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One Pot Use of Combilipases for Full Modification of Oils and Fats: Multifunctional and Heterogeneous Substrates. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are among the most utilized enzymes in biocatalysis. In many instances, the main reason for their use is their high specificity or selectivity. However, when full modification of a multifunctional and heterogeneous substrate is pursued, enzyme selectivity and specificity become a problem. This is the case of hydrolysis of oils and fats to produce free fatty acids or their alcoholysis to produce biodiesel, which can be considered cascade reactions. In these cases, to the original heterogeneity of the substrate, the presence of intermediate products, such as diglycerides or monoglycerides, can be an additional drawback. Using these heterogeneous substrates, enzyme specificity can promote that some substrates (initial substrates or intermediate products) may not be recognized as such (in the worst case scenario they may be acting as inhibitors) by the enzyme, causing yields and reaction rates to drop. To solve this situation, a mixture of lipases with different specificity, selectivity and differently affected by the reaction conditions can offer much better results than the use of a single lipase exhibiting a very high initial activity or even the best global reaction course. This mixture of lipases from different sources has been called “combilipases” and is becoming increasingly popular. They include the use of liquid lipase formulations or immobilized lipases. In some instances, the lipases have been coimmobilized. Some discussion is offered regarding the problems that this coimmobilization may give rise to, and some strategies to solve some of these problems are proposed. The use of combilipases in the future may be extended to other processes and enzymes.
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Rathnayake AU, Saravanakumar K, Abuine R, Abeywickrema S, Kathiresan K, MubarakAli D, Gupta VK, Wang MH. Fungal Genes Encoding Enzymes Used in Cheese Production and Fermentation Industries. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Ramos EZ, Júnior RHM, de Castro PF, Tardioli PW, Mendes AA, Fernandéz-Lafuente R, Hirata DB. Production and immobilization of Geotrichum candidum lipase via physical adsorption on eco-friendly support: Characterization of the catalytic properties in hydrolysis and esterification reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Morel G, Sterck L, Swennen D, Marcet-Houben M, Onesime D, Levasseur A, Jacques N, Mallet S, Couloux A, Labadie K, Amselem J, Beckerich JM, Henrissat B, Van de Peer Y, Wincker P, Souciet JL, Gabaldón T, Tinsley CR, Casaregola S. Differential gene retention as an evolutionary mechanism to generate biodiversity and adaptation in yeasts. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11571. [PMID: 26108467 PMCID: PMC4479816 DOI: 10.1038/srep11571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of the characters underlying the adaptation of microorganisms to food and biotechnological uses is poorly understood. We undertook comparative genomics to investigate evolutionary relationships of the dairy yeast Geotrichum candidum within Saccharomycotina. Surprisingly, a remarkable proportion of genes showed discordant phylogenies, clustering with the filamentous fungus subphylum (Pezizomycotina), rather than the yeast subphylum (Saccharomycotina), of the Ascomycota. These genes appear not to be the result of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT), but to have been specifically retained by G. candidum after the filamentous fungi-yeasts split concomitant with the yeasts' genome contraction. We refer to these genes as SRAGs (Specifically Retained Ancestral Genes), having been lost by all or nearly all other yeasts, and thus contributing to the phenotypic specificity of lineages. SRAG functions include lipases consistent with a role in cheese making and novel endoglucanases associated with degradation of plant material. Similar gene retention was observed in three other distantly related yeasts representative of this ecologically diverse subphylum. The phenomenon thus appears to be widespread in the Saccharomycotina and argues that, alongside neo-functionalization following gene duplication and HGT, specific gene retention must be recognized as an important mechanism for generation of biodiversity and adaptation in yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Morel
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Lieven Sterck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Swennen
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Djamila Onesime
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- INRA UMR1163, Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Noémie Jacques
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sandrine Mallet
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Arnaux Couloux
