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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Pady
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502
| | - C. L. Kramer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502
| | - R. Clary
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502
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Abstract
Food processing, packaging, and formulation strategies are often specifically designed to inhibit or control microbial growth to prevent spoilage. Some of the most restrictive strategies rely solely or on combinations of pH reduction, preservatives, water activity limitation, control of oxygen tension, thermal processing, and hermetic packaging. In concert, these strategies are used to inactivate potential spoilage microorganisms or inhibit their growth. However, for select microbes that can overcome these controls, the lack of competition from additional background microbiota helps facilitate their propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail B Snyder
- 1 Department of Extension, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691
| | - Randy W Worobo
- 2 Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Kasprzyk I, Rodinkova V, Šaulienė I, Ritenberga O, Grinn-Gofron A, Nowak M, Sulborska A, Kaczmarek J, Weryszko-Chmielewska E, Bilous E, Jedryczka M. Air pollution by allergenic spores of the genus Alternaria in the air of central and eastern Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9260-74. [PMID: 25592912 PMCID: PMC4473279 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Spores of the genus Alternaria belong to one of the most prevailing constituents of the air in all regions of the world. They form infectious inoculum of numerous plant species as well as severe inhaled allergies. The aim of this study was to compare the biological pollution with Alternaria spores of the air of 12 cities located in central and eastern Europe. The experiment was done in 2010 and it covered the territory of Latvia (LV), Lithuania (LT), Poland (PL) and Ukraine (UA). The spores were counted using an identical method and standard equipment (7-day Lanzoni volumetric sampler) followed by extensive statistical calculations. The timing of the day of maximum concentration changed mainly along the N-S direction and had a positive correlation with latitude. The most important factor determining the increase in Alternaria spore concentration was the temperature, whereas other weather parameters were not related or of low significance. Regardless of geographical location, the first phase of the season (0-0.9 % of Alternaria spores in the air) was the longest (up to 60 days) and the last (97.5 to 99 %) was the shortest (22 days or less). The means of daily concentrations of Alternaria spores ranged from 11 spores m(-3) in Klaipeda (LT, Baltic Sea coast) to 187 in Poznan (west PL, agricultural plain). The threshold value of 80 spores m(-3) that triggers the first allergy symptoms was exceeded in 8 to 86 days (Vinnitsa, UA, temperate continental, forest-steppes region). There were considerable differences between the highest number of spores per cubic metre of air, varying from 139 in the north (Klaipeda, LT) to 2,295 in central west (Poznan, PL). The biological pollution by Alternaria spores in several places of central and eastern Europe was high; the number of days exceeding the threshold value of 300 spores m(-3) connected with serious health problems of atopic people ranged from 0 to 1 on the north (LV, LT) to 29 in central west (Poznan, PL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Idalia Kasprzyk
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Victoria Rodinkova
- Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnitsa, Ukraine
| | - Ingrida Šaulienė
- Department of Environmental Research, Siauliai University, Šiauliai, Lithuania
| | - Olga Ritenberga
- Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia Riga, Riga, Latvia
| | - Agnieszka Grinn-Gofron
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Nowak
- Laboratory of Aeropalynology, Faculty of Biology and Department of Dermatology, Adam Mickiewicz University and University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aneta Sulborska
- Department of Botany, Lublin University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaczmarek
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Elena Bilous
- Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnitsa, Ukraine
| | - Malgorzata Jedryczka
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
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Stępalska D, Grinn-Gofroń A, Piotrowicz K. Occurrence of Didymella ascospores in western and southern Poland in 2004-2006. AEROBIOLOGIA 2012; 28:153-159. [PMID: 22523448 PMCID: PMC3321137 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-011-9218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of airborne Didymella spores has been investigated at two monitoring sites situated along the west-south transect in Poland (Szczecin, Kraków), i.e. from a height of 100 to 219 m, respectively, above sea level. The aerobiological monitoring of fungal spores was performed by means of two Lanzoni volumetric spore traps. The high Didymella spore numbers were observed at both cities in June, July and August. Statistically significant correlations have been found mainly between the Didymella spore concentrations in the air and the minimum air temperature and relative air humidity. The spore count of Didymella is determined by the diversity of local flora and weather conditions, especially by the relative air humidity. The identification of factors that influence and shape spore concentrations may significantly improve the current methods of allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Grinn-Gofroń
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Phytogeography, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowicz
