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Elmakki EE, Madkhali MA, Oraibi O, Alqassimi S, Saleh E. Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Adults. Cureus 2023; 15:e44148. [PMID: 37753040 PMCID: PMC10518734 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) is a rare but fatal complication of blood transfusion that usually develops two to 30 days following a blood transfusion giving rise to graft versus host disease (GVHD) clinical features that are consisting of fever, skin rash, jaundice, diarrhea, and pancytopenia. The disease is fulminant in most patients with a mortality rate of >90% of cases. The main aim of this review is to enhance awareness among medical practitioners about this fatal disease. Data were extracted manually from the main medical databases (Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar) after the revision of selected articles and assessed for their contribution to the knowledge of TA-GVHD. TA-GVHD occurs when the viable donor T-cells in the blood or blood products attack the recipient's tissues which his/her immune system is incapable to destroy due to several reasons. The recipient's tissues that are usually involved in TA-GVHD include the liver, intestine, skin, lungs, and bone marrow. Any blood component either whole blood, packed red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, or fresh non-frozen plasma that contains viable T lymphocytes can cause TA-GVHD. Host immunodeficiency, transfusion of fresh blood, and partial human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching between the donors and the recipients represent the major risk factors of TA-GVHD. Partial HLA matching includes immunocompetent recipients who receive blood from a first-degree relative also, seen in genetically homogenous populations because of high rates of consanguineous marriage. The diagnosis of TA-GVHD is mainly suspected based on clinical manifestations. However, a histopathological study of either skin or rectal biopsy is diagnostic. The treatment of TA-GVHD is generally not effective, unless the patient received emergency stem cell transplantation, while prevention via irradiation of blood or blood products represents the standard of care for this disease. In conclusion, medical practitioners should have a high index of suspicion for this disease. Moreover, future clinical trials targeting and comparing the outcomes of the different therapeutic options for TA-GVHD are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwa Eltayib Elmakki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | | | - Omar Oraibi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Sameer Alqassimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
| | - Eman Saleh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, SAU
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2
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Jekarl DW, Kim JK, Han JH, Lee H, Yoo J, Lim J, Kim Y. Transfusion support in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood Res 2023; 58:S1-S7. [PMID: 36843378 PMCID: PMC10133853 DOI: 10.5045/br.2023.2023004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfusion support for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an essential part of supportive care, and compatible blood should be transfused into recipients. As leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching is considered first and as the blood group does not impede HSCT, major, minor, bidirectional, and RhD incompatibilities occur that might hinder transfusion and cause adverse events. Leukocyte reduction in blood products is frequently used, and irradiation should be performed for blood products, except for plasma. To mitigate incompatibility and adverse events, local transfusion guidelines, hospital transfusion committees, and patient management should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Jekarl
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kwon Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jay Ho Han
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Howon Lee
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeeun Yoo
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jihyang Lim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yonggoo Kim
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Cha MY, Ha JW. Low-energy X-ray irradiation effectively inactivates major foodborne pathogen biofilms on various food contact surfaces. Food Microbiol 2022; 106:104054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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4
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Nollet KE, Ngoma AM, Ohto H. Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease, transfusion-associated hyperkalemia, and potassium filtration: Advancing safety and sufficiency of the blood supply. Transfus Apher Sci 2022; 61:103408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Li M, Irsch J, Corash L, Benjamin RJ. Is pathogen reduction an acceptable alternative to irradiation for risk mitigation of transfusion-associated graft versus host disease? Transfus Apher Sci 2022; 61:103404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2022.103404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Hosseini E, Kianinodeh F, Ghasemzadeh M. Irradiation of platelets in Transfusion Medicine: risk and benefit judgments. Platelets 2021; 33:666-678. [PMID: 34697994 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1990250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of platelet products is generally used to prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD) as well as transfusion-transmitted infections. As an essential prerequisite, gamma-irradiation of blood products prior to transfusion is required in patients who may develop TA-GVHD. Most studies suggest that gamma irradiation has no significant effect on the quality of platelet products; however, more recent studies have shown that the oxidative effects of gamma irradiation can lead to the induction of platelet storage lesion (PSL) and to some extent reduce the efficiency of transfused platelets. As the second widely used irradiation technique, UV-illumination was primarily introduced to reduce the growth of infectious agents during platelet storage, with the advantage that this method can also prevent TA-GvHD. However, the induction of oxidative conditions and platelet pre-activation that lead to PSL is more pronounced after UV-based methods of pathogen reduction. Since these lesions are large enough to clearly affect the post-transfusion platelet recovery and survival, more studies are needed to improve the safety and effectiveness of pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs). Therefore, pointing to other benefits of PRTs, such as preventing TA-GvHD or prolonging the shelf life of products by eliminating the possibility of pathogen growth during storage, does not yet seem to justify their widespread use due to above-mentioned effects. Even for gamma-irradiated platelets, some researchers have suggested that due to decreased 1-hour post-transfusion increments and increased risk of platelet refractoriness, their use should be limited to the patients who may develop TA-GVHD. It is noteworthy that due to the effect of X-rays in preventing TA-GvHD, some recent studies are underway to examine its effects on the quality and effectiveness of platelet products and determine whether X-rays can be used as a more appropriate and cost-effective alternative to gamma radiation. The review presented here provides a detailed description about irradiation-based technologies for platelet products, including their applications, mechanistic features, advantages, and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehteramolsadat Hosseini
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kianinodeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghasemzadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Davis AM, Aung HH, Costa MJ, Dennington PM, van der Wal DE, Marks DC. X-irradiation and gamma-irradiation inactivate lymphocytes in blood components. Transfusion 2021; 61:3081-3086. [PMID: 34554562 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irradiation of selected blood components is standard practice for the prevention of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD). Currently, gamma-irradiation is the most widely used form of irradiation, but there is an increasing interest in X-irradiation, which is considered to be functionally equivalent and safer. However, there is a paucity of contemporary data regarding the ability of X-irradiation to inactivate lymphocytes in blood components. Therefore, the effect of gamma- and X-irradiation on lymphocyte viability and function in blood components was compared. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Lymphocytes were isolated from venous blood by density gradient centrifugation, spiked into plasma/SSP+ to simulate a blood component, and either gamma- or X-irradiated. The phenotype of the isolated lymphocytes was confirmed. Lymphocyte viability was measured using a LIVE/DEAD assay, and function was assessed using mixed lymphocyte culture and CD69 expression post-phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation. RESULTS Lymphocyte viability and CD69 expression following PMA stimulation were significantly reduced by both gamma-irradiation and X-irradiation in simulated blood components. Allorecognition and allostimulation were also significantly reduced by both gamma-irradiation and X-irradiation. CONCLUSION Lymphocyte viability and function are reduced to a similar extent by gamma- and X-irradiation in simulated blood components. As such, X-irradiation is suitable for the irradiation of blood components and, in terms of lymphocyte inactivation, could be used instead of gamma-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M Davis
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Research and Development, Sydney, Australia