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
| | - Karine Labadie
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
| | - Joëlle Amselem
- INRA UR1164, Unité de Recherche Génomique – Info, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Marie Beckerich
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Patrick Wincker
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
- CNRS UMR 8030, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry, 91000, France
- Université d’Evry, Bd François Mitterand, Evry,91025, France
| | - Jean-Luc Souciet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7156, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Colin R. Tinsley
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Serge Casaregola
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Whole Cell Hydrolysis of Sardine (Sardinella Lemuru) Oil Waste Using Mucor Circinelloides NRRL 1405 Immobilized in Poly-urethane Foam. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Dobrev G, Zhekova B, Nedelcheva P, Chochkov R, Krastanov A. Characterization of Crude Lipase fromRhizopus Arrhizusand Purification of Multiplicity Forms of the Enzyme. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2011.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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7
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Brabcová J, Demianová Z, Vondrášek J, Jágr M, Zarevúcka M, Palomo JM. Highly selective purification of three lipases from Geotrichum candidum 4013 and their characterization and biotechnological applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Genetic diversity of dairy Geotrichum candidum strains revealed by multilocus sequence typing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5907-20. [PMID: 23467823 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for strain characterization provided the first sequence-based approach for genotyping many fungi, leading to reproducible, reliable, and exchangeable data. A MLST scheme based on the analysis of six housekeeping genes was developed for genotyping Geotrichum candidum. The scheme was first developed using 18 isolates for which the complete sequences of the alanyl-tRNA synthetase (ALA1), pyruvate kinase (CDC19), acetyl-coA acetyltransferase (ERG10), glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (GLN4), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI1), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM2) housekeeping genes were determined. Multiple sequence alignments of these genes were used to define a set of loci showing, as closely as possible, the same phylogenetic resolution level as complete gene sequences. This scheme was subsequently validated with 22 additional isolates from dairy and non-dairy sources. Overall, 58 polymorphic sites were indexed among 3,009 nucleotides analyzed. Depending on the loci, four to eight alleles were detected, generating 17 different sequence types, of which ten were represented by a single strain. MLST analysis suggested a predominantly clonal population for the 40 G. candidum isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences revealed a distantly related group of four isolates. Interestingly, this group diverged with respect to internal transcribed spacers 1 (ITS1), 5.8S, and ITS2 analysis. The reproducibility of the MLST approach was compared to random amplification of microsatellites by PCR (RAM-PCR), a gel profiling method previously proposed for G. candidum strain typing. Our results found MLST differentiation to be more efficient than RAM-PCR, and MLST also offered a non-ambiguous, unique language, permitting data exchange and evolutionary inference.
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Maldonado RR, Burkert JFM, Mazutti MA, Maugeri F, Rodrigues MI. Evaluation of lipase production by Geotrichum candidum in shaken flasks and bench-scale stirred bioreactor using different impellers. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Overview of fungal lipase: a review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:486-520. [PMID: 22072143 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipases (triacylglycerolacyl hydrolases, EC3.1.1.3) are class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides. In this review paper, an overview regarding the fungal lipase production, purification, and application is discussed. The review describes various industrial applications of lipase in pulp and paper, food, detergent, and textile industries. Some important lipase-producing fungal genera include Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Candida, etc. Current fermentation process techniques such as batch, fed-batch, and continuous mode of lipase production in submerged and solid-state fermentations are discussed in details. The purification of lipase by hydrophobic interaction chromatography is also discussed. The development of mathematical models applied to lipase production is discussed with special emphasis on lipase engineering.
