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Li C, Ha P, Jiang W, Haveles CS, Zheng Z, Zou M. Fibromodulin - A New Target of Osteoarthritis Management? Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1475. [PMID: 31920661 PMCID: PMC6927287 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pin Ha
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wenlu Jiang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christos S Haveles
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Min Zou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Caterson B, Melrose J. Keratan sulfate, a complex glycosaminoglycan with unique functional capability. Glycobiology 2018; 28:182-206. [PMID: 29340594 PMCID: PMC5993099 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective keratan sulfate (KS) is the newest glycosaminoglycan (GAG) but the least understood. KS is a sophisticated molecule with a diverse structure, and unique functional roles continue to be uncovered for this GAG. The cornea is the richest tissue source of KS in the human body but the central and peripheral nervous systems also contain significant levels of KS and a diverse range of KS-proteoglycans with essential functional roles. KS also displays important cell regulatory properties in epithelial and mesenchymal tissues and in bone and in tumor development of diagnostic and prognostic utility. Corneal KS-I displays variable degrees of sulfation along the KS chain ranging from non-sulfated polylactosamine, mono-sulfated and disulfated disaccharide regions. Skeletal KS-II is almost completely sulfated consisting of disulfated disaccharides interrupted by occasional mono-sulfated N-acetyllactosamine residues. KS-III also contains highly sulfated KS disaccharides but differs from KS-I and KS-II through 2-O-mannose linkage to serine or threonine core protein residues on proteoglycans such as phosphacan and abakan in brain tissue. Historically, the major emphasis on the biology of KS has focused on its sulfated regions for good reason. The sulfation motifs on KS convey important molecular recognition information and direct cell behavior through a number of interactive proteins. Emerging evidence also suggest functional roles for the poly-N-acetyllactosamine regions of KS requiring further investigation. Thus further research is warranted to better understand the complexities of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Caterson
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratories, School of Biosciences, College of Biological & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA. Lectin affinity chromatography of articular cartilage fibromodulin: Some molecules have keratan sulphate chains exclusively capped by α(2-3)-linked sialic acid. Glycoconj J 2011; 28:453-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-011-9343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Benevides G, Pimentel E, Toyama M, Novello JC, Marangoni S, Gomes L. Biochemical and biomechanical analysis of tendons of caged and penned chickens. Connect Tissue Res 2004; 45:206-15. [PMID: 15763929 DOI: 10.1080/03008200490522997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chickens were divided into two groups, one caged and the other penned. Superficial digital flexor tendons from penned chickens showed greater tensile strength, withstanding a greater strain before rupture than tendons from caged chickens. The tensile region of tendons from penned chickens showed more swelling in acetic acid and a higher hydroxyproline concentration compared with caged chickens, indicating the presence of large collagen amounts in the former. The tensile region of penned chickens presented higher glycosaminoglycan concentrations than the same region of caged chickens. For both groups, the predominant glycosaminoglycan in the compression regions was chondroitin sulfate, whereas dermatan sulfate was found in the tensile regions. N-terminal analysis identified the small proteoglycans fibromodulin and decorin. SDS-PAGE indicated that decorin was present in all regions and fibromodulin was mainly observed in the tensile region. These results indicate that an external condition, in this case the area available for locomotion, might influence the synthesis of extracellular matrix components and the mechanical properties of the tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Benevides
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Brown GM, Bayliss MT, Nieduszynski IA. Age-related changes in the sulphation of the chondroitin sulphate linkage region from human articular cartilage aggrecan. Biochem J 2001; 358:523-8. [PMID: 11513754 PMCID: PMC1222088 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3580523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulphate (CS) linkage regions have been isolated from human articular cartilage aggrecan (from 10- to 72-year-olds) by chondroitin ABC endolyase digestion and size-exclusion chromatography. Linkage region hexasaccharides have been characterized and their abundance estimated by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography. The basic structure for the CS linkage region oligosaccharides identified from human aggrecan is as follows: DeltaUA(beta1-3)GalNAc[0S/4S/6S](beta1-4)GlcA(beta1-3)Gal[0S/6S](beta1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Xyl, where DeltaUA represents 4,5-unsaturated hexuronic acid, 4S and 6S represent an O-ester sulphate group on C-4 and C-6 respectively, and 0S represents zero sulphation. There are significant age-related changes in the abundance of the various N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sulphation forms identified, occurring up to approx. 20 years old. During the period from 10 to 20 years old the level of GalNAc 6-sulphation at the linkage region increases from approx. 43% to approx. 75%, while there is a corresponding reduction in unsulphated (approx. 30% to approx. 20%) and 4-sulphated (approx. 25% to approx. 6%) GalNAc residues. There is also an increase in the incidence of linkage region galactose 6-sulphation (approx. 