1
|
Rousseau A, Armand S, Cottaz S, Fort S. Size-Controlled Synthesis of β(1→4)-GlcNAc Oligosaccharides Using an Endo-Glycosynthase. Chemistry 2021; 27:17637-17646. [PMID: 34633724 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and peptidoglycan fragments are well recognized as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Long-chain oligosaccharides of β(1→4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units indeed activate plants and mammals innate immune system. However, the mechanisms underlying PAMPs perception by lysine motif (LysM) domain receptors remain largely unknown because of insufficient availability of high-affinity molecular probes. Here, we report a two-enzyme cascade to synthesize long-chain β(1→4)-linked GlcNAc oligomers. Expression of the D52S mutant of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) in Pichia pastoris at 52 mg L-1 provided a new glycosynthase catalyzing efficient polymerization of α-chitintriosyl fluoride. Selective N-deacetylation at the non-reducing unit of the glycosyl fluoride donor by Sinorhizobium meliloti NodB chitin-N-deacetylase abolished its ability to be polymerized by the glycosynthase but not to be transferred onto an acceptor. Using NodB and D52S HEWL in a one-pot cascade reaction allowed the synthesis on a milligram scale of chitin hexa-, hepta- and octasaccharides with yields up to 65 % and a perfect control over their size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvie Armand
- CERMAV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Cottaz
- CERMAV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Fort
- CERMAV, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaczmarek-Szczepańska B, Sionkowska MM, Mazur O, Świątczak J, Brzezinska MS. The role of microorganisms in biodegradation of chitosan/tannic acid materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:584-592. [PMID: 34171256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
High utilization of thermoplastic polymers with low degradation rates as packaging materials generates a large amount of waste. Therefore, it should be replaced by natural polymers that can be degraded by microorganisms. In this paper, chitosan (CTS)/tannic acid (TA) materials in the weight ratios of 80CTS/20TA and 50CTS/50TA were prepared as potential packaging materials. The results showed that these materials were similarly degraded in soil and compost. However, in comparison to 50CTS/50TA, 80CTS/20TA was slightly better degraded in soil. After 14 days of biodegradation, the chemical structure of materials was changed resulting from adhesion of the microorganisms. The smallest changes were observed on 80CTS/20TA film. Bacterial species were collected and identified from materials after the degradation process. Microorganisms with the highest hydrolytic activity were chosen for the degradation study. Biodegradation and hydrolytic activity were observed only in a few strains, which indicate difficulties in material degradation. Soil bacteria degraded the films better than bacteria isolated from the compost. This study showed also that consortia of bacteria added to soil and compost had a positive effect on the biodegradation of the tested materials and increased the biodegradation of these materials in the studied environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kaczmarek-Szczepańska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Marta Michalska Sionkowska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Olha Mazur
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Świątczak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87 100 Torun, Poland
| | - Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87 100 Torun, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Optimizing Chitin Depolymerization by Lysozyme to Long-Chain Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060320. [PMID: 34072871 PMCID: PMC8229320 DOI: 10.3390/md19060320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin oligosaccharides (COs) hold high promise as organic fertilizers in the ongoing agro-ecological transition. Short- and long-chain COs can contribute to the establishment of symbiotic associations between plants and microorganisms, facilitating the uptake of soil nutrients by host plants. Long-chain COs trigger plant innate immunity. A fine investigation of these different signaling pathways requires improving the access to high-purity COs. Here, we used the response surface methodology to optimize the production of COs by enzymatic hydrolysis of water-soluble chitin (WSC) with hen egg-white lysozyme. The influence of WSC concentration, its acetylation degree, and the reaction time course were modelled using a Box–Behnken design. Under optimized conditions, water-soluble COs up to the nonasaccharide were formed in 51% yield and purified to homogeneity. This straightforward approach opens new avenues to determine the complex roles of COs in plants.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumara BN, Shambhu R, Prasad KS. Why chitosan could be apt candidate for glaucoma drug delivery - An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:47-65. [PMID: 33581206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most of the people in the world are affected by glaucoma, which leads to irreversible blindness. Several patient friendly treatments are available, nevertheless medications lack an easy and efficient way of sustained delivery. To make the delivery with enhanced bioavailability, biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers-based drug carriers are explored. However, ocular drug delivery issues have not been resolved yet due to less adhesiveness, poor penetration ability, pH, and temperature dependent burst releases. Chitosan is found to be effective for ocular drug delivery due to excellent physio-chemical properties in terms of overcoming the existing issues. In this review, we aim to highlight why it has been chosen and the holy grail for ocular drug delivery. Besides, we have comprehensively reviewed recent patents on chitosan as a platform for ocular drug delivery and future perspectives on factors, lacunae and challenges that need to be addressed for better ocular delivery methods for glaucoma management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B N Kumara
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory [NMRL], Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - Rashmi Shambhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - K Sudhakara Prasad
- Nanomaterial Research Laboratory [NMRL], Nano Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India; Centre for Nutrition Studies, Yenepoya [Deemed to be University], Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Assembly of Peptidoglycan Fragments-A Synthetic Challenge. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110392. [PMID: 33203094 PMCID: PMC7696421 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a major constituent of most bacterial cell walls that is recognized as a primary target of the innate immune system. The availability of pure PGN molecules has become key to different biological studies. This review aims to (1) provide an overview of PGN biosynthesis, focusing on the main biosynthetic intermediates; (2) focus on the challenges for chemical synthesis posed by the unique and complex structure of PGN; and (3) cover the synthetic routes of PGN fragments developed to date. The key difficulties in the synthesis of PGN molecules mainly involve stereoselective glycosylation involving NAG derivatives. The complex synthesis of the carbohydrate backbone commonly involves multistep sequences of chemical reactions to install the lactyl moiety at the O-3 position of NAG derivatives and to control enantioselective glycosylation. Recent advances are presented and synthetic routes are described according to the main strategy used: (i) based on the availability of starting materials such as glucosamine derivatives; (ii) based on a particular orthogonal synthesis; and (iii) based on the use of other natural biopolymers as raw materials.