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12
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Quantitative study of lipase secretion, extracellular lipolysis, and lipid storage in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica grown in the presence of olive oil: analogies with lipolysis in humans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:1947-62. [PMID: 21076918 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipase secretion, extracellular lipolysis, and fatty acid uptake were quantified in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica grown in the presence of olive oil and/or glucose. Specific lipase assays, Western blot analysis, and ELISA indicated that most of the lipase activity measured in Y. lipolytica cultures resulted from the YLLIP2 lipase. Lipase production was triggered by olive oil and, during the first hours of culture, most of the lipase activity and YLLIP2 immunodetection remained associated with the yeast cells. YLLIP2 was then released in the culture medium before it was totally degraded by proteases. Olive oil triglycerides were largely degraded when the lipase was still attached to the cell wall. The fate of lipolysis products in the culture medium and inside the yeast cell, as well as lipid storage, was investigated simultaneously by quantitative TLC-FID and GC analysis. The intracellular levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides increased transiently and were dependent on the carbon sources. A maximum fat storage of 37.8% w/w of yeast dry mass was observed with olive oil alone. A transient accumulation of saturated FFA was observed whereas intracellular triglycerides became enriched in unsaturated fatty acids. So far, yeasts have been mainly used for studying the intracellular synthesis, storage, and mobilization of neutral lipids. The present study shows that yeasts are also interesting models for studying extracellular lipolysis and fat uptake by the cell. The quantitative data obtained here allow for the first time to establish interesting analogies with gastrointestinal and vascular lipolysis in humans.
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13
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Calero-Rueda O, Barba V, Rodríguez E, Plou F, Martínez ÁT, Martínez MJ. Study of a sterol esterase secreted by Ophiostoma piceae: Sequence, model and biochemical properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1099-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hsu KH, Lee GC, Shaw JF. Promoter analysis and differential expression of the Candida rugosa lipase gene family in response to culture conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:1992-1998. [PMID: 18290622 DOI: 10.1021/jf073076o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Five lipase genes have been identified and sequenced from Candida rugosa. However, as the sequences of LIP multigene family are extremely closely related, it is difficult to characterize the expression spectrum of LIP genes. In the present work we have cloned, sequenced, and analyzed the promoters of these five LIP isoform genes, and several putative transcriptional elements including oleate response element (ORE) and upstream activation sequence 1 (UAS1) were identified. A quantitative real-time RT-PCR method was developed for determining the differential expression of C. rugosa lipase family genes in response to various environmental and nutritional factors. While all five LIP genes display significant changes in mRNA expression under oleic acid and/or olive oil culture conditions, LIP2 showed the strongest induction (456-fold) in response to oleic acid. LIP transcription and promoter regulation were studied by assaying the beta-galactosidase activities of promoter-lacZ fusions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three of the LIP genes, LIP3, LIP4, and LIP5, showed significant induction by oleic acid, and their ORE and UAS1 elements are essential for induction by oleic acid. Together, this suggests that the multiple lipase expression profiles may be due to differential transcriptional regulation of the LIP genes in response to environment or nutritional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Hao Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Lai OM, Weete J, Akoh C. Microbial Lipases. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420046649.ch29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Gene cloning, overexpression and characterization of a novel organic solvent tolerant and thermostable lipase from Galactomyces geotrichum Y05. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Fernández L, Pérez-Victoria I, Zafra A, Benítez PL, Morales JC, Velasco J, Adrio JL. High-level expression and characterization of Galactomyces geotrichum (BT107) lipase I in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 49:256-64. [PMID: 16884921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mature lipI gene, encoding the lipase I from Galactomyces geotrichum BT107, was obtained by PCR from genomic DNA, sequenced and cloned into a Pichia pastoris expression vector. Clones containing multiple copies of lipI integrated in their genome were analyzed to achieve high-level expression of the recombinant lipase I. One strain with four or more copies of the expression cassette was able to produce more than 200mg/L of extracellular heterologous protein. The lipase I was partially purified using anion exchange chromatography and its activity on monounsaturated (triolein) and polyunsaturated (triEPA) triglycerides was analyzed by a novel HPLC-MS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Fernández
