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Geng Y, Shi T, Wang Y. Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:73-92. [PMID: 37223860 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) occurs predominantly by the fecal-oral route. Large epidemics of hepatitis E in the developing countries of Asia and Africa are waterborne and spread through contaminated drinking water. The reservoir of HEV in developed countries is believed to be in animals with zoonotic transmission to humans, possibly through direct contact or the consumption of undercooked contaminated meat. And HEV transmission through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and vertical transmission has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Geng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Tengfei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Hebei Province, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
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2
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Ideno S, Inoue T, Takahashi K, Urayama T, Maeno H, Takeuchi K, Sakai K. Phenotypic characterization of cell culture-derived hepatitis E virus subjected to different chemical treatments: Application in virus removal via nanofiltration. J Virol Methods 2021; 296:114244. [PMID: 34302862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Safety evaluation for the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is required for plasma fractionation products. Plasma-derived HEV (pHEV) is quite unique in that it is associated with a lipid membrane, which, when stripped during manufacturing processes, induces morphological changes in the virus, making it difficult to select proper HEV phenotypes for clearance studies. We developed a convenient system for the preparation of a high titer cell culture-derived HEV (cHEV). In this system, PLC/PRF/5 cells transfected with the wild-type HEV genome generated lipid membrane-associated cHEV for a long period even after cryopreservation. We also examined how this lipid membrane-associated cHEV can be used to verify the robustness of pHEV removal via 19-nm nanofiltration. Sodium-deoxycholate and trypsin (NaDOC/T) treatment not only dissolved lipid but also digested membrane-associated proteins from pHEV and cHEV, making the resulting cHEV particle smaller in size than any pHEV phenotypes generated by ethanol or solvent-detergent treatment in this study. In both 19-nm and 35-nm nanofiltration, cHEV behaved identically to pHEV. These results indicate that cHEV is a useful resource for viral clearance studies in term of availability, and the use of NaDOC/T-treated cHEV ensured robust pHEV removal capacity via 19-nm nanofiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Ideno
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Takamasa Inoue
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kadue Takahashi
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeru Urayama
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hideki Maeno
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakai
- Central Research Laboratory, Research & Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe, Japan
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3
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Dähnert L, Schlosser J, Fast C, Fröhlich A, Gröner A, Lange E, Roth NJ, Schäfer W, Schröder C, Eiden M, Groschup MH. Hepatitis E virus: Efficacy of pasteurization of plasma-derived VWF/FVIII concentrate determined by pig bioassay. Transfusion 2021; 61:1266-1277. [PMID: 33605455 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the leading cause of acute hepatitis throughout the world. Increasing blood component transfusion-associated HEV infections highlight the need for reliable virus inactivation procedures for plasma derivatives from pooled plasma donations. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS An animal infection study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of HEV inactivation by pasteurization during the manufacturing process of the von Willebrand Factor/Factor VIII (VWF/FVIII) concentrate Haemate P/Humate-P (CSL Behring, Marburg, Germany). For this purpose, groups of pigs were inoculated with stabilized VWF/FVIII intermediate spiked with HEV-positive liver homogenate and exposed to increasing incubation times of 0, 3, 6, and 10 h at 60°C. Animals were evaluated for virus replication over 27 days and in a subsequent trial over 92 days. RESULTS Virus replication was detected in animals up to the 6-h pasteurization group. In contrast, pasteurization for 10 h did not reveal virus detection when the observation period was 27 days. In an additional experiment using the 10-h pasteurized material, two individuals started virus excretion and seroconverted when the observation period was extended to 92 days. Based on the total infection rate (2 of 12) of the animals inoculated with the sample pasteurized for 10 h, a virus reduction factor of at least 4.7 log10 is calculated. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that pasteurization at 60°C for 10 h of an HEV-positive plasma derivative leads to the effective reduction of infectivity, resulting in a VWF/FVIII product with an appropriate margin of safety for HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dähnert
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Fast
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Fröhlich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Elke Lange
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nathan J Roth
- Global Pathogen Safety, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Charlotte Schröder
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
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4
