1
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Kolesnichenko AV, Kazmina NA, Chistov AA, Vakhrenev RG, Kolesanova EF. Influence of amino acid and N-terminal protection residue structures on peptide p-nitroanilide adsorption on polystyrene-based support. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1137-1140. [PMID: 37450048 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene-based support Bio-Beads® SM-2 was employed for desalting peptide-p-nitroanilides from Oxone®. Neither tosyl, 9-fluorenyl(methoxycarbonyl), p-nitroanilide groups nor indolyl or p-hydroxyphenyl side-chains of Trp and Tyr ensured an efficient adsorption of peptide-p-nitroanilides onto Bio-Beads® SM-2. Only unsubstituted phenyl-containing protection groups (carbobenzoxy or benzoyl) and Phe residues provided the adsorption of peptides on Bio-Beads® SM-2 and their efficient desalting. This support is well suitable for multiple parallel phenyl group-containing peptide derivative separations and high-throughput screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalia A Kazmina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10/8, Pogodinskaya ul., Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Alexey A Chistov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10/8, Pogodinskaya ul., Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Roman G Vakhrenev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10/8, Pogodinskaya ul., Moscow, 119121, Russia
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2
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Meng Q, Wu Y, Sui X, Meng J, Wang T, Lin Y, Wang Z, Zhou X, Qi Y, Du J, Gao Y. POTN: A Human Leukocyte Antigen-A2 Immunogenic Peptides Screening Model and Its Applications in Tumor Antigens Prediction. Front Immunol 2020; 11:02193. [PMID: 33133063 PMCID: PMC7579403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome/exome sequencing data for tumors are now abundant, and many tumor antigens, especially mutant antigens (neoantigens), have been identified for cancer immunotherapy. However, only a small fraction of the peptides from these antigens induce cytotoxic T cell responses. Therefore, efficient methods to identify these antigenic peptides are crucial. The current models of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding and antigenic prediction are still inaccurate. In this study, 360 9-mer peptides with verified immunological activity were selected to construct a prediction of tumor neoantigen (POTN) model, an immunogenic prediction model specifically for the human leukocyte antigen-A2 allele. Based on the physicochemical properties of amino acids, such as the residue propensity, hydrophobicity, and organic solvent/water, we found that the predictive capability of POTN is superior to that of the prediction programs SYPEITHI, IEDB, and NetMHCpan 4.0. We used POTN to screen peptides for the cancer-testis antigen located on the X chromosome, and we identified several peptides that may trigger immunogenicity. We synthesized and measured the binding affinity and immunogenicity of these peptides and found that the accuracy of POTN is higher than that of NetMHCpan 4.0. Identifying the properties related to the T cell response or immunogenicity paves the way to understanding the MHC/peptide/T cell receptor complex. In conclusion, POTN is an efficient prediction model for screening high-affinity immunogenic peptides from tumor antigens, and thus provides useful information for developing cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yahong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Sui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjie Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiuman Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanming Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Carbajo D, El-Faham A, Royo M, Albericio F. Optimized Stepwise Synthesis of the API Liraglutide Using BAL Resin and Pseudoprolines. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8674-8680. [PMID: 31459957 PMCID: PMC6648002 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The number of peptide-based active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has increased enormously in recent years. Furthermore, the emerging new peptide drug candidates are more complex and larger. For the industrial solid-phase synthesis of C-carboxylic acid peptides, the two main resins available, Wang and chlorotrityl chloride (CTC), have a number of drawbacks. In this context, resins that form an amide bond with the first amino acid are more robust than Wang and CTC resins. Here, we address the use of the backbone (BAL) resin for the synthesis of the peptide liraglutide. The BAL resin, in conjunction with the use of pseudoprolines to avoid aggregation, allows the stepwise solid-phase synthesis of this API in excellent purity and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carbajo
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine,
Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Spanish National Research
Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University, P.O. Box 426, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Miriam Royo
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine,
Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Spanish National Research
Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine,
Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Spanish National Research
Council (CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of
Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- E-mail: , . Phone: (+34) 618 089
145, (+27) 614 009 144
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4
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Cherkupally P, Acosta GA, Ramesh S, De la Torre BG, Govender T, Kruger HG, Albericio F. Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), C-terminal vs. side-chain anchoring: a reality or a myth. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1827-38. [PMID: 24770904 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the strategies for the solid-phase synthesis of peptides starting from the side chain of the C-terminal amino acid. Furthermore, we provide experimental data to support that C-terminal and side-chain syntheses give similar results in terms of purity. However, the stability of the two bonds that anchor the peptide to the polymer may determine the overall yield and this should be considered for the large-scale production of peptides. In addition, resins/linkers which do not subject to side reactions can be preferred for some peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Cherkupally
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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5
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Hussey RJ, Coates L, Gill RS, Erskine PT, Coker SF, Mitchell E, Cooper JB, Wood S, Broadbridge R, Clarke IN, Lambden PR, Shoolingin-Jordan PM. A structural study of norovirus 3C protease specificity: binding of a designed active site-directed peptide inhibitor. Biochemistry 2011; 50:240-9. [PMID: 21128685 PMCID: PMC3058531 DOI: 10.1021/bi1008497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major cause of human epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Viral replication requires a 3C cysteine protease that cleaves a 200 kDa viral polyprotein into its constituent functional proteins. Here we describe the X-ray structure of the Southampton norovirus 3C protease (SV3CP) bound to an active site-directed peptide inhibitor (MAPI) which has been refined at 1.7 Å resolution. The inhibitor, acetyl-Glu-Phe-Gln-Leu-Gln-X, which is based on the most rapidly cleaved recognition sequence in the 200 kDa polyprotein substrate, reacts covalently through its propenyl ethyl ester group (X) with the active site nucleophile, Cys 139. The structure permits, for the first time, the identification of substrate recognition and binding groups in a noroviral 3C protease and thus provides important new information for the development of antiviral prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Hussey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, U.K
| | - Leighton Coates
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Raj S. Gill
- Laboratory for Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Division of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Peter T. Erskine
- Laboratory for Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Division of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Shu-Fen Coker
- Laboratory for Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Division of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Ed Mitchell
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jonathan B. Cooper
- Laboratory for Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Division of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Steve Wood
- Laboratory for Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Division of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, U.K
| | - Robert Broadbridge
- Peptide Protein Research Ltd., Knowle Village Business Park, Wickham, Hants PO17 5DY, U.K
| | - Ian N. Clarke
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Paul R. Lambden
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, U.K
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6
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Hussey RJ, Coates L, Gill RS, Wright JN, Sarwar M, Coker S, Erskine PT, Cooper JB, Wood S, Clarke IN, Lambden PR, Broadbridge R, Shoolingin-Jordan PM. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the protease from Southampton norovirus complexed with a Michael acceptor inhibitor. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1544-8. [PMID: 21045318 PMCID: PMC3001671 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110039059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the predominant cause of human epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Viral replication requires a cysteine protease that cleaves a 200 kDa viral polyprotein into its constituent functional parts. Here, the crystallization of the recombinant protease from the Southampton norovirus is described. Whilst the native crystals were found to diffract only to medium resolution (2.9 Å), cocrystals of an inhibitor complex diffracted X-rays to 1.7 Å resolution. The polypeptide inhibitor (Ac-EFQLQ-propenyl ethyl ester) possesses an amino-acid sequence designed to match the substrate specificity of the enzyme, but was synthesized with a reactive Michael acceptor group at the C-terminal end.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Hussey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, England
