioka A, Fujita M. Erythema multiforme: pathomechanism of papular erythema and target lesion. J Dermatol 1992; 19:524-33. [PMID: 1282527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1992.tb03723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin lesions of erythema multiforme show time-dependent changes from early papular erythema to the late target lesion which consists of a peripheral elevated erythematous area and a central depressed area. We investigated the pathomechanism of erythema multiforme, by examining the papular erythema and target lesion separately. In the early papular erythema, a small number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and nuclear debris were seen intermingled with mononuclear cells around the slightly swollen blood vessels, on which immunoglobulin and complement components were deposited. Circulating immune complex levels were occasionally elevated. Sera from the patients generated high levels of reactive oxygen species and nitroblue tetrazolium test revealed positive reaction on the infiltrating cells around the blood vessels. These findings suggest that the papular erythema develops via incomplete type III allergic reaction, followed by damage through reactive oxygen species. In the target lesion, the activity of histamine-N-methyltransferase, which is the major histamine-degrading enzyme, was markedly decreased in the peripheral elevated erythematous area and it was recovering in the central clearing area. ICAM-1 and HLA-DR antigens were expressed on the surfaces of the keratinocytes. An increased number of epidermal Langerhans cells and CD4 cell infiltration were observed in the peripheral elevated erythematous area, while a decreased number of epidermal Langerhans cells and CD8 cell infiltration in the central depressed area were observed. These findings suggest that impaired histamine metabolism and cellular allergic reactions play important roles in the development of the target lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Imamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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13
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Abstract
An 11-year-old boy had lentil-sized lichenoid papules, localized to the limbs and trunk, together with acute, nonicteric, hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis. The clinical picture and course were typical of Gianotti-Crosti disease. Monoclonal antibodies were used to study the lymphocyte subpopulations and surface antigens in the inflammatory infiltrate in frozen sections of a skin biopsy specimen. The results provide data on the pathogenic mechanism of the papular exanthem.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Magyarlaki
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical School of Pécs, Hungary
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14
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Stricker RB, Elswood BF. Dendritic cells and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB): a new treatment approach to AIDS. Immunol Lett 1991; 29:191-6. [PMID: 1769706 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(91)90169-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells) may play a key role in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This observation makes new immunomodulatory treatment strategies desirable. Topical dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) is discussed as a possible treatment modality in the context of its proven therapeutic uses and its immunomodulatory effect on dendritic cells. DNCB may be a safe, inexpensive, and widely available treatment option for HIV disease.
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15
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Sterry W, Künne N, Weber-Matthiesen K, Brasch J, Mielke V. Cell trafficking in positive and negative patch-test reactions: demonstration of a stereotypic migration pathway. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 96:459-62. [PMID: 1672541 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12470141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular events taking place during epidermal antigen exposure in sensitized individuals are principally well understood. Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are supposed to take up, process, and express a given foreign substance on their cell surface. The antigen is then recognized by T cells bearing the appropriate T-cell receptor (TCR). Because LC do not bear variable antigen (Ag)-specific binding sites, one could postulate that the epidermal exposure of any substance should activate LC and other cells of the skin immune system. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed immunophenotypically the cellular trafficking events in positive (n = 5) and negative epicutaneous patch-test reactions (n = 10), using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against CD1a, CD11c (Ki-M1, LeuM5), CD68 (Ki-M6), Ki-M8, and CD3 (Leu4). We can demonstrate that irrespective of whether or not an antigen will be responded to by the immune system (i.e., positive or negative test reaction), epidermal antigen exposure causes a decrease of LC density in the epidermis and simultaneously causes an increase of LC in the dermis. Moreover, monocytes and T cells immigrate into the dermis both in positive and negative patch-test reactions. As is to be expected, the degree of this cellular traffic is more pronounced in positive test reactions, which may be due to amplification mechanisms caused by antigen recognition of sensitized T cells. This finding demonstrates that human skin contains cell migration programs that ensure that any foreign substance will be accessible to the skin immune and phagocytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sterry
