1
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Gao J, Gu C, Long Y, Zhang X, Shen C, Yang H. Collective behaviors of animal groups may stem from visual lateralization-Tending to obtain information through one eye. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2024; 34:043147. [PMID: 38648384 DOI: 10.1063/5.0199200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Animal groups exhibit various captivating movement patterns, which manifest as intricate interactions among group members. Several models have been proposed to elucidate collective behaviors in animal groups. These models achieve a certain degree of efficacy; however, inconsistent experimental findings suggest insufficient accuracy. Experiments have shown that some organisms employ a single information channel and visual lateralization to glean knowledge from other individuals in collective movements. In this study, we consider individuals' visual lateralization and a single information channel and develop a self-propelled particle model to describe the collective behavior of large groups. The results suggest that homogeneous visual lateralization gives the group a strong sense of cohesiveness, thereby enabling diverse collective behaviors. As the overlapping field grows, the cohesiveness gradually dissipates. Inconsistent visual lateralization among group members can reduce the cohesiveness of the group, and when there is a high degree of heterogeneity in visual lateralization, the group loses their cohesiveness. This study also examines the influence of visual lateralization heterogeneity on specific formations, and the results indicate that the directional migration formation is responsive to such heterogeneity. We propose an information network to portray the transmission of information within groups, which explains the cohesiveness of groups and the sensitivity of the directional migration formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, People's Republic of China
| | - Changgui Gu
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongshang Long
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyun Zhang
- Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuansheng Shen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Yang
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
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2
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Pfeifer CR, Shyer AE, Rodrigues AR. Creative processes during vertebrate organ morphogenesis: Biophysical self-organization at the supracellular scale. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102305. [PMID: 38181658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Here, we review recent developments in the literature that provide insight into self-organization at supracellular scales in vertebrate organ morphogenesis. We briefly present a historical and conceptual analysis of the term "self-organization." Based on this analysis, we suggest that self-organizing processes, at their root, possess a form of causal relationship, reciprocal causality, that is markedly distinct from linear causal chains. We survey the extent to which reciprocal causality can be used to interpret or clarify supracellular studies in development and disease. Finally, we explore how reciprocal causality can exist across length-scales, identifying situations where multiple scales require simultaneous analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Pfeifer
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amy E Shyer
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alan R Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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3
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Fujioka A, Ogura M, Wakamiya N. Shepherding algorithm for heterogeneous flock with model-based discrimination. Adv Robot 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01691864.2022.2133552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fujioka
- Department of Information and Computer Science, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Ogura
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Wakamiya
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Collective motion: Influence of local behavioural interactions among individuals. J Biosci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-022-00277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Marginal speed confinement resolves the conflict between correlation and control in collective behaviour. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2315. [PMID: 35538068 PMCID: PMC9090766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Speed fluctuations of individual birds in natural flocks are moderate, due to the aerodynamic and biomechanical constraints of flight. Yet the spatial correlations of such fluctuations are scale-free, namely they have a range as wide as the entire group, a property linked to the capacity of the system to collectively respond to external perturbations. Scale-free correlations and moderate fluctuations set conflicting constraints on the mechanism controlling the speed of each agent, as the factors boosting correlation amplify fluctuations, and vice versa. Here, using a statistical field theory approach, we suggest that a marginal speed confinement that ignores small deviations from the natural reference value while ferociously suppressing larger speed fluctuations, is able to reconcile scale-free correlations with biologically acceptable group’s speed. We validate our theoretical predictions by comparing them with field experimental data on starling flocks with group sizes spanning an unprecedented interval of over two orders of magnitude. Bird flocks are known to adjust the orientation and speed of individual birds giving rise to correlations that extend across very large groups. The authors show that marginal control provides an explanation of scale-free correlations of speed fluctuations in natural bird flocks of any sizes.