| | - Htet Htet Aung
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Research and Development, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marylia J Costa
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Research and Development, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peta M Dennington
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Clinical Services and Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Denese C Marks
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Research and Development, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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8
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Marks DC, Webb RG, Linnane C, Aung HH, Dennington PM, Tan JCG. X- and gamma-irradiation have similar effects on the in vitro quality of stored red cell components. Transfusion 2021; 61:3214-3223. [PMID: 34510450 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood components are irradiated to inactivate lymphocytes to prevent transfusion-associated graft versus host disease. As there are little data regarding the effects of X-irradiation on red blood cell components (RBCs), the in vitro quality of stored red cells (standard, pediatric, washed, and intra-uterine transfusion [IUT]) following X- or gamma-irradiation was compared. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS RBCs were pooled, split, and processed to produce standard (<14 days and < 5 days post-collection), pediatric (<5 days post-collection), washed (<14 days post-collection), or IUT RBCs (<5 days post-collection). Standard RBCs were either X- or gamma-irradiated (n = 10 pairs). A further 10 replicates were prepared by pooling and splitting three matched RBCs (X-, gamma-, and non-irradiated). All other RBCs were either X- or gamma-irradiated (n = 20 pairs). Red cell indices, hemolysis, potassium release, metabolism, microparticles, ATP, and 2,3-DPG were measured pre-irradiation and 6 h, 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days post-irradiation, depending on the component type. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS There were no significant differences in any in vitro quality measurements, with the exception of marginally higher potassium release in washed, IUT, and RBCs <5 days old (p < .0001) following X-irradiation. Both irradiation types increased generation of microvesicles, particularly in components that were older at the time of irradiation or stored for longer post-irradiation. CONCLUSION X- and gamma-irradiation have similar effects on the in vitro quality of RBCs, indicating that either technology is suitable for blood component irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denese C Marks
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel G Webb
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire Linnane
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Htet Htet Aung
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peta M Dennington
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne C G Tan
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Johnson L, Vekariya S, Wood B, Costa M, Waters L, Green S, Marks DC. The in vitro quality of X-irradiated platelet components in PAS-E is equivalent to gamma-irradiated components. Transfusion 2021; 61:3075-3080. [PMID: 34482545 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood components are irradiated to inactivate lymphocytes in an effort to prevent transfusion-associated graft versus host disease. Although gamma irradiators are commonly used, they are subjected to rigorous health, safety, and compliance regulations, compared with X-irradiators which have the advantage of only emitting radiation while the machine is switched on. While the effects of gamma irradiation on platelet components are well known, there is little or no data comparing the effects of X- and gamma-irradiation on the quality of these components. Therefore, this study examined the in vitro quality of platelet components (pooled and apheresis) following X- or gamma-irradiation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Whole-blood-derived (pooled) and apheresis platelet components in platelet additive solution (n = 20 pairs for each type) were irradiated (X vs. gamma). In vitro platelet quality was tested prior to irradiation (day 1) and subsequently on days 2, 5, and 7. Non-irradiated components were tested on day 5 in parallel as reference controls. Metabolic parameters, surface expression of glycoproteins and activation markers (CD62P and annexin-V binding), and agonist-induced aggregation were measured. RESULTS All components met Council of Europe specifications. There were no statistical differences in any in vitro quality measurements between X- and gamma-irradiated pooled or apheresis platelet components. CONCLUSION X- and gamma-irradiation have similar effects on the in vitro quality of stored blood components, indicating that either technology represents a suitable option for irradiation of platelet components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Johnson
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shuchna Vekariya
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Wood
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marylia Costa
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren Waters
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah Green
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denese C Marks
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Alexandria, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Meli A, Balanant MA, New HV, Ray M, Allen E, Cardigan R, Wiltshire M. A comparison of the effect of X and gamma irradiation on red cell storage quality. Vox Sang 2021; 117:39-48. [PMID: 34085726 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Irradiation of red cell components is indicated for recipients at risk of transfusion-associated graft vs. host disease. Current technologies available comprise of a gamma (γ) or an x source of radiation. The benefits of x vs. γ include non-radioactivity and hence no decay of the source. We aimed to compare the effect of the two technologies on red cell component storage quality post-irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paired units of red cell concentrates (RCC), neonatal red cell splits (RCS), red cells for intra-uterine transfusion (IUT) or neonatal exchange transfusion (ExTx) were either γ- or x-irradiated. Units were sampled and tested for five storage parameters until the end of shelf life. Equivalence analysis of storage quality parameters was performed for pairs of the same components (RCC, RCS, IUT or ExTx) that were either γ- or x-irradiated. RESULTS Nearly all component comparisons studied showed equivalence between γ and x irradiation for haemolysis, ATP, 2,3-DPG, potassium release and lactate production. The exceptions found that were deemed non-equivalent were higher haemolysis with x irradiation for ExTx, lower 2,3-DPG with x irradiation for RCS irradiated early and higher ATP with x irradiation for IUT. However, these differences were considered not clinically significant. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated that a range of red cell components for use in different age groups are of acceptable quality following x irradiation, with only small differences deemed clinically insignificant in a few of the measured parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athinoula Meli
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Helen V New
- Clinical Services Directorate, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK.,Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Ray
- Manufacturing Development Team, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Elisa Allen
- Statistics and Clinical Studies, NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca Cardigan
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Wiltshire
- Component Development Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Scott BR, Lin Y, Saxton B, Chen W, Potter CA, Belinsky SA. Modeling Cell Survival Fraction and Other Dose-Response Relationships for Immunodeficient C.B-17 SCID Mice Exposed to 320-kV X Rays. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211019887. [PMID: 34104124 PMCID: PMC8170291 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211019887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
US homeland security concerns related to potential misuse of γ-ray-emitting radiation sources employed in radiobiological research (eg, shielded cesium-137 irradiators) led to recommendations by the National Research Council to conduct studies into possibly replacing γ-ray irradiators used in research involving small rodent and other models with X-ray instruments. A limiting factor is suitability of the X-ray photon energy spectra. The objective of our research was to demonstrate the suitability of the radiation energy spectrum of 320-kV X rays after filtration (HVL = 4 mm Cu) for in-vivo cytotoxicity studies in immunodeficient C.B-17 SCID mice. By using a previously-published Hazard Function (HF) model to characterize dose-response relationships for in vivo bone marrow and spleen cell survival fractions and also to characterize the acute lethality risk (hematopoietic syndrome mode) we demonstrate that the filtered 320-kV X-ray beam appears suitable for such studies. A key finding for C.B-17 SCID mice when compared to results previously obtained for immunocompetent C.B-17 mice is that the immunodeficient mice appear to be more radioresistant, implicating a possible role of the immune system capacity in radiosensitivity of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby R Scott
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yong Lin
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bryanna Saxton
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wenshu Chen