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Hasanain RHA, Saleh RM, Attia FM, Gomaa HH. Screening for Human Parvovirus B19 Infection in Egyptian Family Replacement Blood Donors. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2020; 37:309-312. [PMID: 33867739 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-020-01356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Up till now, screening for human parvovirus B19 is not routine in national Egyptian blood bank strategy. Blood samples were collected from 500 healthy blood donors within the age range from 18 to 45 years old attending the blood bank of Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt. Sera were separated and stored at - 20 °C. Serum samples were screened for anti-human parvovirus B19 IgM and IgG antibodies and B19 genome using ELISA and real-time PCR respectively. Frequency of B19 IgM and B19 IgG antibodies was 6.20%, and 80.20% respectively, and the prevalence of B19 genome was 3.00%. There is a high frequency of human parvovirus B19 among Egyptian blood donors; therefore, serological screening for B19 is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania M Saleh
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fadia M Attia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Hanaa H Gomaa
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Christensen A, Kesti O, Elenius V, Eskola AL, Døllner H, Altunbulakli C, Akdis CA, Söderlund-Venermo M, Jartti T. Human bocaviruses and paediatric infections. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2019; 3:418-426. [PMID: 30948251 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), belonging to the Parvoviridae family, was discovered in 2005, in nasopharyngeal samples from children with respiratory tract infections. Three additional bocaviruses, HBoV2-4, were discovered in 2009-10. These viruses have mainly been found in faecal samples and their role in human diseases is still uncertain. HBoV1 causes a wide spectrum of respiratory diseases in children, including common cold, acute otitis media, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and asthma exacerbations. HBoV1 DNA can persist in airway secretions for months after an acute infection. Consequently, acute HBoV1 infection cannot be diagnosed with standard DNA PCR; quantitative PCR and serology are better diagnostic approaches. Because of their high clinical specificity, diagnostic developments such as HBoV1 mRNA and antigen detection have shown promising results. This Review summarises the knowledge on human bocaviruses, with a special focus on HBoV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Christensen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Olli Kesti
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Varpu Elenius
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna L Eskola
- Department of Education, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Døllner
- Department of Pediatrics, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Can Altunbulakli
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Schlabe S, van Bremen K, Goldmann G, Oldenburg J, Eis-Hübinger AM, Zeitler H, Spengler U. Acute Hepatitis E Virus infection in a hemophilic patient with acquired inhibitor during immune tolerance therapy according to modified Bonn-Malmö protocol. Haemophilia 2019; 25:e117-e120. [PMID: 30694010 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schlabe
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Diseases, Partner site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathrin van Bremen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Diseases, Partner site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Goldmann
- German Center for Infectious Diseases, Partner site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Hematology and Blood Transfusion, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- German Center for Infectious Diseases, Partner site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Hematology and Blood Transfusion, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Eis-Hübinger
- German Center for Infectious Diseases, Partner site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Zeitler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Diseases, Partner site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Diseases, Partner site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Abdel-Moneim AS, E. Mahfouz M, Zytouni DM. Detection of human bocavirus in Saudi healthy blood donors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193594. [PMID: 29489915 PMCID: PMC5831472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus is associated with respiratory disease worldwide, mainly in children. There are conflicting results, however, regarding the existence of the HBoV in blood donors. Three hundred whole blood samples from non-immunodeficient healthy blood donors were screened for the presence of HBoV by polymerase chain reaction. The HBoV genotype of positive samples was determined using direct gene sequencing. Twenty-one out of the three hundred blood samples were found to be positive for HBoV. Sequence analysis of the positive samples revealed that all the strains were related to the HBoV-1 type with a low rate of variation among the detected sequences. It was concluded that there is a considerable risk of contracting HBoV from a blood transfusion from normal healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohammad E. Mahfouz
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia
- King Faisal Hospital, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Juhl D, Nowak‐Göttl U, Blümel J, Görg S, Hennig H. Lack of evidence for the transmission of hepatitis E virus by coagulation factor concentrates based on seroprevalence data. Transfus Med 2017; 28:427-432. [DOI: 10.1111/tme.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Juhl
