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Yun J, Burrow MF, Matinlinna JP, Ding H, Chan SM(R, Tsoi JKH, Wang Y. Design of Multi-Functional Bio-Safe Dental Resin Composites with Mineralization and Anti-Biofilm Properties. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:120. [PMID: 38786632 PMCID: PMC11122376 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15050120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop multi-functional bio-safe dental resin composites with capabilities for mineralization, high in vitro biocompatibility, and anti-biofilm properties. To address this issue, experimental resin composites consisting of UDMA/TEGDMA-based dental resins and low quantities (1.9, 3.8, and 7.7 vol%) of 45S5 bioactive glass (BAG) particles were developed. To evaluate cellular responses of resin composites, MC3T3-E1 cells were (1) exposed to the original composites extracts, (2) cultured directly on the freshly cured resin composites, or (3) cultured on preconditioned composites that have been soaked in deionized water (DI water), a cell culture medium (MEM), or a simple HEPES-containing artificial remineralization promotion (SHARP) solution for 14 days. Cell adhesion, cell viability, and cell differentiation were, respectively, assessed. In addition, the anti-biofilm properties of BAG-loaded resin composites regarding bacterial viability, biofilm thickness, and biofilm morphology, were assessed for the first time. In vitro biological results demonstrated that cell metabolic activity and ALP expression were significantly diminished when subjected to composite extracts or direct contact with the resin composites containing BAG fillers. However, after the preconditioning treatments in MEM and SHARP solutions, the biomimetic calcium phosphate minerals on 7.7 vol% BAG-loaded composites revealed unimpaired or even better cellular processes, including cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and early cell differentiation. Furthermore, resin composites with 1.9, 3.8, and 7.7 vol% BAG could not only reduce cell viability in S. mutans biofilm on the composite surface but also reduce the biofilm thickness and bacterial aggregations. This phenomenon was more evident in BAG7.7 due to the high ionic osmotic pressure and alkaline microenvironment caused by BAG dissolution. This study concludes that multi-functional bio-safe resin composites with mineralization and anti-biofilm properties can be achieved by adding low quantities of BAG into the resin system, which offers promising abilities to mineralize as well as prevent caries without sacrificing biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China;
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (J.P.M.); (H.D.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Michael F. Burrow
- Prosthodontics, Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Jukka P. Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (J.P.M.); (H.D.); (S.M.C.)
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hao Ding
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (J.P.M.); (H.D.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Sin Man (Rosalind) Chan
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (J.P.M.); (H.D.); (S.M.C.)
| | - James K. H. Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (J.P.M.); (H.D.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China;
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Daca A, Jarzembowski T. From the Friend to the Foe- Enterococcus faecalis Diverse Impact on the Human Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2422. [PMID: 38397099 PMCID: PMC10888668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium which accompanies us from the first days of our life. As a commensal it produces vitamins, metabolizes nutrients, and maintains intestinal pH. All of that happens in exchange for a niche to inhabit. It is not surprising then, that the bacterium was and is used as an element of many probiotics and its positive impact on the human immune system and the body in general is hard to ignore. This bacterium has also a dark side though. The plasticity and relative ease with which one acquires virulence traits, and the ability to hide from or even deceive and use the immune system to spread throughout the body make E. faecalis a more and more dangerous opponent. The statistics clearly show its increasing role, especially in the case of nosocomial infections. Here we present the summarization of current knowledge about E. faecalis, especially in the context of its relations with the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Physiopathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jarzembowski
- Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
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Fitzgerald BA, Wadud A, Slimak Z, Slonczewski JL. Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF Evolution at Low pH Selects Fusidate-Sensitive Mutants in Elongation Factor G and at High pH Selects Defects in Phosphate Transport. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0046623. [PMID: 37272807 PMCID: PMC10304957 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00466-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus bacteria inhabit human and soil environments that show a wide range of pH values. Strains include commensals as well as antibiotic-resistant pathogens. We investigated the adaptation to pH stress in E. faecalis OG1RF by conducting experimental evolution under acidic (pH 4.8), neutral pH (pH 7.0), and basic (pH 9.0) conditions. A serial planktonic culture was performed for 500 generations and in a high-pH biofilm culture for 4 serial bead transfers. Nearly all of the mutations led to nonsynonomous codons, indicating adaptive selection. All of the acid-adapted clones from the planktonic culture showed a mutation in fusA (encoding elongation factor G). The acid-adapted fusA mutants had a trade-off of decreased resistance to fusidic acid (fusidate). All of the base-adapted clones from the planktonic cultures as well as some from the biofilm-adapted cultures showed mutations that affected the Pst phosphate ABC transporter (pstA, pstB, pstB2, pstC) and pyrR (pyrimidine biosynthesis regulator/uracil phosphoribosyltransferase). The biofilm cultures produced small-size colonies on brain heart infusion agar. These variants each contained a single mutation in pstB2, pstC, or pyrR. The pst and pyrR mutants outgrew the ancestral strain at pH 9.2, with a trade-off of lower growth at pH 4.8. Additional genes that had a mutation in multiple clones that evolved at high pH (but not at low pH) include opp1BCDF (oligopeptide ABC transporter), ccpA (catabolite control protein A), and ftsZ (septation protein). Overall, the experimental evolution of E. faecalis showed a strong pH dependence, favoring the fusidate-sensitive elongation factor G modification at low pH and the loss of phosphate transport genes at high pH. IMPORTANCE E. faecalis bacteria are found in dental biofilms, where they experience low pH as a result of fermentative metabolism. Thus, the effect of pH on antibiotic resistance has clinical importance. The loss of fusidate resistance is notable for OG1RF strains in which fusidate resistance is assumed to be a stable genetic marker. In endodontal infections, enterococci can resist calcium hydroxide therapy that generates extremely high pH values. In other environments, such as the soil and plant rhizosphere, enterococci experience acidification that is associated with climate change. Thus, the pH modulation of natural selection in enterococci is important for human health as well as for understanding soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayman Wadud
- Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
| | - Zachary Slimak
- Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
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Abe Y, Honda M. A Novel Control Method of Enterococcus faecalis by Co-Treatment with Protamine and Calcium Hydroxide. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1629. [PMID: 37376077 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), a gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacterium, is likely to survive root canal treatment because of its extremely high alkaline tolerance, which may contribute to the refractory nature of apical periodontitis (AP). In this study, protamine was combined with calcium hydroxide to evaluate its efficacy in killing E. faecalis. First, the antibacterial activity of protamine against E. faecalis was investigated. Protamine reduced the E. faecalis growth rate at concentrations above the MIC (250 μg/mL), but was not bactericidal at any of the concentrations tested. Next, we investigated the calcium hydroxide tolerance of E. faecalis, using a 10% 310 medium, adjusted for pH by adding a calcium hydroxide solution. The results showed that E. faecalis could survive and proliferate in alkaline environments up to pH 10. However, the complete killing of E. faecalis was observed when protamine (250 μg/mL) was added. In addition, compared with treatment with protamine and calcium hydroxide alone, membrane damage and internalization of protamine into the cytoplasm of E. faecalis were enhanced. Therefore, the synergistic increase in antibacterial activity may be related to the action of both antimicrobial agents on the cell membrane. In conclusion, co-treatment with protamine and calcium hydroxide seems to be very effective in sterilizing E. faecalis, and has the potential to provide a novel control method against E. faecalis for root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Abe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Michiyo Honda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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Kim M, Lee SH, Shin DH. In Vitro Study of the Biological and Physical Properties of Dual-Cure Resin-Modified Calcium Silicate-Based Cement. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11050120. [PMID: 37232772 DOI: 10.3390/dj11050120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to compare the biological and mechanical properties of a novel dual-cure, resin-modified calcium silicate material, Theracal PT® (TP), with those of Theracal LC® (TL) and BiodentineTM (BD). METHODS The cell counting kit-8 was used on human dental pulp cells to test cell the viability of the three materials. Antibacterial activity of TP, TL, and BD against Enterococcus faecalis was investigated under anaerobic conditions. The ability of the materials to support odontogenic differentiation was studied by examining the relative gene expression of osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and Collagen I (ColI) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. For mechanical property tests, microhardness was evaluated using the Vickers microhardness (VHN) test, and the bond strength to the resin was evaluated using a shear bond test machine. RESULTS There was no significant difference in cell viability between TL and TP after 48 h, and BD showed the highest cell viability, while TP showed the highest antibacterial effect. At the 12-h time point, there was no significant difference in ColI and OCN expression between BD and TP, but TP showed a higher expression of OPN than BD. However, at the 48-h time point, ColI and OCN showed higher levels of expression for BD than for TP and TL. At the same time point, only OPN had a higher diffusion for TP than for BD. TP demonstrated a VHN of approximately 30-35. This value was higher than that of TL and lower than that of BD. In contrast to VHN, the shear bond strength to resin was significantly higher for TL and TP than for BD. CONCLUSION TP showed lower biocompatibility than BD but higher OPN expression and antibacterial effects than BD and TL. TP showed higher shear bond strength than BD and higher VHN than TL and BD at the 24-h time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Shin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Recycling of Waste Corundum Abrasive Powder in MK-Based Geopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112173. [PMID: 35683848 PMCID: PMC9182985 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling corundum abrasive powder in metakaolin-based geopolymer formulations is proposed to reduce the amount of waste to be treated or disposed of in landfills, allowing to decrease ecological damage as well as to reduce transport costs for removal. The addition of waste corundum, as an important source of Al2O3, has proved to increase the slight ionic conductivity of the leachate solution obtained after immersion in water of samples at 28 d of curing at room temperature. With the same curing conditions, the geopolymerization process has not been disturbed as evidenced by the FT-IR peak shift and XRD patterns. It was recorded a decrease in resistance to compression of the consolidated geopolymers of about 5% with 10 wt% addition and of about 77% with the addition of 20 wt% of waste corundum. In any case, the waste abrasive powder does not release heavy metals when added to a geopolymeric formulation based on MK, NaOH, and Na-silicate, and does not show relevant antibacterial properties, indicating the formation of a stable and safe final product with a ceramic-like appearance.
