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Maiello S, Iglesias R, Polito L, Citores L, Bortolotti M, Ferreras JM, Bolognesi A. Sequence, Structure, and Binding Site Analysis of Kirkiin in Comparison with Ricin and Other Type 2 RIPs. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120862. [PMID: 34941700 PMCID: PMC8705660 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kirkiin is a new type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) purified from the caudex of Adenia kirkii with a cytotoxicity compared to that of stenodactylin. The high toxicity of RIPs from Adenia genus plants makes them interesting tools for biotechnology and therapeutic applications, particularly in cancer therapy. The complete amino acid sequence and 3D structure prediction of kirkiin are here reported. Gene sequence analysis revealed that kirkiin is encoded by a 1572 bp open reading frame, corresponding to 524 amino acid residues, without introns. The amino acid sequence analysis showed a high degree of identity with other Adenia RIPs. The 3D structure of kirkiin preserves the overall folding of type 2 RIPs. The key amino acids of the active site, described for ricin and other RIPs, are also conserved in the kirkiin A chain. Sugar affinity studies and docking experiments revealed that both the 1α and 2γ sites of the kirkiin B chain exhibit binding activity toward lactose and D-galactose, being lower than ricin. The replacement of His246 in the kirkiin 2γ site instead of Tyr248 in ricin causes a different structure arrangement that could explain the lower sugar affinity of kirkiin with respect to ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Maiello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (J.M.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.I.); (L.P.)
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (M.B.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.I.); (L.P.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (M.B.); (A.B.)
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.M.); (M.B.); (A.B.)
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Schrot J, Weng A, Melzig MF. Ribosome-inactivating and related proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1556-615. [PMID: 26008228 PMCID: PMC4448163 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Hernandez LI, Flenker KS, Hernandez FJ, Klingelhutz AJ, II JOM, Giangrande PH. Methods for Evaluating Cell-Specific, Cell-Internalizing RNA Aptamers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:295-319. [PMID: 23894227 PMCID: PMC3722562 DOI: 10.3390/ph6030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) highlight the need for robust delivery technologies that will facilitate the successful application of these therapeutics to humans. Arguably, cell targeting by conjugation to cell-specific ligands provides a viable solution to this problem. Synthetic RNA ligands (aptamers) represent an emerging class of pharmaceuticals with great potential for targeted therapeutic applications. For targeted delivery of siRNAs with aptamers, the aptamer-siRNA conjugate must be taken up by cells and reach the cytoplasm. To this end, we have developed cell-based selection approaches to isolate aptamers that internalize upon binding to their cognate receptor on the cell surface. Here we describe methods to monitor for cellular uptake of aptamers. These include: (1) antibody amplification microscopy, (2) microplate-based fluorescence assay, (3) a quantitative and ultrasensitive internalization method (“QUSIM”) and (4) a way to monitor for cytoplasmic delivery using the ribosome inactivating protein-based (RNA-RIP) assay. Collectively, these methods provide a toolset that can expedite the development of aptamer ligands to target and deliver therapeutic siRNAs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza I. Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
| | - Katie S. Flenker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
| | - Frank J. Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
| | - Aloysius J. Klingelhutz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - James O. McNamara II
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Paloma H. Giangrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-319-384-3242; Fax: +1-319-353-5552
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MONTECUCCHI PIERCARLO, VINCENTI MARCO, LAZZARINI ANNAMARIA, RUSCONI LUISA, ERSPAMER VITTORIO. Isolation, structure determination and synthesis of a novel tryptophan-containing heptapeptide (basic tryptophyllin) from the skin of Phyllomedusa rohdei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1989.tb00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Stirpe F, Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M, Farini V, Lubelli C, Pelosi E, Polito L, Dozza B, Strocchi P, Chambery A, Parente A, Barbieri L. Characterization of highly toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins from Adenia lanceolata and Adenia stenodactyla (Passifloraceae). Toxicon 2007; 50:94-105. [PMID: 17434551 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