- Institute of Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein Lübeck Germany
| | - U. Nowak‐Göttl
- Institute of Clinical ChemistryUniversity Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein Kiel Germany
| | - J. Blümel
- Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - S. Görg
- Institute of Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein Lübeck Germany
| | - H. Hennig
- Institute of Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital of Schleswig‐Holstein Lübeck Germany
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9
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Abstract
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), members of the large Parvoviridae family, are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases. For B19V in particular, host features determine disease manifestations. These viruses are prevalent worldwide and are culturable in vitro, and serological and molecular assays are available but require careful interpretation of results. Additional human parvoviruses, including HBoV2 to -4, human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), and human bufavirus (BuV) are also reviewed. The full spectrum of parvovirus disease in humans has yet to be established. Candidate recombinant B19V vaccines have been developed but may not be commercially feasible. We review relevant features of the molecular and cellular biology of these viruses, and the human immune response that they elicit, which have allowed a deep understanding of pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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10
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Geng Y, Wang Y. Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 948:89-112. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0942-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Morfini M. Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of albutrepenonacog alfa (CSL654) for the treatment of hemophilia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1359-1365. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1240168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Morfini
- Italian Association Haemophilia Centres – AICE, Firenze, Italy
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12
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Phylogenetic analysis of a transfusion-transmitted hepatitis A outbreak. Virus Genes 2016; 53:15-20. [PMID: 27660174 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A transfusion-associated hepatitis A outbreak was found in the first time in Hungary. The outbreak involved five cases. Parenteral transmission of hepatitis A is rare, but may occur during viraemia. Direct sequencing of nested PCR products was performed, and all the examined samples were identical in the VP1/2A region of the hepatitis A virus genome. HAV sequences found in recent years were compared and phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain which caused these cases is the same as that had spread in Hungary recently causing several hepatitis A outbreaks throughout the country.
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13
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Hepatitis E virus derived from different sources exhibits different behaviour in virus inactivation and/or removal studies with plasma derivatives. Biologicals 2016; 44:403-11. [PMID: 27461242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes viral hepatitis, and is considered a risk factor for blood products. Although some HEV inactivation/removal studies have been reported, detailed investigations of different manufacturing steps as heat treatment, partitioning during cold ethanol fractionation, low pH treatment, and virus filtration have yet to be reported for plasma-derived medicinal products. In this study, human serum- and swine faeces-derived HEVs, with and without detergent treatment, were used. The kinetic patterns of inactivation, log reduction value, or partitioning during the process were evaluated. In addition, the mouse encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and canine and porcine parvoviruses (CPV/PPV) were also evaluated as model viruses for HEV. Small pore size (19 or 15 nm) virus filtration demonstrated effective removal of HEV. Middle pore size (35 nm) virus filtration and 60 °C liquid heating demonstrated moderate inactivation/removal. Ethanol fractionation steps demonstrated limited removal of HEV. Unpurified HEV exhibited different properties than the detergent-treated HEV, and both forms displayed differences when compared with EMCV, CPV, and PPV. Limited or no inactivation of HEV was observed during low pH treatment. Untreated plasma-derived HEV from humans showed different properties compared to that of HEV treated with detergent or derived from swine faeces. Therefore, HEV spike preparation requires more attention.
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Baylis SA, Corman VM, Ong E, Linnen JM, Nübling CM, Blümel J. Hepatitis E viral loads in plasma pools for fractionation. Transfusion 2016; 56:2532-2537. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor M. Corman
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, and the German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne; Bonn Germany
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15
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Minagi T, Okamoto H, Ikegawa M, Ideno S, Takahashi K, Sakai K, Hagiwara K, Yunoki M, Wakisaka A. Hepatitis E virus in donor plasma collected in Japan. Vox Sang 2016; 111:242-246. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Minagi