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6
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Jadhav V, Guttal V, Masila DR. Randomness in the choice of neighbours promotes cohesion in mobile animal groups. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220124. [PMID: 35345437 PMCID: PMC8941415 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Classic computational models of collective motion suggest that simple local averaging rules can promote many observed group-level patterns. Recent studies, however, suggest that rules simpler than local averaging may be at play in real organisms; for example, fish stochastically align towards only one randomly chosen neighbour and yet the schools are highly polarized. Here, we ask-how do organisms maintain group cohesion? Using a spatially explicit model, inspired from empirical investigations, we show that group cohesion can be achieved in finite groups even when organisms randomly choose only one neighbour to interact with. Cohesion is maintained even in the absence of local averaging that requires interactions with many neighbours. Furthermore, we show that choosing a neighbour randomly is a better way to achieve cohesion than interacting with just its closest neighbour. To understand how cohesion emerges from these random pairwise interactions, we turn to a graph-theoretic analysis of the underlying dynamic interaction networks. We find that randomness in choosing a neighbour gives rise to well-connected networks that essentially cause the groups to stay cohesive. We compare our findings with the canonical averaging models (analogous to the Vicsek model). In summary, we argue that randomness in the choice of interacting neighbours plays a crucial role in achieving cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Jadhav
- Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Vishwesha Guttal
- Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Danny Raj Masila
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
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7
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Kumar V, De R. Efficient flocking: metric versus topological interactions. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202158. [PMID: 34631117 PMCID: PMC8479340 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flocking is a fascinating phenomenon observed across a wide range of living organisms. We investigate, based on a simple self-propelled particle model, how the emergence of ordered motion in a collectively moving group is influenced by the local rules of interactions among the individuals, namely, metric versus topological interactions as debated in the current literature. In the case of the metric ruling, the individuals interact with the neighbours within a certain metric distance; by contrast, in the topological ruling, interaction is confined within a number of fixed nearest neighbours. Here, we explore how the range of interaction versus the number of fixed interacting neighbours affects the dynamics of flocking in an unbounded space, as observed in natural scenarios. Our study reveals the existence of a certain threshold value of the interaction radius in the case of metric ruling and a threshold number of interacting neighbours for the topological ruling to reach an ordered state. Interestingly, our analysis shows that topological interaction is more effective in bringing the order in the group, as observed in field studies. We further compare how the nature of the interactions affects the dynamics for various sizes and speeds of the flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
- Centre for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobelya Ulitsa 3, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Rumi De
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
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8
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Kiriyama K, Iwasa Y. Processes affecting size of fish schools in agent‐based model. POPUL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Kiriyama
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda‐shi Japan
| | - Yoh Iwasa
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda‐shi Japan
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9
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Bäuerle T, Löffler RC, Bechinger C. Formation of stable and responsive collective states in suspensions of active colloids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2547. [PMID: 32439919 PMCID: PMC7242396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal species organise into disordered swarms, polarised flocks or swirls to protect from predators or optimise foraging. Previous studies suggest that such collective states are related to a critical point, which could explain their balance between robustness to noise and high responsiveness regarding external perturbations. Here we provide experimental evidence for this idea by investigating the stability of swirls formed by light-responsive active colloids which adjust their individual motion to positions and orientations of neighbours. Because their behaviour can be precisely tuned, controlled changes between different collective states can be achieved. During the transition between stable swirls and swarms we observe a maximum of the group's susceptibility indicating the vicinity of a critical point. Our results support the idea of system-independent organisation principles of collective states and provide useful strategies for the realisation of responsive yet stable ensembles in microrobotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bäuerle
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, D-78464, Germany
| | - Robert C Löffler
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, D-78464, Germany
| | - Clemens Bechinger
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, D-78464, Germany.