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Laggner M, Gugerell A, Copic D, Jeitler M, Springer M, Peterbauer A, Kremslehner C, Filzwieser-Narzt M, Gruber F, Madlener S, Erb M, Widder J, Lechner W, Georg D, Mildner M, Ankersmit HJ. Comparing the efficacy of γ- and electron-irradiation of PBMCs to promote secretion of paracrine, regenerative factors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:14-27. [PMID: 33768126 PMCID: PMC7960502 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free secretomes represent a promising new therapeutic avenue in regenerative medicine, and γ-irradiation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has been shown to promote the release of paracrine factors with high regenerative potential. Recently, the use of alternative irradiation sources, such as artificially generated β- or electron-irradiation, is encouraged by authorities. Since the effect of the less hazardous electron-radiation on the production and functions of paracrine factors has not been tested so far, we compared the effects of γ- and electron-irradiation on PBMCs and determined the efficacy of both radiation sources for producing regenerative secretomes. Exposure to 60 Gy γ-rays from a radioactive nuclide and 60 Gy electron-irradiation provided by a linear accelerator comparably induced cell death and DNA damage. The transcriptional landscapes of PBMCs exposed to either radiation source shared a high degree of similarity. Secretion patterns of proteins, lipids, and extracellular vesicles displayed similar profiles after γ- and electron-irradiation. Lastly, we detected comparable biological activities in functional assays reflecting the regenerative potential of the secretomes. Taken together, we were able to demonstrate that electron-irradiation is an effective, alternative radiation source for producing therapeutic, cell-free secretomes. Our study paves the way for future clinical trials employing secretomes generated with electron-irradiation in tissue-regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laggner
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Gugerell
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragan Copic
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jeitler
- Core Facility Genomics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Springer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Peterbauer
- Austrian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service of Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Christopher Kremslehner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Filzwieser-Narzt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sibylle Madlener
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, and Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Erb
- SYNLAB Analytics and Services Switzerland AG, 4127 Birsfelden, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Widder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Lechner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Georg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Mirlashari MR, Vetlesen A, Nissen-Meyer LSH, Naper C, Tjønnfjord GE, Njerve IU, Ezligini F, Landmark BF, Meinke S, Sandgren P, Höglund P, Hetland G. HLA class I depletion by citric acid, and irradiation of apheresis platelets for transfusion of refractory patients. Transfusion 2021; 61:1222-1234. [PMID: 33580979 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients can form antibodies to foreign human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class I antigens after exposure to allogeneic cells. These anti-HLA class I antibodies can bind transfused platelets (PLTs) and mediate their destruction, thus leading to PLT refractoriness. Patients with PLT refractoriness need HLA-matched PLTs, which require expensive HLA typing of donors, antibody analyses of patient sera and/or crossmatching. An alternative approach is to reduce PLT HLA Class I expression using a brief incubation in citric acid on ice at low pH. METHODS AND MATERIALS Apheresis PLT concentrates were depleted of HLA Class I complexes by 5 minutes incubation in ice-cold citric acid, at pH 3.0. Surface expression of HLA Class I complexes, CD62P, CD63, phosphatidylserine, and complement factor C3c was analyzed by flow cytometry. PLT functionality was tested by thromboelastography (TEG). RESULTS Acid treatment reduced the expression of HLA Class I complexes by 71% and potential for C3c binding by 11.5-fold compared to untreated PLTs. Acid-treated PLTs were significantly more activated than untreated PLTs, but irrespective of this increase in steady-state activation, CD62P and CD63 were strongly upregulated on both acid-treated and untreated PLTs after stimulation with thrombin receptor agonist peptide. Acid treatment did not induce apoptosis over time. X-ray irradiation did not significantly influence the expression of HLA Class I complexes, CD62P, CD63, and TEG variables on acid treated PLTs. CONCLUSION The relatively simple acid stripping method can be used with irradiated apheresis PLTs and may prevent transfusion-associated HLA sensitization and overcome PLT refractoriness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Vetlesen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Christian Naper
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Erland Tjønnfjord
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Unhammer Njerve
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Farshid Ezligini
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stephan Meinke
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Function Area Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Sandgren
- Function Area Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Function Area Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geir Hetland
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Mykhailova O, Turner TR, Olafson C, Howell A, Nahirniak SN, Wizniak J, Gerges HYN, Baldwin T, Clarke G, Acker JP. Hypothermic storage of leukoreduced red blood cells for greater than 21 days is a safe alternative to irradiation. Transfusion 2021; 61:1247-1257. [PMID: 33481275 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irradiation of red blood cells (RBCs) inactivates residual donor T lymphocytes to prevent transfusion-associated graft-vs-host disease (TA-GVHD) but can have adverse effects on recipients and inventory management. Reported incidence of TA-GVHD is lower when leukoreduced RBCs and older blood products are transfused; therefore, the impact of leukoreduction and storage was evaluated as an alternative prevention strategy. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Effectiveness of leukoreduction filters on white blood cell (WBC) proliferation was evaluated by filtering buffy coat (BC) products and isolating residual WBCs. Additionally, leukoreduced RBCs were spiked with 5 × 106 WBCs on Day 21 of hypothermic storage, then stored and processed on Days 7, 14, and 21 to obtain residual WBCs to investigate the impact of hypothermic storage on their viability and proliferative ability. Viability of residual WBCs was assessed by staining with annexin V and an antibody cocktail for flow cytometry analysis. Proliferative ability was assessed by placing carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled residual WBCs into culture for 6 days with phytohemagglutinin before flow cytometry assessment. RESULTS Filtration of BC units depleted WBCs, particularly T lymphocytes, to 0.001% ± 0.003% cells/unit, although proliferative activity remained consistent with prefiltration levels of WBCs. WBCs in stored RBCs remained viable even on Day 21 of storage; however, the proliferative activity decreased to 0.24% ± 0.41%. CONCLUSIONS Hypothermic storage of RBCs for 21 days or more is sufficient to inactivate T lymphocytes, which may help prevent TA-GVHD when irradiated RBCs are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mykhailova
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tracey R Turner
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carly Olafson
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anita Howell
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan N Nahirniak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juanita Wizniak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanan Y N Gerges
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Troy Baldwin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gwen Clarke
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason P Acker
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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15
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Mantuano A, Salata C, Mota CL, Pickler A, Pacífico LDC, Magalhães LAG, Almeida CED. Technical Note: Fricke dosimetry for blood irradiators. Med Phys 2020; 48:500-504. [PMID: 32970855 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Fricke dosimeter has been shown to be a viable option as an absorbed dose standard. This work aims to provide the dose distribution in an irradiator container during blood irradiation using Fricke dosimetry. METHODS Measurements were performed using a Gammacell Elan 3000 blood irradiator at Hemocenter in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A specific phantom was constructed and patented by the authors to perform these measurements. Fricke solution was prepared according to international protocols, and polyethylene bags filled with Fricke solution (n = 19) were spatially distributed within the phantom. Control bags were also submitted to the same process, except the irradiation. The irradiation time was calculated to give 25.7 Gy to the central portion of the phantom, the same dose used for blood bags. RESULTS Encouraging results were obtained with an overall uncertainty of 2.1% (k = 1). The obtained results were compared with the doses calculated by the physicist from Hemocenter based on parameters provided by the manufacturer. The mean dose delivered to the Fricke bag in the center of the phantom (cavity 2) was 28.7 ± 0.5 Gy, which is 12% higher than the planned dose of 25.7 Gy. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results showed that the setup (Fricke and phantom) is able to perform dosimetry for blood irradiators. The delivered dose was higher than expected. This highlights the importance in controlling all the parameters during irradiation to ensure the correct dose for all irradiated bags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mantuano