Collapse
|
6
|
Queda F, Covas G, Silva T, Santos CA, Bronze MR, Cañada FJ, Corvo MC, Filipe SR, Marques MMB. A top-down chemo-enzymatic approach towards N-acetylglucosamine-N-acetylmuramic oligosaccharides: Chitosan as a reliable template. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
7
|
Kamra M, Moitra P, Ponnalagu D, Karande AA, Bhattacharya S. New Water-Soluble Oxyamino Chitosans as Biocompatible Vectors for Efficacious Anticancer Therapy via Co-Delivery of Gene and Drug. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37442-37460. [PMID: 31434476 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the many nonviral gene delivery vectors, chitosan, being a polysaccharide of natural origin, has gained special importance. In this report, chitosan (CS) has been solubilized in water by preparing its O-carboxymethyl derivative, CS(CH2COOH), with an optimum degree of carboxymethylation. This has been further derivatized to get the pyridine-substituted product (py)CS(CH2COOH), where the degree of pyridine substitution (47%) was optimized based on zeta potential measurements. The optimized formulation showed a high gene binding ability, forming nanosized positively charged polyelectrolyte complexes with DNA. These polyplexes were stable to DNase and physiological polyanions such as heparin. They also exhibited minimal toxicity in vitro and showed transfection levels comparable to the commercial standard Lipofectamine 2000 and much higher than polyethylenimine (MW, 25 kDa). Additionally, in this study, a hitherto unknown oxyamine derivative of chitosan has been prepared by phthaloyl protection, tosylation, and Gabriel's phthalimide synthesis. Nearly 40% of the primary alcohols were successfully converted to oxyamino functionality, which was used for forming oxime with the anticancer drug doxorubicin. The pH sensitivity of the oxime ether linkage and stability under biologically relevant conditions were then used to establish the compound as a versatile drug delivery vector. Co-delivery of functional gene (p53) and drug (doxorubicin) was accomplished in vitro and in vivo with the chitosan-pyridine imine vector (py)CS(CH2COOH) and the newly synthesized doxorubicin oxime ether CS(Dox). Complete tumor regression with no tumor recurrence and appreciable survivability point to the in vivo effectiveness and biocompatibility of the designed composite formulation. Overall, the pH sensitivity of the oxime linkage aiding slow and steady drug release, together with the sustained gene expression by pyridine-tethered carboxymethyl chitosan, allows us to generate a nanobiocomposite with significantly high anticancer therapeutic potential.
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen YH, Zhao H. Evolution of digestive enzymes and dietary diversification in birds. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6840. [PMID: 31086749 PMCID: PMC6487185 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most species-rich class of tetrapod vertebrates, Aves possesses diverse feeding habits, with multiple origins of insectivory, carnivory, frugivory, nectarivory, granivory and omnivory. Since digestive enzymes mediate and limit energy and nutrient uptake, we hypothesized that genes encoding digestive enzymes have undergone adaptive evolution in birds. To test this general hypothesis, we identified 16 digestive enzyme genes (including seven carbohydrase genes (hepatic amy, pancreatic amy, salivary amy, agl, g6pc, gaa and gck), three lipase genes (cyp7a1, lipf and pnlip), two protease genes (ctrc and pgc), two lysozyme genes (lyz and lyg) and two chitinase genes (chia and chit1)) from the available genomes of 48 bird species. Among these 16 genes, three (salivary amy, lipf and chit1) were not found in all 48 avian genomes, which was further supported by our synteny analysis. Of the remaining 13 genes, eight were single-copy and five (chia, gaa, lyz, lyg and pgc) were multi-copy. Moreover, the multi-copy genes gaa, lyg and pgc were predicted to exhibit functional divergence among copies. Positively selected sites were detected in all of the analyzed digestive enzyme genes, except agl, g6pc, gaa and gck, suggesting that different diets may have favored differences in catalytic capacities of these enzymes. Furthermore, the analysis also revealed that the pancreatic amylase gene and one of the lipase genes (cyp7a1) have higher ω (the ratio of nonsynonymous to the synonymous substitution rates) values in species consuming a larger amount of seeds and meat, respectively, indicating an intense selection. In addition, the gck carbohydrase gene in species consuming a smaller amount of seeds, fruits or nectar, and a lipase gene (pnlip) in species consuming less meat were found to be under relaxed selection. Thus, gene loss, gene duplication, functional divergence, positive selection and relaxed selection have collectively shaped the evolution of digestive enzymes in birds, and the evolutionary flexibility of these enzymes may have facilitated their dietary diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Chen
- Department of Ecology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huabin Zhao
- Department of Ecology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Watthanaphanit A, Rujiravanit R. Sericin-binded-deprotenized natural rubber film containing chitin whiskers as elasto-gel dressing. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:417-426. [PMID: 28322960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Here, we aims to demonstrate a simple concept in biomaterials design by using natural resources solely as raw materials to fabricate elastic wound care dressing. Elasto-gel films comprise of silk sericin (SRC), natural rubber (NR), and chitin whisker (CTW) were developed. A glue-like protein SRC found in silk cocoons is beneficial for the treatment of wounds due to its superior skin moisturizing ability. However, the pure SRC film is generally difficult to be fabricated because of its weak structural feature. This limitation was overcome by using NR as a binder which consecutively rendered elasticity and strength of the films. CTW was chosen as another component to promote ability of the films for tissue restoration. Before the film formation, protein in the natural rubber latex (NRL) was removed to avoid allergic and cytotoxic problems. The enzyme-treated NR/SRC (ETNR/SRC) films having different blend compositions were fabricated by solution casting technique. The highest amount of the SRC to gain an easy to handle ETNR/SRC film was 30%. The ETNR/SRC/CTW films having 20% SRC were fabricated and studied in comparison. Essential properties of the films as elastic wound care dressings were investigated and effect of the materials chemistry on the observed properties were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anyarat Watthanaphanit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Ratana Rujiravanit
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals, and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li K, Xing R, Liu S, Li P. Advances in preparation, analysis and biological activities of single chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 139:178-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
11
|
Naqvi S, Moerschbacher BM. The cell factory approach toward biotechnological production of high-value chitosan oligomers and their derivatives: an update. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:11-25. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
12
|
Zimoch-Korzycka A, Gardrat C, Castellan A, Coma V, Jarmoluk A. The use of lysozyme to prepare biologically active chitooligomers. POLIMEROS 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zimoch-Korzycka
- Université de Bordeaux, France; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Christian Gardrat
- Université de Bordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
| | - Alain Castellan
- Université de Bordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
| | - Véronique Coma