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10
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Papaspyros V, Bonnet F, Collignon B, Mondada F. Bidirectional interactions facilitate the integration of a robot into a shoal of zebrafish Danio rerio. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220559. [PMID: 31430290 PMCID: PMC6701756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies on collective animal behavior seek to identify the individual rules that underlie collective patterns. However, it was not until the recent advancements of micro-electronic and embedded systems that scientists were able to create mixed groups of sensor-rich robots and animals and study collective interactions from the within a bio-hybrid group. In recent work, scientists showed that a robot-controlled lure is capable of influencing the collective decisions of zebrafish Danio rerio shoals moving in a ring and a two-room setup. Here, we study a closely related topic, that is, the collective behavior patterns that emerge when different behavioral models are reproduced through the use of a robotic lure. We design a behavioral model that alternates between obeying and disobeying the collective motion decisions in order to become socially accepted by the shoal members. Subsequently, we compare it against two extreme cases: a reactive and an imposing decision model. For this, we use spatial, directional and information theoretic metrics to measure the degree of integration of the robotic agent. We show that our model leads to similar information flow as in freely roaming shoals of zebrafish and exhibits leadership skills more often than the open-loop models. Thus, in order for the robot to achieve higher degrees of integration in the zebrafish shoal, it must, like any other shoal member, be bidirectionally involved in the decision making process. These findings provide insight on the ability to form mixed societies of animals and robots and yield promising results on the degree to which a robot can influence the collective decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaios Papaspyros
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Bonnet
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Collignon
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Social Ecology (USE), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Francesco Mondada
- Biorobotics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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12
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Gruber DF, Phillips BT, O’Brien R, Boominathan V, Veeraraghavan A, Vasan G, O’Brien P, Pieribone VA, Sparks JS. Bioluminescent flashes drive nighttime schooling behavior and synchronized swimming dynamics in flashlight fish. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219852. [PMID: 31412054 PMCID: PMC6693688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Schooling fishes, like flocking birds and swarming insects, display remarkable behavioral coordination. While over 25% of fish species exhibit schooling behavior, nighttime schooling has rarely been observed or reported. This is due to vision being the primary modality for schooling, which is corroborated by the fact that most fish schools disperse at critically low light levels. Here we report on a large aggregation of the bioluminescent flashlight fish Anomalops katoptron that exhibited nighttime schooling behavior during multiple moon phases, including the new moon. Data were recorded with a suite of low-light imaging devices, including a high-speed, high-resolution scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (sCMOS) camera. Image analysis revealed nighttime schooling using synchronized bioluminescent flashing displays, and demonstrated that school motion synchrony exhibits correlation with relative swim speed. A computer model of flashlight fish schooling behavior shows that only a small percentage of individuals need to exhibit bioluminescence in order for school cohesion to be maintained. Flashlight fish schooling is unique among fishes, in that bioluminescence enables schooling in conditions of no ambient light. In addition, some members can still partake in the school while not actively exhibiting their bioluminescence. Image analysis of our field data and model demonstrate that if a small percentage of fish become motivated to change direction, the rest of the school follows. The use of bioluminescence by flashlight fish to enable schooling in shallow water adds an additional ecological application to bioluminescence and suggests that schooling behavior in mesopelagic bioluminescent fishes may be also mediated by luminescent displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Gruber
- Department of Natural Sciences, City University of New York, Baruch College, New York, New York, United States of America
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brennan T. Phillips
- Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Rory O’Brien
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vivek Boominathan
- Rice University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashok Veeraraghavan
- Rice University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ganesh Vasan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Peter O’Brien
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vincent A. Pieribone
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - John S. Sparks
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Ichthyology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
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13
