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Bauswein M, Eidenschink L, Knoll G, Neumann B, Angstwurm K, Zoubaa S, Riemenschneider MJ, Lampl BMJ, Pregler M, Niller HH, Jantsch J, Gessner A, Eberhardt Y, Huppertz G, Schramm T, Kühn S, Koller M, Drasch T, Ehrl Y, Banas B, Offner R, Schmidt B, Banas MC. Human Infections with Borna Disease Virus 1 (BoDV-1) Primarily Lead to Severe Encephalitis: Further Evidence from the Seroepidemiological BoSOT Study in an Endemic Region in Southern Germany. Viruses 2023; 15:188. [PMID: 36680228 PMCID: PMC9867173 DOI: 10.3390/v15010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 40 human cases of severe encephalitis caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) have been reported to German health authorities. In an endemic region in southern Germany, we conducted the seroepidemiological BoSOT study ("BoDV-1 after solid-organ transplantation") to assess whether there are undetected oligo- or asymptomatic courses of infection. A total of 216 healthy blood donors and 280 outpatients after solid organ transplantation were screened by a recombinant BoDV-1 ELISA followed by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (iIFA) as confirmatory test. For comparison, 288 serum and 258 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples with a request for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) diagnostics were analyzed for BoDV-1 infections. ELISA screening reactivity rates ranged from 3.5% to 18.6% depending on the cohort and the used ELISA antigen, but only one sample of a patient from the cohort with requested TBE diagnostics was confirmed to be positive for anti-BoDV-1-IgG by iIFA. In addition, the corresponding CSF sample of this patient with a three-week history of severe neurological disease tested positive for BoDV-1 RNA. Due to the iIFA results, all other results were interpreted as false-reactive in the ELISA screening. By linear serological epitope mapping, cross-reactions with human and bacterial proteins were identified as possible underlying mechanism for the false-reactive ELISA screening results. In conclusion, no oligo- or asymptomatic infections were detected in the studied cohorts. Serological tests based on a single recombinant BoDV-1 antigen should be interpreted with caution, and an iIFA should always be performed in addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bauswein
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Eidenschink
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Knoll
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Donau-Isar-Klinikum Deggendorf, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Saida Zoubaa
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Benedikt M J Lampl
- Regensburg Department of Public Health, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Pregler
- Regensburg Department of Public Health, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Eberhardt
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Huppertz
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Schramm
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kühn
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Koller
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Drasch
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ehrl
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Offner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Miriam C. Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Ortega V, Stone JA, Contreras EM, Iorio RM, Aguilar HC. Addicted to sugar: roles of glycans in the order Mononegavirales. Glycobiology 2019; 29:2-21. [PMID: 29878112 PMCID: PMC6291800 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a biologically important protein modification process by which a carbohydrate chain is enzymatically added to a protein at a specific amino acid residue. This process plays roles in many cellular functions, including intracellular trafficking, cell-cell signaling, protein folding and receptor binding. While glycosylation is a common host cell process, it is utilized by many pathogens as well. Protein glycosylation is widely employed by viruses for both host invasion and evasion of host immune responses. Thus better understanding of viral glycosylation functions has potential applications for improved antiviral therapeutic and vaccine development. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the broad biological functions of glycans for the Mononegavirales, an order of enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses of high medical importance that includes Ebola, rabies, measles and Nipah viruses. We discuss glycobiological findings by genera in alphabetical order within each of eight Mononegavirales families, namely, the bornaviruses, filoviruses, mymonaviruses, nyamiviruses, paramyxoviruses, pneumoviruses, rhabdoviruses and sunviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ortega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Stone
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Erik M Contreras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ronald M Iorio
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Radzimanowski J, Effantin G, Weissenhorn W. Conformational plasticity of the Ebola virus matrix protein. Protein Sci 2014; 23:1519-27. [PMID: 25159197 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses are the causative agents of a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever with repeated outbreaks in Africa. They are negative sense single stranded enveloped viruses that can cross species barriers from its natural host bats to primates including humans. The small size of the genome poses limits to viral adaption, which may be partially overcome by conformational plasticity. Here we review the different conformational states of the Ebola virus (EBOV) matrix protein VP40 that range from monomers, to dimers, hexamers, and RNA-bound octamers. This conformational plasticity that is required for the viral life cycle poses a unique opportunity for development of VP40 specific drugs. Furthermore, we compare the structure to homologous matrix protein structures from Paramyxoviruses and Bornaviruses and we predict that they do not only share the fold but also the conformational flexibility of EBOV VP40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Radzimanowski
