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Chang YC, Venkateswar Reddy M, Suzuki H, Terayama T, Mawatari Y, Seki C, Sarkar O. Characterization of Ralstonia insidiosa C1 isolated from Alpine regions: Capability in polyhydroxyalkanoates degradation and production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134348. [PMID: 38653138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This study ventures into the exploration of potential poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) degradation in alpine environments. PHB-degrading bacteria were identified in both campus soil, representing a residential area, and Mt. Kurodake soil, an alpine region in Hokkaido, Japan. Next-generation sequencing analysis indicated that the campus soil exhibited higher microbial diversity, while Ralstonia insidiosa C1, isolated from Mt. Kurodake soil, displayed the highest proficiency in PHB degradation. R. insidiosa C1 efficiently degraded up to 3% (w/v) of PHB and various films composed of other biopolymers at 14 °C. This bacterium synthesized homopolymers using substrates such as 3-hydroxybutyric acid, sugars, and acetic acid, while also produced copolymers using a mixture of fatty acids. The analysis results confirmed that the biopolymer synthesized by strain C1 using glucose was PHB, with physical properties comparable to commercial products. The unique capabilities of R. insidiosa C1, encompassing both the production and degradation of bioplastics, highlight its potential to establish a novel material circulation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cheol Chang
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan; Department of Sciences and Informatics, Course of Chemical and Biological Systems, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran 050-8585, Japan.
| | - M Venkateswar Reddy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Hinako Suzuki
- Department of Sciences and Informatics, Course of Chemical and Biological Systems, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
| | - Takumi Terayama
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Mawatari
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan; Department of Sciences and Informatics, Course of Chemical and Biological Systems, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
| | - Chigusa Seki
- Course of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Division of Sustainable and Environmental Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido 050-8585, Japan; Department of Sciences and Informatics, Course of Chemical and Biological Systems, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
| | - Omprakash Sarkar
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87 Luleå, Sweden
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2
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Abate T, Amabile C, Muñoz R, Chianese S, Musmarra D. Polyhydroxyalkanoate recovery overview: properties, characterizations, and extraction strategies. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141950. [PMID: 38599326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Due to their excellent properties, polyhydroxyalkanoates are gaining increasing recognition in the biodegradable polymer market. These biogenic polyesters are characterized by high biodegradability in multiple environments, overcoming the limitation of composting plants only and their versatility in production. The most consolidated techniques in the literature or the reference legislation for the physical, chemical and mechanical characterisation of the final product are reported since its usability on the market is still linked to its quality, including the biodegradability certificate. This versatility makes polyhydroxyalkanoates a promising prospect with the potential to replace fossil-based thermoplastics sustainably. This review analyses and compares the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate, indicating their current limitations and strengths. In particular, the copolymer is characterised by better performance in terms of crystallinity, hardness and workability. However, the knowledge in this area is still in its infancy, and the selling prices are too high (9-18 $ kg-1). An analysis of the main extraction techniques, established and in development, is also included. Solvent extraction is currently the most widely used method due to its efficiency and final product quality. In this context, the extraction phase of the biopolymer production process remains a major challenge due to its high costs and the need to use non-halogenated toxic solvents to improve the production of good-quality bioplastics. The review also discusses all fundamental parameters for optimising the process, such as solubility and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Abate
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, Italy; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Claudia Amabile
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, Italy; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raul Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Simeone Chianese
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, Italy.
| | - Dino Musmarra
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, Italy
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Zhou W, Bergsma S, Colpa DI, Euverink GJW, Krooneman J. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) synthesis and degradation by microbes and applications towards a circular economy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:118033. [PMID: 37156023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Overusing non-degradable plastics causes a series of environmental issues, inferring a switch to biodegradable plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are promising biodegradable plastics that can be produced by many microbes using various substrates from waste feedstock. However, the cost of PHAs production is higher compared to fossil-based plastics, impeding further industrial production and applications. To provide a guideline for reducing costs, the potential cheap waste feedstock for PHAs production have been summarized in this work. Besides, to increase the competitiveness of PHAs in the mainstream plastics economy, the influencing parameters of PHAs production have been discussed. The PHAs degradation has been reviewed related to the type of bacteria, their metabolic pathways/enzymes, and environmental conditions. Finally, the applications of PHAs in different fields have been presented and discussed to induce comprehension on the practical potentials of PHAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Products and Processes for Biotechnology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Bergsma
- Products and Processes for Biotechnology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dana Irene Colpa
- Products and Processes for Biotechnology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Willem Euverink
- Products and Processes for Biotechnology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Krooneman
- Products and Processes for Biotechnology, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Bioconversion and Fermentation Technology, Research Centre Biobased Economy, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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4