- Université de Bordeaux, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Liu L, Wang X, Su X, Ma Q. A novel ultrasensitive carboxymethyl chitosan-quantum dot-based fluorescence “turn on–off” nanosensor for lysozyme detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Jung WJ, Park RD. Bioproduction of chitooligosaccharides: present and perspectives. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5328-56. [PMID: 25353253 PMCID: PMC4245534 DOI: 10.3390/md12115328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been traditionally obtained by chemical digestion with strong acids. In light of the difficulties associated with these traditional production processes, environmentally compatible and reproducible production alternatives are desirable. Unlike chemical digestion, biodegradation of chitin and chitosan by enzymes or microorganisms does not require the use of toxic chemicals or excessive amounts of wastewater. Enzyme preparations with chitinase, chitosanase, and lysozymeare primarily used to hydrolyze chitin and chitosan. Commercial preparations of cellulase, protease, lipase, and pepsin provide another opportunity for oligosaccharide production. In addition to their hydrolytic activities, the transglycosylation activity of chitinolytic enzymes might be exploited for the synthesis of desired chitin oligomers and their derivatives. Chitin deacetylase is also potentially useful for the preparation of oligosaccharides. Recently, direct production of oligosaccharides from chitin and crab shells by a combination of mechanochemical grinding and enzymatic hydrolysis has been reported. Together with these, other emerging technologies such as direct degradation of chitin from crustacean shells and microbial cell walls, enzymatic synthesis of COS from small building blocks, and protein engineering technology for chitin-related enzymes have been discussed as the most significant challenge for industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Jung
- Division of Applied Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Environment-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
| | - Ro-Dong Park
- Division of Applied Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Environment-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been traditionally obtained by chemical digestion with strong acids. In light of the difficulties associated with these traditional production processes, environmentally compatible and reproducible production alternatives are desirable. Unlike chemical digestion, biodegradation of chitin and chitosan by enzymes or microorganisms does not require the use of toxic chemicals or excessive amounts of wastewater. Enzyme preparations with chitinase, chitosanase, and lysozymeare primarily used to hydrolyze chitin and chitosan. Commercial preparations of cellulase, protease, lipase, and pepsin provide another opportunity for oligosaccharide production. In addition to their hydrolytic activities, the transglycosylation activity of chitinolytic enzymes might be exploited for the synthesis of desired chitin oligomers and their derivatives. Chitin deacetylase is also potentially useful for the preparation of oligosaccharides. Recently, direct production of oligosaccharides from chitin and crab shells by a combination of mechanochemical grinding and enzymatic hydrolysis has been reported. Together with these, other emerging technologies such as direct degradation of chitin from crustacean shells and microbial cell walls, enzymatic synthesis of COS from small building blocks, and protein engineering technology for chitin-related enzymes have been discussed as the most significant challenge for industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Jung
- Division of Applied Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Environment-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
| | - Ro-Dong Park
- Division of Applied Bioscience & Biotechnology, Institute of Environment-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Narayanan D, Jayakumar R, Chennazhi KP. Versatile carboxymethyl chitin and chitosan nanomaterials: a review. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 6:574-98. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Narayanan
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University; Kochi India
| | - R. Jayakumar
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University; Kochi India
| | - K. P. Chennazhi
- Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre; Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University; Kochi India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu Y, He G, Xu H, Han X, Jones G, Rossiter SJ, Zhang S. Adaptive Functional Diversification of Lysozyme in Insectivorous Bats. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2829-35. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
18
|
Ojha S, Ahamad J, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Ribosomal RNA and protein transcripts persist in the cysts of Entamoeba invadens. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 195:6-9. [PMID: 24880110 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In most organisms rDNA transcription ceases under conditions of growth stress. However, we have earlier shown that pre-rRNA accumulates during encystation in Entamoeba invadens. We labeled newly-synthesized rRNA during encystation, with [methyl-(3)H] methionine in the presence of chitinase to enable uptake of isotope. Incorporation rate reduced after 24h, and then increased to reach levels comparable with normal cells. The label was rapidly chased to the ribosomal pellet in dividing cells, while at late stages of encystation the ratio of counts going to the pellet dropped 3-fold. The transcript levels of selected ribosomal protein genes also went down initially but went up again at later stages of encystation. This suggested that rRNA and ribosomal protein transcription may be coordinately regulated. Our data shows that encysting E. invadens cells accumulate transcripts of both the RNA and protein components of the ribosome, which may ensure rapid synthesis of new ribosomes when growth resumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Ojha
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Jamaluddin Ahamad
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ribeiro JMC, Genta FA, Sorgine MHF, Logullo R, Mesquita RD, Paiva-Silva GO, Majerowicz D, Medeiros M, Koerich L, Terra WR, Ferreira C, Pimentel AC, Bisch PM, Leite DC, Diniz MMP, Junior JLDSGV, Da Silva ML, Araujo RN, Gandara ACP, Brosson S, Salmon D, Bousbata S, González-Caballero N, Silber AM, Alves-Bezerra M, Gondim KC, Silva-Neto MAC, Atella GC, Araujo H, Dias FA, Polycarpo C, Vionette-Amaral RJ, Fampa P, Melo ACA, Tanaka AS, Balczun C, Oliveira JHM, Gonçalves RLS, Lazoski C, Rivera-Pomar R, Diambra L, Schaub GA, Garcia ES, Azambuja P, Braz GRC, Oliveira PL. An insight into the transcriptome of the digestive tract of the bloodsucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2594. [PMID: 24416461 PMCID: PMC3886914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bloodsucking hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus is a vector of Chagas' disease, which affects 7-8 million people today in Latin America. In contrast to other hematophagous insects, the triatomine gut is compartmentalized into three segments that perform different functions during blood digestion. Here we report analysis of transcriptomes for each of the segments using pyrosequencing technology. Comparison of transcript frequency in digestive libraries with a whole-body library was used to evaluate expression levels. All classes of digestive enzymes were highly expressed, with a predominance of cysteine and aspartic proteinases, the latter showing a significant expansion through gene duplication. Although no protein digestion is known to occur in the anterior midgut (AM), protease transcripts were found, suggesting secretion as pro-enzymes, being possibly activated in the posterior midgut (PM). As expected, genes related to cytoskeleton, protein synthesis apparatus, protein traffic, and secretion were abundantly transcribed. Despite the absence of a chitinous peritrophic membrane in hemipterans - which have instead a lipidic perimicrovillar membrane lining over midgut epithelia - several gut-specific peritrophin transcripts were found, suggesting that these proteins perform functions other than being a structural component of the peritrophic membrane. Among immunity-related transcripts, while lysozymes and lectins were the most highly expressed, several genes belonging to the Toll pathway - found at low levels in the gut of most insects - were identified, contrasting with a low abundance of transcripts from IMD and STAT pathways. Analysis of transcripts related to lipid metabolism indicates that lipids play multiple roles, being a major energy source, a substrate for perimicrovillar membrane formation, and a source for hydrocarbons possibly to produce the wax layer of the hindgut. Transcripts related to amino acid metabolism showed an unanticipated priority for degradation of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. Analysis of transcripts related to signaling pathways suggested a role for MAP kinases, GTPases, and LKBP1/AMP kinases related to control of cell shape and polarity, possibly in connection with regulation of cell survival, response of pathogens and nutrients. Together, our findings present a new view of the triatomine digestive apparatus and will help us understand trypanosome interaction and allow insights into hemipteran metabolic adaptations to a blood-based diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M. C. Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fernando A. Genta
