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Gupta K, Parasnis M, Jain R, Dandekar P. Vector-related stratagems for enhanced monoclonal antibody production in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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2
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Sadikoglou E, Daoutsali E, Petridou E, Grigoriou M, Skavdis G. Comparative analysis of internal ribosomal entry sites as molecular tools for bicistronic expression. J Biotechnol 2014; 181:31-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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Svitkin YV, Pause A, Lopez-Lastra M, Perreault S, Sonenberg N. Complete translation of the hepatitis C virus genome in vitro: membranes play a critical role in the maturation of all virus proteins except for NS3. J Virol 2005; 79:6868-81. [PMID: 15890926 PMCID: PMC1112104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.11.6868-6881.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed an in vitro translation extract from Krebs-2 cells that translates the entire open reading frame of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) strain H77 and properly processes the viral protein precursors when supplemented with canine microsomal membranes (CMMs). Translation of the C-terminal portion of the viral polyprotein in this system is documented by the synthesis of NS5B. Evidence for posttranslational modification of the viral proteins, the N-terminal glycosylation of E1 and the E2 precursor (E2-p7), and phosphorylation of NS5A is presented. With the exception of NS3, efficient generation of all virus-specific proteins is CMM dependent. A time course of the appearance of HCV products indicates that the viral polyprotein is cleaved cotranslationally. A competitive inhibitor of the NS3 protease inhibited accumulation of NS3, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B, but not that of NS2 or structural proteins. CMMs also stabilized HCV mRNA during translation. Finally, the formyl-[35S]methionyl moiety of the initiator tRNA(Met) was incorporated exclusively into the core protein portion of the polyprotein, demonstrating that translation initiation in this system occurs with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Svitkin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6.
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Qiao J, Roy V, Girard MH, Caruso M. High translation efficiency is mediated by the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosomal entry sites if the natural sequence surrounding the eleventh AUG is retained. Hum Gene Ther 2002; 13:881-7. [PMID: 11975853 DOI: 10.1089/10430340252899046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES) allow cap-independent translation and are sequences that are often used in gene therapy for strategies in which several genes need to be expressed. In this study, two different sequences of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) IRES were compared for their translation efficiency in the context of retroviral vectors. When the sequence surrounding the 11th AUG of the IRES was conserved (IRESg), the translation efficiency was significantly higher than if the AUG of the downstream gene started with the 11th AUG of the IRES (IRESb). The translation efficiency with IRESg was influenced by the cell type and also by the nature of the transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiao
- Le Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, L'Hôtel Dieu de Québec, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, 9 rue McMahon, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada
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5
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Hellen CU, Wimmer E. Translation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA by internal ribosomal entry. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 203:31-63. [PMID: 7555090 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79663-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Picornavirus 5' NCRs contain IRES elements that have been divided into two groups, exemplified by PV (type 1) and EMCV (type 2). These elements are functionally related and have an intriguing level of structural and sequence similarity. Some conserved RNA sequences and/or structures may correspond to cis-acting elements involved in IRES function, so that there may also be similarities in the mechanism by which the two types or IRES promote initiation. The function of both types of IRES element appears to depend on a cellular 57 kDa polypeptide, which has been identified as the predominantly nuclear hnRNP protein PTB. However, a specific function for p57/PTB in translation has not yet been established. These two groups can be differentiated on the basis of their requirements for trans-acting factors. The EMCV IRES functions efficiently in a broader range of eukaryotic cell types than type 1 IRES elements, probably because the latter require additional factor(s). A second distinction between these IRES element is that initiation occurs directly at the 3' border of type 2 IRES elements, whereas a nonessential spacer of between 30 nt and 154 nt separates type 1 IRES elements from the downstream initiation codon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Hellen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Health Sciences Center at Brooklyn 11203-2098, USA
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6