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Bher A, Mayekar PC, Auras RA, Schvezov CE. Biodegradation of Biodegradable Polymers in Mesophilic Aerobic Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12165. [PMID: 36293023 PMCID: PMC9603655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding alternatives to diminish plastic pollution has become one of the main challenges of modern life. A few alternatives have gained potential for a shift toward a more circular and sustainable relationship with plastics. Biodegradable polymers derived from bio- and fossil-based sources have emerged as one feasible alternative to overcome inconveniences associated with the use and disposal of non-biodegradable polymers. The biodegradation process depends on the environment's factors, microorganisms and associated enzymes, and the polymer properties, resulting in a plethora of parameters that create a complex process whereby biodegradation times and rates can vary immensely. This review aims to provide a background and a comprehensive, systematic, and critical overview of this complex process with a special focus on the mesophilic range. Activity toward depolymerization by extracellular enzymes, biofilm effect on the dynamic of the degradation process, CO2 evolution evaluating the extent of biodegradation, and metabolic pathways are discussed. Remarks and perspectives for potential future research are provided with a focus on the current knowledge gaps if the goal is to minimize the persistence of plastics across environments. Innovative approaches such as the addition of specific compounds to trigger depolymerization under particular conditions, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and the addition of natural and/or modified enzymes are state-of-the-art methods that need faster development. Furthermore, methods must be connected to standards and techniques that fully track the biodegradation process. More transdisciplinary research within areas of polymer chemistry/processing and microbiology/biochemistry is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anibal Bher
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Instituto de Materiales de Misiones, CONICET-UNaM, Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pooja C. Mayekar
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Rafael A. Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Carlos E. Schvezov
- Instituto de Materiales de Misiones, CONICET-UNaM, Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina
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Polyhydroxyalkanoate bio-production and its rise as biomaterial of the future. J Biotechnol 2022; 348:10-25. [PMID: 35298952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The first observation of a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) aggregate was in 1888 by Beijenrinck. Despite polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) being the first type of PHA discovered, it was not extracted and characterized until 1925 by Maurice Lemoigne in France, even before the concept of "macromolecules" was known. After more than 30 years, in 1958, Wilkinson and co-workers rediscovered PHB and its metabolic role in the cells as storage compound. PHB started to be appealing to the industry in the 1980s, when a few companies started to commercialize microbially produced PHAs. During the 1990 s, the focus was on reducing production costs to make PHA production economically feasible, for instance by genetically modified microorganisms and even plants. Since then, many advances have been made: diverse wastes as feedstock, different production processes, and tailored design of biopolymers. This paper summarizes the scientific and technological development of PHAs from their discovery in 1888 until their latest applications and current commercial uses. Future perspectives have been devised too based on the current bottlenecks.
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Iwata T, Gan H, Togo A, Fukata Y. Recent developments in microbial polyester fiber and polysaccharide ester derivative research. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Martínez-Tobón DI, Waters B, Elias AL, Sauvageau D. Streamlined production, purification, and characterization of recombinant extracellular polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerases. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1001. [PMID: 32087608 PMCID: PMC7142370 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous production of extracellular polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) depolymerases (PhaZs) has been of interest for over 30 years, but implementation is sometimes difficult and can limit the scope of research. With the constant development of tools to improve recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli, we propose a method that takes characteristics of PhaZs from different bacterial strains into account. Recombinant His‐tagged versions of PhaZs (rPhaZ) from Comamonas testosteroni 31A, Cupriavidus sp. T1, Marinobacter algicola DG893, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Ralstonia sp. were successfully produced with varying expression, solubility, and purity levels. PhaZs from C. testosteroni and P. stutzeri were more amenable to heterologous expression in all aspects; however, using the E. coli Rosetta‐gami B(DE3) expression strain and establishing optimal conditions for expression and purification (variation of IPTG concentration and use of size exclusion columns) helped circumvent low expression and purity for the other PhaZs. Degradation activity of the rPhaZs was compared using a simple PHB plate‐based method, adapted to test for various pH and temperatures. rPhaZ from M. algicola presented the highest activity at 15°C, and rPhaZs from Cupriavidus sp. T1 and Ralstonia sp. had the highest activity at pH 5.4. The methods proposed herein can be used to test the production of soluble recombinant PhaZs and to perform preliminary evaluation for applications that require PHB degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana I Martínez-Tobón
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brennan Waters
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anastasia L Elias
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dominic Sauvageau
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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8
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Biochemical properties and biotechnological applications of microbial enzymes involved in the degradation of polyester-type plastics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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9