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, West Germany
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16
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Willis CM, Stephens CJ, Wilkinson JD. Differential effects of structurally unrelated chemical irritants on the density and morphology of epidermal CD1+ cells. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 95:711-6. [PMID: 1701190 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12514510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain a greater insight into the complex mechanisms of action of different irritant chemicals on the skin, we have studied the behavior of epidermal CD1+ cells in experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis. Healthy, human volunteers were patch tested for 48 h with the following six chemically unrelated irritants and their appropriate vehicle controls; benzalkonium chloride, sodium lauryl sulphate, dithranol, nonanoic acid, croton oil, and propylene glycol. After visually assessing and grading the resulting inflammatory reactions, punch biopsies were taken and the morphology and density of CD1+ cells in the epidermis studied using immunocytochemical techniques in combination with image analysis and electron microscopy. Statistically significant decreases in the epidermal density of CD1+ cells occurred in the responses to dithranol (p less than 0.05) and nonanoic acid (p less than 0.01). Importantly, these changes in density were not simply due to variations in the intensity of inflammatory response (r = 0.1157). Alterations in the length of the dendritic processes of CD1+ cells were also induced, and semi-quantitative analysis revealed significant decreases in dendrite length in the reactions to sodium lauryl sulphate (p less than 0.05), nonanoic acid (p less than 0.001), croton oil (p less than 0.05), and dithranol (p less than 0.005). Unlike epidermal density, however, this effect on cell morphology was directly related to the severity of inflammation (r = -0.74, p less than 0.01). Morphologic evidence of cellular injury to Langerhans cells was seen by electron microscopy in the majority of biopsies, although relatively few cells were affected in sodium lauryl sulphate and propylene glycol reactions. Benzalkonium chloride, unlike the other irritants, also induced a state of metabolic activation in a high proportion of epidermal Langerhans cells. Lymphocyte/Langerhans cell apposition was observed in most samples, but was particularly prevalent in the reactions to dithranol. The results of this study demonstrate that significant changes in the morphology and density of Langerhans cells occur in irritant contact dermatitis, some of which are directly influenced by the chemical nature of the irritant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Willis
- Department of Dermatology, Wycombe General Hospital, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom
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17
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Fujita M, Kashihara-Sawami M, Horiguchi Y, Furukawa F, Ueda M, Imamura S. Langerhans cells in human allergic contact dermatitis contain varying numbers of Birbeck granules. Double staining immunohistochemistry with OKT6 and Lag antibody. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1990; 94:497-504. [PMID: 2283313 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in human Langerhans cells (LCs) were studied with OKT6, anti-HLA-DR antibody, and Lag antibody in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Both T6-positive (T6+) cells and Lag-positive (Lag+) cells in the epidermis decreased in number from 0 to 48 h, but then gradually increased after day 7 of ACD. Lag+ cells after day 7 manifested a variety of staining intensities from weak to strong. It was also shown, after day 7, that some T6+ cells were Lag negative whereas all Lag+ cells were T6 positive. Flow cytometric analysis suggested that Lag-strongly-positive cells and Lag-weakly-positive cells belonged to the same population, and that the relative amount of Lag antigens in T6+ LCs gradually increased after day 7. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the Lag-strongly-positive cells contained numerous Lag-reactive Birbeck granules (BGs) whereas the Lag-weakly-positive cells contained fewer BGs in the cytoplasm. In some Lag-weakly-positive cells, no BGs were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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18