- Quality Control; Kyoto Plant; Japan Blood Products Organization; Kyoto Japan
| | - H. Okamoto
- Quality Control; Kyoto Plant; Japan Blood Products Organization; Kyoto Japan
| | - M. Ikegawa
- Quality Control; Kyoto Plant; Japan Blood Products Organization; Kyoto Japan
| | - S. Ideno
- R & D Division; Japan Blood Products Organization; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Takahashi
- R & D Division; Japan Blood Products Organization; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Sakai
- R & D Division; Japan Blood Products Organization; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; Ebetsu Hokkaido Japan
| | - M. Yunoki
- R & D Division; Japan Blood Products Organization; Tokyo Japan
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; Ebetsu Hokkaido Japan
| | - A. Wakisaka
- R & D Division; Japan Blood Products Organization; Tokyo Japan
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16
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Di Minno G, Perno CF, Tiede A, Navarro D, Canaro M, Güertler L, Ironside JW. Current concepts in the prevention of pathogen transmission via blood/plasma-derived products for bleeding disorders. Blood Rev 2016; 30:35-48. [PMID: 26381318 PMCID: PMC7115716 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen safety of blood/plasma-derived products has historically been a subject of significant concern to the medical community. Measures such as donor selection and blood screening have contributed to increase the safety of these products, but pathogen transmission does still occur. Reasons for this include lack of sensitivity/specificity of current screening methods, lack of reliable screening tests for some pathogens (e.g. prions) and the fact that many potentially harmful infectious agents are not routinely screened for. Methods for the purification/inactivation of blood/plasma-derived products have been developed in order to further reduce the residual risk, but low concentrations of pathogens do not necessarily imply a low level of risk for the patient and so the overall challenge of minimising risk remains. This review aims to discuss the variable level of pathogenic risk and describes the current screening methods used to prevent/detect the presence of pathogens in blood/plasma-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Minno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Regional Reference Centre for Coagulation Disorders, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carlo Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andreas Tiede
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - David Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, Microbiology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mariana Canaro
- Department of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Son Espases University Hospital, Carretera de Valdemossa, 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Lutz Güertler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, University of München, Pettenkofer Str 9A, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - James W Ironside
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research and Surveillance Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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Jia J, Ma Y, Zhao X, Guo Y, Huangfu C, Fang C, Fan R, Lv M, Yin H, Zhang J. Prevalence of human parvovirus B19 in Chinese plasma pools for manufacturing plasma derivatives. Virol J 2015; 12:162. [PMID: 26445095 PMCID: PMC4596515 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a frequent contaminant of blood and plasma-derived medicinal products. To ensure the quality and safety of plasma-derived products, European regulations, Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association (PPTA) standard and FDA guidelines require testing of manufacturing plasma for parvovirus B19 DNA to limit the load of this virus. In China, however, there have been no related documentation and technical guiding principles for monitoring B19V, moreover, an adequate level of information on the prevalence of B19V in Chinese plasma donations is not available. Findings By using an in-house quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay adapted for all three genotypes of B19V, 235 source plasma pools from three regional different Chinese manufacturers of blood products were screened and quantified. Results showed that 71.91 % (169/235) of plasma pools were contaminated by B19V, with the concentrations of 5.18 × 102–1.05 × 109 IU/mL. Approximately 31.95 % of the DNA-positive plasma pools were only moderately contaminated (<104 IU/mL), while 68.05 % contained >104 IU/mL. Conclusions The high level of B19V in plasma pools could present a great risk in plasma derivatives. Therefore, the implementation of B19V NAT (Nucleic Acid Testing) assays capable of detecting all B19V genotypes and discard donations with high titer B19V DNA for Chinese blood products manufacturers seems to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Jia
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yuyuan Ma
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xiong Zhao
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yi Guo
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China. .,Shaanxi Blood Center, Xi'an, China.
| | - Chaoji Huangfu
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Chi Fang
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Rui Fan
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Maomin Lv
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Huiqiong Yin
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jingang Zhang
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, No. 27 Taiping road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850, China.