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Itoyama S, Noda E, Takamatsu S, Kondo J, Kawaguchi R, Shimosaka M, Fukuoka T, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Tanemura M, Mitsufuji S, Iwagami Y, Akita H, Tobe T, Kamada Y, Eguchi H, Miyoshi E. Enterococcus spp. have higher fitness for survival, in a pH-dependent manner, in pancreatic juice among duodenal bacterial flora. JGH Open 2022; 6:85-90. [PMID: 35071793 PMCID: PMC8762619 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aim Bacterial infection is involved in the progression of many gastrointestinal diseases, including those of pancreas; however, how and which bacteria colonize in pancreatic juice and tissue have yet to be elucidated. Recently, we reported that Enterococcus faecalis exists in the pancreatic juice and tissues of patients with chronic pancreatic disease. Here, we investigated the survival of E. faecalis in duodenal juice with different pH conditions. Methods Pancreatic juice samples from 62 patients with cancers of the duodeno‐pancreato‐biliary region were evaluated for the presence of E. faecalis. 16S ribosomal RNA polymerase chain reaction and 16S‐based metagenome analyses were performed to determine the bacterial composition. The survival of E. faecalis in various pancreatic juice conditions was evaluated. Results Of 62 samples, 27% (17/62) were positive for Enterococcus spp., among which 71% (12/17) contained E. faecalis. Enterococcus spp. showed the highest fitness for survival in alkaline pancreatic juice among various bacterial species. The microbiome of pancreatic juice from patients with pancreatic and bile duct cancer showed diversity, but Enterococcus spp. were enriched among duodenal tumors and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Conclusions Alkalinity is one of the important factors for the selective survival of E. faecalis among microbiota. E. faecalis can colonize the pancreatic duct when the pancreatic juice condition is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Itoyama
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Emika Noda
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Shinji Takamatsu
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Rui Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Munefumi Shimosaka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Tomoya Fukuoka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanemura
- Department of Surgery Rinku General Medical Center Izumisano Osaka Japan
| | - Suguru Mitsufuji
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Toru Tobe
- Laboratory of Molecular Medical Microbiology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Advanced Metabolic Hepatology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan
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Disruption of the adh (acetoin dehydrogenase) operon has wide-ranging effects on Streptococcus mutans growth and stress response. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0057821. [PMID: 35007154 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00578-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The agent largely responsible for initiating dental caries, Streptococcus mutans produces acetoin dehydrogenase that is encoded by the adh operon. The operon consists of the adhA and B genes (E1 dehydrogenase), adhC (E2 lipoylated transacetylase), adhD (E3 dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase), and lplA (lipoyl ligase). Evidence is presented that AdhC interacts with SpxA2, a redox-sensitive transcription factor functioning in cell wall and oxidative stress responses. In-frame deletion mutations of adh genes conferred oxygen-dependent sensitivity to slightly alkaline pH (pH 7.2-7.6), within the range of values observed in human saliva. Growth defects were also observed when glucose or sucrose served as major carbon sources. A deletion of the adhC orthologous gene, acoC gene of Streptococcus gordonii, did not result in pH sensitivity or defective growth in glucose and sucrose. The defects observed in adh mutants were partially reversed by addition of pyruvate. Unlike most 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases, the E3 AdhD subunit bears an N-terminal lipoylation domain nearly identical to that of E2 AdhC. Changing the lipoyl domains of AdhC and AdhD by replacing the lipoate attachment residue, lysine to arginine, caused no significant reduction in pH sensitivity but the adhDK43R mutation eliminating the lipoylation site resulted in an observable growth defect in glucose medium. The adh mutations were partially suppressed by a deletion of rex, encoding an NAD+/NADH-sensing transcription factor that represses genes functioning in fermentation. spxA2 adh double mutants show synthetic growth restriction at elevated pH and upon ampicillin treatment. These results suggest a role for Adh in stress management in S. mutans. IMPORTANCE Dental caries is often initiated by Streptococcus mutans, which establishes a biofilm and a low pH environment on tooth enamel surfaces. The current study has uncovered vulnerabilities of S. mutans mutant strains that are unable to produce the enzyme complex, acetoin dehydrogenase (Adh). Such mutants are sensitive to modest increases in pH to 7.2-7.6, within the range of human saliva, while a mutant of a commensal Streptococcal species is resistant. The S. mutans adh strains are also defective in carbohydrate utilization and are hypersensitive to a cell wall-acting antibiotic. The studies suggest that Adh could be a potential target for interfering with S. mutans colonization of the oral environment.
