1
|
Darbeheshti F. The Immunogenetics of Melanoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:383-396. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
2
|
HLA-DRB1 ∗16:01 and HLA-DQB1 ∗05:02 Alleles Influence the Susceptibility and Progression of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:3801143. [PMID: 34630564 PMCID: PMC8497119 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3801143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The influence of HLA class I and II loci on the susceptibility to melanoma remains an area of intense debate. This study aimed to examine whether the HLA system was related to melanoma susceptibility and prognosis in a southern Spanish population. Methods In this study, HLA class I and class II genotyping were performed using polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotides (PCR-SSO) in 237 Spanish melanoma patients and 636 ethnically matched controls. Data were analyzed according to the clinical characteristics of the defined subgroups. Results Compared to the control group, DRB1∗16:01 (4% vs. 1.3%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.035, OR = 3.28) and DQB1∗05:02 (4.9% vs. 2%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.017, OR = 2.54) were positivity associated with the susceptibility to melanoma. Both DRB1∗16:01 (5.4% vs. 1.3%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.035, OR = 4.46) and DQB1∗05:02 (6.5% vs. 2%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.017, OR = 3.44) also showed a positive correlation with Breslow thickness >1.5 mm, most notably at an early age of diagnosis (≤58 years), DRB1∗16:01 (4.2% vs. 1.3%, p=0.001, Pc = 0.035, OR = 3.41) and DQB1∗05:02 (5.4% vs. 2%, p=0.002, Pc = 0.034, OR = 2.86). Conclusion These findings established HLA-DRB1∗16:01 and HLA-DQB1∗05:02 loci as melanoma risk factors in the southern Spanish population.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ward KA, Lazovich D, Hordinsky MK. Germline melanoma susceptibility and prognostic genes: A review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67:1055-67. [PMID: 22583682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Ward
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bonamigo RR, Carvalho AVED, Sebastiani VRZ, Silva CMD, Pinto ACDZ. HLA and skin cancer. An Bras Dermatol 2012; 87:9-16; quiz 17-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962012000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer - melanoma and non melanoma - are common neoplasm with rising incidence over the last decades. It is an important public health problem. Its pathogenesis is not completely understood and the same happens with the genetic factors involved. The genes that encode the HLA are associated with some tumors and they may be responsible for one of the mechanisms that take part in the development of the before mentioned cancers. We have reviewed the literature on the subject of HLA antigens, melanoma and non melanoma skin cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
Balancing selection and heterogeneity across the classical human leukocyte antigen loci: a meta-analytic review of 497 population studies. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:443-64. [PMID: 18638659 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a meta-analysis of high-resolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele frequency data describing 497 population samples. Most of the datasets were compiled from studies published in eight journals from 1990 to 2007; additional datasets came from the International Histocompatibility Workshops and from the AlleleFrequencies.net database. In all, these data represent approximately 66,800 individuals from throughout the world, providing an opportunity to observe trends that may not have been evident at the time the data were originally analyzed, especially with regard to the relative importance of balancing selection among the HLA loci. Population genetic measures of allele frequency distributions were summarized across populations by locus and geographic region. A role for balancing selection maintaining much of HLA variation was confirmed. Further, the breadth of this meta-analysis allowed the ranking of the HLA loci, with DQA1 and HLA-C showing the strongest balancing selection and DPB1 being compatible with neutrality. Comparisons of the allelic spectra reported by studies since 1990 indicate that most of the HLA alleles identified since 2000 are very-low-frequency alleles. The literature-based allele-count data, as well as maps summarizing the geographic distributions for each allele, are available online.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) loci widely known for their role in generation of immune responses by encoding cell-surface heterodimers are often considered to be effective for the purpose of reconstructing human phylogenies due to high degree of polymorphism and less recombination. In the present study, we have made an attempt to study HLA class II loci (DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1) in inferring phylogenetic relationship based on both phylogenetic and haplotype approach. In the phylogenetic approach, the compiled database of 19 populations got segregated and finely resolved in three basal clusters with very high bootstrap values corresponding to four geo-ethnic groups of Africans, Orientals, Americans and Caucasians. Maximum- likelihood phylogram has placed North Indian Hindus alongside other Caucasian populations. Haplotype analysis revealed high range of haplotype diversity with nearly 144 observed haplotypes. The haplotype distribution suggested