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Larrañaga A, Lizundia E. A review on the thermomechanical properties and biodegradation behaviour of polyesters. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Jacquin J, Cheng J, Odobel C, Pandin C, Conan P, Pujo-Pay M, Barbe V, Meistertzheim AL, Ghiglione JF. Microbial Ecotoxicology of Marine Plastic Debris: A Review on Colonization and Biodegradation by the "Plastisphere". Front Microbiol 2019; 10:865. [PMID: 31073297 PMCID: PMC6497127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, it has become clear that plastic pollution presents a global societal and environmental challenge given its increasing presence in the oceans. A growing literature has focused on the microbial life growing on the surfaces of these pollutants called the "plastisphere," but the general concepts of microbial ecotoxicology have only rarely been integrated. Microbial ecotoxicology deals with (i) the impact of pollutants on microbial communities and inversely (ii) how much microbes can influence their biodegradation. The goal of this review is to enlighten the growing literature of the last 15 years on microbial ecotoxicology related to plastic pollution in the oceans. First, we focus on the impact of plastic on marine microbial life and on the various functions it ensures in the ecosystems. In this part, we also discuss the driving factors influencing biofilm development on plastic surfaces and the potential role of plastic debris as vector for dispersal of harmful pathogen species. Second, we give a critical view of the extent to which marine microorganisms can participate in the decomposition of plastic in the oceans and of the relevance of current standard tests for plastic biodegradability at sea. We highlight some examples of metabolic pathways of polymer biodegradation. We conclude with several questions regarding gaps in current knowledge of plastic biodegradation by marine microorganisms and the identification of possible directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Jacquin
- UMR 7621, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jingguang Cheng
- UMR 7621, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Charlène Odobel
- UMR 7621, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Caroline Pandin
- UMR 7621, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pascal Conan
- UMR 7621, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Mireille Pujo-Pay
- UMR 7621, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Valérie Barbe
- UMR 7621, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Commissariat á I’Énergie Atomique (CEA), CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
| | - Anne-Leila Meistertzheim
- UMR 7621, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
- Plastic@Sea, Observatoire Océanographique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jean-François Ghiglione
- UMR 7621, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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Martínez-Tobón DI, Gul M, Elias AL, Sauvageau D. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biodegradation using bacterial strains with demonstrated and predicted PHB depolymerase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8049-8067. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Polyák P, Dohovits E, Nagy GN, Vértessy BG, Vörös G, Pukánszky B. Enzymatic degradation of poly-[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: Mechanism, kinetics, consequences. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Suzuki M, Tachibana Y, Kazahaya JI, Takizawa R, Muroi F, Kasuya KI. Difference in environmental degradability between poly(ethylene succinate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1383-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Pagliano G, Ventorino V, Panico A, Pepe O. Integrated systems for biopolymers and bioenergy production from organic waste and by-products: a review of microbial processes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:113. [PMID: 28469708 PMCID: PMC5414342 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, issues concerning the sustainable and harmless disposal of organic solid waste have generated interest in microbial biotechnologies aimed at converting waste materials into bioenergy and biomaterials, thus contributing to a reduction in economic dependence on fossil fuels. To valorize biomass, waste materials derived from agriculture, food processing factories, and municipal organic waste can be used to produce biopolymers, such as biohydrogen and biogas, through different microbial processes. In fact, different bacterial strains can synthesize biopolymers to convert waste materials into valuable intracellular (e.g., polyhydroxyalkanoates) and extracellular (e.g., exopolysaccharides) bioproducts, which are useful for biochemical production. In particular, large numbers of bacteria, including Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes latus, Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter beijerincki, methylotrophs, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Rhizobium spp., Nocardia spp., and recombinant Escherichia coli, have been successfully used to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates on an industrial scale from different types of organic by-products. Therefore, the development of high-performance microbial strains and the use of by-products and waste as substrates could reasonably make the production costs of biodegradable polymers comparable to those required by petrochemical-derived plastics and promote their use. Many studies have reported use of the same organic substrates as alternative energy sources to produce biogas and biohydrogen through anaerobic digestion as well as dark and photofermentation processes under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, concurrently obtaining bioenergy and biopolymers at a reasonable cost through an integrated system is becoming feasible using by-products and waste as organic carbon sources. An overview of the suitable substrates and microbial strains used in low-cost polyhydroxyalkanoates for biohydrogen and biogas production is given. The possibility of creating a unique integrated system is discussed because it represents a new approach for simultaneously producing energy and biopolymers for the plastic industry using by-products and waste as organic carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pagliano
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Ventorino
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Olimpia Pepe
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
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15
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Characterization of a thermolabile poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from the marine bacterium Shewanella sp. JKCM-AJ-6,1α. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Guo Z, Li F, Liu D, Xia H, Yang C, Chen S, Yang Y. Biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) by a novel P3/4HB depolymerase purified fromAgrobacteriumsp. DSGZ. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Guo
- School of Life Science; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 China
| | - Fan Li
- School of Life Science; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 China
| | - Dongbo Liu
- School of Life Science; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 China
| | - Hongmei Xia
- School of Life Science; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Life Science; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 China
| | - Shan Chen
- School of Life Science; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 China
| | - Yunfei Yang
- School of Life Science; Northeast Normal University; Changchun 130024 China