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Gutiérrez DM, Castillo Y, Ibarra-Avila H, López M, Orozco JC, Lafaurie GI, Castillo DM. A new model for the formation of an Enterococcus faecalis endodontic biofilm with nutritional restriction. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 62:13-21. [PMID: 34874074 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro model for the formation of an Enterococcus faecalis endodontic biofilm under nutritional restriction was established, simulating clinical conditions for the evaluation of antimicrobial substances. Biofilm formation in dentin was standardized using root quarters incubated with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 at 37°C without nutritional changes. Biofilms were evaluated at 7, 14, and 30 days, counting bacterial colony-forming units using conventional culture and verified scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial viability and biovolume were determined with confocal laser microscopy. Colonization of E. faecalis and biofilm formation on the dentinal surface was confirmed after 7 and 14 days, respectively. Microorganism colonization was homogeneous over the entire root surface at each time point, without significant differences in the viability percentage and biovolume. On the contrary, a decrease in viability and an increase in biovolume were observed when the time was increased. Compared with other incubation times, 14 days was found to be the best time for the establishment of the biofilm in terms of biovolume and bacterial viability. This in vitro model for the formation of endodontic biofilm will allow future evaluation of the efficacy of antimicrobial substances with a more adequate clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marcela Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral (UIBO), Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Yormaris Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral (UIBO), Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Humberto Ibarra-Avila
- Centro de Microscopia-μ-Core I Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Mónica López
- Centro de Microscopia-μ-Core I Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Juan C Orozco
- Centro de Microscopia-μ-Core I Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Creación, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Gloria I Lafaurie
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral (UIBO), Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Diana Marcela Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral (UIBO), Vicerrectoría de investigaciones, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
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Activity of Two Antimicrobial Peptides against Enterococcus faecalis in a Model of Biofilm-Mediated Endodontic Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101220. [PMID: 34680801 PMCID: PMC8532894 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a common cause of biofilm-associated opportunistic infections, which are often difficult to treat. The formation of E. faecalis biofilms on the dentinal walls of the root canal is frequently the cause of endodontic treatment failure and secondary apical periodontitis. In a preliminary work, two recognized antifungal peptides, KP and L18R, showed antibacterial activity against planktonic E. faecalis cells at micromolar concentrations. Moreover, L18R proved to reduce the biomass in the early stage of E. faecalis biofilm development on polystyrene plates, while a qualitative biofilm inhibition was demonstrated on hydroxyapatite disks by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The aim of this study was to better characterize the effect of both peptides on E. faecalis biofilm. A reduction in metabolic activity after peptide treatment was detected by Alamar Blue assay, while a remarkable impairment in the architecture of E. faecalis biofilms on hydroxyapatite disks, along with a significant reduction in viable bacteria, was caused mostly by L18R, as assessed by CLSM and scanning electron microscopy. The lack of cytotoxicity of the investigated peptides against L929 murine fibroblasts was also determined. Obtained results suggest L18R as a promising candidate for the development of new strategies for endodontic infection control.
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Caiaffa KS, Dos Santos VR, Abuna GF, Santos-Filho NA, Cilli EM, Sakai VT, Cintra LTA, Duque C. Cytocompatibility and Synergy of EGCG and Cationic Peptides Against Bacteria Related to Endodontic Infections, in Planktonic and Biofilm Conditions. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1808-1819. [PMID: 34402021 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09830-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the cytocompatibility and antimicrobial/antibiofilm effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) associated with peptide LL-37 and its analogue KR-12-a5 against oral pathogens. The effect of the compounds on metabolism of fibroblasts was evaluated by methyltetrazolium assays. Antimicrobial activity of the compounds was evaluated on Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces israelii, and Fusobacterium nucleatum under planktonic conditions, on single- and dual-species biofilms and E. faecalis biofilms in dentinal tubules and analyzed by bacterial counts and confocal microscopy. Data were statistically analyzed considering p < 0.05. EGCG and peptide combinations were not toxic to fibroblasts. KR-12-a5 showed synergistic or addictive effects with EGCG and LL-37 against all bacteria tested. However, EGCG associated with KR-12-a5 demonstrated the highest bactericidal activity on all bacteria tested, at lower concentrations. In single-species biofilms, EGCG + KR-12-a5 eliminated S. mutans and A. israelii and reduced E. faecalis and F. nucleatum counts around 5 log CFU/mL. EGCG + KR-12-a5 reduced E. faecalis (-3.93 log CFU/mL) and eliminated S. mutans in dual-species biofilms. No growth of E. faecalis and significant reduction in A. israelii (-6.24 log CFU/mL) and F. nucleatum (-4.62 log CFU/mL) counts were detected in dual-species biofilms. The combination of EGCG and KR-12-a5 led to 88% of E. faecalis dead cells inside dentin tubules. The association of EGCG and KR-12-a5 was cytocompatible and promoted synergistic effect against biofilms of bacteria associated with endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sampaio Caiaffa
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Flores Abuna
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, São Paulo State University - Institute of Chemistry (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, São Paulo State University - Institute of Chemistry (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivien Thiemy Sakai
- Department of Clinics and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Duque
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Aracatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Han X, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Liu X, Chen Y. Novel Bioactive Glass-Modified Hybrid Composite Resin: Mechanical Properties, Biocompatibility, and Antibacterial and Remineralizing Activity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:661734. [PMID: 34141700 PMCID: PMC8205519 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.661734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary caries seriously limits the lifetime of composite resin. However, integrating all desirable properties (i.e., mechanical, antibacterial, bioactivity, and biocompatibility) into one composite resin is still challenging. Herein, a novel bioactive glass (BAG)-modified hybrid composite resin has been successfully developed to simultaneously achieve excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and antibacterial and remineralizing capabilities. When the mass fractions of BAG particles were added from 8 to 23 wt %, the original mechanical properties of the composite resin, including flexural strength and compressive strength, were not obviously affected without compromising the degree of conversion. Although the BAG incorporation of mass fractions of 16 wt % to 23 wt % in composite resins reduced cell viability, the viability could be recovered to normal by adjusting the pH value. Moreover, the BAG-modified composite resins that were obtained showed good antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans and enhanced remineralizing activity on demineralized dentin surfaces with increasing incorporation of BAG particles. The possible mechanisms for antibacterial and remineralizing activity might be closely related to the release of bioactive ions (Ca2+, Si4+), suggesting that its antibacterial and biological properties can be controlled by modulating the amounts of bioactive ions. The capability to balance the mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity, and bioactivity makes the BAG-modified composite resin a promising prospect for clinical application. Our findings provide insight into better design and intelligent fabrication of bioactive composite resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Polyclinics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Periodontology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Dental Materials, Shanghai Biomaterials Research & Testing Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Polyclinics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Alfadda S, Alquria T, Karaismailoglu E, Aksel H, Azim AA. Antibacterial Effect and Bioactivity of Innovative and Currently Used Intracanal Medicaments in Regenerative Endodontics. J Endod 2021; 47:1294-1300. [PMID: 34033820 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect and bioactivity of triple antibiotic paste (TAP), calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2), and calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]2). METHODS Root canals were infected with 3-week-old Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and then medicated for 7 days with TAP, Ca(OH)2, or Ca(OCl)2 (n = 10/group). Untreated and uninfected canals were used as positive and negative controls. The antibacterial effect was determined using colony-forming units and a Live/Dead bacterial viability kit. Dental pulp stem cells were seeded on medicated dentin surfaces for 7 days. Sodium thiosulfate and various concentrations of ascorbic acid (1%, 5%, and 10%) were also used to neutralize the samples treated with Ca(OCl)2 before cell seeding (n = 3 in triplicate). Cell viability and morphology were evaluated using a viability assay and Live/Dead cell analysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was also measured to determine the cells' mineralization activity. RESULTS All medicaments decreased the initial bacterial load (P < .05). The highest bacterial reduction in the main canal and dentinal tubules was observed in the Ca(OCl)2 group (P < .05). TAP- or Ca(OH)2-treated dentin surface improved cell viability and ALP activity compared with the untreated dentin surface (P < .05), whereas Ca(OCl)2 decreased cell viability and ALP activity (P < .05). Ten percent ascorbic acid neutralized the effect of Ca(OCl)2 on the treated dentin surface, showing higher cell viability (P < .05) and similar ALP activity with the untreated dentin surface and the other groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Ca(OCl)2 medication improved root canal disinfection against E. faecalis biofilm compared with TAP and Ca(OH)2. The adverse effects caused by Ca(OCl)2 on cell viability and mineralization activity can be neutralized with 10% ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alfadda