- Radiological Sciences Department, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Salata
- Radiological Sciences Department, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Medical and Research Facilities, National Nuclear Energy Authority (CNEN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Lemos Mota
- Department of Applied Physics and Thermodynamic, Physics Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arissa Pickler
- Radiological Sciences Department, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Castro Pacífico
- Radiological Sciences Department, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Estadual de Hematologia Arthur de Siqueira Cavalcanti (HEMORIO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Foukaneli T, Kerr P, Bolton‐Maggs PH, Cardigan R, Coles A, Gennery A, Jane D, Kumararatne D, Manson A, New HV, Torpey N. Guidelines on the use of irradiated blood components. Br J Haematol 2020; 191:704-724. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Foukaneli
- NHS Blood and Transplant Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Department of Haematology Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Paul Kerr
- Department of Haematology Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust Exeter UK
| | - Paula H.B. Bolton‐Maggs
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Serious Hazards of Transfusion Office Manchester Blood Centre Manchester UK
| | - Rebecca Cardigan
- Haematology University of Cambridge Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge UK
| | - Alasdair Coles
- Clinical Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge UK
| | - Andrew Gennery
- Department of Paediatric Immunology Institute of Cellular Medicine Newcastle University Cambridge Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - David Jane
- Department of Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Dinakantha Kumararatne
- Department of Clinical Immunology Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Ania Manson
- Department of Clinical Immunology Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Helen V. New
- NHS Blood and Transplant London UK
- Department of Haematology Imperial College London London UK
| | - Nicholas Torpey
- Department of Clinical Nephrology and Transplantation Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
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17
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DeSimone RA, Plimier C, Lee C, Kanias T, Cushing MM, Sachais BS, Kleinman S, Busch MP, Roubinian NH. Additive effects of blood donor smoking and gamma irradiation on outcome measures of red blood cell transfusion. Transfusion 2020; 60:1175-1182. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colleen Plimier
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research Oakland California USA
| | - Catherine Lee
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research Oakland California USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research Institute San Francisco California USA
- University of California San Francisco California USA
| | - Nareg H. Roubinian
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research Oakland California USA
- Vitalant Research Institute San Francisco California USA
- University of California San Francisco California USA
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18
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Gott KM, Potter CA, Doyle-Eisele M, Lin Y, Wilder J, Scott BR. A Comparison of Cs-137 γ Rays and 320-kV X-Rays in a Mouse Bone Marrow Transplantation Model. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820916572. [PMID: 32284702 PMCID: PMC7139189 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820916572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
US homeland security concerns regarding the potential misuse of some radiation
sources used in radiobiological research, for example, cesium-137
(137Cs), have resulted in recommendations by the National
Research Council to conduct studies into replacing these sources with suitable
X-ray instruments. The objective of this research is to compare the
effectiveness of an X-RAD 320 irradiator (PXINC 2010) with a 137Cs
irradiator (Gammacell-1000 Unit) using an established bone marrow chimeric
model. Using measured radiation doses for each instrument, we characterized the
dose–response relationships for bone marrow and splenocyte ablation, using a
cytotoxicity-hazard model. Our results show that the X-RAD 320 photon energy
spectrum was suitable for ablating bone marrow at the 3 exposure levels used,
similar to that of 137Cs photons. However, the 320-kV X-rays were not
as effective as the much higher energy γ rays at depleting mouse splenocytes.
Furthermore, the 3 X-ray levels used were less effective than the higher energy
γ rays in allowing the successful engraftment of donor bone marrow, potentially
as a result of the incomplete depletion of the spleen cells. More defined
studies are warranted for determining whether bone marrow transplantation in
mice can be successfully achieved using 320-kV X-rays. A higher X-ray dose then
used is likely needed for transplantation success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yong Lin
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie Wilder
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bobby R Scott
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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19
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Eng J, Orf J, Perez K, Sawant D, DeVoss J. Generation of bone marrow chimeras using X-ray irradiation: comparison to cesium irradiation and use in immunotherapy. J Biol Methods 2020; 7:e125. [PMID: 32206674 PMCID: PMC7082502 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2020.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow chimeras represent a key tool employed to understand biological contributions stemming from the hematopoietic versus the stromal compartment. In most institutions, cesium irradiators are used to lethally irradiate recipient animals prior to the injection of donor bone marrow. Cesium irradiators, however, have significant liabilities—including concerns around domestic security. Recently, X-ray irradiators have been implemented as a potential alternative to cesium sources. Only a small number of publications in the literature have attempted to compare these two modalities and, in most cases, the emphasis was on irradiation of human blood productions. We were able to find only a single study that directly compared X-ray and cesium technologies in the generation of murine bone marrow chimeras, a standard laboratory practice. This study focused on chimerism in the blood of recipient animals. In the present study, we begin by comparing cesium and X-ray based sources for irradiation, then transition to using X-ray-based systems for immunology models with an emphasis on immunotherapy of cancer in immunocompetent mouse models—specifically evaluating chimerism in the blood, spleen, and tumor microenvironment. While our data demonstrate that the two platforms are functionally comparable and suggest that X-ray based technology is a suitable alternative to cesium sources. We also highlight a difference in chimerism between the peripheral (blood, spleen) and tumor compartments that is observed using both technologies. While the overall degree of chimerism in the peripheral tissues is very high, the degree of chimerism in the tumor is cell type specific with T and NK cells showing lower chimerism than other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Eng
- Amgen Research, Department of Oncology, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jessica Orf
- Amgen Research, Department of Oncology, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kristy Perez
- Amgen Research, Department of Oncology, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Deepali Sawant
- Amgen Research, Department of Oncology, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason DeVoss
- Amgen Research, Department of Oncology, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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20