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[Hepatitis E virus: opinions of the Working Group of the Federal Ministry of Health Blood]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 58:198-218. [PMID: 25608627 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-014-2103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Farcet MR, Lackner C, Antoine G, Rabel PO, Wieser A, Flicker A, Unger U, Modrof J, Kreil TR. Hepatitis E virus and the safety of plasma products: investigations into the reduction capacity of manufacturing processes. Transfusion 2015; 56:383-91. [PMID: 26399175 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been transmitted by transfusion of labile blood products and the occasional detection of HEV RNA in plasma pools indicates that HEV viremic donations might enter the manufacturing process of plasma products. To verify the safety margins of plasma products with respect to HEV, virus reduction steps commonly used in their manufacturing processes were investigated for their effectiveness to reduce HEV. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Detection methods for HEV removal (by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and inactivation (using an infectivity assay) were established. Immunoaffinity chromatography and 20-nm virus filtration for Factor (F)VIII, cold ethanol fractionation, and low-pH treatment for immunoglobulin, heat treatment for human albumin, and 35-nm nanofiltration for FVIII inhibitor-bypassing activity (FEIBA) were investigated for their capacity to reduce HEV or the physicochemically similar viruses feline calicivirus (FCV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV). RESULTS For FVIII, HEV reduction of 3.9 and more than 3.9 log was demonstrated for immunoaffinity chromatography and 20-nm nanofiltration, respectively, and the cold ethanol fractionation for immunoglobulin removed more than 3.5 log of HEV, to below the limit of detection (LOD). Heat treatment of human albumin inactivated more than 3.1 log of HEV to below the LOD and 35-nm nanofiltration removed 4.0 log of HEV from the FEIBA intermediate. The results indicated HAV rather than FCV as the more relevant model virus for HEV. CONCLUSION Substantial HEV reduction during processes commonly used in the manufacturing of plasma products was demonstrated, similar to that previously demonstrated for HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Farcet
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxalta (previously Baxter BioScience), Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lackner
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxalta (previously Baxter BioScience), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Antoine
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxalta (previously Baxter BioScience), Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip O Rabel
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxalta (previously Baxter BioScience), Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxalta (previously Baxter BioScience), Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Flicker
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxalta (previously Baxter BioScience), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Unger
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxalta (previously Baxter BioScience), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Modrof
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxalta (previously Baxter BioScience), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Kreil
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxalta (previously Baxter BioScience), Vienna, Austria
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Pauli G, Aepfelbacher M, Bauerfeind U, Blümel J, Burger R, Gärtner B, Gröner A, Gürtler L, Heiden M, Hildebrandt M, Jansen B, Offergeld R, Schlenkrich U, Schottstedt V, Seitz R, Strobel J, Willkommen H, Baylis SA. Hepatitis E Virus. Transfus Med Hemother 2015; 42:247-65. [PMID: 26557817 DOI: 10.1159/000431191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Marano G, Vaglio S, Pupella S, Facco G, Calizzani G, Candura F, Liumbruno GM, Grazzini G. Human Parvovirus B19 and blood product safety: a tale of twenty years of improvements. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2015; 13:184-96. [PMID: 25849894 PMCID: PMC4385066 DOI: 10.2450/2014.0174.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marano
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Vaglio
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Pupella
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Facco
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
- Immunohaemathology and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Joint Hospital-University Institution “Città della Salute e della Scienza”, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Calizzani
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Candura
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuliano Grazzini
- Italian National Blood Centre, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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Li H, He M, Zeng P, Gao Z, Bian G, Yang C, Li W. The genomic and seroprevalence of human bocavirus in healthy Chinese plasma donors and plasma derivatives. Transfusion 2014; 55:154-63. [PMID: 25052026 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a novel parvovirus identified in 2005. It has mostly been detected in respiratory and enteric infections and has not been studied large scale in blood products in relation to transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS An in-house quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) was developed to test HBoV DNA in plasma and plasma derivatives. Plasma samples (n = 6096) collected from healthy donors, 241 plasma pools, and 326 plasma derivatives were screened for HBoV DNA by Q-PCR. Positive samples were confirmed by nested PCR and further amplified for sequence analysis and phylogenetic studies. The prevalence of immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM specific to HBoV structural proteins was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 209 samples grouped according to virus load (Group 1, HBoV DNA >10(4) copies/mL; Group 2, HBoV DNA >5 × 10(2) copies/mL but below 10(4) copies/mL; Group 3,HBoV DNA negative). RESULTS The genomic prevalence of HBoV in the plasma donors was 9.06%, ranging from 5.01 × 10(2) to 3.02 × 10(6) copies/mL. HBoV-specific IgG and IgM were detected at 20.00 and 7.50% in Group 1, at 20.29 and 2.90% in Group 2, and at 13.00 and 4.0% in Group 3, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses proved that HBoV Genotype 