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Sun J, Matsumoto K, Nduko JM, Ooi T, Taguchi S. Enzymatic characterization of a depolymerase from the isolated bacterium Variovorax sp. C34 that degrades poly(enriched lactate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate). Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Shiraki M, Okura H, Saito T. Transcriptional repression of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase in Ralstonia pickettii T1 by a tetR-like gene. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 105:89-98. [PMID: 24146107 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-0056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ralstonia pickettii T1 secretes a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase (PhaZ) and a 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB)-oligomer hydrolase, and extracellularly degrades PHB to produce 3HB. However, it is not clear how the expression of phaZ is regulated. In this study, the mechanism by which phaZ expression is controlled in R. pickettii T1 was examined using a mutant made by the random insertion of a transposon, Tn5. The mutant produced a larger amount of PhaZ than the wild type in nutrient broth or a minimal salt (SM) medium supplemented with succinate. However, there was essentially no difference in the activity or amount of PhaZ in the culture supernatant between the wild type and mutant when the two were grown on 3HB. The gene disrupted by the insertion of Tn5 (epdR) was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. In a BLAST search, epdR showed a high degree of similarity to genes for TetR transcriptional regulators of several bacteria. The introduction of epdR into the wild type and mutant grown on the three media described above decreased the amount of PhaZ. These results indicated EpdR to be involved in the repression of phaZ in R. pickettii T1. A quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that mRNA levels corresponded with the activity detected and the amounts of PhaZ in the wild type and mutant. Furthermore, the amount of epdR transcript was inversely proportional to the amount of phaZ transcript. In addition, the existence of a positive element acting on phaZ expression was suggested, because in the mutant lacking EpdR, the amount of phaZ transcript varied in cells grown in SM-3HB, SM-succinate or nutrient broth. Based on the above results, a model for the regulation of PhaZ expression in R. pickettii T1 is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Shiraki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1293, Japan
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Zhijiang C, Chengwei H, Guang Y. Poly(3-hydroxubutyrate-co-4-hydroxubutyrate)/bacterial cellulose composite porous scaffold: Preparation, characterization and biocompatibility evaluation. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Wang X, Peng Z, Sun X, Liu D, Chen S, Li F, Xia H, Lu T. The FPase properties and morphology changes of a cellulolytic bacterium, Sporocytophaga sp. JL-01, on decomposing filter paper cellulose. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2012; 58:429-36. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.58.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuran Wang
- School of Life Science, Northeast Norma University, 130024, Changchun, China
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21
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García-Hidalgo J, Hormigo D, Prieto MA, Arroyo M, de la Mata I. Extracellular production of Streptomyces exfoliatus poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase in Rhodococcus sp. T104: determination of optimal biocatalyst conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1975-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Shakeri S, Roghanian R, Emtiazi G. Surveillance of single-cell behavior in different subpopulations of Ralstonia pickettii AR1 during growth and polyhydroxybutyrate production phases by flow cytometry. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 52:206-15. [PMID: 21780145 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Most bacterial strains accumulate intracellular polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules as an energy reservoir, in response to fluctuations in their microenvironment. Flow cytometry was applied for the analysis of single cells of Ralstonia pickettii AR1 in response to changes in the culture conditions. Two parameters, the PHB production-related FL2 and side scatter (SSC) parameters, were used to monitor, distinguish and characterize different subpopulations in the growth and PHB production phases. A high SSC level was observed in the mid-log exponential growth phase. When the nitrogen source reached a limiting level, the SSC started to decrease, in contrast to the intracellular PHB granules-related FL2 parameter. The results show that ammonium limitation is a critical and important factor for the accumulation of reserve compounds. Four subpopulations were observed and distinguished upon entrance of the cells into the exponential growth phase. When the cells entered the late exponential growth or early stationary phase, two subpopulations had disappeared and only two, different subpopulations were dominant. One of the subpopulations with changed SSC and PHB production activity switched to another subpopulation that was only active in PHB production in the stationary phase. The whole cells of R. pickettii AR1 tended to form a homogeneous population at the end of the stationary phase. In fact, the changes in the subpopulations of a single strain are related to different physiological states of the cells. The observation of different subpopulations suggests that each subpopulation shows a specific response to changes in the surrounding microenvironment, nutrients and limiting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahryar Shakeri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Abe H, Aoki H, Doi Y. Morphologies and enzymatic degradability of melt-crystallized poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-Co
-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19981300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Doi Y. Microbial synthesis, physical properties, and biodegradability of polyhydroxyalkanoates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19950980150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Shivakumar S, Jagadish SJ, Zatakia H, Dutta J. Purification, characterization and kinetic studies of a novel poly(β) hydroxybutyrate (PHB) depolymerase PhaZ(Pen) from Penicillium citrinum S2. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 164:1225-36. [PMID: 21369777 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A fungal isolate, identified as Penicillium citrinum S2, produced ≈1 U/mL of PHB depolymerase by 72 h when grown in BHM containing 0.2%, w/v PHB, pH 6.0 at 30 °C. Partial purification of an extracellular poly(-β-)hydroxybutyrate (PHB) depolymerase PhaZ( Pen ) from P. citrinum S2 by two steps using ammonium sulphate (80% saturation) and affinity chromatography using concanavalin A yielded 16.18-fold purity and 21.53% recovery of protein. The enzyme was composed of three polypeptide chains of 66, 43 and 20 kDa, respectively, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All the three bands stained positive for glycoprotein by PAS staining. Optimum enzyme activity was detected at pH 6.0 and 50 °C. The enzyme was stable between pH 4.0 and 7.0 at 50 °C, 2 h. β-hydroxybutyrate monomer was detected as the major end product of PHB hydrolysis. The enzyme also showed distinct behaviour towards different inhibitors tested, which suggests the role of serine, serine residue, carboxyl group, tyrosine and sulfhydryl groups in its active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Shivakumar
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, 18/3, 9th Main, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bangalore 560011, India.