| | - L. Coates
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - R. S. Gill
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Department of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, England
| | - J. N. Wright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, England
| | - M. Sarwar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, England
| | - S. Coker
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Department of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, England
| | - P. T. Erskine
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Department of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, England
| | - J. B. Cooper
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Department of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, England
| | - S. Wood
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Centre for Amyloidosis and Acute Phase Proteins, UCL Department of Medicine (Royal Free Campus), Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, England
| | - I. N. Clarke
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, England
| | - P. R. Lambden
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, England
| | - R. Broadbridge
- Peptide Protein Research Ltd, E2 Knowle Village Business Park, Wickham, Hants PO17 5DY, England
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7
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Peters H, Kusov Y, Meyer S, Benie A, Bäuml E, Wolff M, Rademacher C, Peters T, Gauss-Müller V. Hepatitis A virus proteinase 3C binding to viral RNA: correlation with substrate binding and enzyme dimerization. Biochem J 2005; 385:363-70. [PMID: 15361063 PMCID: PMC1134706 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase 3C of hepatitis A virus (HAV) plays a key role in the viral life cycle by generating mature viral proteins from the precursor polyprotein. In addition to its proteolytic activity, 3C binds to viral RNA, and thus influences viral genome replication. In order to investigate the interplay between proteolytic activity and RNA binding at the molecular level, we subjected HAV 3C and three variants carrying mutations of the cysteine residues [C24S (Cys-24-->Ser), C172A and C24S/C172A] to proteolysis assays with peptide substrates, and to surface plasmon resonance binding studies with peptides and viral RNA. We report that the enzyme readily forms dimers via disulphide bridges involving Cys-24. Dissociation constants (K(D)) for peptides were in the millimolar range. The binding kinetics for the peptides were characterized by k(on) and k(off) values of the order of 10(2) M(-1) x s(-1) and 10(-2) to 10(-1) s(-1) respectively. In contrast, 3C binding to immobilized viral RNA, representing the structure of the 5'-terminal domain, followed fast binding kinetics with k(on) and k(off) values beyond the limits of the kinetic resolution of the technique. The affinity of viral RNA depended strongly on the dimerization status of 3C. Whereas monomeric 3C bound to the viral RNA with a K(D) in the millimolar range, dimeric 3C had a significantly increased binding affinity with K(D) values in the micromolar range. A model of the 3C dimer suggests that spatial proximity of the presumed RNA-binding motifs KFRDI is possible. 3C binding to RNA was also promoted in the presence of substrate peptides, indicating co-operativity between RNA binding and protease activity. The data imply that the dual functions of 3C are mutually dependent, and regulate protein and RNA synthesis during the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Peters
- *Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yuri Y. Kusov
- †Institute of Medical Molecular Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sonja Meyer
- *Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Benie
- *Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Englbert Bäuml
- *Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maike Wolff
- *Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- *Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas Peters
- *Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| | - Verena Gauss-Müller
- †Institute of Medical Molecular Biology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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8
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Gosalia DN, Salisbury CM, Ellman JA, Diamond SL. High Throughput Substrate Specificity Profiling of Serine and Cysteine Proteases Using Solution-phase Fluorogenic Peptide Microarrays. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:626-36. [PMID: 15705970 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500004-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases regulate numerous biological processes with a degree of specificity often dictated by the amino acid sequence of the substrate cleavage site. To map protease/substrate interactions, a 722-member library of fluorogenic protease substrates of the general format Ac-Ala-X-X-(Arg/Lys)-coumarin was synthesized (X=all natural amino acids except cysteine) and microarrayed with fluorescent calibration standards in glycerol nanodroplets on glass slides. Specificities of 13 serine proteases (activated protein C, plasma kallikrein, factor VIIa, factor IXabeta, factor XIa and factor alpha XIIa, activated complement C1s, C1r, and D, tryptase, trypsin, subtilisin Carlsberg, and cathepsin G) and 11 papain-like cysteine proteases (cathepsin B, H, K, L, S, and V, rhodesain, papain, chymopapain, ficin, and stem bromelain) were obtained from 103,968 separate microarray fluorogenic reactions (722 substrates x 24 different proteases x 6 replicates). This is the first comprehensive study to report the substrate specificity of rhodesain, a papain-like cysteine protease expressed by Trypanasoma brucei rhodesiense, a parasitic protozoa responsible for causing sleeping sickness. Rhodesain displayed a strong P2 preference for Leu, Val, Phe, and Tyr in both the P1=Lys and Arg libraries. Solution-phase microarrays facilitate protease/substrate specificity profiling in a rapid manner with minimal peptide library or enzyme usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval N Gosalia
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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9
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Kwon Y, Welsh K, Mitchell AR, Camarero JA. Preparation of Peptide p-Nitroanilides Using an Aryl Hydrazine Resin. Org Lett 2004; 6:3801-4. [PMID: 15469353 DOI: 10.1021/ol048417n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Peptide p-nitroanilides are useful compounds for studying protease activity; however, the poor nucleophilicity of p-nitroaniline makes their preparation difficult. We describe a new efficient approach for the Fmoc-based synthesis of peptide p-nitroanilides using an aryl hydrazine resin. Mild oxidation of the peptide hydrazide resin yields a highly reactive acyl diazene that efficiently reacts with weak nucleophiles. We have prepared several peptide p-nitroanilides, including substrates for the Lethal Factor protease from B. anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngeun Kwon
- Chemical Biology and Nuclear Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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10
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Barany G, Han Y, Hargittai B, Liu RQ, Varkey JT. Side-chain anchoring strategy for solid-phase synthesis of peptide acids with C-terminal cysteine. Biopolymers 2004; 71:652-66. [PMID: 14991675 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many naturally occurring peptide acids, e.g., somatostatins, conotoxins, and defensins, contain a cysteine residue at the C-terminus. Furthermore, installation of C-terminal cysteine onto epitopic peptide sequences as a preliminary to conjugating such structures to carrier proteins is a valuable tactic for antibody preparation. Anchoring of N(alpha)-Fmoc, S-protected C-terminal cysteine as an ester onto the support for solid-phase peptide synthesis is known to sometimes occur in low yields, has attendant risks of racemization, and may also result in conversion to a C-terminal 3-(1-piperidinyl)alanine residue as the peptide chain grows by Fmoc chemistry. These problems are documented for several current strategies, but can be circumvented by the title anchoring strategy, which features the following: (a). conversion of the eventual C-terminal cysteine residue, with Fmoc for N(alpha)-amino protection and tert-butyl for C(alpha)-carboxyl protection, to a corresponding S-xanthenyl ((2)XAL(4)) preformed handle derivative; and (b). attachment of the resultant preformed handle to amino-containing supports. This approach uses key intermediates that are similar to previously reported Fmoc-XAL handles, and builds on earlier experience with Xan and related protection for cysteine. Implementation of this strategy is documented here with syntheses of three small model peptides, as well as the tetradecapeptide somatostatin. Anchoring occurs without racemization, and the absence of 3-(1-piperidinyl)alanine formation is inferred by retention of chains on the support throughout the cycles of Fmoc chemistry. Fully deprotected peptides, including free sulfhydryl peptides, are released from the support in excellent yield by using cocktails containing a high concentration (i.e., 80-90%) of TFA plus appropriate thiols or silanes as scavengers. High-yield release of partially protected peptides is achieved by treatment with cocktails containing a low concentration (i.e., 1-5%) of TFA. In peptides with two cysteine residues, the corresponding intramolecular disulfide-bridged peptide is obtained by either (a). oxidation, in solution, of the dithiol product released by acid; (b). simultaneous acidolytic cleavage and disulfide formation, achieved by addition of the mild oxidant DMSO to the cleavage cocktail; or (c). concomitant cleavage/cooxidation (involving a downstream S-Xan protected cysteine), using reagents such as iodine or thallium tris(trifluoroacetate) in acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Barany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis of biomolecules, of which peptides are the principal example, is well established. However, synthetic peptides containing modifications at the carboxy termini are often desired because of their potential therapeutic properties. As a result, there is a necessity for effective solid-phase strategies for the preparation of peptides with C-terminal end groups other than the usual carboxylic acid and carboxamide functionalities. The present article primarily reviews literature reports on methods for solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal modified peptides. In addition, general information about biological activities and/or synthetic applications of each individual class of peptide is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Alsina