From the caudices of the Passifloraceae Adenia lanceolata and A. stenodactyla, two lectins called lanceolin and stenodactylin, respectively, were purified by affinity chromatography on CL Sepharose 6B. The lectins are glycoproteins with M(r) 61,243 (lanceolin) and 63,131 (stenodactylin), consisting of an enzymatic A chain linked to a larger B chain with lectin properties, with N-terminal amino acid sequences similar to that of volkensin, the toxic lectin from A. volkensii. The lectins agglutinate red blood cells, inhibit protein synthesis both by a cell-free system and by whole cells, and depurinate ribosomes and DNA, but not tRNA or poly(A). They are highly toxic to cells, in which they induce apoptosis, and to mice, with LD(50)s 8.16 microg/kg (lanceolin) and 2.76 microg/kg (stenodactylin) at 48 h. Thus, lanceolin and stenodactylin have all the properties of the toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins and are amongst the most potent toxins of plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Stirpe
- Dipartimento di Patologia sperimentale, Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
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6
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Yoshinari S, Yokota S, Sawamoto H, Koresawa S, Tamura M, Endo Y. Purification, characterization and subcellular localization of a type-1 ribosome-inactivating protein from the sarcocarp of Cucurbita pepo. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 242:585-91. [PMID: 9022685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0585r.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The flesh of the fruit of Cucurbita pepo contains a type-1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), which we named pepocin. Pepocin was purified to apparent homogeneity by acid fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography and adsorption chromatography. The protein was found to have a molecular mass of 26 kDa and a pI of about 9.9. It does not contain glycosidic linkages. The protein inhibits protein synthesis in a rabbit-reticulocyte lysate with an IC50 (concentration causing 50% inhibition) of 15.4 pM, and depurinates 28S rRNA in the ribosomes of the lysate in a manner identical to that of ricin A-chain and other RIP. The enzyme is also active on wheat-germ ribosomes and on Escherichia coli ribosomes. The sequence of the N-terminal 20 amino acids of the protein reveals a close relationship to other RIP. Immunoelectron-microscopic localization of pepocin in the sarcocarp shows that the protein is predominantly localized in intercellular spaces. In addition, the immunolocalized signals are observed in leaf intercellular spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshinari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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7
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Rosenblum MG, Kohr WA, Beattie KL, Beattie WG, Marks W, Toman PD, Cheung L. Amino acid sequence analysis, gene construction, cloning, and expression of gelonin, a toxin derived from Gelonium multiflorum. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1995; 15:547-55. [PMID: 7553224 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1995.15.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant toxin gelonin is an extremely potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, similar in action to ricin. The mature protein primary sequence was obtained using conventional sequencing techniques. Gelonin was found to be composed of 258 amino acids and contains 21 lysine residues. This toxin shares approximately 33% sequence homology with trichosanthin and ricin A chain. A 774 bp synthetic gene encoding gelonin was synthesized and expressed in E. coli. Recombinant gelonin (approximately 28 kD) expression was monitored and demonstrated by western analysis. Purification and functional activity studies demonstrated that this protein behaves identically to that of the natural product. Recombinant gelonin (RG) thus joins a growing list of recombinant toxins currently available for use in the construction of recombinant immunotoxins composed of gelonin fused to binding domains of antibodies, growth factors, or other cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Rosenblum
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biological Therapy, University of Texas-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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8
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Arias FJ, Rojo MA, Ferreras JM, Iglesias R, Muñoz R, Soriano F, Méndez E, Barbieri L, Girbés T. Isolation and characterization of two new N-glycosidase type-1 ribosome-inactivating proteins, unrelated in amino-acid sequence, from Petrocoptis species. PLANTA 1994; 194:487-491. [PMID: 7528586 DOI: 10.1007/bf00714460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two new N-glycosidase type-1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), denoted petroglaucin 1 and petrograndin, respectively, were isolated from the plants Petrocoptis glaucifolia (Lag.) Boiss sp. viscosa (Rothm.) Lainz and Petrocoptis grandiflora Rothm. These new RIPs do not share H2N-terminal amino-acid sequence homology with petroglaucin (now denoted as petroglaucin 2), the only other type-1 RIP to be isolated from P. glaucifolia (Arias et al. (1992) Planta 186, 532-540). Petroglaucin 1 shares amino-acid sequence homology with RIPs from Cucurbitaceae while petroglaucin 2 and petrograndin do so with saporins and dianthin 30 (Caryophyllaceae). The new RIPs strongly inhibited protein synthesis at subnanomolar concentrations in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and other eukaryotic cell-free systems, but they were inactive on bacterial ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Arias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