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Hellen CU, Pestova TV, Wimmer E. Effect of mutations downstream of the internal ribosome entry site on initiation of poliovirus protein synthesis. J Virol 1994; 68:6312-22. [PMID: 8083971 PMCID: PMC237052 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6312-6322.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiation of poliovirus translation is mediated by a large, structured segment of the 5' nontranslated region known as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and normally occurs 155 nucleotides (nt) downstream of the IRES at AUG743 (the AUG at nucleotide 743). Functional AUG codons introduced at nt 611 or 614 reduced initiation at AUG743 by 10 to 40% in vitro but had no effect on virus phenotype. To investigate the role of the nt 586-743 spacer in greater detail, four intervening termination codons were removed, and an additional AUG triplet at nt 683 was introduced by nucleotide substitution. Initiation at AUG743 was reduced by only 50 to 80%, depending on the number of upstream initiation codons. Initiation at AUG743 was also reduced following insertion of a stable hairpin at nt 630, but the reduction was modest in an ascites carcinoma cell extract. Initiation was more frequent at AUG743 than at AUG683 if mRNAs contained either an upstream initiation codon or the stable hairpin. These results suggested that not all initiation events at AUG743 can be accounted for by a scanning-dependent mechanism. Translation of bicistronic mRNAs in which the intercistronic spacer contained nt 630 to 742 of the poliovirus 5' nontranslated region indicated that these residues are not able to act as an entry point for ribosomes independently of the IRES. Insertion of increasingly longer sequences immediately downstream of the stable hairpin progressively reduced initiation at AUG743 without affecting initiation at AUG683. These results are discussed in terms of a model for initiation of poliovirus translation in which a complex RNA superstructure upstream of nt 586 promotes ribosome binding at an entry point determined by specific downstream cis-acting elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Hellen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-8621
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7
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Kujawa AB, Drugeon G, Hulanicka D, Haenni AL. Structural requirements for efficient translational frameshifting in the synthesis of the putative viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of potato leafroll virus. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:2165-71. [PMID: 8502558 PMCID: PMC309480 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.9.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV) is expressed by -1 ribosomal frameshifting in the region where the open reading frames (ORF) of proteins 2a and 2b overlap. The signal responsible for efficient frameshift is composed of the slippery site UUUAAAU followed by a sequence that has the potential to adopt two alternative folding patterns, either a structure involving a pseudoknot, or a simple stem-loop structure. To investigate the structure requirements for efficient frameshifting, mutants in the stem-loop or in the potential pseudoknot regions of a Polish isolate of PLRV (PLRV-P) have been analyzed. Mutations that are located in the second stem (S2) of the potential pseudoknot structure, but are located in unpaired regions of the alternative stem-loop structure, reduce frameshift efficiency. Deletion of the 3' end sequence of the alternative stem-loop structure does not reduce frameshift efficiency. Our results confirm that -1 frameshift in the overlap region depends on the slippery site and on the downstream positioned sequence, and propose that in PLRV-P a pseudoknot is required for efficient frameshifting. These results are in agreement with those recently published for the closely related beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV).
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Lazaro E, van den Broek LA, San Felix A, Ottenheijm HC, Ballesta JP. Biochemical and kinetic characteristics of the interaction of the antitumor antibiotic sparsomycin with prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Biochemistry 1991; 30:9642-8. [PMID: 1911750 DOI: 10.1021/bi00104a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using 125I-labeled phenol-alanine sparsomycin, an analogue of sparsomycin having higher biological activity than the unmodified antibiotic, we studied the requirements and the characteristics of its interaction with the ribosome. The drug does not bind to either isolated ribosomal subunits or reconstituted whole ribosomes. For sparsomycin binding to 70S and 80S ribosomes, the occupation of the peptidyltransferase P-site by an N-blocked aminoacyl-tRNA is a definitive requirement. The sparsomycin analogue binds to bacterial and yeast ribosomes with Ka values of around 10(6) M-1 and 0.6 x 10(6) M-1, respectively, but its affinity is probably affected by the character of the peptidyl-tRNA bound to the P-site. Chloramphenicol, lincomycin, and 16-atom ring macrolides compete with sparsomycin for binding to bacterial ribosomes, but streptogramins and 14-atom ring macrolides do not. Considering the reported low affinity of puromycin for bacterial ribosomes, this antibiotic is also a surprisingly good competitor of sparsomycin binding to these particles. In the case of yeast ribosomes, blasticidin is a relatively good competitor of sparsomycin interaction, but anisomycin, trichodermin, and narciclasin are not. As expected, puromycin is a poor competitor of the binding in this case. The results from competition studies carried out with different sparsomycin analogues reveal, in some cases, a discrepancy between the drug ribosomal affinity and its biological effects. This suggests that some intermediate step, perhaps a ribosomal conformational change, is required for the inhibition to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lazaro