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Li XY, Qu N, Wang XJ, Yang JX, Xin YY, Zhu JB, Bai X, Duan YB. Regulation of X-Ray Irradiation on the Activity and Expression Levels of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1575. [PMID: 32047430 PMCID: PMC6997339 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the regulation of X-ray irradiation and its effect on the activity and protein and mRNA expression levels of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 in rats. Rats were randomly divided into 0 Gy (control), 1 Gy (low-dose irradiation), and 5 Gy (high-dose irradiation) groups. CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 activity was evaluated from changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of caffeine and chlorzoxazone, respectively. The plasma concentrations of the probe drugs were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were used to analyze the protein and mRNA expression levels of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1, respectively. The AUC0-12 of caffeine was decreased by 1.7- and 2.5-fold, and the CL was increased by 1.8- and 2.6-fold in the 1 Gy and 5 Gy groups, respectively, compared to the 0 Gy group. The AUC0-10 of chlorzoxazone was 1.4- and 1.8-fold lower, and the CL was 1.4- and 1.9-fold higher in the 1 Gy and 5 Gy groups, respectively, compared to the 0 Gy group. The metabolism of caffeine and chlorzoxazone increased under X-ray irradiation as CL levels increased and AUC levels decreased, suggesting that CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 activity is enhanced in rats after X-ray irradiation. Compared to that of the 0 Gy group, the protein expression level of CYP1A2 was measured as 28.3% and 38.9% higher in the 1 Gy and 5 Gy groups, respectively. The protein expression level of CYP2E1 was 48.4% higher in the 5 Gy group compared to the 0 Gy group, and there was no statistically significant difference between 0 Gy and 1 Gy. Compared to the 0 Gy group, the mRNA expression level of CYP1A2 was 200% and 856.3% higher in the 1 Gy and 5 Gy group, respectively, whereas the mRNA expression level of CYP2E1 was 89.0% and 192.3% higher in the 1 Gy and 5 Gy groups, respectively. This study reveals significant changes in the activity and protein and mRNA expression levels of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 in rats after exposure to X-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China.,Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ning Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qinghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Xue-Jun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Red Cross Hospital of Qinghai, Xining, China
| | | | - Yuan-Yao Xin
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jun-Bo Zhu
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ya-Bin Duan
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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21
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Effects of dose rate absorption in extracellular potassium concentration of red cells concentrates. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Kamen J, Hsu WY, Boswell B, Hill C. Successful Migration from Radioactive Irradiators to X-ray Irradiators in One of the Largest Medical Centers in the US. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 117:558-570. [PMID: 31219892 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarizes about 9 years of effort by Mount Sinai to successfully migrate completely from radioactive irradiators to x-ray irradiators without compromising patient care or research studies. All the effort by Mount Sinai to permanently remove the risk of malicious use of radioactive materials as Radiological Dispersal Device or dirty bomb is reviewed. Due to the unique characteristics of the cesium chloride (CsCl) used in irradiators, it is especially susceptible to be used as a dirty bombs. Mount Sinai originally had four of such irradiators. To reduce and eventually remove the risk of malicious use of radioactive materials, Mount Sinai in New York City has taken several steps. One of such measures was to harden the radioactive irradiators to make the radioactive materials harder to be stolen for malicious purposes. By increasing the delay time, the local law enforcement agency (LLEA) will have more time to stop the intruder. Another measure taken was to implement enhanced security in facilities having radioactive materials. We collaborated with the National Nuclear Security Administration and used state-of-the-art security equipment such as Biometric Access Control and 24/7 video monitoring. In addition, a remote monitoring system with alarms was installed and connected to LLEA for constant monitoring and possible intervention, if necessary, in a timely manner. The other measure taken was to limit the number of people who have access to such radioactive materials. We adopted a single person operator method and reduced the number of people having access from 145 people to only a few people. The adoption of such measures has reduced the risk significantly; however, the best way to remove the permanent risk of these radioactive materials that may be used for a dirty bomb is to use alternative technology to replace these high-activity radioactive sources. In 2013, Mount Sinai purchased its first x-ray irradiator to investigate the feasibility of using x-ray irradiators instead of cesium irradiators for research purposes for cells and small mice. The results from comparison studies were promising, which led to the decision of permanent migration of all cesium irradiators to x-ray irradiators. As of January 2018, Mount Sinai successfully disposed all its Cs irradiators. At this time, Mount Sinai, as one of the largest health care institutions in NY with about 50,000 employees, has migrated completely to alternative technology and removed the risk of malicious use of radioactive materials permanently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kamen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Wen-Ya Hsu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Colin Hill
- Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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23
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Yang H, Kim W, Bae J, Kim H, Kim S, Choi J, Park J, Jung DI, Koh H, Yu D. Effects of irradiation and leukoreduction on down-regulation of CXCL-8 and storage lesion in stored canine whole blood. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:72-78. [PMID: 30541183 PMCID: PMC6351766 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.1.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
White blood cells (WBCs) and storage period are the main factors of transfusion reactions. In the present study, cytokine/chemokine concentrations after leukoreduction (LR) and irradiation (IR) in stored canine whole blood were measured. Red blood cell storage lesion caused by IR and LR were also compared. Blood samples from 10 healthy Beagles were divided into four groups (no treatment, LR-, IR-, and LR + IR-treated). Leukocytes were removed by filtration in the LR group and gamma radiation (25 Gy) was applied in the IR group. Immunologic factors (WBCs, interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 [CXCL-8], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and storage lesion factors (blood pH, potassium, and hemolysis) were evaluated on storage days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Compared to the treated groups, IL-6 and CXCL-8 concentrations during storage were significantly higher in the control (no treatment) group. LR did not show changes in cytokine/chemokine concentrations, and storage lesion presence was relatively mild. IR significantly increased CXCL-8 after 14 days of storage, but IR of leukoreduced blood did not increase CXCL-8 during 28 days of storage. Storage lesions such as hemolysis, increased potassium, and low pH were observed 7 days after IR and storage of blood, regardless of LR. IR of leukoreduced blood is beneficial to avoid immune reactions; however, storage lesions should be considered upon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Woosun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Junwoo Bae
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sangki Kim
- College of Industrial Science, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Dong-In Jung
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - HongBum Koh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - DoHyeon Yu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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24
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Park JS, Ha JW. X-ray irradiation inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes on sliced cheese and its bactericidal mechanisms. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 289:127-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Kleinman S, Stassinopoulos A. Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease reexamined: potential for improved prevention using a universally applied intervention. Transfusion 2018; 58:2545-2563. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kleinman
- Clinical Pathology; University of British Columbia, School of Medicine; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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26
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Red blood cells metabolome changes upon treatment with different X-ray irradiation doses. Ann Hematol 2018; 97:1909-1917. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Park SY, Jung SJ, Ha SD. Synergistic effects of combined X-ray and aqueous chlorine dioxide treatments against Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm on quail egg shells. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Effect of Technically Relevant X-Ray Doses on the Structure and Function of Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Hen Egg-White Lysozyme. Pharm Res 2018; 35:135. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Bahar B, Tormey CA. Prevention of Transfusion-Associated Graft-Versus-Host Disease With Blood Product Irradiation: The Past, Present, and Future. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 142:662-667. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0620-rs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD) is a disease with a very high mortality rate. In this report, we discuss TA-GVHD from a historical perspective, highlight the pathogenesis of TA-GVHD, and emphasize the importance of blood product irradiation, which is a very effective means to prevent this disease. We summarize the current recommendations in different patient populations from different countries and review recent developments, such as alternatives for the use of radioactive materials. We also speculate on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A. Tormey
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Drs Bahar and Tormey); and the Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut (Dr Tormey)
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30