1 was the prevalent genotype in Chinese plasma donors. CONCLUSION Low levels of HBoV DNA were detectable at high prevalence in Chinese plasma donors and plasma derivatives. Further study is needed to determine whether HBoV screening is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Klamroth R, Gröner A, Simon TL. Pathogen inactivation and removal methods for plasma-derived clotting factor concentrates. Transfusion 2014; 54:1406-17. [PMID: 24117799 PMCID: PMC7169823 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen safety is crucial for plasma-derived clotting factor concentrates used in the treatment of bleeding disorders. Plasma, the starting material for these products, is collected by plasmapheresis (source plasma) or derived from whole blood donations (recovered plasma). The primary measures regarding pathogen safety are selection of healthy donors donating in centers with appropriate epidemiologic data for the main blood-transmissible viruses, screening donations for the absence of relevant infectious blood-borne viruses, and release of plasma pools for further processing only if they are nonreactive for serologic markers and nucleic acids for these viruses. Despite this testing, pathogen inactivation and/or removal during the manufacturing process of plasma-derived clotting factor concentrates is required to ensure prevention of transmission of infectious agents. Historically, hepatitis viruses and human immunodeficiency virus have posed the greatest threat to patients receiving plasma-derived therapy for treatment of hemophilia or von Willebrand disease. Over the past 30 years, dedicated virus inactivation and removal steps have been integrated into factor concentrate production processes, essentially eliminating transmission of these viruses. Manufacturing steps used in the purification of factor concentrates have also proved to be successful in reducing potential prion infectivity. In this review, current techniques for inactivation and removal of pathogens from factor concentrates are discussed. Ideally, production processes should involve a combination of complementary steps for pathogen inactivation and/or removal to ensure product safety. Finally, potential batch-to-batch contamination is avoided by stringent cleaning and sanitization methods as part of the manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klamroth
- Center for Vascular MedicineVivantes Klinikum im FriedrichshainBerlinGermany
| | - Albrecht Gröner
- Preclinical Research and Development, Pathogen SafetyCSL BehringMarburgGermany
| | - Toby L. Simon
- Plasma Research and Development/CSL PlasmaCSL BehringKing of PrussiaPennsylvania
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Dreier J, Juhl D. Autochthonous hepatitis e virus infections: a new transfusion-associated risk? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 41:29-39. [PMID: 24659945 DOI: 10.1159/000357098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been recognized since 2004 as a transfusion-transmissible infectious agent, and recent epidemiological data suggest that it may pose a safety threat to the blood supply. It has recently become obvious that hepatitis E is endemic in industrialized countries, and that more infections are autochthonous than travel-associated. Epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis suggests that HEV infection has to be considered as a zoonosis and that viral transmission from animals (pigs, wild animals) occurs through food or direct contact. The seroprevalence and incidence of HEV in the general population and blood donors in European countries indicate an underestimated risk for transfusion transmissions. Recently reported cases of transfusion transmission of HEV infection, and detection of viremic, asymptomatic blood donors in nucleic acid amplification technique screening programs give an indication of the importance of this virus. Diagnostic assays for detection of anti-HEV antibodies, HEV antigens and RNA are discussed. Recent studies support the idea that active immunization can prevent hepatitis E, highlighting the need for vaccination programs. Here we review current knowledge of HEV and its epidemiology, blood transmission and prevention of this disease with emphasis on blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Dreier
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - David Juhl
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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Watson HG, Wilde JT, Dolan G, Millar C, Yee TT, Makris M. Update to UKHCDO guidance on vaccination against hepatitis A and B viruses in patients with inherited coagulation factor deficiencies and von Willebrand disease. Haemophilia 2013; 19:e191-2. [PMID: 23600911 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Keeping pace with parvovirus B19 genetic variability: a multiplex genotype-specific quantitative PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3753-9. [PMID: 24006003 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01970-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three genotypes have been identified within the parvovirus B19 species (B19V), and such genetic diversity may have significant implications for the development of molecular detection assays. In the present study, B19V genetic variability has been examined on a subset of genomic sequences available in the NCBI nucleotide database, and a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay able to detect, differentiate, and quantify all viral variants has been established. The designed primers and probes have been used for the development of alternative detection formats, based on a combined use of intercalating dye and genotype-specific hydrolysis probes. The qPCR assay analytical performances have been determined on the 1st WHO International Reference Panel for Parvovirus B19 Genotypes. The developed qPCR protocols allow for the detection of genotypes 1 to 3 with equal accuracy, and with a limit of detection (LOD) of 200 IU/ml. A comparison of routine performance was carried out with respect to a previously established assay specifically validated on B19V genotype 1. For 130 clinical samples analyzed, 126 showed concordant results (31 positive and 97 negative), while 4 showed discordant results. Overall, the genotype-specific qPCR assay showed a sensitivity of 93.94% and a specificity of 97.94%, with an agreement rate of 96.92%. The proposed qPCR assay and the alternative protocols developed, each with robust performance, may allow choice with respect to operational systems and diagnostic requirements and might contribute to provide a more reliable diagnostic service and epidemiological surveillance of B19 virus.