- University Grenoble Alpes, UVHCI, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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Kordyukova LV, Serebryakova MV. Mass spectrometric approaches to study enveloped viruses: new possibilities for structural biology and prophylactic medicine. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:830-42. [PMID: 22860905 PMCID: PMC7087845 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912080044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This review considers principles of the use of mass spectrometry for the study of biological macromolecules. Some examples of protein identification, virion proteomics, testing vaccine preparations, and strain surveillance are represented. Possibilities of structural characterization of viral proteins and their posttranslational modifications are shown. The authors’ studies by MALDI-MS on S-acylation of glycoproteins from various families of enveloped viruses and on oligomerization of the influenza virus hemagglutinin transmembrane domains are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Kordyukova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Crystal structure of the Borna disease virus matrix protein (BDV-M) reveals ssRNA binding properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3710-5. [PMID: 19237566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0808101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a neurotropic enveloped RNA virus that causes a noncytolytic, persistent infection of the central nervous system in mammals. BDV belongs to the order Mononegavirales, which also includes the negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs) Ebola, Marburg, vesicular stomatitis, rabies, mumps, and measles. BDV-M, the matrix protein (M-protein) of BDV, is the smallest M-protein (16.2 kDa) among the NSVs. M-proteins play a critical role in virus assembly and budding, mediating the interaction between the viral capsid, envelope, and glycoprotein spikes, and are as such responsible for the structural stability and individual form of virus particles. Here, we report the 3D structure of BDV-M, a full-length M-protein structure from a nonsegmented RNA NSV. The BDV-M monomer exhibits structural similarity to the N-terminal domain of the Ebola M-protein (VP40), while the surface charge of the tetramer provides clues to the membrane association of BDV-M. Additional electron density in the crystal reveals the presence of bound nucleic acid, interpreted as cytidine-5'-monophosphate. The heterologously expressed BDV-M copurifies with and protects ssRNA oligonucleotides of a median length of 16 nt taken up from the expression host. The results presented here show that BDV-M would be able to bind RNA and lipid membranes simultaneously, expanding the repertoire of M-protein functionalities.
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Kraus I, Eickmann M, Kiermayer S, Scheffczik H, Fluess M, Richt JA, Garten W. Open reading frame III of borna disease virus encodes a nonglycosylated matrix protein. J Virol 2001; 75:12098-104. [PMID: 11711600 PMCID: PMC116105 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.24.12098-12104.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The open reading frame III of Borna disease virus (BDV) codes for a protein with a mass of 16 kDa, named p16 or BDV-M. p16 was described as an N-glycosylated protein in several previous publications and therefore was termed gp18, although the amino acid sequence of p16 does not contain any regular consensus sequence for N glycosylation. We examined glycosylation of p16 and studied its membrane topology using antisera raised against peptides, which comprise the N and the C termini. Neither an N- nor a C-terminal peptide is cleaved from p16 during maturation. Neither deglycosylation of p16 by endoglycosidases nor binding of lectin to p16 was detectable. Introduction of typical N-glycosylation sites at the proposed sites of p16 failed in carbohydrate attachment. Flotation experiments with membranes of BDV-infected cells on density gradients revealed that p16 is not an integral membrane protein, since it can be dissociated from membranes. Our experimental data strongly suggest that p16 is a typical nonglycosylated matrix protein associated at the inner surface of the viral membrane, as is true for homologous proteins of other members of the Mononegavirales order.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kraus
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is unique amongst animal RNA viruses in its molecular biology and capacity to cause persistent, noncytolytic CNS-infection in a wide variety of host species. Unlike other non-segmented negative-strand RNA animal viruses, BDV replicates in the nucleus of the host cell where splicing is employed for expression of a very compact genome. Epidemiological studies indicate a broad host range and geographical distribution, and some investigators have proposed that human infection may result in neuropsychiatric disorders. Experimental Borna disease in neonatal and adult rats provides an intriguing model for immune-mediated disturbances of brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Jordan
- Emerging Diseases Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California – Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Emerging Diseases Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California – Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Gonzalez-Dunia D, Cubitt B, de la Torre JC. Mechanism of Borna disease virus entry into cells. J Virol 1998; 72:783-8. [PMID: 9420287 PMCID: PMC109436 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.783-788.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/1997] [Accepted: 10/08/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the entry pathway of Borna disease virus (BDV). Virus entry was assessed by detecting early viral replication and transcription. Lysosomotropic agents (ammonium chloride, chloroquine, and amantadine), as well as energy depletion, prevented BDV infection, indicating that BDV enters host cells by endocytosis and requires an acidic intracellular compartment to allow membrane fusion and initiate infection. Consistent with this hypothesis, we observed that BDV-infected cells form extensive syncytia upon low-pH treatment. Entry of enveloped viruses into animal cells usually requires the membrane-fusing activity of viral surface glycoproteins (GPs). BDV GP is expressed as two products of 84 and 43 kDa (GP-84 and GP-43, respectively). We show here that only GP-43 is present at the surface of BDV-infected cells and therefore is likely the viral polypeptide responsible for triggering fusion events. We also present evidence that GP-43, which corresponds to the C terminus of GP-84, is generated by cleavage of GP-84 by the cellular protease furin. Hence, we propose that BDV GP-84 is involved in attachment to the cell surface receptor whereas its furin-cleaved product, GP-43, is involved in pH-dependent fusion after internalization of the virion by endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gonzalez-Dunia
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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