- Centro de Biologia Molecular, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Lazaro E, Van den Broek LA, San Felix A, Ottenheijm HC, Ballesta JP. Chemical, biochemical and genetic endeavours characterizing the interaction of sparsomycin with the ribosome. Biochimie 1991; 73:1137-43. [PMID: 1720666 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(91)90157-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sparsomycin interaction with the ribosome and characteristics of the drug binding site in the particle were studied using chemical modification of the drug, affinity labeling methods and isolation of drug resistant mutants. The structure-function relationship studies, performed with a large number of drug derivatives, indicate that the drug interacts with the ribosome by its western and eastern moieties. The uracil ring, in the western end of the drug molecule, probably forms hydrogen bonds with the rRNA, while the apolar CH3-S-CH3 group in the eastern end interacts with a hydrophobic ribosomal domain that affinity labeling results seem to indicate is formed by protein. An increase in lipophilicity in this part of the antibiotic results in a dramatic increase in the inhibitory activity of the drug. The sparsomycin binding site is not accessible in free ribosomes, but the presence of an N-blocked amino acyl-tRNA at the P-site turns the particles capable of reversible interaction with the drug. After failure using Escherichia coli, a sparsomycin-resistant mutant was obtained by direct mutagenesis on Halobacterium halobium, a species with a unique copy of rRNA genes, stressing the role of rRNA on the drug interaction site.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lazaro
- Centro de Biologia Molecular, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Ottenheijm HC, van den Broek LA, Ballesta JP, Zylicz Z. Chemical and biological aspects of sparsomycin, an antibiotic from Streptomyces. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1986; 23:219-68. [PMID: 3310108 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Cunningham C, Ganoza MC. Detection of a 16S rRNA . initiator-tRNA complex by a new selective labelling method. Mol Biol Rep 1984; 10:115-21. [PMID: 6396503 DOI: 10.1007/bf00776984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cupric-ion induced hydrolysis of [35S]Met-tRNA but not of N-formyl-Met-tRNAMetf permitted the specific terminal labelling of initiator tRNA. Initiator tRNA, labeled in this way, was suitable for sequence analysis without the need for further purification. By probing labeled initiator tRNA with specific RNases, changes in this molecule during its interaction with the 30S particle or with 16S rRNA were investigated. Initiation complexes were resistant to the action of single-strand, base-specific nucleases Bc and Phy M and, except for one base of the anticodon stem, were also resistant to digestion by the double-strand-specific V1 nuclease of Naja venom. In contrast, T1 RNase digestion of the initiator tRNA in the presence of 16S rRNA enhanced cleavage of bases in the T stem of the molecule.
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12
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Baratova LA, Agol VI. Partial N-terminal amino acid sequences of polypeptides p14 and p12 of encephalomyocarditis virus are identical and correspond to the N-terminus of the viral polyprotein. FEBS Lett 1984; 170:339-42. [PMID: 6327386 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)81340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Our previous data suggested that translation in an EMC virus RNA-programmed cell-free system from Krebs-2 cells is initiated predominantly at a single site and that the earliest amino acid sequences synthesized correspond to non-structural 'leader' polypeptides p14 and p12 [(1982) FEBS Lett. 141, 153-156]. Here, polypeptides p14 and p12 were labelled in vitro by tritiated amino acids, isolated and subjected to automated Edman degradation. Both polypeptides (after the loss of the N-terminal methionine) were shown to contain alanine in position 1 and glutamic acid in positions 5 and 7. These and other data demonstrate that p14 and p12 share a common N-terminal sequence. This sequence coincides precisely with the N-terminus of EMC virus polyprotein sequence deduced from the primary structure of the viral genome [(1984) Nucleic Acids Res., in press]. Thus, the single initiation site operating in our translation system corresponds to the start of the polyprotein molecule.
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13
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Palmenberg AC, Kirby EM, Janda MR, Drake NL, Duke GM, Potratz KF, Collett MS. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the encephalomyocarditis viral polyprotein coding region. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:2969-85. [PMID: 6324136 PMCID: PMC318719 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.6.2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of 7200 bases of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) viral RNA, including the complete polyprotein-coding region, was determined. The polyprotein is encoded within a unique translational reading frame, 6870 bases in length. Protein synthesis begins with the sequence Met-Ala-Thr, and ends with the sequence Leu-Phe-Trp, 126 bases from the 3' end of the RNA. Viral capsid and noncapsid proteins were aligned with the deduced amino acid sequence of the polyprotein. The proteolytic processing map follows the standard 4-3-4 picornaviral pattern except for a short leader peptide (8 kd), which precedes the capsid proteins. Identification of the proteolytic cleavage sites showed that EMC viral protease, p22, has cleavage specificity for gln-gly or gln-ser sequences with adjacent proline residues. The cleavage specificity of the host-coded protease(s) includes both tyr-pro and gln-gly sequences.