that numbers of Caucasian-specific haplotypes are frequently found among north Indian Hindus. Our results indicate that if the property of less recombination is explored to assign extended haplotypes, followed by strong interpretation based on more logistic statistical model, then there is a high possibility that HLA class II loci can infer exact and accurate phylogenetic assessments as revealed by mtDNA and Y-chromosome markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Agrawal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Naumova E, Mihaylova A, Ivanova M, Mihailova S. Impact of KIR/HLA ligand combinations on immune responses in malignant melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:95-100. [PMID: 16547704 PMCID: PMC11030290 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth and dissemination depend partly on the reactivity of natural killer (NK) cells and T cells expressing NK-associated receptors. Their effector functions are regulated by an array of activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors with MHC class I ligand specificity, such as the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs). Given the extensive genomic diversity of KIRs and their HLA ligands, it is reasonable to speculate that HLA, KIR gene variations and specific KIR-ligand combinations will have an impact on disease susceptibility and/or progression. Here, we discuss how KIR genotypes and KIR/HLA immunogenetic profiles may be involved in tumorigenesis, especially in malignant melanoma (MM). A hypothetical model of the impact of KIR/ligand combinations on immune responses in MM is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elissaveta Naumova
- Central Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Planelles D, Nagore E, Moret A, Botella-Estrada R, Vila E, Guillén C, Montoro JA. HLA class II polymorphisms in Spanish melanoma patients: homozygosity for HLA-DQA1 locus can be a potential melanoma risk factor. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:261-6. [PMID: 16433795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of melanoma with HLA class II loci is under extensive debate. Different investigators have found discrepant results due to, at least in part, sample size, patient series heterogeneity, choice of control population and differences in the techniques employed for the detection of HLA antigens and alleles. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to analyse the possible association of melanoma with HLA class II loci with regard to different clinic pathological factors and to investigate other risk factors for melanoma susceptibility, such as HLA homozygosity. PATIENTS AND METHODS HLA-DRB1, -DQA1 and -DQB1 genotyping was performed for 117 eastern Spanish patients presenting with primary melanoma. RESULTS Although there were no significant alterations in the phenotypic frequencies of HLA-DQA1, -DQB1 or -DRB1 alleles in any subgroup of patients when compared with controls, patients exhibited a statistically significant increase in HLA-DQA1 homozygosity rate. This DQA1 homozygosity-specific association was particularly dependent on some features in melanoma patients such as light hair colour, skin type I or II, early age at diagnosis, absence of atypical naevi, or abscence of atypical naevus syndrome phenotype (aetiological fractions about 10-20%). Analysis of homozygosity for single DQA1 alleles showed an increased homozygosity rate for DQA1*0505 and DQA1*0301 in comparison with controls. These DQA1 alleles are in strong linkage disequilibrium with DQB1*0301 in white populations, and DQB1*0301 homozygous individuals were significantly increased in red in or fair-haired patients (relative risk 5.65). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the contribution of HLA class II alleles to primary melanoma incidence is not significant in the Spanish population. However, homozygosity for the HLA-DQA1 locus (and, perhaps, for the HLA-DQB1*0301 allele) might be considered a potential risk factor for developing melanoma depending on the person's genetic background and, perhaps, on certain environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Planelles
- Laboratory of Histocompatibility-Molecular Biology, Centro de Transfusión de la Comunidad Valenciana, Avenida del Cid, 65-A, 46014-Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Campillo JA, Martínez-Escribano JA, Muro M, Moya-Quiles R, Marín LA, Montes-Ares O, Guerra N, Sánchez-Pedreño P, Frías JF, Lozano JA, García-Alonso AM, Alvarez-López MR. HLA class I and class II frequencies in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma from southeastern Spain: the role of HLA-C in disease prognosis. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:926-33. [PMID: 16365741 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Available data have led to a controversy on the relationship between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and cutaneous malignant melanoma susceptibility or prognosis. Moreover, the influence of HLA-C on melanoma has not yet been well established. