HLA-A, B and HLA-DR phenotypes in Mainland Chinese patients with diabetes mellitus

Cross-ethnic group comparisons of HLA class II alleles and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

HLA class II associations with IDDM in populations of non-Caucasoid origin can provide important insights into the nature of the HLA and disease association. Firstly, HLA class II alleles that are rare in Caucasoids but common in other populations can be assessed for their contributory role in IDDM. Secondly, the different HLA class II gene linkage arrangements in different populations can help map the IDDM susceptibility determinants. This chapter reviews studies of HLA class II associations with IDDM in Asian Indians, Chinese, Japanese, Africans and black Americans. Most of these studies have been based on HLA-DR serology. However, DNA analyses, based on restriction fragment length polymorphism, sequence specific oligonucleotide hybridizations of polymerase chain reaction products and DNA sequencing, have made clear the identity of genes contributing to susceptibility or resistance to IDDM in populations of non-Caucasoid origin. DNA sequence analysis of the variable regions of the HLA-DQA, DQB and DRB genes has revealed at least eight alleles at HLA-DQA, 13 at HLA-DQB and 34 at HLA-DRB1. This chapter correlates HLA-DR and DQ allelic diversity with inherited predisposition to IDDM on a global basis. IDDM is strongly associated with the serological specificities of HLA-DQ, rather than with particular amino acid substitutions in class II alleles. DQw8 has a high risk for IDDM, DQw4, DQw5 and DQw9 have a lesser risk, while DQw6 and DQw7 are protective in IDDM. DQw2 is permissive for IDDM, depending on the presence of other HLA class II alleles. Increased heterozygosity at HLA is observed in Oriental patients, as it is in Caucasoid IDDM patients. The nature of this synergism is examined in terms of possible interactive effects between DQA and DQB alleles or DRB and DQB alleles; both effects could be operating. The conclusion from this genetic analysis is that molecular mimicry at HLA-DQ, with either foreign or autoantigens, may be an important mechanism in IDDM. Additionally, the anomalous role of DQw2 in IDDM suggests that a further mechanism, such as T cell activation, may control the ability to mount an immune response against autoantigens. Further studies, possibly with transfectant cell lines, are necessary to clarify the functional role of HLA class II genes in IDDM.

HLA-A, B, C and DR antigen associations in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in South African Negro (black) and Cape coloured people

HLA-A, B, C and DR antigen frequencies were determined in South African Negro (Black) (50) and Cape Coloured (57) patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and in appropriate controls. The Black patients failed to show associations commonly reported for American Black patients with IDDM but did show a weakly significant increase in the DRw9 frequency. However, this antigen was rare even in the patient group and HLA associated genes do not appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of IDDM in these people. The Cape Coloureds have a high proportion of Caucasoid genes. Coloured IDDM patients had the expected low DR2 and high DR4 frequencies. Unexpectedly the Cape Coloureds failed to show significant associations of IDDM with B8 or DR3.

HLA-system in Chinese children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a strong association with DR3

We studied the distribution of HLA-A, B, and DR and MT1, MT2, MT3 genotypes in all 20 Chinese children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) attending the four government pediatric units in Singapore. We found an increase in HLA BW22 but the corrected probability value was not statistically significant. AW33 and B17 were observed in 50% and 55% of IDDM children, respectively, compared with 11% and 13% of normal controls, respectively. The values for AW33 were as follows: corrected P = 0.00094 and relative risk (RR) = 8.17; for B17 they were corrected P = 0.001 and RR = 7.55. In addition, the frequency of DR3 was 50% in IDDM children compared with 14% of normal controls (corrected P = 0.0019, RR = 6.20). AW33, B17, and DR3 are in linkage disequilibrium in our normal Chinese population. All ten patients who were positive for DR3 also had B17. The frequency of DR4 was not increased, and there were no protection IDDM related antigens found. These differences compared with the results in Western populations may contribute to the relative rarity of IDDM among Chinese children.