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Baylis SA, Tuke PW, Miyagawa E, Blümel J. Studies on the inactivation of human parvovirus 4. Transfusion 2013; 53:2585-92. [PMID: 24032592 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4) is a novel parvovirus, which like parvovirus B19 (B19V) can be a contaminant of plasma pools used to prepare plasma-derived medicinal products. Inactivation studies of B19V have shown that it is more sensitive to virus inactivation strategies than animal parvoviruses. However, inactivation of PARV4 has not yet been specifically addressed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Treatment of parvoviruses by heat or low-pH conditions causes externalization of the virus genome. Using nuclease treatment combined with real-time polymerase chain reaction, the extent of virus DNA externalization was used as an indirect measure of the inactivation of PARV4, B19V, and minute virus of mice (MVM) by pasteurization of albumin and by low-pH treatment. Infectivity studies were performed in parallel for B19V and MVM. RESULTS PARV4 showed greater resistance to pasteurization and low-pH treatment than B19V, although PARV4 was not as resistant as MVM. There was a 2- to 3-log reduction of encapsidated PARV4 DNA after pasteurization and low-pH treatment. In contrast, B19V was effectively inactivated while MVM was stable under these conditions. Divalent cations were found to have a stabilizing effect on PARV4 capsids. In the absence of divalent cations, even at neutral pH, there was a reduction of PARV4 titer, an effect not observed for B19V or MVM. CONCLUSION In the case of heat treatment and incubation at low pH, PARV4 shows intermediate resistance when compared to B19V and MVM. Divalent cations seem important for stabilizing PARV4 virus particles.
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Soucie JM, Monahan PE, Kulkarni R, De Staercke C, Recht M, Chitlur MB, Gruppo R, Hooper WC, Kessler C, Manco-Johnson MJ, Powell J, Pyle M, Riske B, Sabio H, Trimble S. Evidence for the continued transmission of parvovirus B19 in patients with bleeding disorders treated with plasma-derived factor concentrates. Transfusion 2013; 53:1143-4. [PMID: 23659532 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gajardo R, Roth NJ, Lee DC, Jorquera JI. Absence of evidence of parvovirus B19 transmission by plasma-derived clotting concentrates derived from B19V nucleic acid technology-tested plasma and including effective steps for the inactivation or removal of nonenveloped viruses. Transfusion 2013; 53:1141-2. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gajardo
- Pathogen Safety; Instituto Grifols S.A.; Parets del Vallès; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Nathan J. Roth
- Pathogen Safety; Instituto Grifols S.A.; Parets del Vallès; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Douglas C. Lee
- Research & Development; Grifols Therapeutics, Inc.; Research Triangle Park; NC
| | - Juan I. Jorquera
- Research & Development; Instituto Grifols S.A.; Parets del Vallès; Barcelona; Spain
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Schildgen O. Human bocavirus: lessons learned to date. Pathogens 2013; 2:1-12. [PMID: 25436878 PMCID: PMC4235705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) was identified as the second human parvovirus with pathogenic potential in 2005 in respiratory samples from children suffering from viral respiratory infections of unknown etiology. Since its first description, a large number of clinical studies have been performed that address the clinical significance of HBoV detection and the molecular biology of the virus. This review summarizes the most important steps taken in HBoV research to date and addresses open questions that need to be answered in the future to provide a better understanding of the role of a virus that is difficult to grow in cell culture and is suspected to be a pathogen, although it has not yet fulfilled Koch’s postulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schildgen
- Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Krankenhaus Merheim, Klinikum der Privaten Universität Witten/Herdecke, Institut für Pathologie, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, D-51109 Köln (Cologne), Germany.