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to analyze the possible influence of the HLA system on melanoma susceptibility and prognosis in the Spanish population. For this purpose, HLA-A and HLA-B serotyping and HLA-C, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DQB1 genotyping by polymerase chain reactions using sequence-specific oligonucleotide (PCR-SSO) and sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) were performed in 174 melanoma patients and 227 ethnically matched controls. The number of controls was increased up to 356 for HLA-C typing. Patients were stratified according to the histological subtypes of melanoma, sentinel lymph node status, tumor thickness, and ulceration of primary lesion. No HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1, or HLA-DQB1 relationship with melanoma was observed for susceptibility or disease prognosis. However, the analysis of HLA-C locus showed that individuals homozygous for HLA-C(Lys80) were significantly more frequent within the patient than the control group. Remarkably, individuals homozygous for group 2 HLA-C alleles (HLA-C(Lys80)) seem to be associated with metastatic progression of melanoma. In contrast, we found a negative association between group 1 HLA-C alleles (HLA-C(Asn80)) and disease susceptibility or metastasis development. In conclusion, although an association with HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1, or HLA-DQB1 was not demonstrated, the study of the HLA-C locus revealed that the analysis of the dimorphism at position 80 in the alpha1 helix may help to evaluate the risk and prognosis of melanoma in our population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A Campillo
- Immunology Service, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Acton RT, Barton EH, Hollowell WW, Dreibelbis AL, Go RCP, Barton JC. Ancestry reported by white adults with cutaneous melanoma and control subjects in central Alabama. BMC Cancer 2004; 4:47. [PMID: 15310399 PMCID: PMC514609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-4-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We sought to evaluate the hypothesis that the high incidence of cutaneous melanoma in white persons in central Alabama is associated with a predominance of Irish and Scots descent. Methods Frequencies of country of ancestry reports were tabulated. The reports were also converted to scores that reflect proportional countries of ancestry in individuals. Using the scores, we computed aggregate country of ancestry indices as estimates of group ancestry composition. HLA-DRB1*04 allele frequencies and relationships to countries of ancestry were compared in probands and controls. Results were compared to those of European populations with HLA-DRB1*04 frequencies. Results Ninety evaluable adult white cutaneous melanoma probands and 324 adult white controls reported countries of ancestry of their grandparents. The respective frequencies of Ireland, and Scotland and "British Isles" reported countries of ancestry were significantly greater in probands than in controls. The respective frequencies of Wales, France, Italy and Poland were significantly greater in controls. 16.7% of melanoma probands and 23.8% of controls reported "Native American" ancestry; the corresponding "Native American" country of ancestry index was not significantly different in probands and controls. The frequency of HLA-DRB1*04 was significantly greater in probands, but was not significantly associated with individual or aggregate countries of ancestry. The frequency of DRB1*04 observed in Alabama was compared to DRB1*04 frequencies reported from England, Wales, Ireland, Orkney Island, France, Germany, and Australia. Conclusion White adults with cutaneous melanoma in central Alabama have a predominance of Irish, Scots, and "British Isles" ancestry and HLA-DRB1*04 that likely contributes to their high incidence of cutaneous melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald T Acton
- Immunogenetics Program and Departments of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ellen H Barton
- Immunogenetics Program and Departments of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - William W Hollowell
- Immunogenetics Program and Departments of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Amy L Dreibelbis
- Immunogenetics Program and Departments of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rodney CP Go
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James C Barton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Howell WM, Turner SJ, Theaker JM, Bateman AC. Cytokine gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and susceptibility to and prognosis in cutaneous malignant melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 30:409-14. [PMID: 14675394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2370.2003.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is a potentially fatal malignancy in which exposure to UV light is the most important risk factor. Several lines of evidence suggest that CMM patients develop an immune response to their tumours, although, in most cases, anti-tumour immune responses are insufficient to abrogate tumour development. Polymorphism in genes regulating the immune response and cell growth may result in increased susceptibility to and/or poorer prognosis in certain individuals. In this study, we addressed whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with differential expression of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors [interleukin (IL)-1beta-35 and -511, IL-2 -330, IL-4 -590, IL-6 -174, IL-8 -251, interferon (IFN)-gamma+874 and transforming growth factor (TGF)beta1 +915] or as markers of candidate cytokine genes (IL-12 +1188) are associated with susceptibility to or known prognostic indicators (e.g. initial tumour growth phase, Breslow thickness, mitotic count in vertical growth phase tumours, tumour regression) in CMM. One hundred and sixty-nine British caucasian CMM patients and 261 controls were included in the study and all SNPs were genotyped by ARMS-PCR. No SNP genotypes or alleles showed significant associations with CMM susceptibility and only the IL-1beta-511 TT genotype was