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Antosik A, Czubak K, Cichon N, Nowak P, Zbikowska H. Vitamin E Analogue Protects Red Blood Cells against Storage-Induced Oxidative Damage. Transfus Med Hemother 2018; 45:347-354. [PMID: 30498413 DOI: 10.1159/000486605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate i) the effects of Trolox® or mannitol, which represent two different classes of antioxidants, on oxidative changes generated in manually isolated red blood cells (RBCs) from citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) preserved whole blood, followed by up to 20 days refrigerated storage, and ii) whether Trolox supplemented to the blood bank-manufactured saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM) preserved RBC units would offer better storage conditions compared with SAGM alone. Methods The percentage of hemolysis and extracellular activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured to assess RBC membrane integrity. Lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were quantified by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), Ellman's reagent and 2, 2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS.+) based assay, respectively. Results Trolox was little more effective than mannitol in protecting against progressive RBC hemolysis. Trolox (0.125-3.125 mmol/l) inhibited storage-induced leakage of LDH, lipid peroxidation, and to a lesser extent GSH depletion. Mannitol at these concentrations neither inhibited TBARS formation nor prevented GSH depletion. RBC units stored in SAGM-Trolox had significantly lower hemolysis, LDH leakage, and lipid peroxidation level compared to RBCs stored in SAGM. Conclusion There is evidence of the beneficial effects of supplementing RBC-additive solutions with membrane-interacting antioxidants such as vitamin E analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Antosik
- Department of General Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Czubak
- Department of General Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Cichon
- Department of General Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel Nowak
- Department of General Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Halina Zbikowska
- Department of General Biochemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Effect of X-ray irradiation on hepatocarcinoma cells and erythrocytes in salvaged blood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7995. [PMID: 28801583 PMCID: PMC5554194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad clinical acceptance of intraoperative blood salvage and its applications in cancer surgery remain controversial. Until now, a method that can safely eliminate cancer cells while preserving erythrocytes does not exist. Here, we investigated whether X-ray generated from linear accelerator irradiation at a certain dose can kill hepatocarcinoma cells while preserving erythrocytes. HepG2, SK-Hep1 or Huh7 cells were mixed into the aliquots of erythrocytes obtained from healthy volunteers. After the mixed cells were exposed to 30 Gy and 50 Gy X-rays irradiation, the viability, clonogenicity, DNA synthesis and tumorigenicity of the tumor cells were determined by the MTT assay, plate colony formation, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation, and subcutaneous xenograft implantation into immunocompromised mice. The ATP, 2,3-DPG, free Hb, osmotic fragility, blood gas variables in erythrocytes and morphology of erythrocytes at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h after irradiation were analyzed. X-ray irradiation at 30 Gy effectively inhibited the viability, proliferation, and tumorigenicity of HepG2, SK-Hep1 and Huh7 cells without noticeably damaging the ability of oxygen-carrying, membrane integrity and morphology of erythrocytes. Theses results suggest that X-ray at 30 Gy irradiation might be safe to eliminate hepatocarcinoma cells while preserving erythrocytes in salvaged blood.
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Bruno AC, Mazaro S, Amaral L, Rego E, Oliveira H, Pavoni J. Biological X-ray irradiator characterization for use with small animals and cells. Braz J Med Biol Res 2017; 50:e5848. [PMID: 28273210 PMCID: PMC5378452 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the characterization of an X-ray irradiator through dosimetric tests, which confirms the actual dose rate that small animals and cells will be exposed to during radiobiological experiments. We evaluated the linearity, consistency, repeatability, and dose distribution in the positions in which the animals or cells are placed during irradiation. In addition, we evaluated the performance of the X-ray tube (voltage and tube operating current), the radiometric survey (leakage radiation) and safety devices. The irradiator default setting was established as 160 kV and 25 mA. Tests showed that the dose rate was linear overtime (R2=1) and remained stable for long (constant) and short (repeatability) intervals between readings. The mean dose rate inside the animal cages was 1.27±0.06 Gy/min with a uniform beam of 95.40% (above the minimum threshold guaranteed by the manufacturer). The mean dose rate inside the cell plates was 0.92±0.19 Gy/min. The dose rate dependence with tube voltage and current presented a quadratic and linear relationship, respectively. There was no observed mechanical failure during evaluation of the irradiator safety devices and the radiometric survey obtained a maximum ambient equivalent dose rate of 0.26 mSv/h, which exempts it from the radiological protection requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The irradiator characterization enables us to perform radiobiological experiments, and assists or even replaces traditional therapy equipment (e.g., linear accelerators) for cells and small animal irradiation, especially in early research stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Colello Bruno
- Serviço de Radioterapia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - S.J. Mazaro
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - L.L. Amaral
- Serviço de Radioterapia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - E.M. Rego
- Serviço de Radioterapia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - H.F. Oliveira
- Serviço de Radioterapia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - J.F. Pavoni
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Czubak K, Antosik A, Cichon N, Zbikowska HM. Vitamin C and Trolox decrease oxidative stress and hemolysis in cold-stored human red blood cells. Redox Rep 2017; 22:445-450. [PMID: 28277068 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1289314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of sodium ascorbate (SA) (5-3125 μM) and a combination of SA and Trolox (25 and 125 μM) on oxidative changes generated in red blood cells (RBCs) followed by up to 20 days refrigerated storage. METHODS RBCs were isolated from CPD-preserved human blood. Percentage of hemolysis and extracellular activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured to assess the RBC membrane integrity. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were quantified by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, Ellman's reagent and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) [Formula: see text]-based assay, respectively. RESULTS SA failed to reduce the storage-induced hemolysis and RBC membrane permeability. Addition of SA resulted in a concentration-independent LPO inhibition and increased TAC. A combination of SA/Trolox supplemented to the RBC medium significantly inhibited hemolysis, LDH leakage, LPO, GSH depletion and enhanced TAC. DISCUSSION The effects of vitamin C action are closely concentration-dependent and may be modulated by a variety of compounds (e.g. Hb degradation products) released from RBCs during the prolonged storage, changing its properties from anti- to pro-oxidative. The two different class antioxidants (SA/Trolox) could possibly cooperate to be good potential RBC storage additives ensuring both antiradical and membrane stabilizing protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Czubak
- a Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Adam Antosik
- a Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Natalia Cichon
- a Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Halina Malgorzata Zbikowska
- a Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Platelet-, leucocyte- and red cell-derived microparticles in stored whole blood, with and without leucofiltration, with and without ionising radiation. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2016; 16:145-153. [PMID: 27893349 DOI: 10.2450/2016.0108-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Storage lesion, including microparticle formation, has been partially characterised in whole blood, but not in all combinations of pre-storage leucofiltration and/or irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single-donor whole blood products were processed into four subunits: with and without leucofiltration, with and without X-irradiation (25 Gy). Platelet-, leucocyte-, and erythrocyte-derived microparticles and free haemoglobin were measured periodically throughout 42 days of storage. RESULTS Pre-storage leucofiltration substantially reduced platelet- and leucocyte-derived microparticle counts throughout storage. Irradiation, in contrast, had no significant effect on microparticle counts. A gate for all microparticles showed a substantial time-dependent increase in unfiltered whole blood. A time-dependent increase in free haemoglobin was greatest in unfiltered, irradiated whole blood. DISCUSSION This study indicates that leucofiltration can prevent the formation of leucocyte- and platelet-derived microparticles, and might reduce haemolysis in irradiated whole blood, either by removing factors that provoke haemolysis, or by selective retention of senescent or effete red cells most prone to haemolysis.