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. F. Sorgine
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Logullo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael D. Mesquita
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela O. Paiva-Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David Majerowicz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Medeiros
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Qualidade e Tecnologia, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Programa de Biotecnologia, Prédio 27, CEP 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Koerich
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter R. Terra
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clélia Ferreira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André C. Pimentel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo M. Bisch
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel C. Leite
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle M. P. Diniz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Lídio da S. G. V. Junior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Manuela L. Da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Qualidade e Tecnologia, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Programa de Biotecnologia, Prédio 27, CEP 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N. Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline P. Gandara
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Brosson
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Didier Salmon
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Bousbata
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Ariel Mariano Silber
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele Alves-Bezerra
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia C. Gondim
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mário Alberto C. Silva-Neto
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia C. Atella
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Dias
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Polycarpo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel J. Vionette-Amaral
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Fampa
- Instituto de Biologia, DBA, UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia A. Melo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aparecida S. Tanaka
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Balczun
- Zoology/Parasitology Group, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - José Henrique M. Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata L. S. Gonçalves
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Lazoski
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rolando Rivera-Pomar
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genomicos, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Florencio Varela, Argentina
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Luis Diambra
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genomicos, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Florencio Varela, Argentina
| | | | - Elói S. Garcia
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Azambuja
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glória R. C. Braz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro L. Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guo XF, Kikuchi K, Matahira Y, Sakai K, Ogawa K. WATER-SOLUBLE CHITIN OF LOW DEGREE OF DEACETYLATION. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120003746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng Guo
- a Yaizu Suisankagaku Industry Co., LTD. , 5-8-13 Kogawashinmachi, Yaizu City, Shizuoka Pref., Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kikuchi
- a Yaizu Suisankagaku Industry Co., LTD. , 5-8-13 Kogawashinmachi, Yaizu City, Shizuoka Pref., Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matahira
- a Yaizu Suisankagaku Industry Co., LTD. , 5-8-13 Kogawashinmachi, Yaizu City, Shizuoka Pref., Japan
| | - Kazuo Sakai
- a Yaizu Suisankagaku Industry Co., LTD. , 5-8-13 Kogawashinmachi, Yaizu City, Shizuoka Pref., Japan
| | - Kozo Ogawa
- b Research Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , Osaka Prefecture University , 1-2 Gajuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang J, Chen C, Wu Q, Zhang L, Zhang X. Quantitative determination of chitinolytic activity of lysozyme using half-deacetylated chitosan as a substrate. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
22
|
Pillai CKS, Sharma CP. Review Paper: Absorbable Polymeric Surgical Sutures: Chemistry, Production, Properties, Biodegradability, and Performance. J Biomater Appl 2010; 25:291-366. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328210384890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among biomaterials used as implants in human body, sutures constitute the largest groups of materials having a huge market exceeding $1.3 billion annually. Sutures are the most widely used materials in wound closure and have been in use for many centuries. With the development of the synthetic absorbable polymer, poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) in the early 1970s, a new chapter has opened on absorbable polymeric sutures that got unprecedented commercial successes. Although several comparative evaluations of suture materials have been published, there were no serious attempts of late on a comprehensive review of production, properties, biodegradability, and performance of suture materials. This review proposes to bring to focus scattered data on chemistry, properties, biodegradability, and performance of absorbable polymeric sutures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chennakkattu Krishna Sadasivan Pillai
- Division of Biosurface Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, India
| | - Chandra P. Sharma
- Division of Biosurface Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, India,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hu R, Chen YY, Zhang LM. Synthesis and characterization of in situ photogelable polysaccharide derivative for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 393:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Effects of chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellets combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 on bone formation in femoral condyle-contained bone defects. J Craniofac Surg 2010; 21:188-97. [PMID: 20098183 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3181c50f8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium sulfate has a rapid degradation rate and little osteoinductive capability. Chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellets combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) have been developed that exhibit decreased resorption speed and increased compressive strength and osteoinduction. A rabbit femoral condyle-contained bone defect model was used to study the restoration of the defects treated with chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellets combined with rhBMP-2, chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellets, and uncoated pressed calcium sulfate pellets. No pellets were implanted in the control group. After 3 and 13 weeks, the results indicated that chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellets exhibited relatively slower resorption that closely coincides with the growth rate of new bone and enhanced osteogenesis when combined with rhBMP-2.