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Theeb Alquria
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Eda Karaismailoglu
- Department of Medical Informatics, Health Sciences University, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hacer Aksel
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Adham A Azim
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
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14
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Anitha S, George L, Mathew J, Paul S, Varghese T, Vineet RV. Evaluation and comparison of the apical seal obtained with Biodentine after conditioning of root end with three different solutions using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer: An in vitro study. ENDODONTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/endo.endo_119_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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15
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Morita M, Kitagawa H, Nakayama K, Kitagawa R, Yamaguchi S, Imazato S. Antibacterial activities and mineral induction abilities of proprietary MTA cements. Dent Mater J 2020; 40:297-303. [PMID: 33028785 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cements are used in direct pulp capping and many other applications, and several types of these products have been commercialized. The aim of this study was to examine the antibacterial effects and mineral induction abilities of three conventional MTA cements and one resin-modified MTA cement. Agar diffusion tests revealed that, after setting, all four cements exhibited little antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans, with no significant differences among the materials. After 24 h, E. faecalis and S. mutans suspensions incubated in the presence of each cement did not exhibit reduced numbers of viable bacteria, compared with those same bacterial suspensions incubated without any cement; this indicated that none of the cements inhibited bacterial growth. Furthermore, the resin-modified MTA cement exhibited lower mineral induction ability, compared with that of the three conventional MTA cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Morita
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Department of Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Haruaki Kitagawa
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Katsuya Nakayama
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Ranna Kitagawa
- Department of Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Satoshi Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
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16
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Eftekharivash L, Hamedi J. Genome sequence and annotation of Streptomyces tendae UTMC 3329, acid and alkaline tolerant actinobacterium. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 12:343-352. [PMID: 32994907 PMCID: PMC7502141 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v12i4.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Streptomyces tendae is one of the most prolific actinobacteria with a wide range of biotechnological applications. Genomic data can help in better understanding and exploration of important microorganisms, however, there is a few genomic information available for this species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Molecular identification, pH and salt tolerance of an actinobacterium, designated Streptomyces tendae UTMC 3329, isolated from a tea field soil were done. Also, genomic DNA was extracted and sequenced using Illumina platform with MPS (massively parallel sequencing) Illumina technology. Gene annotation and bioinformatic analysis were done using appropriate software and servers. RESULTS The draft genome is ∼8.7 megabase pairs, containing 7557 predicted coding sequences. The strain was able to grow at pH 5-12 and 0-10% NaCl. The maximum growth rate of the bacterium was obtained at pH 7. The gene clusters involved in central carbon metabolism, phosphate regulation, transport system, stress responses were revealed. It was shown the presence of gene clusters of polyketides, ribosomally and non-ribosomally synthesized peptides. Various genes were found in xenobiotic degradation pathways and heavy metal resistance. CONCLUSION The current genomic information which reveals biological features, as well as the biotechnological potential of this acid and alkaline tolerant actinobacterium, can be implemented for further research on the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Eftekharivash
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Technology and Products Research Center, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Hamedi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbial Technology and Products Research Center, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Banerjee S, Maiti TK, Roy RN. Production, purification, and characterization of cellulase from Acinetobacter junii GAC 16.2, a novel cellulolytic gut isolate of Gryllotalpa africana, and its effects on cotton fiber and sawdust. ANN MICROBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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18
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Kim T, Kim MA, Hwang YC, Rosa V, Del Fabbro M, Min KS. Effect of a calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medicament containing N-2-methyl pyrrolidone as a vehicle against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. J Appl Oral Sci 2020; 28:e20190516. [PMID: 32236357 PMCID: PMC7105290 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2019-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a calcium hydroxide (CH) paste (CleaniCal®) containing N-2-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) as a vehicle on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilms compared with other products containing saline (Calasept Plus™) or propylene glycol (PG) (Calcipex II®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegun Kim
- Chonbuk National University, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Mi-Ah Kim
- Chonbuk National University, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Yun-Chan Hwang
- Chonnam National University, School of Dentistry, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- National University of Singapore, Faculty of Dentistry, Discipline of Oral Sciences, Singapore
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Milano, Italia.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italia
| | - Kyung-San Min
- Chonbuk National University, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Jeonju, Korea.,Chonbuk National University, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonju, Korea.,Chonbuk National University Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonju, Korea
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19
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Ex vivo comparison of antibacterial efficacy of conventional chemomechanical debridement alone and in combination with light-activated disinfection and laser irradiation against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101648. [PMID: 31904552 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Intracanal disinfection plays an important role in endodontic treatment success. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a resistant microorganism responsible for endodontic infections. We aimed to assess the bactericidal effects of three disinfection methods on E. faecalis biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-five freshly extracted single-rooted human teeth were evaluated. A barbed broach was used to extract the pulp tissue. No further root canal preparation was performed. Specimens were sterilized with gamma radiation, and inoculated with E. faecalis suspension. They were then incubated for 4 days and 4 weeks. Biofilm formation was confirmed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The teeth were randomly assigned to three subgroups (n = 7) to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the following three disinfection methods against immature (4-day) and mature (4-week) biofilms: the conventional chemomechanical debridement (CCMD), CCMD + light-activated disinfection (LAD; 810 nm, 0.3 W, 120 J/cm2) with indocyanine Green (EmunDo) as photosensitizer and CCMD + diode laser irradiation (810 nm, 2 W). The teeth were then longitudinally split into two halves and the colony count was reported as colony forming units (CFUs) to assess bacterial viability after each disinfection protocol. RESULTS None of the disinfection methods could completely remove the biofilm. CCMD + LAD caused the highest and CCMD + diode laser caused the lowest reduction in biofilm. Antibacterial efficacy was significantly lower against the mature (4-week) biofilm compared with immature (4-day) biofilm in all groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION All three disinfection methods were effective for partial elimination of E. faecalis biofilm. But CCMD + LAD was significantly more efficacious in decreasing both mature and immature biofilms.
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20
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Bottner A, He RY, Sarbu A, Nainar SMH, Dufour D, Gong SG, Lévesque CM. Streptococcus mutans isolated from children with severe-early childhood caries form higher levels of persisters. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 110:104601. [PMID: 31734540 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental caries is the most common chronic infectious disease in children. Streptococcus mutans, the main cariogenic bacterial species, produces persisters, nongrowing dormant variants of regular cells associated with chronicity of diseases. We hypothesized that the recurrent nature of caries, particularly within populations with high-caries risk, is due partly to specific phenotypic features of S. mutans such as its ability to form persisters. We aimed to investigate the genotypic and phenotypic differences between the S. mutans from children with severe early-childhood caries (S-ECC) and those without caries. METHODS S. mutans from plaque samples of caries-free (CF) and S-ECC children were tested for their ability to adapt to a lethal pH in an acid tolerance response assay. The persister levels of S. mutans isolates was quantified in both groups. RESULTS S. mutanswas identified in all 23 S-ECC but only 6 of the 21 CF subjects. In most subjects, only one dominant S. mutans genotype was detected. No statistically significant differences in the mean survival percentage of S. mutans were observed between the two groups at a lethal pH of 3.5. However, the dominant genotype within a particular S-ECC subject exhibited a higher percentage of cell survival compared to those in the CF group. In S-ECC patients, S. mutans isolates displayed a ∼15-fold higher persistence phenotype than S. mutans isolates from CF patients. CONCLUSIONS The ability of S. mutans to produce high levels of persisters may contribute to part of an individual's ability to control caries disease activity and recurrent lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bottner
- Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard Y He
- Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea Sarbu
- Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - S M Hashim Nainar
- Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Delphine Dufour
- Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Siew-Ging Gong
- Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Céline M Lévesque
- Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada
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21
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Zhai Y, Wang Y, Rao N, Li J, Li X, Fang T, Zhao Y, Ge L. Activation and Biological Properties of Human β Defensin 4 in Stem Cells Derived From Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1304. [PMID: 31695620 PMCID: PMC6817489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulpitis in primary teeth, a condition caused by presence of bacteria, is highly prevalent worldwide. The use of biocompatibility materials with anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and regenerative properties is critical for prognosis of this endodontic disease. This study aimed to identify expression of human β defensin 4 (HBD4) in stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and characterize the effects of HBD4 on SHED. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect HBD4 expression in SHED and the effect of HBD4 on inflammatory factors in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated SHED. Affinity measurement was made by the Fortebio Octet System to explore the potential interaction between LPS and HBD4. Western blot analysis was used to explore the effect of HBD4 on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Colony-forming unit methods and scanning electron microscopy were applied to study antimicrobial effect of HBD4 on Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red staining, qPCR and western blot were taken to detect effects of HBD4 on osteoblast/odontoblast differentiation of SHED. RT2 Profiler PCR Array was used to explore the potential signaling pathways involved in the osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation. HBD4 was highly expressed in SHED stimulated by TNF-α and IL-1α. HBD4 could bind to LPS directly and down-regulate IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α in LPS-stimulated SHED, thus the activation of MAPK pathway decreased. HBD4 was sensitive to P. gingivalis and enhanced osteoblast/odontoblast differentiation potential of SHED by modulating Notch pathway. HBD4 was highly expressed in SHED stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines, and possessed anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial activity. HBD4 promoted osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of SHED. HBD4 may thus represent a suitable agent for vital pulp therapy in future clinic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Nanquan Rao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhi Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Tengjiaozi Fang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Ge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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22
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Tagaino R, Washio J, Abiko Y, Tanda N, Sasaki K, Takahashi N. Metabolic property of acetaldehyde production from ethanol and glucose by oral Streptococcus and Neisseria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10446. [PMID: 31320675 PMCID: PMC6639336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is known to be carcinogenic and produced by oral bacteria. Thus, bacterial acetaldehyde production might contribute to oral cancer. Therefore, we examined bacterial acetaldehyde production from ethanol and glucose under various conditions mimicking the oral cavity and clarified the metabolic pathways responsible for bacterial acetaldehyde production. Streptococcus mitis, S. salivarius, S. mutans, Neisseria mucosa and N. sicca were used. The bacterial metabolism was conducted at pH 5.0–8.0 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The production of acetaldehyde and organic acids was measured with gas chromatography and HPLC, respectively. Bacterial enzymes were also assessed. All of the bacteria except for S. mutans exhibited their greatest acetaldehyde production from ethanol at neutral to alkaline pH under aerobic conditions. S. mutans demonstrated the greatest acetaldehyde from glucose under anaerobic conditions, although the level was much lower than that from ethanol. Alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase were detected in all of the bacteria. This study revealed that oral indigenous bacteria, Streptococcus and Neisseria can produce acetaldehyde, and that such acetaldehyde production is affected by environmental conditions. It was suggested that alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase are involved in ethanol-derived acetaldehyde production and that the branched-pathway from pyruvate is involved in glucose-derived acetaldehyde production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tagaino
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jumpei Washio
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Abiko
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Tanda
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.
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23
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Oda DF, Duarte MAH, Andrade FB, Moriyama LT, Bagnato VS, de Moraes IG. Antimicrobial action of photodynamic therapy in root canals using LED curing light, curcumin and carbopol gel. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1010-1019. [PMID: 30720875 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the capacity of carbopol gel to maintain the intensity of a LED curing light (blueLED) along the length of prepared root canals in bovine teeth, and to assess the antimicrobial capacity of curcumin photoactivated by a LED curing light in the presence of carbopol gel. METHODOLOGY Experiment 1: Eight straight roots of bovine incisors were standardized to a length of 15 mm, and the root canals instrumented up to a size 120 K-file. The LED curing light was irradiated inside the root canals using an aluminium collimator (1.5 mm in diameter) placed at the orifice (n = 8). Initially, the irradiation was performed in empty root canals and then repeated with the root canals filled with carbopol gel. Simple standardized photographs of the roots were taken with a digital camera in the mesial perspective during the irradiation procedure and the images analysed in OriginLab software to verify the light intensity along the length of the root. Experiment 2: Twenty dentine blocks were obtained from the cervical third of bovine incisors using a trephine bur. Biofilms were induced for 21 days on the blocks using Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 4083) at 109 cells mL-1 . The blocks were treated according to the groups (n = 5): positive control; standard PDT (methylene blue + diode Laser); curcumin; LED curing light; and curcumin + LED curing light. After the treatment, the samples were dyed with Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability solution and fluorescence images were obtained by Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM). Experiment 3: Thirty-two roots of bovine incisors were prepared as described in experiment 1. Their dentinal tubules were contaminated and the root canals treated according to the groups (n = 8): positive control; standard PDT; curcumin + LED curing light; curcumin + carbopol gel + LED curing light. The specimens were sectioned longitudinally and the split roots were treated with the Live/Dead dye to obtain fluorescence images by CSLM. All images were processed using BioImageL software to measure the percentage of viable bacteria and the data analysed statistically using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test (α < 0.05). RESULTS In Experiment 1, carbopol gel did not improve the intensity of LED light transmission along the root canal. In Experiment 2, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in bacterial viability occurred in the following order: positive control < only LED curing light < only curcumin < curcumin + LED curing light = standard PDT; and in Experiment 3 positive control = curcumin + LED curing light ≤ curcumin + gel + LED curing light ≤ standard PDT. CONCLUSION Similar disinfection effectiveness was obtained using curcumin + LED curing light and methylene blue + 660 nm LASER (standard PDT). The use of carbopol gel did not favour a greater transmission of LED light along the root canal and also resulted in less bacterial killing when used in endodontic PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Oda
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - M A H Duarte
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - F B Andrade
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - L T Moriyama
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - V S Bagnato
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - I G de Moraes
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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24
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Pattern of Disinfection of Root Canal Dentin by Alternated Acid-Base Irrigating Regimen. ScientificWorldJournal 2019; 2019:9219238. [PMID: 30692877 PMCID: PMC6332882 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9219238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantify Enterococcus faecalis density in root canal dentin after chemomechanical preparation (CMP) using alternated irrigating regimen. Methodology Root canals (RC) were contaminated with E. faecalis (ATCC 19433) for 3 weeks and evident biofilms were obtained. After initial sampling (S1), the CMP was aided by irrigants: saline solution (control; n=12), a conventional regimen (CR) (group 1; n=12) using 5.25% NaOCl and a final rinse with 17% EDTA, and an alternating regimen (AR) of intercalated use of NaOCl and EDTA (group 2, n=12), followed by a second sampling (S2). After 2 weeks, S3 was obtained. Two roots were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Each root was divided into cervical, mild, and apical segments and sampling of the superficial (n=90) and deep (n=90) dentin layers was obtained using Gates-Glidden burs. The E. faecalis density (CFU/mg) in log10 was categorized as residual (0 > 0.2), moderate (0.2 ≥ 0.5), or elevated (> 0.5). The prevalence of positive samples in BHI and BHI-A was analyzed by Pearson's chi-square test. The data were normalized by a log10 transformation of CFU and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. Results Biofilms were observed only in the control root canal walls. Topographically, the controls and CR showed similar distributions of E. faecalis in the dentin. Microbiologically positive root canals harbored much E. faecalis in the adjacent dentin (p < 0.05). Irrigating saline provided moderate density of E. faecalis in the dentin while CR and AR resulted in a residual density of microorganisms (p < 0.05). Conclusions The Enterococcus faecalis density in dentin was influenced by the irrigating regimen and the microbiological status of the root canal. The CMP aided by the alternating regimen interfered with the recolonization of the root canal and topographic distribution of Enterococcus in root dentin.