- Department of Biotechnology, Puleva Biotech, Camino de Purchil, 66, 18004-Granada, Spain
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Domínguez de María P, Sánchez-Montero JM, Sinisterra JV, Alcántara AR. Understanding Candida rugosa lipases: an overview. Biotechnol Adv 2005; 24:180-96. [PMID: 16288844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) is one of the enzymes most frequently used in biotransformations. However, there are some irreproducibility problems inherent to this biocatalyst, attributed either to differences in lipase loading and isoenzymatic profile or to other medium-engineering effects (temperature, a(w), choice of solvent, etc.). In addition, some other properties (influence of substrate and reaction conditions on the lid movement, differences in the glycosylation degree, post-translational modifications) should not be ruled out. In the present paper the recent developments published in the CRL field are overviewed, focusing on: (a) comparison of structural and biochemical data among isoenzymes (Lip1-Lip5), and their influence in the biocatalytical performance; (b) developments in fermentation technology to achieve new crude C. rugosa lipases; (c) biocatalytical reactivity of each isoenzyme, and methods for characterising them in crude CRL; (d) state-of-the-art of new applications performed with recombinant CRLs, both in CRL-second generation (wild-type recombinant enzymes), as well as in CRL-third generation, (mutants of the wt-CRL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Domínguez de María
- Biotransformations Group, Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n. E-28040, Madrid, Spain
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Boutrou R, Guéguen M. Interests in Geotrichum candidum for cheese technology. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 102:1-20. [PMID: 15924999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2004] [Revised: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The wide genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Geotrichum candidum strains does not facilitate its classification as yeast or a yeast-like fungus that is still a matter of debate. Whatever its classification, G. candidum possesses many different metabolic pathways that are of particular interest to the dairy industry. G. candidum is of importance in the maturation of cheese, and much is known about its direct contribution to cheese ripening and flavour formation. Its diverse metabolic potential means that G. candidum can play an important role in the ripening of many soft and semi-hard cheeses and make a positive contribution to the development of taste and aroma. It may also influence the growth of other microorganisms, both valuable and detrimental. The significance of the presence of G. candidum in cheese depends on the particular type of production and on the presence of biotypes featuring specific types of metabolism. However, in situ metabolic pathways involved in cheese ripening and their regulations are mainly unknown. The information available provides a good understanding of the potential of G. candidum strains that are used in cheese manufacture, and permits a better choice of strain depending on the characteristics required. The biochemical activities of G. candidum and its application in the dairy industry are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boutrou
- Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA-Agrocampus, Sciences et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 32042 Rennes cedex, France.
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Das S, Holland R, Crow V, Bennett R, Manderson G. Effect of yeast and bacterial adjuncts on the CLA content and flavour of a washed-curd, dry-salted cheese. Int Dairy J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Fickers P, Fudalej F, Le Dall MT, Casaregola S, Gaillardin C, Thonart P, Nicaud JM. Identification and characterisation of LIP7 and LIP8 genes encoding two extracellular triacylglycerol lipases in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Fungal Genet Biol 2005; 42:264-74. [PMID: 15707847 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the lipolytic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, the LIP2 gene was previously reported to encode an extracellular lipase. The growth of a Deltalip2 strain on triglycerides as sole carbon source suggest an alternative pathway for triglycerides utilisation in this yeast. Here, we describe the isolation and the characterisation of the LIP7 and LIP8 genes which were found to encode a 366 and a 371-amino acid precursor protein, respectively. These proteins which belong to the triacylglycerol hydrolase family (EC 3.1.1.3) presented a high homology with the extracellular lipase CdLIP2 and CdLIP3 from Candida deformans. The physiological function of the lipase isoenzymes was investigated by creating single and multi-disrupted strains. Lip7p and Lip8p were found to correspond to active secreted lipases. The lack of lipase production in a Deltalip2 Deltalip7 Deltalip8 strain suggest that no additional extracellular lipase remains to be discovered in Y. lipolytica. The substrate specificity towards synthetic ester molecules indicates that Lip7p presented a maximum activity centred on caproate (C6) while that of Lip8p is in caprate (C10).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fickers