associated with thinner invasive tumours at presentation, as assessed by Breslow thickness at the clinically significant cut-off point of 1.5 mm [occurring in 2/51 (3.9%) thicker vs. 14/78 (17.9%) thinner tumours (P = 0.03; relative risk = 0.29 (95% confidence interval 0.05-0.95)]. These findings suggest that - with the possible exception of IL-1beta- genetic variation associated with differential expression of the selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is unlikely to play a major role in susceptibility to and prognosis in CMM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M Howell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Southampton, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luongo V, Pirozzi G, Caracò C, Errico S, de Angelis F, Celentano E, Paino F, Chiofalo MG, Luongo M, Mozzillo N, Lombardi ML. HLA allele frequency and clinical outcome in Italian patients with cutaneous melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 64:84-7. [PMID: 15191529 DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-2815.2004.00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The current study focuses the analysis on the possible relationship between HLA allele frequency and clinical outcome of melanoma in a population of 382 Italian patients, as compared with 203 ethnically matched controls. In a 3-year follow-up study, results showed significant differences between groups of patients selected according to clinical stage, histology, and progression of the disease. A*01 seems to be correlated with a less aggressive variant of the disease, whereas DRB1*01-DQB1*0501 seems to be associated with metastatic progression of melanoma. Moreover, a negative association with B*13, B*44, as well as with DRB1*04-DQB1*0302 was found. A multivariate logistic regression model showed HLA-DRB1*04 to behave as an independent favorable prognostic marker of melanoma in our population (OR = 2.34, CI = 1.15-4.74).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Luongo
- Oncologia Sperimentale C-Immunologia, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luo M, Blanchard J, Pan Y, Brunham K, Brunham RC. High-resolution sequence typing of HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 exon 2 DNA with taxonomy-based sequence analysis (TBSA) allele assignment. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1999; 54:69-82. [PMID: 10458325 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.1999.540108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution DNA sequencing of exon 2 of DQA1 and DQB1 genes that uses a taxonomy-based sequence analysis (TBSA) method to assign alleles was developed. The system uses fewer primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing than other methods and yields accurate DQA1 and DQB1 typing when either homozygous or heterozygous DNA samples are tested. The approach was initially corroborated by the correct typing of 10 blinded samples that had been previously typed by PCR using sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR-SSOP) or serology, and subsequently confirmed by sequencing of cloned PCR products. DNA from peripheral blood cell samples of 130 individuals enrolled in a case-control analysis of HLA determinants of abdominal aortic aneurysm were subsequently evaluated. Overall, 8 different DQA1 and 19 DQB1 alleles were identified. All 21 DQA1 heterozygous combinations and 45 of 49 DQB1 heterozygous combinations were successfully resolved with TBSA. The two pairs of heterozygous DQB1 combinations that were not unambiguously typed required sequence specific PCR amplification for correct allele identification. We conclude that the method provides precise analysis for HLA-DQ typing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Bateman AC, Turner SJ, Theaker JM, Howell WM. HLA-DQB1*0303 and *0301 alleles influence susceptibility to and prognosis in cutaneous malignant melanoma in the British Caucasian population. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1998; 52:67-73. [PMID: 9714476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1998.tb03025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of lymphocytic infiltrates within primary cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), documented spontaneous tumour regression and genetic linkage with chromosome six in familial cases all suggest that immunogenetic factors may modulate disease progression. An association has been suggested between HLA DQB1*0301 and CMM in US patients but no such investigation has been performed in the UK population. Polymerase chain reaction-based HLA class II DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 typing of 99 UK-based CMM patients was performed using DNA extracted from archival formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded surgical biopsies, enabling retrospective access to clinical follow-up data. An increase in frequency of the HLA DQB1*0303 genotype among CMM patients was identified compared to control subjects (19.2% vs 5.8%; Pc=0.003; RR=3.9) while HLA DQB1*0301 was associated with more advanced and therefore poorer prognosis primary tumours (e.g. HLA DQB1*0301 allele frequency: 20.1% vertical growth phase vs 4.0% horizontal growth phase; Pc=0.03; RR=6.1). These findings suggest that the HLA DQB1 locus, and in particular the HLA DQB1*0303 and *0301 alleles, may play an important role in determining the risk of development and the prognosis of CMM within the UK population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Bateman
- Department of Histopathology, Southampton General Hospital, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|