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Wu Z, Kong Z, Lu S, Huang C, Huang S, He Y, Wu L. Isolation, characterization and the effect of indigenous heavy metal-resistant plant growth-promoting bacteria on sorghum grown in acid mine drainage polluted soils. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2019; 65:254-264. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University
| | - Zhaoyu Kong
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University
| | - Shina Lu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University
| | - Shaoyi Huang
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University
| | - Yinghui He
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University
| | - Lan Wu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University
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Identification of novel antimicrobial peptide from Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) by in silico and activity characterization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206578. [PMID: 30365554 PMCID: PMC6203393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The global crisis of antibiotic resistance increases the demand for the new promising alternative drugs such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Accordingly, we have described a new, previously unrecognized effective AMP, named dicentracin-like, from Asian sea bass and characterized its antimicrobial activity by comparison with moronecidin. Methodology/ Results Gene expression analysis demonstrated the expression of dicentracin-like peptide in tissues of the immune system such as the skin and the head kidney, which is an important endocrine and lymphoid organ. Moronecidin and dicentracin-like exhibited a higher antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria relative to gram-negative ones, while both peptides showed a greater binding ability to gram-negative bacteria compared to gram-positive ones. This contradiction between antibacterial activity and binding affinity may be related to the outer membrane from gram-negative bacteria. Compared with moronecidin, dicentracin-like peptide showed more potent binding ability to all gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In addition, dicentracin-like peptide exhibited a high antibacterial activity against the investigated microorganisms, except against Staphylococcus aureus. A direct relationship was found between the binding affinity/cationicity and the antibiofilm activity of the peptides wherein, an elevation in pH corresponded to a decrease in their antibiofilm property. Time-kill kinetics analysis against clinical Acinetobacter baumannii isolate indicated that bactericidal effect of dicentracin-like and moronecidin at inhibitory concentration (1XMIC) was observed after 4 and 6 hours, respectively, while bactericidal effect of both AMPs at concentration of 2XMIC was observed after 2 hours. Dicentracin-like peptide showed higher inhibitory activity at subinhibitory concentration (1/2XMIC), relative to moronecidin. Compared with moronecidin, dicentracin-like peptide possessed greater binding affinity to bacteria at high salt concentration, as well as at alkaline pH; In addition, dicentracin-like exhibited a higher antibiofilm activity in comparison to moronecidin even at alkaline pH. Hemolytic analysis against human RBC revealed that hemolytic activity of moronecidin was more potent than that of dicentracin-like, which is consistent with its greater non-polar face hydrophobicity. Conclusions In the present study, In Silico comparative sequence analysis and antimicrobial characterization led to identify a new, previously unrecognized antimicrobial function for named dicentracin-like peptide by comparison with moronecidin, representing a possible template for designing new effective AMPs and improving known ones.
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Calcium Hydroxide Treatment Does Not Alter the Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms to Sodium Hypochlorite. Eur Endod J 2017; 2:1-5. [PMID: 33403351 PMCID: PMC7757968 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2017.17022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the influence of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) on susceptibility to disinfection with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) of biofilm bacteria. Methods: Monospecies biofilms of eight Enterococcus faecalis strains were subjected to a 2-h challenge with Ca(OH)2. After a recovery phase, the biofilms were treated with a concentration of NaOCl that was lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration. In a metabolic assay, the efficacy of NaOCl disinfection in Ca(OH)2-challenged biofilms and unchallenged biofilms was evaluated. The data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U and Kruskall- Wallis tests. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were marginal differences in susceptibility to NaOCl among the E. faecalis strains. After the Ca(OH)2 challenge, seven strains remained equally susceptible to NaOCl disinfection whereas one strain became more resistant to NaOCl (P=0.03). Conclusion: After a Ca(OH)2 challenge, in general E. faecalis remained equally susceptible to disinfection with NaOCl.
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Zancan RF, Vivan RR, Milanda Lopes MR, Weckwerth PH, de Andrade FB, Ponce JB, Duarte MAH. Antimicrobial Activity and Physicochemical Properties of Calcium Hydroxide Pastes Used as Intracanal Medication. J Endod 2016; 42:1822-1828. [PMID: 27776884 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pH, calcium release, solubility, and antimicrobial action against biofilms of calcium hydroxide + saline solution, Calen (SS White Artigos Dentários Ltd, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) (CH/P), Calen camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CMCP) (CH/CMPC), and calcium hydroxide + chlorhexidine (CH/CHX) pastes. METHODS The pH of the pastes was determined with a calibrated pH meter placed in direct contact with each paste. The root canals of acrylic teeth (N = 10) were filled with the previously mentioned intracanal dressings and immersed in ultrapure water to measure hydroxyl (pH meter) and calcium ion release (atomic absorption spectrophotometer) at time intervals of 3, 7, 15, and 30 days. To assess solubility, the root canals of acrylic teeth (N = 10) were filled with the previously mentioned pastes and scanned by micro-computed tomographic imaging before (initial) and after 7, 15, and 30 days of immersion in ultrapure water. The solubility of each specimen was the difference between the initial and final volume scanning. For antimicrobial analysis, monospecies and dual-species biofilms were in vitro induced on dentin blocks (N = 20). Afterward, they were treated with the pastes for 7 days. Live/dead dye and a confocal microscope were used to measure the percentage of living cells. Data were statistically compared (P < .05). RESULTS The highest OH- ion release values were found in 3 and 30 days. Ca2+ releases were greater in CH/CMCP. CH/P and CH/CMCP showed a higher percentage of volume loss values. CH/CHX presented the greatest antimicrobial action. CONCLUSIONS CH/P and CH/CMPC showed higher solubility values in the period analyzed. Seven days of contact may be insufficient for calcium hydroxide + saline solution, CH/P, and CH/CMCP pastes to kill bacterial cells in the biofilms studied. Chlorhexidine added to CH favored greater effectiveness against the previously mentioned bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Fernandes Zancan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Henrique Weckwerth
- Pro-Rectory of Research and Graduate Studies, University of Sagrado Coração, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Burgos Ponce
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cathro P, McCarthy P, Hoffmann P, Zilm P. Isolation and identification of Enterococcus faecalis membrane proteins using membrane shaving, 1D SDS/PAGE, and mass spectrometry. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:586-93. [PMID: 27419061 PMCID: PMC4887974 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a significant nosocomial pathogen, which is able to survive in diverse environments and resist killing with antimicrobial therapies. The expression of cell membrane proteins play an important role in how bacteria respond to environmental stress. As such, the capacity to identify and study membrane protein expression is critical to our understanding of how specific proteins influence bacterial survival. Here, we describe a combined approach to identify membrane proteins of E. faecalis ATCC V583 using membranes fractionated by either 1D SDS/PAGE or membrane shaving, coupled with LC‐ESI mass spectrometry. We identified 222 membrane‐associated proteins, which represent approximately 24% of the predicted membrane‐associated proteome: 170 were isolated using 1D SDS/PAGE and 68 with membrane shaving, with 36 proteins being common to both the techniques. Of the proteins identified by membrane shaving, 97% were membrane‐associated with the majority being integral membrane proteins (89%). Most of the proteins identified with known physiology are involved with transportation across the membrane. The combined 1D SDS/PAGE and membrane shaving approach has produced the greatest number of membrane proteins identified from E. faecalis to date. These protocols will aid future researchers investigating changes in the membrane proteome of E. faecalis by improving our understanding of how E. faecalis adapts and responds to its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cathro
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory School of Dentistry The University of Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Peter McCarthy
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory Centre for Cancer Biology University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre The University of Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Peter Zilm
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory School of Dentistry The University of Adelaide South Australia Australia