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14
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Svitkin YV, Agol VI. Translational barrier in central region of encephalomyocarditis virus genome. Modulation by elongation factor 2 (eEF-2). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 133:145-54. [PMID: 6303783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A fractionated cell-free system from Krebs-2 cells was prepared which contained ribosomes and a high-speed supernatant. When this system was programmed with encephalomyocarditis virus RNA, the synthesis of a precursor of capsid proteins, polypeptide preA, proceeded at a rate not very different from that observed in unfractionated extracts, whereas the synthesis of more distally encoded proteins, in particular polypeptide F, was greatly retarded, if not abolished. A protein was purified from the cytoplasmic extracts of Krebs-2 cells which greatly enhanced production of polypeptide F as well as other noncapsid proteins in the fractionated system. By several criteria, this protein was identified as eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2). By using the ADP-ribosylation assay, it was found that the fractionated system contained about 15% of the amount of eEF-2 present in the unfractionated extracts. The results suggest that changes in the eEF-2 content may affect the elongation rate differently at different regions of the RNA template.
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15
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Chernovskaya TV, Agol VI. Leader polypeptides encoded in the 5'-region of the encephalomyocarditis virus genome. FEBS Lett 1982; 141:153-6. [PMID: 6284551 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Brown E, Prevec L. Linear mapping of tryptophan residues in Vesiculovirus M and N proteins by partial chemical cleavage. J Virol 1982; 42:311-6. [PMID: 6283149 PMCID: PMC256074 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.42.1.311-316.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlimit chemical cleavage at tryptophan residues of protein labeled at the amino terminus afforded a simple procedure for generating specific fragments and for mapping tryptophan positions. A comparison of the matrix (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins of four members of the Vesiculovirus group by this procedure suggests considerable conservation of tryptophan number and location in the four serotypes examined.
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17
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18
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19
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Restricted initiation of protein synthesis on the potentially polycistronic Sindbis virus 42 S RNA. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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22
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Brown BA, Ehrenfeld E. Translation of poliovirus RNA in vitro: changes in cleavage pattern and initiation sites by ribosomal salt wash. Virology 1979; 97:396-405. [PMID: 224589 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Neeleman L, van Vloten-Doting L. Determination of the number of ribosomal binding sites on the RNAs of eukaryotic viruses. Methods Enzymol 1979; 60:410-7. [PMID: 459911 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(79)60039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Svitkin YV, Lyapustin VN, Lashkevich VA, Agol VI. A comparative study on translation of flavivirus and picornavirus RNAs in vitro: apparently different modes of protein synthesis. FEBS Lett 1978; 96:211-5. [PMID: 729787 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)81096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Pelham HR. Translation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA in vitro yields an active proteolytic processing enzyme. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 85:457-62. [PMID: 206439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other cell-free translation systems, the mRNA-dependent reticulocyte lysate can translate encephalomyocarditis virus RNA efficiently and completely when supplemented with heterologous tRNA. Cleavage of the nascent polypeptide chain occurs, and one of the translation products appears to be a specific proteolytic enzyme which correctly processes the primary products. The identity of the proteins made in vitro was verified by comparison with infected cell proteins on dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gels, and by mapping their coding sequences on the viral genome.
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26
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27
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Sharma OK, Kuchino Y. Infidelity of translation of encephalomyocarditis viral RNA with tRNA from human malignant trophoblastic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1977; 78:591-5. [PMID: 199182 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(77)90220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Glanville N, Lachmi BE. Translation of proteins accounting for the full coding capacity of the Semliki Forest virus 42 S RNA genome. FEBS Lett 1977; 81:399-402. [PMID: 923810 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Gerlinger P, Mohier E, Le Meur MA, Hirth L. Monocistronic translation of alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 1977; 4:813-26. [PMID: 866193 PMCID: PMC342486 DOI: 10.1093/nar/4.4.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The four alfalfa mosaic virus RNAs (respectively 24 S, 20 S, 17 S and 12 S) have been used separately as messengers in two in vitro protein synthesizing systems: wheat germ and rabbit reticulocyte lysate. In both systems a polypeptide corresponding to the translation of the entire length of the RNA can be found for RNAs 24 S, 20 S and 12 S, but not for 17 S RNA, the translation product of which is only 35,000 daltons. The number of initiation sites has been determined for each RNA by analyzing the initiation peptides synthesized in the presence of spasomycin and show that there is only one initiation or binding site perRNA. We thus conclude that each AMV RNA behaves as a monocistronic messenger in in vitro translating systems.