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Norja P, Lassila R, Makris M. Parvovirus transmission by blood products - a cause for concern? Br J Haematol 2012; 159:385-93. [PMID: 23025427 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of dual viral inactivation of clotting factor concentrates has practically eliminated infections by viruses associated with significant pathogenicity over the last 20 years. Despite this, theoretical concerns about transmission of infection have remained, as it is known that currently available viral inactivation methods are unable to eliminate parvovirus B19 or prions from these products. Recently, concern has been raised following the identification of the new parvoviruses, human parvovirus 4 (PARV4) and new genotypes of parvovirus B19, in blood products. Parvoviruses do not cause chronic pathogenicity similar to human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis C virus, but nevertheless may cause clinical manifestations, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Manufacturers should institute measures, such as minipool polymerase chain reaction testing, to ensure that their products contain no known viruses. So far, human bocavirus, another new genus of parvovirus, has not been detected in fractionated blood products, and unless their presence can be demonstrated, routine testing during manufacture is not essential. Continued surveillance of the patients and of the safety of blood products remains an important ongoing issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Norja
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
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Farrugia A, Gustafson M. Assessing causality in the transmission of viruses by blood products. Transfusion 2012; 52:1598; author reply 1598-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Simmonds P, Sharp CP, Donfield S, Gomperts ED. In reply. Transfusion 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Benson G, Auerswald G, Elezović I, Lambert T, Ljung R, Morfini M, Remor E, Šalek SZ. Immune tolerance induction in patients with severe hemophilia with inhibitors: expert panel views and recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Haematol 2012; 88:371-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2012.01754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Plentz A, Modrow S. Diagnosis, management and possibilities to prevent parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection in pregnancy can cause severe fetal anemia and nonimmune hydrops fetalis, which may be associated with spontaneous abortion and fetal death. Approximately 30–40% of women of child-bearing age are not immune to B19V infection. The risk to fetal life is particularly high if maternal infection occurs during the first 20 weeks of gestation. In this article we intend to give an overview on the molecular biology, epidemiology and management of B19V infection during pregnancy. These data will be combined with an assessment of the clinical situation of the infected fetus and the possibilities for avoiding and/or preventing B19V infection in pregnant women. Currently B19V infection is the causative agent of one of the most frequently occurring infectious complications in pregnancy that endangers fetal life, and so the necessity to develop a preventive vaccine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Plentz
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Sharp CP, Lail A, Donfield S, Gomperts ED, Simmonds P. Virologic and clinical features of primary infection with human parvovirus 4 in subjects with hemophilia: frequent transmission by virally inactivated clotting factor concentrates. Transfusion 2011; 52:1482-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Baylis SA, Ma L, Padley DJ, Heath AB, Yu MW. Collaborative study to establish a World Health Organization International genotype panel for parvovirus B19 DNA nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT)-based assays. Vox Sang 2011; 102:204-11. [PMID: 21988191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the collaborative study was to evaluate a panel of plasma samples containing different genotypes of parvovirus B19 (B19V) for use in nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT)-based assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS The panel of samples [Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Parvovirus B19 Genotype Panel 1; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) code number 09/110] comprises four different members, i.e. Member 1, Member 2, Member 3, and Member 4 (M1-M4); these represent genotypes 1, 2, 3a B19V, and a negative plasma control, respectively. Thirty-five laboratories from 13 different countries participated in the study. Participants assayed the panel members concurrently with the 2nd World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard for B19V DNA (NIBSC code 99/802) on four separate occasions. RESULTS A total of 44 sets of data were returned, 34 from quantitative assays and 10 from qualitative assays. The majority of assays used were in-house and based on real-time PCR. The results showed that all three genotypes were detected consistently by the majority of participants, although a small number of assays detected genotypes 2 and 3 less efficiently, or not at all. Real-time stability studies have indicated that the panel of B19V samples is stable under normal conditions of storage, i.e. ≤-70°C. CONCLUSIONS The four-member panel is intended for use in evaluating the ability of NAT assays to detect different B19V genotypes (M1-M3). Based on the results of the collaborative study, the panel was established as the 1st WHO International Reference Panel for parvovirus B19 genotypes.
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Slavov SN, Kashima S, Pinto ACS, Covas DT. Human parvovirus B19: general considerations and impact on patients with sickle-cell disease and thalassemia and on blood transfusions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:247-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Baylis SA, Koc Ö, Nick S, Blümel J. Widespread distribution of hepatitis E virus in plasma fractionation pools. Vox Sang 2011; 102:182-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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