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Frentzel K, Badakhshi H. Irradiation with x-rays of the energy 18 MV induces radioactivity in transfusion blood: Proposal of a safe method using 6 MV. Med Phys 2016; 43:6517. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4967482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Mahmoud BS, Nannapaneni R, Chang S, Wu Y, Coker R. Improving the safety and quality of raw tuna fillets by X-ray irradiation. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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West FB, Kelher MR, Silliman CC. Red Blood Cell Transfusion. TRAUMA INDUCED COAGULOPATHY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7178873 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28308-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blood is classified as a drug and transfusion is one of the most commonly performed procedures in the USA. General knowledge of blood manufacturing, shelf life and storage media, common component modifications, blood types, and product compatibility allows the clinician to better communicate their needs and to understand what options may be available when ordering blood products. All transfusions offer benefits, and the clinician must comprehend the possible adverse events, especially those related to TRALI, which continues to be the most common cause of transfusion-related death reported to FDA, with TACO as the second most-commonly reported event. Transfusing in the setting of hemorrhagic blood loss adds additional challenges regarding volume overload, coagulopathy, and optimum transfusion ratios of red cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. The information imparted in this chapter will help equip the clinician with the knowledge needed to make the best decisions for patients requiring blood products, especially injured patients.
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Olivo RA, da Silva MV, Garcia FB, Soares S, Rodrigues Junior V, Moraes-Souza H. Evaluation of the effectiveness of packed red blood cell irradiation by a linear accelerator. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2015; 37:153-9. [PMID: 26041416 PMCID: PMC4459437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation of blood components with ionizing radiation generated by a specific device is recommended to prevent transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. However, a linear accelerator can also be used in the absence of such a device, which is the case of the blood bank facility studied herein. In order to evaluate the quality of the irradiated packed red blood cells, this study aimed to determine whether the procedure currently employed in the facility is effective in inhibiting the proliferation of T lymphocytes without damaging blood components. The proliferation of T lymphocytes, plasma potassium levels, and the degree of hemolysis were evaluated and compared to blood bags that received no irradiation. Packed red blood cell bags were irradiated at a dose of 25 Gy in a linear accelerator. For this purpose, a container was designed to hold the bags and to ensure even distribution of irradiation as evaluated by computed tomography and dose-volume histogram. Irradiation was observed to inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes. The percentage of hemolysis in irradiated bags was slightly higher than in non-irradiated bags (p-value >0.05), but it was always less than 0.4% of the red cell mass. Although potassium increased in both groups, it was more pronounced in irradiated red blood cells, especially after seven days of storage, with a linear increase over storage time. The findings showed that, at an appropriate dosage and under validated conditions, the irradiation of packed red blood cells in a linear accelerator is effective, inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation but without compromising the viability of the red cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheila Soares
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Could Na,K-ATPase play a role in potassium leakage from irradiated erythrocytes? Clin Chim Acta 2014; 433:58-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Patidar GK, Joshi A, Marwaha N, Prasad R, Malhotra P, Sharma RR, Dhawan HK. Serial assessment of biochemical changes in irradiated red blood cells. Transfus Apher Sci 2014; 50:479-87. [PMID: 24594298 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion associated graft vs host disease (TA-GVHD) is delayed effect of blood component therapy with a very high mortality rate. The use of irradiated blood components is the only proven method to prevent TA-GVHD in susceptible patients. AIM Our study was designed to analyze the quality of irradiated PRBCs in terms of their biochemical parameters during a storage period up to 28 days post irradiation. METHODS A total of 80 PRBC units were analyzed, 40 units each stored in CPDA-1 and additive solution-SAGM. The units were evaluated serially for the following biochemical parameters, plasma/ supernatant potassium, sodium, pH, glucose, lactate, plasma/supernatant hemoglobin and red cell ATP. We further evaluated the differences in these parameters between units irradiated on day 1 and day 7 of storage and stored these units up to 28 days and 35 days respectively. Ten units in each group were used as control. The assessment was done at weekly intervals from the day of irradiation. RESULTS Within each group of red cells, there was a rise in mean concentration of plasma potassium (K(+)) from day 1 to last day of storage. There was a highly significant difference (P<0.01) between irradiated and control units after first week of storage in both types of PRBCs. Irradiated CPDA-1 PRBC had significantly higher (K(+)) than irradiated SAGM PRBC. Intergroup comparison revealed significantly higher (P<0.05) mean hemoglobin in irradiated CPDA-1 PRBC as compared to SAGM PRBC. The mean pH was significantly higher (P<0.05) in irradiated CPDA-1 PRBC as compared to irradiated SAGM PRBC only on day 7 of storage. ATP levels significantly decreased in irradiated units as compared to control units. SAGM PRBCs had significantly higher (P<0.05) mean ATP concentration than CPDA-1PRBCs. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that SAGM-PRBCs show better stability after irradiation compared to CPDA-1 PRBCs. The limits of safety for CPDA-1 PRBCs appear to be two weeks after irradiation. SAGM-PRBCs on the other hand show acceptable limits of safety up to three weeks of irradiation. The shelf life of irradiated PRBCs may vary depending upon the storage solution and day of irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aparna Joshi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Marwaha
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.