- Laboratoire Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire, UMR2585 CNRS INRA INAP-G Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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22
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Adamczak M, Bednarski W. Enhanced activity of intracellular lipases from Rhizomucor miehei and Yarrowia lipolytica by immobilization on biomass support particles. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(03)00266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Brocca S, Persson M, Wehtje E, Adlercreutz P, Alberghina L, Lotti M. Mutants provide evidence of the importance of glycosydic chains in the activation of lipase 1 from Candida rugosa. Protein Sci 2000; 9:985-90. [PMID: 10850808 PMCID: PMC2144638 DOI: 10.1110/ps.9.5.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequence analysis of Candida rugosa lipase 1 (LIP1) predicts the presence of three N-linked glycosylation sites at asparagine 291, 314, 351. To investigate the relevance of sugar chains in the activation and stabilization of LIP1, we directed site mutagenesis to replace the above mentioned asparagine with glutamine residues. Comparison of the activity of mutants with that of the wild-type (wt) lipase indicates that both 314 and 351 Asn to Gln substitutions influence, although at a different extent, the enzyme activity both in hydrolysis and esterification reactions, but they do not alter the enzyme water activity profiles in organic solvents or temperature stability. Introduction of Gln to replace Asn351 is likely to disrupt a stabilizing interaction between the sugar chain and residues of the inner side of the lid in the enzyme active conformation. The effect of deglycosylation at position 314 is more difficult to explain and might suggest a more general role of the sugar moiety for the structural stability of lipase 1. Conversely, Asn291Gln substitution does not affect the lipolytic or the esterase activity of the mutant that behaves essentially as the wt enzyme. This observation supports the hypothesis that changes in activity of Asn314Gln and Asn351Gln mutants are specifically due to deglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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24
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Pignède G, Wang H, Fudalej F, Gaillardin C, Seman M, Nicaud JM. Characterization of an extracellular lipase encoded by LIP2 in Yarrowia lipolytica. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:2802-10. [PMID: 10781549 PMCID: PMC101989 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.10.2802-2810.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated the LIP2 gene from the lipolytic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. It was found to encode a 334-amino-acid precursor protein. The secreted lipase is a 301-amino-acid glycosylated polypeptide which is a member of the triacylglycerol hydrolase family (EC 3.1.1.3). The Lip2p precursor protein is processed by the KEX2-like endoprotease encoded by XPR6. Deletion of the XPR6 gene resulted in the secretion of an active but less stable proenzyme. Thus, the pro region does not inhibit lipase secretion and activity. However, it does play an essential role in the production of a stable enzyme. Processing was found to be correct in LIP2(A) (multiple LIP2 copy integrant)-overexpressing strains, which secreted 100 times more activity than the wild type, demonstrating that XPR6 maturation was not limiting. No extracellular lipase activity was detected with the lip2 knockout (KO) strain, strongly suggesting that extracellular lipase activity results from expression of the LIP2 gene. Nevertheless, the lip2 KO strain is still able to grow on triglycerides, suggesting an alternative pathway for triglyceride utilization in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pignède
- Laboratoire Mayoly Spindler, Service Recherche, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France
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25
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Abstract
Lipases, mainly of microbial origin, represent the most widely used class of enzymes in biotechnological applications and organic chemistry. Modern methods of genetic engineering combined with an increasing knowledge of structure and function will allow further adaptation to industrial needs and exploration of novel applications. Production of such tailored lipases requires their functional overexpression in a suitable host. Hence, this article describes the functional heterologous production of commercially important microbial lipases. Based on the knowledge of different lipases' substrate binding sites, the most suitable lipase for a particular application may be selected.