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Gupta AK, Baadsgaard O, Ellis CN, Voorhees JJ, Cooper KD. Lymphocytes and macrophages of the epidermis and dermis in lesional psoriatic skin, but not epidermal Langerhans cells, are depleted by treatment with cyclosporin A. Arch Dermatol Res 1989; 281:219-26. [PMID: 2673064 DOI: 10.1007/bf00431054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Since cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive agent, its beneficial effect in psoriasis suggests that immune cells may play a role in the pathogenesis and resolution of psoriasis. To determine early effects of CsA in psoriasis, we quantitated immune cells using double immunofluorescence microscopy on biopsy specimens obtained prior to therapy and after 3, 7, and 14 days of CsA therapy. CsA therapy resulted in significant reductions in the absolute number of immune cells (including T cells, monocytes/macrophages, and antigen presenting cells) contained within psoriatic skin. The effect was rapid, with over one-half of the reduction in the density of HLe1+ (human leukocyte antigen-1 positive or bone marrow derived) cells, including T cells, activated T cells, monocytes, and Langerhans cells (LCs), occurring within 3 days. Despite the overall reduction in the numbers of immunocytes in the skin, the proportion of T cells, Langerhans cells, and monocytes in relation to the total number of immune cells was unchanged with therapy, reflecting equally proportional losses of each subtype. Dermal CD1+DR+ cells (putative Langerhans cells), which are not found in normal skin but are present in lesional psoriasis skin, were virtually cleared from the papillary dermis after CsA therapy. Although absolute numbers of epidermal Langerhans cells, defined as cells expressing both CD1 (T6) and DR molecules (CD1+DR+), were also reduced after CsA, epidermal non-Langerhans CD1-DR+ cells (macrophages, activated T cells, DR- keratinocytes) demonstrated a proportionally greater decrease, with the ratio of CD1+DR+ Langerhans cells/non-Langerhans CD1-DR+ epidermal cells changing from a mean of 0.82 at baseline to 1.92 at day 14.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109
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19
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Ek L, Lindelöf B, Lidén S. The duration of Grenz ray-induced suppression of allergic contact dermatitis and its correlation with the density of Langerhans cells in human epidermis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989; 14:206-9. [PMID: 2591078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1989.tb00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have shown that Grenz rays can suppress the allergic contact dermatitis reaction completely and that Langerhans cells, identified by OKT6 antibodies and electron microscopy, disappear from the epidermis at the same time. It is not known for how long this suppression lasts. This has been investigated in 28 nickel-sensitive patients who were given Grenz rays (3 Gy) on the back, once a week for 3 weeks. The patients were then divided into four groups and tested with patch tests for nickel at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after the last Grenz ray treatment. Biopsies were taken from positive patch test sites, and from the corresponding opposite control. They were labelled with OKT6 antibodies to detect Langerhans cells. The patch test reactions were suppressed and the Langerhans cell density was decreased initially. These changes were restored after 3 and 6 weeks, respectively. The results show that the effect of Grenz rays on eczematous reactions extends to a maximum of 3 weeks and imply that Langerhans cells are necessary for the elicitation of the efferent phase of allergic contact dermatitis.
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abu el-Asrar AM, Van den Oord JJ, Geboes K, Facchetti F, Missotten L, Emarah MH, Desmet V. Phenotypic characterization of inflammatory cells in phlyctenular eye disease. Doc Ophthalmol 1988; 70:353-62. [PMID: 3075177 DOI: 10.1007/bf00157065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phlyctenular conjunctival biopsy specimens obtained from seven patients presenting with ulcerated limbal phlyctens were examined with routine histology and immunohistochemistry using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and immunoperoxidase techniques. Large numbers of mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic Langerhans cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and moderate numbers of T-lymphocytes were observed in the epithelium. This infiltrate was most intense at the basal epithelial layers which expressed HLA-DR antigens. The underlying stromal inflammatory infiltrate was organized as perivascular cuffs and a scattered subepithelial infiltrate, and consisted of many mononuclear cells and poly-morphonuclear leukocytes. Among the mononuclear cells, monocyte derived cells dominated and included monocytes macrophages and dendritic cells. T-lymphocytes were present in moderate numbers, whereas B-lymphocytes and plasma cells, mostly of IgA class, were infrequent. These findings provided in situ immunohistochemical evidence that phlyctenular eye disease is the result of delayed type hypersensitivity immune response in which monocytes and monocyte derived cells play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M abu el-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt
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