Collapse
|
25
|
Production of chitooligosaccharides and their potential applications in medicine. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1482-517. [PMID: 20559485 PMCID: PMC2885077 DOI: 10.3390/md8051482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) are homo- or heterooligomers of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucosamine. CHOS can be produced using chitin or chitosan as a starting material, using enzymatic conversions, chemical methods or combinations thereof. Production of well-defined CHOS-mixtures, or even pure CHOS, is of great interest since these oligosaccharides are thought to have several interesting bioactivities. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these bioactivities is of major importance. However, so far in-depth knowledge on the mode-of-action of CHOS is scarce, one major reason being that most published studies are done with badly characterized heterogeneous mixtures of CHOS. Production of CHOS that are well-defined in terms of length, degree of N-acetylation, and sequence is not straightforward. Here we provide an overview of techniques that may be used to produce and characterize reasonably well-defined CHOS fractions. We also present possible medical applications of CHOS, including tumor growth inhibition and inhibition of T(H)2-induced inflammation in asthma, as well as use as a bone-strengthener in osteoporosis, a vector for gene delivery, an antibacterial agent, an antifungal agent, an anti-malaria agent, or a hemostatic agent in wound-dressings. By using well-defined CHOS-mixtures it will become possible to obtain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these bioactivities.
Collapse
|
26
|
Osteogenesis Mechanism of Chitosan-Coated Calcium Sulfate Pellets on the Restoration of Segmental Bone Defects. J Craniofac Surg 2009; 20:1445-50. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3181af1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
27
|
|
28
|
Shin JA, Choi JY, Kim ST, Kim CS, Lee YK, Cho KS, Chai JK, Kim CK, Choi SH. The Effects of Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Membrane on Bone Regeneration in Rat Calvarial Defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.5051/jkape.2009.39.s.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-A Shin
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Korea
| | - Jung-Yoo Choi
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Korea
| | - Chang-Sung Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Lee
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Korea
| | - Kyoo-Sung Cho
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Korea
| | - Jung-Kiu Chai
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Korea
| | - Chong-Kwan Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Onishi H, Shimoda J, Machida Y. Chitosan-Drug Conjugate Microspheres: Preparation and Drug Release Properties of Microspheres Composed of the Conjugate of 2′- or 3′-(4-Carboxy-butyryl)-5- Fluorouridine with Chitosan. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049609069355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
30
|
Effects of chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellet combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 on restoration of segmental bone defect. J Craniofac Surg 2008; 19:459-65. [PMID: 18362727 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e31815ca034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellet combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) has been developed with increased compressive strength and osteoinduction, but with a resorption profile only slightly slower than uncoated pellet. A radial segmental defect model of rabbit was used to study the restoration effect on defect treated with chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellet combined with rhBMP-2, coated pressed calcium sulfate pellet, and uncoated pressed calcium sulfate pellet. Nothing was implanted in the control group. After 4, 8, and 12 weeks, the results indicated that coated pressed calcium sulfate pellet combined with rhBMP-2 and coated pressed calcium sulfate pellet facilitated new bone formation on defected bone and that particularly the former was more effective than the latter.
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Cho BC, Kim TG, Yang JD, Chung HY, Park JW, Kwon IC, Roh KH, Chung HS, Lee DS, Park NU, Kim IS. Effect of Calcium Sulfate-Chitosan Composite: Pellet on Bone Formation in Bone Defect. J Craniofac Surg 2005; 16:213-24; discussion 225-7. [PMID: 15750417 DOI: 10.1097/00001665-200503000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of chitosan, calcium sulfate, and calcium sulfate-chitosan composite pellet on the osteogenesis of defective tibia in rabbits. Eighty New Zealand white rabbits, each weighing approximately 3 to 3.5 kg, were used for this study. A 1-cm ostectomy was made on the middle of the tibia of each rabbit with the periosteum preserved. Nothing was implanted in the control group (group 1), and five chitosan pellets (60 mg/pellet) were implanted in group 1, three OsteoSet pellets (100 mg/pellet) in group 3, and four calcium sulfate-chitosan composite pellets (1 pellet, 80 mg; calcium sulfate 40 mg/pellet, chitosan 40 mg/pellet) in group 4. For each group, a radiographic study, bone mineral density test, three-point bending test, and histologic examination were performed in the second, fourth, and sixth weeks. In the radiologic study, in group 1, cortical bone was not formed even at 6 weeks. In group 2, it was observed at 6 weeks. In groups 3 and 4, cortical bone was partially seen around the fourth week. At 6 weeks, it was clearly observed on both sides, and the projection of the marrow cavity became distinctive, so bone consolidation was considered to be much progressed. The bone mineral density test and three-point bending test results appeared to be highly similar in groups 3 and 4 and in groups 2 and 1. Particularly at 6 weeks, the measures for groups 3 and 4 were statistically significant compared with those for groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). In histologic examination, new bone formation began to be seen at 2 weeks in all groups, but it was more active and faster in groups 3 and 4. At 6 weeks, fibrous connective tissue still remained at the center in groups 1 and 2; however, the fibrous connective tissue at the center was replaced with callus, the bony bridge was obvious, and lamellation of callus was observed more in groups 3 and 4. The results indicate that chitosan pellets, OsteoSet, and chitosan-calcium sulfate composite pellets facilitate new bone formation on defected bone, and that particularly OsteoSet and chitosan-calcium sulfate composite pellets are more effective than chitosan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chae Cho
- Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Institute of Cell and Matrix Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Samduk 2 ga 50, 700-721 Daegu, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sasaki C, Kristiansen A, Fukamizo T, Vårum KM. Biospecific Fractionation of Chitosan. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:1686-90. [PMID: 14606896 DOI: 10.1021/bm034124q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that, although a fully de-N-acetylated chitosan does not bind to hen egg white lysozyme, chitosans with a low fraction of N-acetylated units (FA) bind biospecifically to lysozyme with an affinity strongly dependent upon pH and ionic strength and without concomitant cleavage of glycosidic linkages. In this study, we report on the fractionation of a low FA chitosan with low molecular weight by biospecific adsorption of the chitosan molecules containing N-acetyl groups to immobilized lysozyme. Hen egg white lysozyme was immobilized to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B, and a chitosan with a fraction of N-acetylated units of 0.045 and a weight average degree of polymerization (DPw) of 22 was applied to the column at suitable conditions for biospecific binding (pH 5.7, 0.15 M NaCl). The chitosan could be separated into two fractions, one that was not adsorbed to the lysozyme-column and one that was adsorbed and could be eluted by decreasing the pH and the ionic strength (0.08 M acetic acid of pH 3.0). The fractions were analyzed and the fraction that was not adsorbed was found to be fully de-N-acetylated chitosan with a DPw of 18, whereas the fraction that was adsorbed was a chitosan with FA of 0.080 and DPw of 24. Experimental data were compared with data from theoretical calculations, which was used to calculate the fraction of chitosan molecules with and without acetyl groups, showing good correlation between experimental and theoretical results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiye Sasaki
- Laboratory of Enzyme System Science, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505 Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Park JS, Choi SH, Moon IS, Cho KS, Chai JK, Kim CK. Eight-week histological analysis on the effect of chitosan on surgically created one-wall intrabony defects in beagle dogs. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30:443-53. [PMID: 12716338 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.10283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the periodontal tissue regenerative effects of a chitosan/collagen sponge applied to preclinical one-wall intrabony defects surgically created in beagle dogs. MATERIAL AND METHODS 4 x 4 mm one-wall intrabony defects were surgically created in the bilateral maxillary first and third, and the mandibular second and fourth premolars. The surgical control group received a flap operation only, while the buffer control group was treated afterwards with a phosphate-buffered saline/collagen sponge (CS) and the chitosan group was treated with a chitosan/cs. The subjects were killed 8 weeks after the operation, and a comparative histological examination was performed. RESULTS The amount of junctional epithelium migration was 2.30+/-1.24 mm in the surgical control group, 1.49+/-1.25 mm in the buffer control group, and 0.26+/-0.59 mm in the chitosan group. A significant difference was exhibited only between the surgical control and the chitosan group (p<0.05). The amount of connective tissue adhesion was 0.68+/-0.60, 1.07+/-0.91, and 0.41+/-0.42 mm in the surgical control, buffer control, and the chitosan group, respectively. The amount of cementum regeneration was 1.42+/-0.49, 1.60+/-0.41, and 3.46+/-0.78 mm in the surgical control, buffer control, and the chitosan group, respectively. A significant difference was seen between the chitosan group and the rest (p<0.01). The amount of alveolar bone regeneration was 1.00+/-0.77, 1.52+/-0.37, and 2.43+/-0.44 mm in the surgical control, buffer control, and the chitosan group, respectively. A significant difference was observed between the chitosan group and the rest (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the beneficial effect of the chitosan/cs on the one-wall intrabony defects of beagle dogs. The inhibited apical migration of epithelium and the increase in the amount of new bone and new cementum suggest the potency of chitosan in inducing periodontal tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sook Park
- Department of Periodontology, Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yoshino T, Machida Y, Onishi H, Nagai T. Preparation and characterization of chitosan microspheres containing doxifluridine. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003; 29:417-27. [PMID: 12737535 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120018377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan microspheres containing 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), tegafur (FT), and doxifluridine (DFUR) were prepared by the dry-in-oil method using silicone oil with no surfactant as a dispersion medium. For DFUR-containing chitosan microspheres (DFUR-M), reacetylation with acetic anhydride or coating using chitosan and glutaraldehyde was performed. DFUR-M, reacetylated DFUR-M, and chitosan-coated DFUR-M were investigated on in vitro drug release, and the former two microspheres were examined for in vivo degradation after subcutaneous (s.c.) implantation in mice, and in vivo plasma concentration-time profiles after s.c. implantation in rats. The present method gave fairly large microspheres purely composed of chitosan and drug because of no use of surfactant, which showed the mean particle diameters of 300-900 microm and the drug contents of 4-22% (w/w). Encapsulation efficiency of DFUR was higher than that of 5-FU and FT. DFUR-M and reacetylated DFUR-M exhibited spherical shape except chitosan-coated DFUR-M. DFUR-M showed high initial rapid release, which was suppressed to some extent by reacetylation or chitosan coating. DFUR-M and reacetylated DFUR-M subcutaneously implanted were gradually degraded, and approximately half or a little more of the microspheres disappeared from the implanted site at 3 weeks postimplantation. DFUR-M and reacetylated DFUR-M implanted subcutaneously gave similar plasma concentration-time profiles of DFUR, which did not indicate prolonged release in vivo. DFUR-containing chitosan microspheres with fairly large size and good drug content could be obtained by the present preparation but remained to be improved for drug release properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Yoshino