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26
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Holmquist M, Berglund P. Creation of a synthetically useful lipase with higher than wild-type enantioselectivity and maintained catalytic activity. Org Lett 1999; 1:763-5. [PMID: 10823202 DOI: 10.1021/ol9907466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] We have found that two Geotrichum candidum lipase isozymes have remarkably different abilities to differentiate between enantiomers of ethyl 2-methyldecanoate. By rational recombination of selected portions of the two isozymes, we have created a novel lipase with an enantioselectivity superior to that of the best wild-type parent isozyme. Site-directed mutagenesis identified two key amino acid residues responsible for the improved enantioselectivity without compromised total activity of the reengineered enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holmquist
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Lee GC, Tang SJ, Sun KH, Shaw JF. Analysis of the gene family encoding lipases in Candida rugosa by competitive reverse transcription-PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3888-95. [PMID: 10473391 PMCID: PMC99716 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.9.3888-3895.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of multiple extracellular lipases in Candida rugosa has been demonstrated. However, it is difficult to characterize the expression spectrum of lip genes, since the sequences of the lip multigene family are very closely related. A competitive reverse transcription-PCR assay was developed to quantify the expression of lip genes. In agreement with the protein profile, the abundance of lip mRNAs was found to be (in decreasing order) lip1, lip3, lip2, lip5, and lip4. To analyze the effects of different culture conditions, the transcript concentrations for these mRNA species were normalized relative to the values for gpd, encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In relative terms, lip1 and lip3 were highly and constitutively expressed (about 10(5) molecules per microg of total RNA) whereas the other inducible lip genes, especially lip4, showed significant changes in mRNA expression under different culture conditions. These results indicate that differential transcriptional control of lip genes results in multiple forms of lipase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 11211
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28
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Monfort A, Blasco A, Sanz P, Prieto JA. Expression of LIP1 and LIP2 genes from Geotrichum species in Baker's yeast strains and their application to the bread-making process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:803-808. [PMID: 10563972 DOI: 10.1021/jf981075d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipolytic baker's yeast strains able to produce extracellular active lipase have been constructed by transformation with plasmids containing the LIP1 and LIP2 genes from Geotrichum sp. under the control of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae actin promoter (pACT1). Lipase productivity differed between both constructs, YEpACT-LIP1-t and YEpACT-LIP2-t, being higher for the strain bearing the LIP2 gene in all culture media tested. This result appeared not to be the consequence of a defect in the transcription of the LIP1 gene as revealed by Northern blot analysis. Replacing the signal sequence of LIP1 by that of LIP2 in the YEpACT-LIP1-t plasmid enhanced significantly the secretion of lipase 1, but the levels of lipase activity were still lower than those found for the YEpACT-LIP2-t transformant. Recombinant lipase 2 protein produced by baker's yeast exhibited biochemical properties similar to those of the natural enzyme. Fermented dough prepared with YEpACT-LIP2-t-carrying cells rendered a bread with a higher loaf volume and a more uniform crumb structure than that prepared with control yeast. These effects were stronger by the addition in the bread dough formulas of a preferment enriched in recombinant lipase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Monfort
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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29
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Holmquist M. Insights into the molecular basis for fatty acyl specificities of lipases from Geotrichum candidum and Candida rugosa. Chem Phys Lipids 1998; 93:57-66. [PMID: 9720250 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(98)00029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite immense progress in our comprehension of lipase structure and function during the past decade, the basis for lipase acyl specificities has remained poorly understood. This review summarizes some recent advances in the understanding at the molecular-level of substrate acyl recognition by two members in a group of large (Mw approximately 60 kDa) microbial lipases. Two aspects of acyl specificity will be focused upon. (i) The unique preference of a fungal Geotrichum candidum lipase for long-chain cis (delta-9) unsaturated fatty acid moieties in the substrate. Mutational analysis of this lipase identified residues essential for its anomalous acyl preference. This information highlighted for the first time parts in the lipase molecule involved in substrate acyl differentiation. These results are discussed in the context of the 3D-structure of a G. candidum lipase isoenzyme and structures of the related Candida rugosa lipase in complex with inhibitors. (ii) The mechanism by which the yeast C. rugosa lipase discriminates between enantiomers of a substrate