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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12
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Senten K, Van der Veken P, Bal G, Haemers A, Augustyns K. Polymer-assisted solution-phase parallel synthesis of dipeptide p-nitroanilides and dipeptide diphenyl phosphonates. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Abbenante G, Leung D, Bond T, Fairlie DP. An efficient Fmoc strategy for the rapid synthesis of peptide para-nitroanilides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Mergler M, Dick F, Gosteli J, Nyfeler R. Protected peptidep-nitroanilides by solid-phase synthesis. Int J Pept Res Ther 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Alsina J, Yokum TS, Albericio F, Barany G. Backbone Amide Linker (BAL) Strategy for N(alpha)()-9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) Solid-Phase Synthesis of Unprotected Peptide p-Nitroanilides and Thioesters(1). J Org Chem 1999; 64:8761-8769. [PMID: 11674777 DOI: 10.1021/jo990629o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel and general backbone amide linker (BAL) strategy has been devised for preparation of C-terminal modified peptides containing hindered, unreactive, and/or sensitive moieties, in concert with N(alpha)()-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid-phase synthesis protocols. This strategy comprises (i) start of peptide synthesis by anchoring the penultimate residue, with its carboxyl group orthogonally protected, through the backbone nitrogen, (ii) continuation with standard protocols for peptide chain elongation in the C --> N direction, (iii) selective orthogonal removal of the carboxyl protecting group, (iv) solid-phase activation of the pendant carboxyl and coupling with the desired C-terminal residue, and (v) final cleavage/deprotection to release the free peptide product into solution. To illustrate this approach, several model peptide p-nitroanilides and thioesters have been prepared in excellent yields and purities, with minimal racemization. Such compounds are very difficult to prepare by standard Fmoc chemistry, including the BAL strategy as originally envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Alsina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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de Bont DB, Sliedregt-Bol KM, Hofmeyer LJ, Liskamp RM. Increased stability of peptidesulfonamide peptidomimetics towards protease catalyzed degradation. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:1043-7. [PMID: 10428372 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of amide bonds in peptides by sulfonamide moieties resulted in peptidosulfonamides with an increased stability towards protease catalyzed degradation. In addition to protection of the protease cleavage site, it was found that introduction of a sulfonamide also influenced the stability of adjacent amide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B de Bont
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Bernhardt A, Drewello M, Schutkowski M. The solid-phase synthesis of side-chain-phosphorylated peptide-4-nitroanilides. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1997; 50:143-52. [PMID: 9273898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1997.tb01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-4-nitroanilides can be quickly synthesised using an Fmoc-based approach on 2-chlorotritylchloride resin. Preformed building blocks Fmoc-Xaa-NH-Np (Xaa = Cit, Cys, Gln, His, Lys, Orn, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Trp) can be attached via side chain to the 2-chlorotritylchloride linker of the resin. N-terminal elongation yields the respective peptide-4-nitroanilides after detachment from the solid support. We synthesised a set of tetrapeptide-4-nitroanilides with the general structure Suc-Ala-Phe-Pro-Xaa-NH-Np (Xaa = Asp, Cit, Cys, Glu, Gln, His, Lys, Orn, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Trp). Even peptidyl-arginine-4-nitroanilides are available by a slightly modified procedure. First, the appropriate ornithine-containing peptide was synthesised. After detachment of the peptide from the resin the side-chain primary amino group was transformed to the guanidino function of arginine using 1-guanyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazole. A further application of this method is the convenient synthesis of phosphorylated peptide-4-nitroanilides. Five phosphopeptides with the general structure Ac-Ala-Xaa(PO3H2)-Pro-Yaa-NH-Np (Xaa = Ser, Thr, Tyr; Yaa = Tyr, Lys) and their nonphosphorylated analogues were prepared. Global phosphorylation was carried out on the resin-bound peptides using dibenzyl-N, N-diisopropyl-phosphoramidite/tetrazole followed by oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernhardt
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaft e.V., Forschungsstelle Enzymologie der Proteinfaltung, Halle, Germany
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