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31
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32
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Zilberstein A, Dudock B, Berissi H, Revel M. Control of messenger RNA translation by minor species of leucyl-transfer RNA in extracts from interferon-treated L cells. J Mol Biol 1976; 108:43-54. [PMID: 1003485 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(76)80093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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33
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Sharma OK, Hruby DE, Beezley DN. Inhibition of ovalbumin mRNA translation by 7-methylguanosine-5'-phosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 72:1392-8. [PMID: 999679 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(76)80168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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34
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Butterworth BE, Grunert RR, Korant BD, Lonberg-Holm K, Yin FH. Replication of rhinoviruses. Arch Virol 1976; 51:169-89. [PMID: 61746 DOI: 10.1007/bf01318022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Glanville N, Ranki M, Morser J, Kääriäinen L, Smith AE. Initiation of translation directed by 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:3059-63. [PMID: 1067601 PMCID: PMC430927 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.9.3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins synthesized in vitro in response to 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus were labeled with formyl-[35S]methionine from initiator tRNA. One protein which comigrated with viral capsid protein was labeled under the direction of 26S RNA, and only one labeled peptide was detected after digestion with trypsin. Further digestion with pronase gave rise to the dipeptide fMet-AsN. Several labeled polypeptides were found in the 42S RNA directed product and these had molecular weights of up to 150,000. However, tryptic digestion of the product yielded only one formylmethionyl-labeled peptide, which had a different mobility from that directed by the 26S RNA. Further digestion with pronase gave a single dipeptide, fMet-Ala. This indicates that nonstructural proteins as large as 150,000 daltons are probably synthesized from one initiation site on the 42S RNA. Translation starting from the internal initiation site on the 42S RNA, which is equivalent to that on the 26S RNA, could not be detected under the conditions used. Internal initiation sites which are similarly inactive have also been detected in other viral RNAs (e.g., brome mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and polyoma 19S RNA) and this suggests that, although eukaryotic mRNAs can contain more than one initiation site for protein synthesis, only the site nearer the 5' terminus is active in vitro.
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Higgins TJ, Goodwin PB, Whitfeld PR. Occurrence of short particles in beans infected with the cowpea strain of TMV. II. Evidence that short particles contain the cistron for coat-protein. Virology 1976; 71:486-97. [PMID: 936471 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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37
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Ziola BR, Scraba DG. Structure of the Mengo virion. IV. Amino- and carboxyl-terminal analyses of the major capsid polypeptides. Virology 1976; 71:111-21. [PMID: 179198 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Glanville N, Morser J, Uomala P, Kääri5AAINEN L. Simultaneous translation of structural and nonstructural proteins from Semliki-forest-virus RNA in two eukaryotic systems in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 64:167-75. [PMID: 1278153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Semliki Forest virus genome, 42-S RNA, and the virus-specific intracellular 26-S RNA were translated in two cell-free protein-synthesising systems, the wheat germ extract, and a partially purified system from mammalian tissues. The 26-S RNA directed the synthesis of structual proteins only, as revealed by tryptic peptide mapping. About 75--80% of the radioactivity in the products comigrated with capsid and about 4--8% with envelope protein peptides. All the capsid peptides and the full-sized capsid protein were found in the products in vitro, no complete envelope protein was formed and fewer than half of the envelope peptides were detected. This result is consistent with reports that there is only one initiation site for the translation of virus structural proteins, and that the capsid protein is N-terminal in the polyprotein followed by envelope proteins. The systems programmed with 42-S RNA yielded virtually the same structural peptides. However, the bulk of the radioactivity was in peptides which did not comigrate with the structural ones. These peptides were mostly associated with relatively small-sized products. This shows that Semliki Forest virus 42-S RNA has at least two initiation sites, one for the structural proteins and the other(s) for the nonstructural proteins.