with a chiral acyl moiety. Molecular modeling in combination with substrate engineering and kinetic analyses, identified two alternative substrate binding models. This allowed for the proposal of a molecular mechanism explaining how long-chain alcohols can act as enantioselective inhibitors of this enzyme. A picture is thus beginning to emerge of the interplay between lipase structure and fatty acyl specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holmquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Holmquist M, Tessier DC, Cygler M. Identification of residues essential for differential fatty acyl specificity of Geotrichum candidum lipases I and II. Biochemistry 1997; 36:15019-25. [PMID: 9398228 DOI: 10.1021/bi971390d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Geotrichum candidum produces two lipase isoenzymes, GCL I and GCL II, with distinct differences in substrate specificity despite their 86% identical primary structure. GCL I prefers ester substrates with long-chain cis (delta-9) unsaturated fatty acid moieties, whereas GCL II also accepts medium-length (C8-C14) acyl moieties in the substrate. To reveal structural elements responsible for differences in substrate differentiating ability of these isoenzymes, we designed, expressed, and characterized 12 recombinant lipase variants. Three chimeric lipases containing unique portions of the N-terminal and the C-terminal part of GCL I and GCL II, respectively, were constructed and enzymatically characterized. Activities were measured against mixed triglyceride-poly(dimethyl siloxane) particles. Our results indicate that residues within sequence positions 349-406 are essential for GCL I's high triolein/trioctanoin activity ratio of 20. The substitution of that segment in the specific GCL I to the corresponding residues in the nonspecific GCL II resulted in an enzyme with a triolein/trioctanoin activity ratio of 1.4, identical to that of GCL II. The reverse mutation in GCL II increased its specificity for triolein by a factor of 2, thus only in part restoring the high specificity seen with GCL I. In further experiments, the point mutations at the active site entrance of the GCL I, Leu358Phe and Ile357Ala/Leu358Phe, lowered the triolein/trioctanoin activity ratio from 20 to 4 and 2.5, respectively. The substitutions Cys379Phe/Ser380Tyr at the bottom of the active site cavity of GCL I decreased its specificity to a value of 3.6. Measurements of lipase activity with substrate particles composed of pure triglycerides or ethyl esters of oleic and octanoic acids resulted in qualitatively similar results as reported above. Our data reveal for the first time the identity of residues essential for the unusual substrate preference of GCL I and show that the anatomy, both at the entrance and the bottom of the active site cavity, plays a key role in substrate discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holmquist
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Schrag
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alberghina
- Dipartimento Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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33
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Holmquist M, Tessier DC, Cygler M. High-level production of recombinant Geotrichum candidum lipases in yeast Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 1997; 11:35-40. [PMID: 9325136 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1997.0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe the heterologous high-level expression of the two Geotrichum candidum lipase (GCL) isoenzymes from strain ATCC 34614 in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The lipase cDNAs were placed under the control of the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase promoter. The lipases expressed in P. pastoris were fused to the alpha-factor secretion signal peptide of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and were secreted into the culture medium. Cultures of P. pastoris expressing lipase accumulated active recombinant enzyme in the supernatant to levels of approximately 60 mg/L virtually free from contaminating proteins. This yield exceeds that previously reported with S. cerevisiae by a factor of more than 60. Recombinant GCL I and GCL II had molecular masses of approximately 63 and approximately 66 kDa, respectively, as determined by SDS-PAGE. The result of endoglucosidase H digestion followed by Western blot analysis of the lipases suggested that the enzymes expressed in P. pastoris received N-linked high-mannose-type glycosylation to an extent, 6-8% (w/w), similar to that in G. candidum. The specific activities and substrate specificities of both recombinant lipases were determined and were found to agree with what has been reported for the enzymes isolated from the native source.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holmquist
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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34
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Cygler M, Grochulski P, Schrag JD. Structural determinants defining common stereoselectivity of lipases toward secondary alcohols. Can J Microbiol 1995; 41 Suppl 1:289-96. [PMID: 7606666 DOI: 10.1139/m95-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this review we summarize some aspects of the enantiopreference of the lipase from Candida rugosa following structural analysis of complexes of this lipase with two enantiomers of an analog of a tetrahedral intermediate in the hydrolysis of simple esters. The analysis of the molecular basis of the enantiomeric differentiation suggests that these results can be generalized to a large class of lipases and esterases. We also summarize our experiments on identification of the key regions in the lipases from Geotrichum candidum lipase responsible for differentiation between fatty acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cygler