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Ting L, Williams TJ, Cowley MJ, Lauro FM, Guilhaus M, Raftery MJ, Cavicchioli R. Cold adaptation in the marine bacterium, Sphingopyxis alaskensis, assessed using quantitative proteomics. Environ Microbiol 2011; 12:2658-76. [PMID: 20482592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The cold marine environment constitutes a large proportion of the Earth's biosphere. Sphingopyxis alaskensis was isolated as a numerically abundant bacterium from several cold marine locations, and has been extensively studied as a model marine bacterium. Recently, a metabolic labelling platform was developed to comprehensively identify and quantify proteins from S. alaskensis. The approach incorporated data normalization and statistical validation for the purpose of generating highly confident quantitative proteomics data. Using this approach, we determined quantitative differences between cells grown at 10°C (low temperature) and 30°C (high temperature). Cold adaptation was linked to specific aspects of gene expression: a dedicated protein-folding system using GroESL, DnaK, DnaJ, GrpE, SecB, ClpB and PPIase; polyhydroxyalkanoate-associated storage materials; a link between enzymes in fatty acid metabolism and energy generation; de novo synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane and cell wall; inorganic phosphate ion transport by a phosphate import PstB homologue; TonB-dependent receptor and bacterioferritin in iron homeostasis; histidine, tryptophan and proline amino acid metabolism; and a large number of proteins without annotated functions. This study provides a new level of understanding on how important marine bacteria can adapt to compete effectively in cold marine environments. This study is also a benchmark for comparative proteomic analyses with other important marine bacteria and other cold-adapted organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Ting
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Akutsu Y, Nakajima-Kambe T, Nomura N, Nakahara T. Purification and Properties of a Polyester Polyurethane-Degrading Enzyme from Comamonas acidovorans TB-35. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 64:62-7. [PMID: 16349494 PMCID: PMC124672 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.1.62-67.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A polyester polyurethane (PUR)-degrading enzyme, PUR esterase, derived from Comamonas acidovorans TB-35, a bacterium that utilizes polyester PUR as the sole carbon source, was purified until it showed a single band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). This enzyme was bound to the cell surface and was extracted by addition of 0.2% N,N-bis(3-d-gluconamidopropyl)deoxycholamide (deoxy-BIGCHAP). The results of gel filtration and SDS-PAGE showed that the PUR esterase was a monomer with a molecular mass of about 62,000 Da. This enzyme, which is a kind of esterase, degraded solid polyester PUR, with diethylene glycol and adipic acid released as the degradation products. The optimum pH for this enzyme was 6.5, and the optimum temperature was 45 degrees C. PUR degradation by the PUR esterase was strongly inhibited by the addition of 0.04% deoxy-BIGCHAP. On the other hand, deoxy-BIGCHAP did not inhibit the activity when p-nitrophenyl acetate, a water-soluble compound, was used as a substrate. These observations indicated that this enzyme degrades PUR in a two-step reaction: hydrophobic adsorption to the PUR surface and hydrolysis of the ester bond of PUR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Akutsu
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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Abstract
The compounds (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid and its dimer, (R)-3-[(R)-3-hydroxybutyryloxy]-butyric acid, have been identified as sex pheromones of a spider. These compounds elicit web reduction behavior by males of Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) on the webs of unmated adult females.