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ruel-Gariépy E, Leclair G, Hildgen P, Gupta A, Leroux JC. Thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogel containing liposomes for the delivery of hydrophilic molecules. J Control Release 2002; 82:373-83. [PMID: 12175750 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel injectable in situ gelling thermosensitive chitosan-beta-glycerophosphate (C-GP) formulation has been recently proposed for tissue repair and drug delivery. The system can sustain the release of macromolecules over a period of several hours to a few days. However, with low-molecular-weight hydrophilic compounds, the release is generally completed within 24 h. In this study, liposomes were added to the C-GP solution and their effect on the viscoelastic properties of the system and release kinetics of encapsulated carboxyfluorescein was investigated. The gelation rate and gel strength were slightly increased by the presence of the liposomes. The in vitro release profiles demonstrated controlled delivery over at least 2 weeks. The release rate strongly depended on the liposome size and composition (i.e. addition of cholesterol), and on the presence of phospholipase in the release medium. The kinetics was not substantially modified when using liposomes prepared with a negatively-charged lipid or a lipid having a high phase transition temperature. These results indicate that the liposome-C-GP system rapidly gels at body temperature, and can sustain the delivery of low-molecular-weight hydrophilic compounds. A mathematical model was proposed to characterize the release kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ruel-Gariépy
- Canada Research Chair in Drug Delivery, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6128 succ Centre-Ville, Montreal, (Qc) H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
SHIN SEUNGS, LEE YOUNGC, LEE CHAN. THE DEGRADATION OF CHlTOSAN WITH THE AID OF LIPASE FROM RHIZOPUS JAPONICUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SOLUBLE CHlTOSAN. J Food Biochem 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2001.tb00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
38
|
Josué A, Laranjeira MCM, Fávere VT, Kimura IY, Pedrosa RC. Liberação controlada da eosina impregnada em microesferas de copolímero de quitosana e poli(ácido acrílico). POLIMEROS 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282000000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microesferas de quitosana com grau de desacetilação médio de 85,6% foram enxertadas com poli(ácido acrílico) para aplicação como sistemas de liberação controlada de fármacos. O corante eosina impregnado nas microesferas de quitosana modificada foi utilizado como marcador para estudo in vitro de liberação de fármacos. As microesferas de quitosana foram obtidas pelo método de inversão de fases com NaOH, seguidas de reticulação com glutaraldeído, redução com cianoboroidreto de sódio e enxertia com poli(ácido acrílico) na presença de uma solução de nitrato de cério (IV) amoniacal como iniciador redox. Os estudos in vitro de liberação da eosina a partir de microesferas de quitosana, mostraram que o corante foi liberado em função do tempo a pH 6,8 e 9,8 que simulam as condições fisiológicas do trato gastrointestinal, enquanto que nenhuma eosina foi liberada a pH 1,2.
Collapse
|
39
|
JEON YOUJIN, SHAHIDI FEREIDOON, KIM SEKWON. PREPARATION OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN OLIGOMERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONAL FOODS. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1081/fri-100100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
40
|
Tokuyasu K, Ono H, Mitsutomi M, Hayashi K, Mori Y. Synthesis of a chitosan tetramer derivative, beta-D-GlcNAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1-->4)-D-Glc N through a partial N-acetylation reaction by chitin deacetylase. Carbohydr Res 2000; 325:211-5. [PMID: 10795812 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized beta-D-GlcNAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1-->4)-D-GlcN (2) through a partial N-acetylation reaction of chitosan tetramer 1 by a chitin deacetylase from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum ATCC 56676. The compound was purified from the mixture of acetylation products of 1 using cation-exchange column chromatography and amine-adsorption column chromatography, and its structure was estimated by 1H NMR and FABMS analyses. The enzymatic reaction allows a regioselectivity that is hard to achieve by chemical N-acetylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tokuyasu
- National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tokuyasu K, Ono H, Hayashi K, Mori Y. Reverse hydrolysis reaction of chitin deacetylase and enzymatic synthesis of beta-D-GlcNAc-(1-->4)-GlcN from chitobiose. Carbohydr Res 1999; 322:26-31. [PMID: 10629946 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We found that a chitin deacetylase from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum could acetylate free amino sugar residues into N-acetylated forms in the presence of 3.0 M sodium acetate. The result was analyzed using a beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase-coupled assay system with p-nitrophenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta- D-glucopyranoside as the substrate, and the liberation of p-nitrophenol was observed as a consequence of enzymatic N-acetylation of the glucosamine residue at the nonreducing end of the substrate. The chitin deacetylase also acetylated chitobiose and chitotetraose as substrates, which was evidenced by the decrease in the amount of free amino sugar residues in the chitooligosaccharides. The reaction product of chitobiose after the acetylation reaction was exclusively 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-gluc ose [GlcNAcGlcN], the structure of which was determined by FABMS and NMR analyses. This study offers a novel method for enzymatic N-acetylation of amino sugars, and especially with chitobiose as substrate, a selectively N-acetylated product, GlcNAcGlcN, can be synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tokuyasu
- National Food Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tomihata K, Ikada Y. In vitro and in vivo degradation of films of chitin and its deacetylated derivatives. Biomaterials 1997; 18:567-75. [PMID: 9105597 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(96)00167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitin was deacetylated to various extents with NaOH to obtain partially and thoroughly deacetylated chitins. The specimens used in this study were deacetylated by 0 (chitin), 68.8, 73.3, 84.0, 90.1 and 100 mol% (chitosan). Films with a thickness of 150 microns were prepared from these specimens by the solution casting method. The equilibrated water contents of the films were 52.4 (chitin), 73.8 (68.8 mol%), 64.2 (73.3 mol%), 61.8 (84.0 mol%), 57.8 (90.1 mol%) and 49.7 wt% (chitosan), while the tensile strengths of the water-swollen films were 244 (chitin), 197 (68.8 mol%), 232 (73.3 mol%), 320 (84.0 mol%), 293 (90.1 mol%) and 433 g mm-2 (chitosan). The maximum water content and the minimum tensile strength observed for a specimen deacetylated between 0 and 68.8 mol% may be ascribed to the lowered crystallinity by deacetylation of chitin, since both chitin and chitosan are crystalline polymers. Unlike their physical properties, in vitro and in vivo degradations of these films occurred less rapidly without passing a maximum or minimum, as their degree of deacetylation became higher. The in vitro degradation was carried out by immersing the films in buffered aqueous solution of pH 7 containing lysozyme at 37 degrees C, while the in vivo degradation was studied by subcutaneously implanting the films in the back of rats. It was found that the rate of in vivo biodegradation was very high for chitin and 68.8 mol% deacetylated chitin, compared with that for the 73.3 mol% deacetylated chitin. The films which were more than 73.3 mol% deacetylated showed slower biodegradation. Interestingly, the tissue reaction towards highly deacetylated derivatives including chitosan was very mild, although they had cationic primary amines in the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tomihata