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council, Montréal, Canada
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35
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Phillips A, Pretorius GH, van Rensburg HG. Molecular characterization of a Galactomyces geotrichum lipase, another member of the cholinesterase/lipase family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1252:305-11. [PMID: 7578238 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(95)00126-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Geotrichum candidum secretes several lipase isoenzymes, differing in their selectively towards esters of long chain fatty acids with a cis-9 double bond. One group shows an absolute selectively towards these fatty acid esters, the other group has a more relaxed specificity and will also hydrolyze other long chain fatty acid esters. Galactomyces geotrichum secrets a lipase that has the same specificity as the latter group. The corresponding lipase gene was cloned from Galactomyces geotrichum. From an alignment of our enzymes' primary structure with those of different strains of Geotrichum candidum, remarkable conservation is evident and it is not yet possible to identify residues/structures responsible for differences in fatty acid specificity. Comparison of the GCL/GGL family with a variety of lipases from other sources, indicated that they are more related to mammalian than microbial lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Phillips
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
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36
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Brocca S, Grandori R, Breviario D, Lotti M. Localization of lipase genes on Candida rugosa chromosomes. Curr Genet 1995; 28:454-7. [PMID: 8575019 DOI: 10.1007/bf00310815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the yeast Candida rugosa the lipase isozymes are encoded by a family of genes, five of which have been cloned and sequenced in our laboratory. In this paper we report on the identification and preliminary characterization of two new related sequences, thus extending this multigene family to seven members. The total DNA content of Candida cells was estimated by laser flow-cytometry at about 20 Mb. Eight chromosomes with sizes ranging between 100 kb and 2.1 Mb, as determined by comparison with S. cerevisiae chromosomal bands, were resolved by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The lipase-encoding genes were localized on chromosome I, therefore suggesting that they have originated through multiple duplication events of an ancestral gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brocca
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Biochimica Generali, Italia
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37
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Jacobsen T, Poulsen OM. Comparison of lipases from different strains of the fungus Geotrichum candidum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1257:96-102. [PMID: 7619863 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00059-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The type A lipase and the cis-9 18:1 specific type B lipase of different strains of Geotrichum candidum were compared. Comparing the enzyme activity of crude lipase preparation and purified type A and type B lipases and the protein pattern of these preparations in denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed that the specific activity for cis-9 18:1 fatty acids was related to the content of the type B lipase. Tandem-crossed immunoelectrophoresis was used to demonstrate immunological identity between type A and type B lipase of G. candidum ATCC 66592. Partial immunological identity was observed between type B lipase of this strain and type A lipase of G. candidum ATCC 34614 and two commercial crude G. candidum lipase preparations (Amano and Biocatalyst), i.e., the type B lipase of G. candidum ATCC 66592 had immunogenic epitopes which are not present on the other lipases. Enzymatic deglycosylation of the lipases did not alter this pattern. After partial proteolysis of purified type A and type B lipases of G. candidum ATCC 66592, Amano and Biocatalyst, no difference between the type A lipase of the three strains was observed in SDS-PAGE. For all strains the type B lipase exhibited a distinctly different peptide pattern to that of the type A lipase. In addition, the type B lipase of G. candidum ATCC 66592 differed from the type B lipase of Amano and Biocatalyst by having an additional peptide band. The results indicate that the G. candidum ATCC 66592 should be considered a distinct strain regarding the protein chemical characteristics of its type B lipase, whereas the two commercial lipase preparations appear to be very similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jacobsen
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Roskilde, Denmark
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38
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Bertolini MC, Schrag JD, Cygler M, Ziomek E, Thomas DY, Vernet T. Expression and Characterization of Geotrichum candidum Lipase I Gene. Comparison of Specificity Profile with Lipase II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0863m.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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