2% to approx. 10%) which was only observed in linkage regions with GalNAc 6-sulphation. Beyond 20 years old there are few changes in the relative abundance of these GalNAc sulphation variants; however, there is a slight increase in the abundance of 6-sulphation between approx. 20 years old and approx. 40 years old and a slight decrease in its abundance beyond approx. 40 years old. Our data show that in the majority of chains from tissues of all ages the GalNAc residue closest to the linkage region is 6-sulphated, but the level of GalNAc 6-sulphation within the linkage region is lower than the average level observed within the repeat region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lauder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Melching LI, Roughley PJ. Modulation of keratan sulfate synthesis on lumican by the action of cytokines on human articular chondrocytes. Matrix Biol 1999; 18:381-90. [PMID: 10517185 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(99)00033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult human articular chondrocytes were used to investigate why keratan sulfate/polylactosamine chains are deficient on the lumican residing in the matrix of adult articular cartilage, whereas they are present on the lumican residing in the matrix of juvenile cartilage. Under serum-free conditions with either monolayer cultures, agarose cultures, or micromass cultures, the adult chondrocytes synthesized a form of lumican possessing keratan sulfate/polylactosamine chains. Thus, the adult chondrocytes are capable of producing a proteoglycan form of lumican and this appears to be the default synthesis preference. The micromass culture system proved useful for demonstrating that growth factors/cytokines present in the extracellular milieu are capable of influencing the structure of the keratan sulfate/polylactosamine chains on the secreted lumican. Of particular note was the ability of IL-1beta to promote the secretion of a form of lumican deficient in keratan sulfate/polylactosamine chains, whereas with bFGF, IGF-1 and TGFbeta keratan sulfate/polylactosamine chains were present, though their size or degree of substitution varied. Thus, growth factors/cytokines are able to modulate the molecular form of lumican. Furthermore, additional studies showed that this modulation was not due to the degradation of keratan sulfate/polylactosamine chains following proteoglycan secretion, but represented a direct effect on synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Melching
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA, Plaas AH. Age-related changes in the structure of the keratan sulphate chains attached to fibromodulin isolated from articular cartilage. Biochem J 1998; 330 ( Pt 2):753-7. [PMID: 9480886 PMCID: PMC1219201 DOI: 10.1042/bj3300753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine articular cartilage fibromodulin has been isolated from animals aged 3 months to 8 years, and the attached keratan sulphate (KS) chains digested with keratanase II. The oligosaccharides generated have been reduced, examined by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography and their structures identified by comparison with standards. It has been shown that in fibromodulin from young articular cartilage, the KS chains do not possess either non-reducing terminal (alpha2-6)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid or fucose (alpha1-3)-linked to sulphated N-acetylglucosamine residues. However, an age-related increase has been observed in the abundance of both (alpha2-6)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid and (alpha1-3)-linked fucose, neither of which is found in KS isolated from non-articular cartilage, irrespective of the age of the source. Interestingly, the KS chain length remains constant as a function of age, which possibly relates to a role in collagen fibril assembly. In addition, no significant age-related changes were identified in levels of galactose sulphation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lauder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K
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Lauder RM, Huckerby TN, Nieduszynski IA. The structure of the keratan sulphate chains attached to fibromodulin from human articular cartilage. Glycoconj J 1997; 14:651-60. [PMID: 9298700 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018552913584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The small keratan sulphate proteoglycan, fibromodulin, has been isolated from pooled human articular cartilage. The main chain repeat region and the chain caps from the attached N-linked keratan sulphate chains have been fragmented by keratanase II digestion, and the oligosaccharides generated have been reduced and isolated. Their structures and abundance have been determined by high pH anion-exchange chromatography. These regions of the keratan sulphate from human articular cartilage fibromodulin have been found to have the following general structure: [structure: see text]. Significantly, both alpha(2-6)- and alpha(2-3)-linked N-acetyl-neuraminic acid have been found in the capping oligosaccharides. Fucose, which is alpha(1-3)-linked as a branch to N-acetylglucosamine, has also been found along the length of the repeat region and in the capping region. The chains, which have been found to be very highly sulphated, are short; the length of the repeat region and chain caps is ca. nine disaccharides. These data demonstrate that the structure of the N-linked keratan sulphate chains of human articular cartilage fibromodulin is similar, in general, to articular cartilage derived O-linked keratan sulphate chains. Further, the general structure of the keratan sulphate chains attached to human articular cartilage fibromodulin has been found to be generally similar to that of both bovine and equine articular cartilage fibromodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lauder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, UK
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