- Department of Climatology, Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Tomšíková A, Nováčková D. Zum Studium der opportunistischen Pilze. I. Pilzflora in der Atmosphäre von Pilsen (ČSSR) (Teil B). Mycoses 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1971.tb02996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Isoard P, Valla G, Didillon P, Michel-Brun J, Achard I, Coudert J, Fontanges R. Influence des conditions météorologiques sur les Micromycètes atmosphériques, au cours d'une étude cinétique de cent heures. Mycoses 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1971.tb03040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kostamo K, Richardson M, Malmberg H, Ylikoski J, Ranta H, Toskala E. Does the triad of fungi, bacteria and exposure to moisture have an impact on chronic hyperplastic sinusitis? INDOOR AIR 2005; 15:112-119. [PMID: 15737153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Here we evaluated a possible relationship between chronic hyperplastic sinusitis (CHS) and moisture exposure and secondly a seasonal variation of fungal and bacterial findings in the healthy nose. In 28 CHS patients sinus mucus was collected during endoscopic sinus surgery. Samples from the nasal cavities of 19 healthy volunteers were collected by nasal lavage (NAL) in January and in September. Bacterial culture and fungal staining and culture were carried out. Histological samples from the sinus mucosa were obtained. Patients' medical history and environmental factors were enquired. Mold odor or moisture problems in the home or work environment were reported by 46% of the CHS patients. Patients who reported moisture exposure did not differ significantly from those who had not been exposed with regards to microbiological findings, tissue eosinophilia, and earlier operations. Cladosporium (16%) and Alternaria (11%) were found in NAL fluid collected in the autumn from the control subjects. No fungi were isolated from samples taken during the winter. An association between CHS or fungal sinusitis and moisture damage was not apparent in the present study. The fungal findings in the nasal cavity reflect the environmental exposure. This should be taken into account when NAL is used for microbiological studies. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Living in a moldy house or working in a similar environment may increase the risk of respiratory symptoms and infections. However, our results suggest that chronic hyperplastic sinusitis and fungal sinusitis are not associated with moisture exposure. The nose is a good collector of particles in the air. Especially samples taken by the nasal lavage method reflect the environmental exposure. This should be taken into account when this method is used for microbiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kostamo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu, Helsinki, Finland.
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Lacey J. Spore dispersal — its role in ecology and disease: the British contribution to fungal aerobiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(96)80194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Airborne fungal spores occur widely and often in far greater concentrations than pollen grains. Immunoglobulin E-specific antigens (allergens) on airborne fungal spores induce type I hypersensitivity (allergic) respiratory reactions in sensitized atopic subjects, causing rhinitis and/or asthma. The prevalence of respiratory allergy to fungi is imprecisely known but is estimated at 20 to 30% of atopic (allergy-predisposed) individuals or up to 6% of the general population. Diagnosis and immunotherapy of allergy to fungi require well-characterized or standardized extracts that contain the relevant allergen(s) of the appropriate fungus. Production of standardized extracts is difficult since fungal extracts are complex mixtures and a variety of fungi are allergenic. Thus, the currently available extracts are largely nonstandardized, even uncharacterized, crude extracts. Recent significant progress in isolating and characterizing relevant fungal allergens is summarized in the present review. Particularly, some allergens from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium are now thoroughly characterized, and allergens from several other genera, including some basidiomycetes, have also been purified. The availability of these extracts will facilitate definitive studies of fungal allergy prevalence and immunotherapy efficacy as well as enhance both the diagnosis and therapy of fungal allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Horner
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Rosas I, Calderón C, Ulloa M, Lacey J. Abundance of airborne Penicillium CFU in relation to urbanization in Mexico City. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:2648-52. [PMID: 8368852 PMCID: PMC182333 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.8.2648-2652.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Air was sampled simultaneously at three localities in Mexico City differing in urbanization index and air pollution level on 22 days during a period covering both dry and rainy seasons. An Andersen two-stage microbial sampler was used for 15 min at 28 liters min-1 to isolate culturable fungi on malt extract agar. After exposure, plates were incubated at 25 degrees C for 48 to 72 h before colonies were counted and identified to give concentrations of total fungal spores and of Penicillium spp., expressed as CFU per cubic meter of air. Total fungi numbered 91 to 602 CFU m-3 in Tlalpan Borough (southern area), 40 to 264 CFU m-3 in Cuauhtémoc Borough (downtown), and 26 to 495 CFU m-3 in Gustavo A. Madero Borough (northern area). Although Penicillium spp. were the second most frequently isolated fungal genus, concentrations were small, with a maximum of only 133 CFU m-3. Twice as many colonies were isolated in the southern area, with an urbanization index of 0.25 (arithmetic mean, 41 CFU m-3), as at other sampling stations with greater urbanization indices (arithmetic means, 19 and 20 CFU m-3). In the downtown area, with an urbanization index of 1.0, Penicillium spp. were more numerous than any other genus and formed 25% of the total fungal count compared with 14 and 17% in the other areas. Concentrations of airborne Penicillium spp. did not differ significantly between rainy and dry seasons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rosas