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Vandenbergh PA, Wright AM, Vidaver AK. Partial Purification and Characterization of a Polysaccharide Depolymerase Associated with Phage-Infected Erwinia amylovora. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 49:994-6. [PMID: 16346774 PMCID: PMC238484 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.4.994-996.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora infected with bacteriophage ERA103 produced an enzyme which degraded the extracellular polysaccharide of noninfected cells. The depolymerase enzyme was purified 15-fold by a procedure which included ammonium sulfate precipitation, ultracentrifugation, CM-Sephadex batchwise separation, Sephadex G-50 column chromatography, and Sephacryl S-200 column chromatography. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 21,000 and a pH optimum of 6.0. Activity was enhanced by supplements of 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Vandenbergh
- Microlife Technics, 1833 57th St., Sarasota, Florida 34243, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
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Pranamuda H, Tokiwa Y, Tanaka H. Microbial degradation of an aliphatic polyester with a high melting point, poly(tetramethylene succinate). Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 61:1828-32. [PMID: 16535023 PMCID: PMC1388441 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.5.1828-1832.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodegradability of poly(tetramethylene succinate) (PTMS), a synthetic aliphatic polyester with a high melting point, was evaluated. The ecological study showed that the distribution of PTMS-degrading microorganisms in soil environments was quite restricted compared with the distribution of microorganisms that degrade poly((epsilon)-caprolactone) (PCL), a polyester with a low melting point. However, in soil samples in which the formation of a clear zone was observed, PTMS-degrading microorganisms constituted 0.2 to 6.0% of the total number of microorganisms, which is very close to the percentage (0.8 to 8.0%) observed for PCL-degrading microorganisms. Five strains were isolated from colonies which formed distinct clear zones on agar plates with emulsified PTMS. In liquid cultures of the isolates with ground PTMS powder, strain HT-6, an actinomycete, showed the highest PTMS degrading activity. It assimilated about 60% of the ground PTMS powder after 8 days of cultivation. When a PTMS emulsion was used, a higher degradation rate was observed and more than 90% of the PTMS was assimilated in 6 days. PTMS degradation products were analyzed by gas chromatography, and it was found that 1,4-butanediol, 4-hydroxy n-butyrate, and succinic acid accumulated during cultivation. Degradation of PTMS film by the strain occurred in two steps: fragmentation and then the formation of hemispherical holes on the surface of the film. Strain HT-6 was also able to assimilate PCL and poly((beta)-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). The crude enzyme showed a wide range of substrate specificity, being able to degrade low-molecular-weight PTMS, PCL, PHB, and even high-molecular-weight PTMS.
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Genetic and biochemical characterization of poly 3-hydroxybutyrate depolymerase from Diaphorobacter sp. PCA039. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters of hydroxyalkanoates (HAs) synthesized by numerous bacteria as intracellular carbon and energy storage compounds and accumulated as granules in the cytoplasm of cells. More than 80 HAs have been detected as constituents of PHAs, which allows these thermoplastic materials to have various mechanical properties resembling hard crystalline polymer or elastic rubber depending on the incorporated monomer units. Even though PHAs have been recognized as good candidates for biodegradable plastics, their high price compared with conventional plastics has limited their use in a wide range of applications. A number of bacteria including Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes latus, Azotobacter vinelandii, methylotrophs, pseudomonads, and recombinant Escherichia coli have been employed for the production of PHAs, and the productivity of greater than 2 g PHA/L/h has been achieved. Recent advances in understanding metabolism, molecular biology, and genetics of the PHA-synthesizing bacteria and cloning of more than 20 different PHA biosynthesis genes allowed construction of various recombinant strains that were able to synthesize polyesters having different monomer units and/or to accumulate much more polymers. Also, genetically engineered plants harboring the bacterial PHA biosynthesis genes are being developed for the economical production of PHAs. Improvements in fermentation/separation technology and the development of bacterial strains or plants that more efficiently synthesize PHAs will bring the costs down to make PHAs competitive with the conventional plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BioProcess Engineering Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Kusong-dong, Yusong-gu, Taejon 305-701, Korea. leesy@sorak. kaist.ac. kr
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Ozkoc G, Kemaloglu S. Morphology, biodegradability, mechanical, and thermal properties of nanocomposite films based on PLA and plasticized PLA. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Degradation of Natural and Artificial Poly[(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate]s: From Biodegradation to Hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03287-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Sangwan P, Way C, Wu DY. New insight into biodegradation of polylactide (PLA)/clay nanocomposites using molecular ecological techniques. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:677-86. [PMID: 19148900 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Novel molecular ecological techniques were used to study changes in microbial community structure and population during degradation of polylactide (PLA)/organically modified layered silicates (OMLS) nanocomposites. Cloned gene sequences belonging to members of the phyla Actinobacteria and Ascomycota comprized the most dominant groups of microorganisms during biodegradation of PLA/OMLS nanocomposites. Due to their numerical abundance, members of these microbial groups are likely to play an important role during biodegradation process. This paper presents new insights into the biodegradability of PLA/OMLS nanocomposites and highlights the importance of using novel molecular ecological techniques for in situ identification of new microorganisms involved in biodegradation of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Sangwan
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Gate 5, Normanby Rd, Clayton South, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Abstract
Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA), which is produced from renewable carbon resources by many microorganisms, is an environmentally compatible polymeric material and can be processed into films and fibers. Biodegradation of PHA material occurs due to the action of extracellular PHA depolymerase secreted from microorganisms in various natural environments. A key step in determining the overall enzymatic or environmental degradation rate of PHA material is the degradation of PHA lamellar crystals in materials; hence, the degradation mechanism of PHA lamellar crystals has been studied in detail over the last two decades. In this review, the relationship between crystal structure and enzymatic degradation behavior, in particular degradation rates, of films and fibers for PHA is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Numata
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University / 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA; E-Mail: (K.N.)
- Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute/ Hirosawa 2-1, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; E-Mail: (H.A.)
| | - Hideki Abe
- Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute/ Hirosawa 2-1, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; E-Mail: (H.A.)
| | - Tadahisa Iwata
- Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute/ Hirosawa 2-1, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; E-Mail: (H.A.)
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo / 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel. +81-3-5841-7888; Fax: +81-3-5841-1304
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Biodegradability of plastics. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3722-3742. [PMID: 19865515 PMCID: PMC2769161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10093722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic is a broad name given to different polymers with high molecular weight, which can be degraded by various processes. However, considering their abundance in the environment and their specificity in attacking plastics, biodegradation of plastics by microorganisms and enzymes seems to be the most effective process. When plastics are used as substrates for microorganisms, evaluation of their biodegradability should not only be based on their chemical structure, but also on their physical properties (melting point, glass transition temperature, crystallinity, storage modulus etc.). In this review, microbial and enzymatic biodegradation of plastics and some factors that affect their biodegradability are discussed.
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Ihssen J, Magnani D, Thöny-Meyer L, Ren Q. Use of extracellular medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase for targeted binding of proteins to artificial poly[(3-hydroxyoctanoate)-co-(3-hydroxyhexanoate)] granules. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1854-64. [PMID: 19459673 DOI: 10.1021/bm9002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), which are produced by many microorganisms, are promising polymers for biomedical applications due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of medium chain length (mcl) PHA as surface materials for immobilizing proteins. Self-stabilized, artificial mcl-PHA beads with a size of 200-300 nm were fabricated. Five of six tested proteins adsorbed nonspecifically to mcl-PHA beads in amounts of 0.4-1.8 mg m(-2) bead surface area. The binding capacity was comparable to similar-sized polystyrene particles commonly used for antibody immobilization in clinical diagnostics. A targeted immobilization of fusion proteins was achieved by using inactive extracellular PHA depolymerase (ePHA(mcl)) from Pseudomonas fluorescens as the capture ligand. The N-terminal part of ePhaZ(MCL) preceding the catalytic domain was identified to comprise the substrate binding domain and was sufficient for mediating the binding of fusion proteins to mcl-PHA. We suggest mcl-PHA to be prime candidates for both nonspecific and targeted immobilization of proteins in applications such as drug delivery, protein microarrays, and protein purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ihssen
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Kikkawa Y, Suzuki T, Kanesato M, Doi Y, Abe H. Effect of Phase Structure on Enzymatic Degradation in Poly(l-lactide)/Atactic Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Blends with Different Miscibility. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1013-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900117j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan, Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan, Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kanesato
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan, Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Doi
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan, Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Abe
- Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562 Japan, Chemical Analysis Team, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan, and Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
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Ariffin H, Nishida H, Shirai Y, Hassan MA. Anhydride production as an additional mechanism of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) pyrolysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Marine fungi: Degraders of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoate based plastic materials. ZBORNIK MATICE SRPSKE ZA PRIRODNE NAUKE 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/zmspn0916253m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new biosynthetic and biodegradable materials to save nonrenewable resources and reduce global pollution problems is an urgent task. Recently, materials like thermoplastic poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA), have been found synthesized by bacteria as storage materials. The major PHAs synthesized are poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly-b-hydroxyvalerate (PHV) and their copolymers. They are already commercially produced and used as BIOPOLTM (ICI, England). Their complete degradability by bacteria has already been shown. Today, oceans and estuaries serve as major landfills, and since fungi are an important part of the degrading microbiota, in order to prove their participation in the degradation process, a simple degradation test suitable for fungi and marine conditions had to be developed. Several solid media based on artificial sea water, differing in the content of non-alkanoate organics and supplemented with 0.1% PHA (or BIOPOLTM) as a main source of carbon have been tested. The testing principle consists of clearing the turbid medium in test tube or plates caused by suspended granules of PHA. All media tested supported the growth of fungi. For the discrete and transparent clearing of zones, a mineral medium with 0.01% peptone, 0.01% yeast extract, and 0.1% PHB or BIOPOLTM was finally chosen where the fine and evenly distributed turbidity is accomplished by a specific procedure. This method allows the investigation of degradability of PHA-based plastic materials as well as screening for fungal ability to depolymerise pure PHA homopolymers. Using this medium, 32 strains of marine yeasts and 102 strains of marine mycelial fungi belonging to different systematic and ecological groups were tested for their ability to degrade PHAs. Only about 4% of the strains were able to degrade BIOPOLTM and about 6% depolymerised pure PHB homopolymer. This is in sharp contrast to the results of our previous experiments with 143 strains of terrestrial fungi which showed that 55% are able to degrade BIOPOLTM.