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van der Waal SV, Connert T, Crielaard W, de Soet JJ. In mixed biofilms Enterococcus faecalis benefits from a calcium hydroxide challenge and culturing. Int Endod J 2015; 49:865-873. [PMID: 26333716 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the fate of Enterococcus faecalis in dual-species and multispecies biofilms after treatment with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 ). METHODOLOGY Biofilms were cultured from laboratory strains of E. faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or from microbiota retrieved from primary root canal infections. The biofilms were then treated with Ca(OH)2 . The proportion of E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa and their susceptibility to disinfection were evaluated in a viability assay. In the mixed-species assay, the presence and proportions of E. faecalis before and after Ca(OH)2 treatment were evaluated with a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U-test and Student's t-tests. An α <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS After Ca(OH)2 treatment in dual-species biofilms, the proportion of E. faecalis had increased (P < 0.001), whereas the total number of CFUs per biofilm was equal. Enterococcus faecalis was equally susceptible to disinfection by sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or by chlorhexidine. Pseudomonas aeruginosa had become more susceptible to NaOCl disinfection. The root canal isolates contained no detectable amounts of E. faecalis. After biofilm culturing or Ca(OH)2 treatment, it appeared that E. faecalis must have been present in 5 of 6 (83%) root canal samples. CONCLUSIONS Calcium hydroxide favours the population of E. faecalis in a dual-species biofilm. Culturing multispecies root canal isolates makes E. faecalis detectable. E. faecalis was often present in primary endodontic infections, albeit in low numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V van der Waal
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology, Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Connert
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - W Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hoogenkamp MA, Crielaard W, Krom BP. Uses and limitations of green fluorescent protein as a viability marker in Enterococcus faecalis: An observational investigation. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 115:57-63. [PMID: 26015063 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are capable of producing biofilms that are notoriously difficult to treat and remove, for instance in root canal infections. The tenacious nature of these organisms makes screening of known and novel antimicrobial compounds necessary. While traditionally growth and fluorescence-based screening methods have proven useful, these methods have their limitations when applied to enterococci (e.g. time consuming, no kinetic data, diffusion properties of the fluorescent dyes). The aim of this study was to develop and validate a GFP-based high-throughput screening system to assess the bactericidal activity of a broad range of antimicrobial agents on Enterococcus faecalis and its biofilms. The effect of antimicrobial compounds on cell viability and GFP fluorescence of enterococcal planktonic and biofilm cells was determined using colony forming unit counts, fluorescence spectrophotometry and real-time imaging devices. There was a linear correlation between cell viability and GFP fluorescence. The intensity of the GFP signal was effected by the extracellular pH. For a range of antimicrobials however, there was no correlation between these two parameters. In contrast, for oxidizing agents such as sodium hypochlorite, the antimicrobial of choice for root canal disinfection, there was a correlation between loss of fluorescence and loss of viability. To conclude, the use of a GFP-based system to monitor the antimicrobial activity of compounds on E. faecalis is possible despite significant limitations. This approach is useful for analysis of susceptibility to oxidizing agents. Using real-time measuring devices to follow GFP fluorescence it should be possible to investigate the mode of action and rate of diffusion of oxidizing agents in E. faecalis biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Hoogenkamp
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Oh H, Ryu M, Heo J, Jeon S, Kim YS, Jeong D, Uhm TB. Characterization of Biogenic Amine-reducing Pediococcus pentosaceus Isolated from Traditionally Fermented Soybean Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7845/kjm.2014.4056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tong Z, Ni L, Ling J. Antibacterial peptide nisin: a potential role in the inhibition of oral pathogenic bacteria. Peptides 2014; 60:32-40. [PMID: 25088158 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the antimicrobial peptide nisin has been extensively studied in the food industry for decades, its application in the oral cavity remains to develop and evaluate its feasibility in treating oral common diseases. Nisin is an odorless, colorless, tasteless substance with low toxicity and with antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria. These biologic properties may establish its use in promising products for oral diseases. This article summarizes the antibacterial efficiency of nisin against pathogenic bacteria related to dental caries and root canal infection and discusses the combination of nisin and common oral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchun Tong
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longxing Ni
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junqi Ling
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Origin and evolution of the sodium -pumping NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96696. [PMID: 24809444 PMCID: PMC4014512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium -pumping NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Na+-NQR) is the main ion pump and the primary entry site for electrons into the respiratory chain of many different types of pathogenic bacteria. This enzymatic complex creates a transmembrane gradient of sodium that is used by the cell to sustain ionic homeostasis, nutrient transport, ATP synthesis, flagellum rotation and other essential processes. Comparative genomics data demonstrate that the nqr operon, which encodes all Na+-NQR subunits, is found in a large variety of bacterial lineages with different habitats and metabolic strategies. Here we studied the distribution, origin and evolution of this enzymatic complex. The molecular phylogenetic analyses and the organizations of the nqr operon indicate that Na+-NQR evolved within the Chlorobi/Bacteroidetes group, after the duplication and subsequent neofunctionalization of the operon that encodes the homolog RNF complex. Subsequently, the nqr operon dispersed through multiple horizontal transfer events to other bacterial lineages such as Chlamydiae, Planctomyces and α, β, γ and δ -proteobacteria. Considering the biochemical properties of the Na+-NQR complex and its physiological role in different bacteria, we propose a detailed scenario to explain the molecular mechanisms that gave rise to its novel redox- dependent sodium -pumping activity. Our model postulates that the evolution of the Na+-NQR complex involved a functional divergence from its RNF homolog, following the duplication of the rnf operon, the loss of the rnfB gene and the recruitment of the reductase subunit of an aromatic monooxygenase.
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Ran S, He Z, Liang J. Survival of Enterococcus faecalis during alkaline stress: changes in morphology, ultrastructure, physiochemical properties of the cell wall and specific gene transcripts. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1667-76. [PMID: 24112733 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was to study the biochemical mechanisms employed by the endodontic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis to survive alkaline environment during biofilm formation. DESIGN E. faecalis ATCC33186 was inoculated in media at pH 7, 9, 10 and 11 for biofilm formation. The morphology and ultrastructure of biofilm cells were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The physiochemical properties of the cell wall were investigated by measuring the hydrophobicity and Na(+)K(+)-ATPase and H(+)K(+)-ATPase activity. The expression of stress and virulence genes was quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS E. faecalis grown in alkaline medium developed an irregular shape and asymmetrical septation. The activity of Na(+)K(+)-ATPase increased dramatically with rising pH, whereas the activity of H(+)K(+)-ATPase exhibited no increase, except at pH 10. A marked increase in cell surface hydrophobicity was also observed with increased pH and time. In addition, transcription of most of the genes tested increased 2- to 15-fold at pH 9 or 10 compared with pH 7 and increased more than 50-fold at pH 11, which is generally recognised as nearly lethal stress. CONCLUSIONS E. faecalis survival and biofilm formation under alkaline stress was unrelated to H(+)K(+)-ATPase but was correlated with an increase in Na(+)K(+)-ATPase activity and cell-surface hydrophobicity in addition to the up-regulation of genes involved in stress response and biofilm formation. These characteristics may explain why E. faecalis resists alkaline root canal medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Ran
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
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Echezarreta-López M, Landin M. Using machine learning for improving knowledge on antibacterial effect of bioactive glass. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:641-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Lee JK, Park YJ, Kum KY, Han SH, Chang SW, Kaufman B, Jiang J, Zhu Q, Safavi K, Spångberg L. Antimicrobial efficacy of a human β-defensin-3 peptide using anEnterococcus faecalisdentine infection model. Int Endod J 2012; 46:406-12. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-K. Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental Research Institute and BK21 program; Seoul National University Dental Hospital; Seoul National University School of Dentistry; Seoul; Korea
| | - Y.-J. Park
- Craniomaxillofacial Reconstructive Science Major; Intellectual Biointerface Engineering Center; Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University School of Dentistry; Seoul; Korea
| | - K.-Y. Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental Research Institute and BK21 program; Seoul National University Dental Hospital; Seoul National University School of Dentistry; Seoul; Korea
| | - S. H. Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunology; Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program; Seoul National University Dental Hospital; Seoul National University School of Dentistry; Seoul; Korea
| | - S.-W. Chang
- Center for Health Promotion; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul; Korea
| | - B. Kaufman
- Division of Endodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington; CT; USA
| | - J. Jiang
- Division of Endodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington; CT; USA
| | - Q. Zhu
- Division of Endodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington; CT; USA
| | - K. Safavi
- Division of Endodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington; CT; USA
| | - L. Spångberg
- Division of Endodontology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington; CT; USA