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9
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Nolan PA, Garrison DA, Better M. Cloning and expression of a gene encoding gelonin, a ribosome-inactivating protein from Gelonium multiflorum. Gene 1993; 134:223-7. [PMID: 7916721 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90097-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA copy of the gel gene, encoding gelonin (Gel), has been cloned from the seeds of the Asian plant, Gelonium multiflorum. Gel is a type-I ribosome-inactivating protein which has been produced in Escherichia coli as a secreted protein under the transcriptional control of the Salmonella typhimurium araB promoter and linked to the pectate lyase (pelB) leader sequence from Erwinia carotovora. Recombinant, soluble Gel (re-Gel) can be recovered from the E. coli culture supernatant at a yield of greater than 1 mg/ml, and it inhibits protein synthesis in vitro to the same extent as the native protein isolated from plant seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Nolan
- XOMA Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90404
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10
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Girbés T, Citores L, Ferreras JM, Rojo MA, Iglesias R, Muñoz R, Arias FJ, Calonge M, García JR, Méndez E. Isolation and partial characterization of nigrin b, a non-toxic novel type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein from the bark of Sambucus nigra L. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 22:1181-1186. [PMID: 8400135 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The bark of Sambucus nigra L. contains a non-toxic novel type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein that we named nigrin b. In vitro, nigrin b strongly inhibited mammalian protein synthesis but did not affect plant nor bacterial protein synthesis. The protein (M(r) 58,000) contains two subunits, A (M(r) 26,000) and B (M(r) 32,000); linked by disulphide bridge(s). Nigrin b was found to be an rRNA N-glycosidase of the rRNA of intact mammalian ribosomes and shares a very good N-terminal amino-acid sequence homology with the anti-HIV-1 proteins TAP 29 and trichosanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Girbés
- Departamento de Bioquimíca y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
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11
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Girbés T, Citores L, Iglesias R, Ferreras J, Muñoz R, Rojo M, Arias F, García J, Méndez E, Calonge M. Ebulin 1, a nontoxic novel type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein from Sambucus ebulus L. leaves. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Parente A, Verde C, Malorni A, Montecucchi P, Aniello F, Geraci G. Amino-acid sequence of the cooperative dimeric myoglobin from the radular muscles of the marine gastropod Nassa mutabilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1162:1-9. [PMID: 8448171 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90120-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The complete amino-acid sequence of the dimeric and cooperative myoglobin from the radular muscles of Nassa mutabilis, a common edible gastropod mollusc on the Italian coast, has been determined. The molecule is a homodimer. The monomer is composed of 147 amino-acid residues, with a molecular mass of 15,760 Da. Its sequence is homologous with those of the dimeric myoglobins of the gastropod molluscs of the Prosobranchia subclass Busycon canaliculatum (63% conserved residues) and Cerithidea rhizophorarum (46% conserved residues). The rate of autoxidation to met-myoglobin of N. mutabilis oxymyoglobin at 25 degrees C is strongly pH-dependent with relative minimal rate values in the pH range 7 to 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parente
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica, Università di Napoli, Italy
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13
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Barthelemy I, Martineau D, Ong M, Matsunami R, Ling N, Benatti L, Cavallaro U, Soria M, Lappi D. The expression of saporin, a ribosome-inactivating protein from the plant Saponaria officinalis, in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Fordham-Skelton AP, Taylor PN, Hartley MR, Croy RR. Characterisation of saporin genes: in vitro expression and ribosome inactivation. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 229:460-6. [PMID: 1719367 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A. Saponaria (soapwort) genomic library was screened with a PCR-derived saporin-specific gene probe. The nucleotide sequences of three saporin genomic clones were determined. One of the clones contained a full-length saporin coding sequence whilst the other two were truncated. A hybrid full-length saporin coding sequence was constructed using the two truncated clones. An SP6 promoter sequence and in-frame initiation codon was added to each of the coding sequences using PCR. In vitro translation of saporin coding sequence transcripts in rabbit reticulocyte lysates resulted in the specific depurination of 28S RNA. This indicated that the saporin sequences encoded functional polypeptides with RNA N-glycosidase activity.