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Maia GAS, Renó CDO, Medina JM, Silveira ABD, Mignaco JA, Atella GC, Cortes VF, Barbosa LA, Santos HDL. The effect of gamma radiation on the lipid profile of irradiated red blood cells. Ann Hematol 2013; 93:753-60. [PMID: 24218190 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An investigation into the effects of irradiation and of the storage time on aging and quality are a relevant issue to ensure the safety and the efficiency of irradiation in the prevention of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD). In this work, the biochemical properties and alterations presented by erythrocyte membranes, up to 28-days post-irradiation, with a dose of 25 Gy, were studied as a function of storage and post-irradiation time. There was a considerable variation in the total of phospholipid content, when comparing the control and irradiated samples, mostly from the third day onwards; and at the same time, the effect occurred as a function on the storage time of blood bags. The levels of total cholesterol decreased 3-9 days after irradiation. TBARS levels were increased after irradiation and 7 days of storage, but no increment of catalase activity was observed after the irradiation. Furthermore, the protein profile was maintained throughout the irradiation and storage time, until the 21st day, with the presence of a protein fragmentation band of around 28 kDa on the 28th day. In conclusion, although gamma irradiation is the main agent for the prevention of TA-GVHD, a better understanding of the physical and biochemical properties of erythrocytes are necessary to better assess their viability, and to be able to issue more secure recommendations on the shelf life of blood bags, and the safe use of the irradiated red cells therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle Aparecida Silva Maia
- Faculdade de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindú, Av Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, CEP, 35501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Jawa RS, Young DH, Stothert JC, Kulaylat MN, Landmark JD. Transfusion-Associated Graft Versus Host Disease in the Immunocompetent Patient. J Intensive Care Med 2013; 30:123-30. [DOI: 10.1177/0885066613492645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transfusion associated-graft versus host disease (TA-GVHD) is a rare complication of blood transfusion. It carries a very high mortality rate. Although the phenomenon has been well described in immunocompromised patients, this review focuses on the immunocompetent host. Cases of TA-GVHD continue to be reported following a variety of surgical procedures, especially cardiac procedures requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Additional risk factors for TA-GVHD include blood component transfusion in populations with limited genetic diversity, the use of directed donations from family members, and the transfusion of fresh blood. As there is no effective treatment, the focus is on prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randeep S. Jawa
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David H. Young
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Joseph C. Stothert
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - James D. Landmark
- Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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El Kenz H, Corazza F, Van Der Linden P, Chabab S, Vandenvelde C. Potassium content of irradiated packed red blood cells in different storage media: is there a need for additive solution-dependent recommendations for infant transfusion? Transfus Apher Sci 2013; 49:249-53. [PMID: 23711835 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2013.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of transfusion-associated graft versus host disease (TA-GVHD) by gamma irradiation is known to induce increased K+ in supernatant of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) stored in CPDA-1 and SAGM conservative solutions. However, no data exist for PRBCs in AS-3 medium which is considered safe for neonatal transfusion. We evaluated haemolysis and K+ release from irradiated AS-3 PRBCs and compared our results with reported data for SAGM and CPDA-1 PRBCs. Our results indicate that irradiated PRBCs stored in AS-3 after more than 7 days post-irradiation should not be used in massive and/or rapidly infused transfusions in neonates and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H El Kenz
- Brugmann University Hospital Centre, Queen Fabiola University Children Hospital Blood Bank, Brussels, Belgium.
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Bashir S, Naik F, Cardigan R, Thomas S. Effect of X-irradiation on the quality of red cell concentrates. Vox Sang 2011; 101:200-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Treleaven J, Gennery A, Marsh J, Norfolk D, Page L, Parker A, Saran F, Thurston J, Webb D. Guidelines on the use of irradiated blood components prepared by the British Committee for Standards in Haematology blood transfusion task force. Br J Haematol 2010; 152:35-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zimmermann R, Schoetz AM, Frisch A, Hauck B, Weiss D, Strobel J, Eckstein R. Influence of late irradiation on the in vitro RBC storage variables of leucoreduced RBCs in SAGM additive solution. Vox Sang 2010; 100:279-84. [PMID: 20860560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There exists only few data on in vitro and in vivo effects of gamma irradiation of leucoreduced red blood cells (RBCs). Reported studies reflect the effects of early irradiation and subsequent storage. The effects of irradiation on RBCs shortly before the end of their shelf-life have not been examined. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 160 RBC units that were stored in the additive solution saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol and leucoreduced on the collection day. Forty components were irradiated on day +14 with 30 Gy, 40 on day +28, 40 on day +35, and 40 served as nonirradiated controls. In vitro evaluation of all units was performed on days +3, +7, +14, +21, +28, +35, and +42 from the collection day. RESULTS Gamma irradiation induced leakage of potassium ions and lactate dehydrogenase and enhanced in vitro haemolysis rate in the irradiated components, which started to increase faster than that of nonirradiated RBCs from the day of irradiation, i.e. from day +14 in units that were irradiated on day +14, from day +28 in units that were irradiated on day +28, and from day +35 in units that were irradiated on day +35. CONCLUSIONS This study presents data on the in vitro quality of leucoreduced RBCs that have been irradiated on days +14, +28, or +35 after collection. Our findings support the proposal that the current limitation of the age of RBCs on the day of gamma irradiation may be replaced by staged limitations depending on the time of irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zimmermann
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haemostaseology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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Mahmoud B. Inactivation effect of X-ray treatments onCronobacterspecies (Enterobacter sakazakii) in tryptic soy broth, skim milk, low-fat milk and whole-fat milk*. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:562-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mahmoud BS. Reduction of Vibrio vulnificus in pure culture, half shell and whole shell oysters (Crassostrea virginica) by X-ray. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 130:135-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Self-shielded 137Cs irradiators have been used for many years to irradiate blood products to prevent graft vs. host disease and to irradiate cells and small animals in research. A report by the National Academy of Sciences recommends that careful consideration be given to replacement of 137Cs irradiators with x-ray irradiators. Several manufacturers and users of x-ray irradiators were contacted to determine costs of replacing and maintaining 137Cs irradiators with x-ray units and to assess users' experience with x-ray irradiators. Purchase costs of x-ray units are similar to 137Cs irradiators, but maintenance costs are significantly higher if annual service contracts are used. Performance of the two irradiator types appears to be equivalent, but in some cases x-ray irradiations may need to be performed in multiple configurations to achieve adequate uniformity in dose. No literature reports were found that evaluated the biological effectiveness of x rays vs. 137Cs gamma rays; therefore, a careful study should be conducted to determine the biological effectiveness of x rays vs. 137Cs gamma rays for biological responses relevant to transfusion medicine and immunological research. Throughput may be problematic for large transfusion medicine programs, and back-up plans may be necessary in case the x-ray unit needs to be taken out of service for extended maintenance. Disposition of a 137Cs irradiator will add to the cost of replacement with an x-ray unit, but disposal may be possible through the U.S. Department of Energy's Off-Site Source Recovery Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dodd
- BDConsulting, 10313 Cogswell Avenue, Las Vegas, NV 89134-5209, USA.
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