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Bago I, Plečko V, Gabrić Pandurić D, Schauperl Z, Baraba A, Anić I. Antimicrobial efficacy of a high-power diode laser, photo-activated disinfection, conventional and sonic activated irrigation during root canal treatment. Int Endod J 2012; 46:339-47. [PMID: 22970886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of a diode laser irradiation, photo-activated disinfection (PAD), conventional and sonic activated irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on Enterococcus faecalis. METHODOLOGY Root canals of 120 human extracted teeth with single straight canals were prepared with ProTaper files, sterilized, contaminated with an E. faecalis suspension and incubated for 7 days. They were then randomly distributed into six groups: G1, diode laser irradiation (2 W, 3 × 20 s); G2, PAD (100 mW, 60 s); G3, PAD with 3D Endoprobe (100 mW, 60 s); G4, 30-gauge syringe irrigation with NaOCl (60 s); G5, sonic agitation of NaOCl with the EndoActivator system (60 s); G6, 30-gauge syringe irrigation with NaCl (60 s). The pattern of colonization was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The root canals were sampled by flushing with saline solution at baseline and after the treatments. The number of bacteria in each canal was determined by plate count. The presence and the absence of E. faecalis in root canals were also demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the bacterial population after all treatments (P < 0.001). The PAD, using both laser systems, and the sonic activated NaOCl irrigation were significantly more effective than diode irradiation and single NaOCl irrigation in reducing CFUs (P < 0.05). High-power diode laser and single NaOCl irrigation had an equal antibacterial effect (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The PAD and EndoActivator system were more successful in reducing the root canal infection than the diode laser and NaOCl syringe irrigation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bago
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Anti-microbial and therapeutic effects of modified Burow's solution on refractory otorrhea. Auris Nasus Larynx 2012; 39:374-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Candida albicans and bacterial microbiota interactions in the cecum during recolonization following broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3371-80. [PMID: 22778094 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00449-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a normal member of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiota of healthy humans, but during host immunosuppression or alterations in the bacterial microbiota, C. albicans can disseminate and cause life-threatening illness. The bacterial microbiome of the GI tract, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB), plays a vital role in preventing fungal invasion. However, little is known about the role of C. albicans in shaping the bacterial microbiota during antibiotic recovery. We investigated the fungal burdens in the GI tracts of germfree mice and mice with a disturbed microbiome to demonstrate the role of the microbiota in preventing C. albicans colonization. Histological analysis demonstrated that colonization with C. albicans during antibiotic treatment does not trigger overt inflammation in the murine cecum. Bacterial diversity is reduced long term following cefoperazone treatment, but the presence of C. albicans during antibiotic recovery promoted the recovery of bacterial diversity. Cefoperazone diminishes Bacteroidetes populations long term in the ceca of mice, but the presence of C. albicans during cefoperazone recovery promoted Bacteroidetes population recovery. However, the presence of C. albicans resulted in a long-term reduction in Lactobacillus spp. and promoted Enterococcus faecalis populations. Previous studies have focused on the ability of bacteria to alter C. albicans; this study addresses the ability of C. albicans to alter the bacterial microbiota during nonpathogenic colonization.
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Tong Z, Zhou L, Kuang R, Lv H, Qu T, Ni L. In Vitro Evaluation of MTAD and Nisin in Combination against Common Pathogens Associated with Root Canal Infection. J Endod 2012; 38:490-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Interplay between the gastric bacterial microbiota and Candida albicans during postantibiotic recolonization and gastritis. Infect Immun 2011; 80:150-8. [PMID: 21986629 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05162-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The indigenous bacterial microbiome of the stomach, including lactobacilli, is vital in promoting colonization resistance against Candida albicans. However, there are gaps in our understanding about C. albicans gastric colonization versus disease, especially during the postantibiotic recovery phase. This study compared the gastric responses to C. albicans strains CHN1 and SC5314 in microbiome-disturbed and germfree mice to elucidate the contribution of the indigenous microbiota in C. albicans colonization versus disease and yeast-bacterium antagonism during the post-cefoperazone recolonization period. C. albicans can prevent the regrowth of Lactobacillus spp. in the stomach after cefoperazone and promote increased colonization by Enterococcus spp. Using a culture-independent analysis, the effects of oral cefoperazone on the gastric bacterial microbiota were observed to last at least 3 weeks after the cessation of the antibiotic. Disturbance of the gastric bacterial community by cefoperazone alone was not sufficient to cause gastritis, C. albicans colonization was also needed. Gastritis was not evident until after day 7 in cefoperazone-treated infected mice. In contrast, in germfree mice which lack a gastric microbiota, C. albicans induced gastric inflammation within 1 week of inoculation. Therefore, the gastric bacterial community in cefoperazone-treated mice during the first week of postantibiotic recolonization was sufficient to prevent the development of gastritis, despite being ineffective at conferring colonization resistance against C. albicans. Altogether, these data implicate a dichotomy between C. albicans colonization and gastric disease that is bacterial microbiome dependent.
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Food-borne enterococci and their resistance to oxidative stress. J Microbiol 2011; 49:657-62. [PMID: 21887651 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are important food-borne pathogens that cause serious infections. Several virulence factors have been described including aggregation substance, gelatinase, cytolysin, and enterococcal surface protein. The ability to cause infections is mainly dependent on the response to oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species by immune cells. The aim of our study was to analyze the resistance of enterococcal strains from food to clinically relevant antiseptic agents with regard to the presence of selected virulence factors, and to uncover potential mechanisms of the antioxidative resistance. Eighty-two enterococcal isolates from Bryndza cheese were tested using in vitro growth assays to study the ability of these isolates to survive exposure to antiseptic agents - hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, and Chlorhexidine. Virulence genotypes of the isolates were determined by PCR, and RT real time PCR was used for gene expression under oxidative stress. Resistance against antiseptic agents depends on the concentration of applied chemicals, on the time of exposure, but also on virulence factors of the enterococcal strains. Oxidative stress induces the expression of antioxidative enzymes and down-regulates the expression of prooxidative enzymes. These effects are dependent on the virulence genotype of the enterococcal strains. These findings are important for future research, especially concerning the role of enterococci in oral diseases.
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van der Waal SV, van der Sluis LWM, Özok AR, Exterkate RAM, van Marle J, Wesselink PR, de Soet JJ. The effects of hyperosmosis or high pH on a dual-species biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an in vitro study. Int Endod J 2011; 44:1110-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Soares JA, Roque de Carvalho MA, Cunha Santos SM, Mendonça RMC, Ribeiro-Sobrinho AP, Brito-Júnior M, Magalhães PP, Santos MH, de Macêdo Farias L. Effectiveness of Chemomechanical Preparation with Alternating Use of Sodium Hypochlorite and EDTA in Eliminating Intracanal Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm. J Endod 2010; 36:894-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Deng DM, Hoogenkamp MA, Exterkate RA, Jiang LM, van der Sluis LW, ten Cate JM, Crielaard W. Influence of Streptococcus mutans on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation. J Endod 2009; 35:1249-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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In vitro antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide mixed with different vehicles against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 108:297-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Salah R, Dar-Odeh N, Abu Hammad O, Shehabi AA. Prevalence of putative virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis isolates from patients with dental Diseases. BMC Oral Health 2008; 8:17. [PMID: 18513445 PMCID: PMC2424041 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis, its putative virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility in individuals with and without dental diseases. A total of 159 oral rinse specimens were collected from patients (n = 109) suffering from dental diseases and healthy controls (n = 50). Results E. faecalis was detected using only culture in 8/109 (7.3%) of the patients with various types of dental diseases, whereas no E. faecalis was found in the healthy controls weather using both culture and PCR. Phenotype characterizations of the 8 E. faecalis isolates indicated that 25% of the isolates produced haemolysin and 37.5% produced gelatinase. Most important virulence genes; collagen binding protein (ace) and endocarditis antigen (efaA) were present in all 8 E. faecalis isolates, while haemolysin activator gene (cylA) was detected only in 25% of isolates, and all isolates were negative for esp gene. All E. faecalis isolates were 100% susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin, and to less extent to erythromycin (62.5%). Conclusion This study shows that all E. faecalis isolates were recovered only from patients with dental diseases especially necrotic pulps, and all isolates carried both collagen binding protein and endocarditis antigen genes and highly susceptible to frequently used antimicrobial drugs in Jordan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Salah
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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