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F
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Horner WE, O'Neil CE, Lehrer SB. Basidiospore aeroallergens. CLINICAL REVIEWS IN ALLERGY 1992; 10:191-211. [PMID: 1477813 DOI: 10.1007/bf02802288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W E Horner
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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De Zubiria A, Horner WE, Lehrer SB. Evidence for cross-reactive allergens among basidiomycetes: immunoprint-inhibition studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 86:26-33. [PMID: 2196301 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(05)80119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Allergenic cross-reactivity among six basidiomycete species (Calvatia cyathiformis, Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma meredithae, and Pisolithus tinctorius) was determined by immunoprint inhibition. Extensive cross-reactivity was demonstrated among Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, and Pleurotus ostreatus of the order Agaricales, and Calvatia cyathiformis of the order Lycoperdales. However, G. meredithae (order Aphyllophorales) and Pisolithus tinctorius (order Sclerodermatales) did not demonstrate significant cross-reactivity with the other basidiomycete species. Generally, the two most potent inhibitors were Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Inhibitory dose-response curves of a major allergenic band (isoelectric point, 9.3) were obtained by densitometry. Significant cross-reactivity was demonstrated for the 9.3 band among the species of the order Agaricales and with Calvatia cyathiformis. The most potent inhibitors were again Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Thus, there is substantial allergenic cross-reactivity among the species of the order Agaricales tested and with Calvatia cyathiformis but not between these four species and G. meredithae or Pisolithus tinctorius. These studies support earlier RAST-inhibition observations of shared allergenic epitopes among basidiomycetes, especially epitopes within the Agaricales. The presence of shared epitopes suggests the possibility of devising a panel of skin test reagents representative of a large group of basidiomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Zubiria
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Medical Center, Department of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Abstract
The overall extent of mushroom allergy is not known. It may be very slight (1%) from eating, but could, alternatively, be as prevalent as pollen and mould allergy (10-30% of an allergic population). Aerospora of mushrooms and other woodland fungi, mostly basidiospores, occur in temperature zones in June to November, reaching maximum in August and September in quantities comparable to pollen and mould spores. There are large local and annual variations in species and spore concentrations in different milieus. In SPT and BPT studies about two dozen of these species have been associated with inhalant type I allergy. All species studied so far have yielded positive results. Mushroom allergens have been explored in only two studies. These show that mushrooms are antigenically rich and that a species can have more than one allergen. The difficulties of mushroom allergen research are very substantial because one usually has to rely on naturally growing mushrooms, where allergenic contamination by other allergen sources is frequent. Choice and recognition of species is also difficult. Virtually all known allergenic mushrooms and fungi are universal, growing equally well in Europe and North America. The genus Chlorophyllum occurs only in North America, but its close relatives of the genus Macrolepiota are common also in Europe. Podaxis grows only in desert regions near the equator and is not found in Europe. The majority of the large and more common universal mushroom families has not yet been investigated. The allergenicity of families Cortinariaceae, Russulaceae, Lactariaceae and Boletaceae is totally obscure even though they produce large quantities of spores in the air, particularly in northern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koivikko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Finland
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Allitt U. Identity of airborne hyaline, one-septate ascospores and their relation to inhalant allergy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1536(86)80015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beaumont F, Kauffman HF, van der Mark TH, Sluiter HJ, de Vries K. Volumetric aerobiological survey of conidial fungi in the North-East Netherlands. I. Seasonal patterns and the influence of metereological variables. Allergy 1985; 40:173-80. [PMID: 3887975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1985.tb00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain actual data about the qualitative and quantitative occurrence of airborne fungi in The Netherlands, a viable-volumetric sample survey with the Andersen sampler was undertaken. From April 1981 to the end of June 1983, one day a week samples were taken on the unobstructed rooftop of a hospital in the N-E Netherlands. An average of 268 Colony Forming Units (CFU), per sample, per cubic metre of air were found. Almost three-quarters of the total catch consisted of seven genera, Cladosporium predominating. Botrytis showed in surprisingly high numbers when compared with other surveys, while Alternaria occurred in very low concentrations. Most atmospheric airborne spora were found between May and September. Aspergillus and Penicillium prevailed in the autumn and winter months, although were present the year-round. Momentary weather conditions seemed less important for the overall spore picture than the average meteorological characteristics for a whole season. The obtained aero-mycological information may be useful in determining clinical strategies for skin testing and serological investigations in patients with suspected mould allergies.