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Kadouri D, Jurkevitch E, Okon Y, Castro-Sowinski S. Ecological and Agricultural Significance of Bacterial Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 31:55-67. [PMID: 15986831 DOI: 10.1080/10408410590899228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of carbon andenergy storage compounds that are accumulated during suboptimal growth by many bacteria, and intracellularly deposited in the form of inclusion bodies. Accumulation of PHAs is thought to be used by bacteria to increase survival and stress tolerance in changing environments, and in competitive settings where carbon and energy sources may be limited, such as those encountered in the soil and the rhizosphere. Understanding the role that PHAs play as internal storage polymers is of fundamental importance in microbial ecology, and holds great potential for the improvement of bacterial inoculants for plants and soils. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the ecological function of PHAs, and their strategic role as survival factors in microorganisms under varying environmental stress is emphasized. It also explores the phylogeny of the PHA cycle enzymes, PHA synthase, and PHA depolymerase, suggesting that PHA accumulation was earlier acquired and maintained during evolution, thus contributing to microbial survival in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kadouri
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Sato S, Ono Y, Mochiyama Y, Sivaniah E, Kikkawa Y, Sudesh K, Hiraishi T, Doi Y, Abe H, Tsuge T. Polyhydroxyalkanoate Film Formation and Synthase Activity During In Vitro and In Situ Polymerization on Hydrophobic Surfaces. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:2811-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800566s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sato
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Polymer IRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia, and RIKEN
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Polymer IRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia, and RIKEN
| | - Yukiko Mochiyama
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Polymer IRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia, and RIKEN
| | - Easan Sivaniah
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Polymer IRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia, and RIKEN
| | - Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Polymer IRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia, and RIKEN
| | - Kumar Sudesh
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Polymer IRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia, and RIKEN
| | - Tomohiro Hiraishi
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Polymer IRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia, and RIKEN
| | - Yoshiharu Doi
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Polymer IRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia, and RIKEN
| | - Hideki Abe
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Polymer IRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia, and RIKEN
| | - Takeharu Tsuge
- Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Polymer IRC, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia, and RIKEN
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Numata K, Abe H, Doi Y. Enzymatic processes for biodegradation of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s crystals. CAN J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs) have attracted much attention as environmentally compatible polymeric materials that can be produced from renewable carbon resources. Biodegradation of PHA materials occurs by the function of extracellular PHA depolymerase secreted from microorganisms. Thus, elucidation of the enzymatic degradation mechanism for PHA materials is important to design PHA materials with desirable properties and controlled biodegradability. The solid PHA polymer is a water-insoluble substrate but PHA depolymerases are soluble in water. Therefore, the enzymatic degradation of PHA materials is a heterogeneous reaction on the material’s surface. Two distinct processes are involved during the degradation, namely, adsorption of the enzyme on the surface of PHA material and the subsequent hydrolysis of polymer chains. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool that has been used for the quantitative analysis of PHA crystal degradation. AFM enables the characterization of the crystal surface nanostructure in a buffer solution. By using in-situ (real-time) AFM observations, we recently succeeded in observing the degradation processes of PHA crystals. Subsequently, we were also able to investigate the degradation rates of PHA crystals using the same technique. In this review, we have attempted to give an overview concerning the direct visualization of the adsorption, as well as the hydrolysis reactions of PHA depolymerases at the nanometer scale. In addition, we present other analytical techniques besides AFM as a complimentary approach to analyze the effect of enzyme adsorption on PHA crystals.Key words: poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA), enzymatic degradation, lamellar crystal, PHA depolymerase.
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Sugimoto A, Shiraki M, Hatakeyama S, Saito T. Secretion pathway for the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase in Ralstonia pickettii T1. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 94:223-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhu B, He Y, Nishida H, Yazawa K, Ishii N, Kasuya KI, Inoue Y. Crystalline-Structure-Dependent Enzymatic Degradation of Polymorphic Poly(3-hydroxypropionate). Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:1221-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm701220x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yong He
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Haruo Nishida
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Koji Yazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Nariaki Ishii
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kasuya
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yoshio Inoue
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259−B-55, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan, Eco-Town Collaborative R&D Center for the Environment and Recycling, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatu-ku, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan, and Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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Isolation and characterisation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) degrading actinomycetes and purification of PHBV depolymerase from newly isolatedStreptoverticillium kashmirense AF1. ANN MICROBIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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