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15
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Montecucchi PC, Caldarini R, Sansó M, Bertolaso AM, Rosso di San Secondo VE, Piccolo G, Sirchia G. Purification of immunomodulatory factors in human peripheral blood leukocytes. J Chromatogr A 1990; 512:139-47. [PMID: 2229224 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Procedure is described for purifying low-molecular-weight factors with antigen-aspecific properties from a dialysate of human leukocyte extract. It includes gel chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and G-15, ion-exchange chromatography, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C18 hydrophobic column and gel permeation HPLC. The immunosuppressive factor (mol.wt. 800-1000) was purified to near homogeneity. It is probably of peptidic nature, although it is pronase resistant. The enhancer factor (mol.wt. 300-600) is eluted from chromatographic columns together with a hypoxanthine-like substance. Nevertheless, the biological activity cannot be attributed to the purine derivative. Identification of this amplifier activity is still lacking.
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16
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Bolognesi A, Barbieri L, Carnicelli D, Abbondanza A, Cenini P, Falasca AI, Dinota A, Stirpe F. Purification and properties of a new ribosome-inactivating protein with RNA N-glycosidase activity suitable for immunotoxin preparation from the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 993:287-92. [PMID: 2597699 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(89)90178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A ribosome-inactivating protein similar to those already known (Stirpe and Barbieri (1986) FEBS Lett. 195, 1-8) was purified from the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis. This protein, for which the name of momorcochin-S is proposed, is a glycoprotein, has an Mr of approx. 30,000, and an alkaline isoelectric point and can be considered as an iso-form of the previously purified momorcochin from the roots of M. cochinchinensis. Momorcochin-S inhibits protein synthesis by a rabbit-reticulocyte lysate and phenylalanine polymerization by isolated ribosomes, and alters rRNA in a similar manner as the A-chain of ricin and related toxins (Endo et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5908-5912). Momorcochin-S was linked to a monoclonal antibody (8A) against human plasma cells, and the resulting immunotoxin was selectively toxic to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Patologia sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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17
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Abstract
Biotechnology provides tools for therapeutic exploitation following advances in the elucidation of protein-to-cell and cell-to-cell interactions. Molecular targeting of bacterial and plant toxins to the desired district of action can be achieved through effector molecules like monoclonal antibodies or protein ligands. Biochemical conjugation of these effectors to SO-6, a single-chain Ribosome Inactivating Protein from Saponaria officinalis, yielded powerful cytotoxic agents that are attractive candidates for therapeutic evaluation. Cloning of the gene for this plant toxin has been achieved. Technologies for expression of protein ligands, such as apolipoproteins or several growth factors, are available in recombinant microorganisms, providing adequate partners for the assembly of targeted chimaeras. Domain engineering of structural and functional regions in effector proteins is now possible and will be carried out with the available technologies to improve existing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soria
- Biotechnological Research, Farmitalia Carlo Erba, Milano, Italy
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18
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Benatti L, Saccardo MB, Dani M, Nitti G, Sassano M, Lorenzetti R, Lappi DA, Soria M. Nucleotide sequence of cDNA coding for saporin-6, a type-1 ribosome-inactivating protein from Saponaria officinalis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 183:465-70. [PMID: 2547612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated and sequenced partial cDNA clones that encode SO-6, a ribosome-inactivating protein from Saponaria officinalis. A cDNA library was constructed from the leaves of this plant and screened with synthetic oligonucleotide probes representing various portions of the protein. The deduced amino acid sequence shows the signal peptide and a coding region virtually accounting for the entire amino acid sequence of SO-6. The sequence reveals regions of similarity to other ribosome-inactivating proteins, especially in a region of the molecule where critical amino acid residues might participate in the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Benatti
- Biotechnological Research, Farmitalia Carlo Erba, Milano, Italy
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