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Torras MA, Artigas JG, Fernandez GS. Air-borne fungi in the air of Barcelona (Spain). IV. The genus Cladosporium. Mycopathologia 1981; 74:19-24. [PMID: 7195466 DOI: 10.1007/bf00441437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Calvo MA, Guarro J, Suarez G, Ramírez C. Air-borne fungi in the air of Barcelona (Spain). IV. Various isolated genera. Mycopathologia 1980; 71:119-23. [PMID: 7190223 DOI: 10.1007/bf00440618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During a two-year survey on the air-borne fungi in the atmosphere of Barcelona (Spain), the following genera were isolated in decreasing order: Aureobasidium, Rhizopus, Mucor, Arthrinium, Phoma, Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Botrytis.
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Burge HP, Boise JR, Rutherford JA, Solomon WR. Comparative recoveries of airborne fungus spores by viable and non-viable modes of volumetric collection. Mycopathologia 1977; 61:27-33. [PMID: 895829 DOI: 10.1007/bf00440755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of viable and non-viable volumetric collectors as prevalence indicators for potentially allergenic airborne fungi was studied during 124 paired exposures of the Burkard (Hirst) spore trap and a modified, wind-oriented Andersen sampler. Overall, viable recoveries of several Cladosporium form species varied directly with microscopic spore counts (p less than or equal to 0.0001). However, as spore levels rose, culture plate data progressively underestimated prevailing concentrations (recoveries falling below 5% at levels above 500 spores/M3). Viable collections yielded low estimates of prevalence (20-40%) even at modest Cladosporium levels (less than 100 spores/M3) and substantially understated the abundance and regularity in air of several additional taxa. Spores typical of Penicillium and Aspergillus form species were not sought in spore trap deposits. Careful examination of these failed to reveal typical arthrospores or Fusarium macrospores despite substantial recoveries of corresponding growth in culture. Correlations in the occurrence patterns of arthrospore-forming and non-sporulating colonies with those of Coprinus and 'other basidiospores' (excluding Ganoderma) were noted.
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Mallea M, Murray IG, Segretain G, Philpot CM, Charpin H, Gueho E, Charpin J. Census of Aspergillus colonies in the air comparison between London, Paris, Lyon, Marseilles. ACTA ALLERGOLOGICA 1972; 27:273-8. [PMID: 4630998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1972.tb01426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Davies RR. Climate and topography in relation to aero-allergens at Davos and London. ACTA ALLERGOLOGICA 1969; 24:396-409. [PMID: 5396001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1969.tb03754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Herxheimer H. The effect of dilute antigenic aerosol in the provocation of bronchial spasm. ACTA ALLERGOLOGICA 1969; 24:326-32. [PMID: 5395945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1969.tb03747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Grose ES, Szekkessy M, Munoz N. Airborne fungus spores in Bogota, Colombia: A five year study. Med Mycol 1968. [DOI: 10.1080/00362176885190081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Pady SM, Kramer CL, Barron GL, Goos RD, Collins RP, Kalnins K, Ross IK, Cummings RJ, Sproston T, Setlow RB, Little GN, Gordon MA, Brandt WH, De Groot RC. Notes and Brief Articles. Mycologia 1967. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1967.12018463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Pady
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502
| | - C. L. Kramer
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66502
| | - G. L. Barron
- Department of Botany, University of Guelph, Ontario
| | - R. D. Goos
- Collection of Fungi, American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland
| | - R. P. Collins
- Department of Botany, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. 06268
| | - K. Kalnins
- Department of Botany, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. 06268
| | - Ian K. Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara
| | - R. J. Cummings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara
| | - Thomas Sproston
- Department of Botany, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont (on leave January 1, 1967–July 1, 1967, to the Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee)
| | - R. B. Setlow
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - George N. Little
- Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, and Institute of Preventive Medicine, Albany Medical College
| | - Morris A. Gordon
- Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, and Institute of Preventive Medicine, Albany Medical College
| | - W. H. Brandt
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - R. C. De Groot
- N. Y. State Museum and Science Service, Albany, New York, 12224. Published by permission of the Assistant Commissioner, New York State Museum & Science Service, Journal Series No. 100
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