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Celma ML, Ehrenfeld E. Translation of poliovirus RNA in vitro: detection of two different initiation sites. J Mol Biol 1975; 98:761-80. [PMID: 172645 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ranu RS, Wool IG. Discrimination between eukaryotic and prokaryotic, and formylated and non-formylated, initiator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor EIF-3. Nature 1975; 257:616-8. [PMID: 1101076 DOI: 10.1038/257616a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Clegg JC, Kennedy SI. Initiation of synthesis of the structural proteins of Semliki Forest virus. J Mol Biol 1975; 97:401-11. [PMID: 171418 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Cancedda R, Villa-Komaroff L, Lodish HF, Schlesinger M. Initiation sites for translation of sindbis virus 42S and 26S messenger RNAs. Cell 1975; 6:215-22. [PMID: 1182802 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(75)90012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sindbis virus 26S RNA is the principal species of virus-specific RNA found in the infected cell; it is derived from a one third segment of virion 42S RNA. When translated in cell-free extracts from mouse ascites cells or rabbit reticulocytes, 26S RNA directed the synthesis primarily of the 33,000 dalton virus capsid protein, and the protein products were in the form of free peptides rather than peptidyl-tRNA. In contrast, the polypeptides synthesized in either extract in response to Sindbis virus 42S RNA were heterogeneous, ranging in molecular weight from 33,000 to 190,000, and were largely in the form of peptidyl-tRNA. The number of independent initiation sites on the 26S and 42S RNAs was determined by analyzing a tryptic digest of reaction products labeled with yeast N-formyl-35S-methionyl-tRNAFmet. The 26S RNA appeared to contain a single initiation site, and this site could also be found in varying amounts in different preparations of 42S RNA. However, a second initiation site, distinct from that of 26S RNA, was the major site in 42S virion RNA. These results suggest that 42S virion RNA contains two potential sites for initiation of protein synthesis. Only one of these may be active, however, and it is postulated that the second site functions primarily, if not exclusively, in the subgenomic 26S RNA species. In this regard, Sindbis virus 42S RNA may represent a novel form of a eucaryotic messenger RNA.
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Greene RA, Morgan M, Shatkin AJ, Gage LP. Translation of silk fibroin messenger RNA in an Ehrlich ascites cell-free extract. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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44
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CLEGG C, KENNEDY I. Translation of Semliki-Forest-Virus Intracellular 26-S RNA. Characterisation of the Products Synthesized in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Piper PW. The nucleotide sequence of a methionine tRNA which functions in protein elongation in mouse myeloma cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 51:283-93. [PMID: 1168134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb03928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The major form of methionine tRNA operational in the elongation of protein synthesis in mouse myeloma cells was purufied from these cells after they had been cultured in the presence of [32P]-phosphate. This [32P]tRNA4-Met species was then digested with T1 RNase or pancreatic RNase so as to obtain both complete and partial RNase digestion products. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments were analysed to enable the derivation of the complete primary structure of this tRNA. tRNA4-Met of mouse myeloma cells is 76 nucleotides in length and contains 15 modified nucleotides. It is the only tRNA yet sequenced which has been found to possess the minor nucleoside 2-methylguanosine (m2G) within the amino acid (a) stem, and also to have an anticodon (c) stem of only 4 and not 5 base-pairs. The loop IV sequence of eukaryotic initiator methionine tRNA (tRNAf-Met) species, -A-U-C-G-m1A-A-A-, IS NOT FOUND IN TRNA4-Met and is therefore absent from at least one of the methionine tRNAs functioning in polypeptide elongation in mammalian cells. This is consistent with the suggested importance of this loop structure in the initiator function of tRNAf-Met in eukaryotic organisms. Three distinct regions of the tRNA cloverleaf, the (b) stem, the anticodon loop (loop II), and loop III, are substantially conserved in structure between tRNAf-Met and tRNA4-Met of mouse myeloma cells. These regions of the structures of mammalian methionine tRNAs probably do not determine whether a certain tRNA-Met will function in the initiation or elongation of protein synthesis, although they might be important in tRNA-Met recognition if the different cytoplasmic tRNA-Met species of mammalian cells are aminoacylated by a single activating enzyme.
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Smith AE, Wheeler T, Glanville N. Translation of Semliki-Forest-virus 42-S RNA in a mouse cell free system to give virus-coat proteins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 49:101-10. [PMID: 4459136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Strycharz WA, Ranki M, Dahl HH. A high-molecular-weight protein component required for natural messenger translation in ascites tumor cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 48:303-10. [PMID: 4375033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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49
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Abraham KA, Pryme IF, Eikhom TS. Specificity of factors isolated from free polysomes and microsomes on in vitro protein synthesis in plasmacytoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 1974; 1:371-7. [PMID: 4472835 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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50
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Morrison TG, Lodish HF. Recognition of Protein Synthesis Initiation Signals on Bacteriophage Ribonucleic Acid by Mammalian Ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)79897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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