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vårum KM, Holme HK, Izume M, Stokke BT, Smidsrød O. Determination of enzymatic hydrolysis specificity of partially N-acetylated chitosans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1291:5-15. [PMID: 8781519 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(96)00038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A new method for determining the specificity of hydrolysis of the linear binary heteropolysaccharide chitosan composed of (1-->4)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (GlcNAc; A-unit) and 2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose (GlcN; D-unit) residues is described. The method is based on the assignments of the 13C chemical shifts of the identity (A- or D-units) of the new reducing and non-reducing ends and the variation in their nearest neighbours, using low molecular weight chitosans with known random distribution of A- and D-units as substrate. A highly N-acetylated chitosan with fraction of acetylated units (FA) of 0.68 and a number-average degree of polymerization (DPn) of 30 was hydrolysed with hen egg-white lysozyme, showing that both the new reducing and non-reducing ends consisted exclusively of A-units, indicating a high specificity for A-units in subsites DL and EL on lysozyme. Our data suggests that the preceding unit of the reducing A-units, is invariable, and based on earlier studies, most probably an A-unit, while the unit following the non-reducing A-units can be either an A- or a D-unit. A more detailed study of the specificity of lysozyme at subsite DL was performed by hydrolyzing a more deacetylated chitosan (FA = 0.35 and DPn of 20) to a DPn of 9, showing that even for this chitosan more than 90% of the new reducing ends were acetylated units. Thus, lysozyme depolymerizes partially N-acetylated chitosans by preferentially hydrolyzing sequences of acetylated units bound to site CL, DL and EL of the active cleft, while there is no specificity between acetylated and deacetylated units to site FL. In addition, a moderately N-acetylated chitosan with fraction of acetylated units (FA) of 0.35 and a DPn of 20 was hydrolysed with Bacillus sp. No. 7-M chitosanase, showing that both the new reducing and non-reducing ends consisted exclusively of D-units. Our data suggests that the nearest neigbour to the D-unit at the reducing end is invariable, and based on earlier studies, most probably a D-unit, while the unit following the non-reducing D-units can be either an A- or a D-unit. We conclude that the Bacillus chitosanase hydrolyzes partially N-acetylated chitosan by preferentially attacking sequences of three consecutive deacetylated units, hypothetical subsites CC, DC and EC, where the cleavage occur between sugar units bound to subsites DC and EC. A hypothetical subsite FC on the chitosanase show no specificity with respect to A- and D-units. The new NMR method described herein offers a time and labour-saving alternative to the procedure of extensive hydrolysis of the binary heteropolysaccharide chitosan and subsequent isolation and characterization of the oligosaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Vårum
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kristiansen A, Vårum KM, Grasdalen H. Competitive binding of highly de-N-acetylated chitosans and N,N'-diacetylchitobiose to lysozyme from chicken egg white studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 1996; 289:143-50. [PMID: 8805778 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(96)00109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kristiansen
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cölfen H, Harding SE, Vårum KM, Winzor DJ. A study by analytical ultracentrifugation on the interaction between lysozyme and extensively deacetylated chitin (chitosan). Carbohydr Polym 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(96)00045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Stokke BT, Vårum KM, Holme HK, Hjerde RJ, Smidsrød O. Sequence specificities for lysozyme depolymerization of partially N-acetylated chitosans. CAN J CHEM 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/v95-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of sugar residue sequence in partially N-acetylated chitosans on relative hydrolysis rate catalyzed by lysozyme was studied. The relative rates were modelled assuming an Arrhenius-type relation for the relative rate constants. The apparent activation energy was assumed to consist of additive contributions from GlcN or GlcNAc residues within the polymer chain interacting with sites A–F of the active cleft of lysozyme. This model accounted well for the relative hydrolysis rates reported for well-defined oligomers. Calculated and experimental data for the dependence of the initial relative hydrolysis rates on fraction of acetylated units, FA, showed an FA3,6 dependence. A fully water-soluble highly N-acetylated chitosan with FA = 0.68 was depolymerized using lysozyme for further testing of the model. Analyses of the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the diad sequences at the new reducing and nonreducing ends formed by lysozyme showed that this enzymatic depolymerization was dominated by chitosan sequences presenting GlcNAc residues to sites C, D, and E of the active cleft. In contrast, there was no selectivity between GlcNAc and GlcN residues interacting with site F. These selectivities were confirmed by the calculated contributions to the apparent activation energy of these sites. The experimentally determined depletion in the diad and triad frequencies of GlcNAc during the course of lysozyme hydrolysis was in good agreement with the model calculations. Keywords: lysozyme, chitosan, chitin, sequence specificity, subsite model.
Collapse
|
48
|
Purification and characterization of novel chitinases from Streptomyces griseus HUT 6037. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(95)93211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
49
|
Aiba SI. Preparation of N-acetylchitooligosaccharides from lysozymic hydrolysates of partially N-acetylated chitosans. Carbohydr Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)84025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
50
|
|