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Ling H, Mclvor GE, van der Vaart K, Vaughan RT, Thornton A, Ouellette NT. Local interactions and their group-level consequences in flocking jackdaws. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190865. [PMID: 31266425 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of nature's most striking examples of collective behaviour, bird flocks have attracted extensive research. However, we still lack an understanding of the attractive and repulsive forces that govern interactions between individuals within flocks and how these forces influence neighbours' relative positions and ultimately determine the shape of flocks. We address these issues by analysing the three-dimensional movements of wild jackdaws ( Corvus monedula) in flocks containing 2-338 individuals. We quantify the social interaction forces in large, airborne flocks and find that these forces are highly anisotropic. The long-range attraction in the direction perpendicular to the movement direction is stronger than that along it, and the short-range repulsion is generated mainly by turning rather than changing speed. We explain this phenomenon by considering wingbeat frequency and the change in kinetic and gravitational potential energy during flight, and find that changing the direction of movement is less energetically costly than adjusting speed for birds. Furthermore, our data show that collision avoidance by turning can alter local neighbour distributions and ultimately change the group shape. Our results illustrate the macroscopic consequences of anisotropic interaction forces in bird flocks, and help to draw links between group structure, local interactions and the biophysics of animal locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjian Ling
- 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Guillam E Mclvor
- 2 Center for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Penryn , UK
| | - Kasper van der Vaart
- 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Richard T Vaughan
- 3 School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , Canada
| | - Alex Thornton
- 2 Center for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter , Penryn , UK
| | - Nicholas T Ouellette
- 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
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14
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Mizumoto N, Miyata S, Pratt SC. Inferring collective behaviour from a fossilized fish shoal. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190891. [PMID: 31138077 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective motion by animal groups can emerge from simple rules that govern each individual's interactions with its neighbours. Studies of extant species have shown how such rules yield coordinated group behaviour, but little is known of their evolutionary origins or whether extinct group-living organisms used similar rules. Here, we report evidence consistent with coordinated collective motion in a fossilized group of the extinct fish Erismatopterus levatus, and we infer possible behavioural rules that underlie it. We found traces of two rules for social interaction similar to those used by extant fishes: repulsion from close individuals and attraction towards neighbours at a distance. Moreover, the fossilized fish showed group-level structures in the form of oblong shape and high polarization, both of which we successfully reproduced in simulations incorporating the inferred behavioural rules. Although it remains unclear how the fish shoal's structure was preserved in the fossil, these findings suggest that fishes have been forming shoals by combining sets of simple behavioural rules since at least the Eocene. Our study highlights the possibility of exploring the social communication of extinct animals, which has been thought to leave no fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Mizumoto
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , ISTB1, 423, East Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287-9425 , USA
| | - Shinya Miyata
- 2 Oishi Fossils Gallery of Mizuta Memorial Museum, Josai University Educational Corporation , 2-3-20 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093 , Japan
| | - Stephen C Pratt
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , ISTB1, 423, East Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287-9425 , USA
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15
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Strömbom D, Hassan T, Hunter Greis W, Antia A. Asynchrony induces polarization in attraction-based models of collective motion. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190381. [PMID: 31183154 PMCID: PMC6502356 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Animal groups frequently move in a highly organized manner, as represented by flocks of birds and schools of fish. Despite being an everyday occurrence, we do not fully understand how this works. In particular, what social interactions between animals give rise to the flock structures we observe? This question is often investigated using self-propelled particle models where particles represent the individual animals. These models differ in the social interactions used, individual particle properties, and various technical assumptions. One particular technical assumption relates to whether all particles update their headings and positions at exactly the same time (synchronous update) or not (asynchronous update). Here, we investigate the causal effects of this assumption in an attraction-only model and find that it has a dramatic impact. Polarized groups do not form when synchronous update is used, but are produced with asynchronous update, and this phenomenon is robust with respect to variation in particle displacements and inclusion of noise. Given that many important models have been implemented with synchronous update only, we speculate that our understanding of the social interactions on which they are based may be incomplete. Perhaps previously unobserved phenomena will emerge if other potentially more realistic update schemes are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Strömbom
- Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75601, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton 18042, PA, USA
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 6PP, UK
- Author for correspondence: Daniel Strömbom e-mail:
| | - Tasnia Hassan
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton 18042, PA, USA
| | - W. Hunter Greis
- Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton 18042, PA, USA
| | - Alice Antia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton College, Northfield 55057, MN, USA
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16
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Lecheval V, Jiang L, Tichit P, Sire C, Hemelrijk CK, Theraulaz G. Social conformity and propagation of information in collective U-turns of fish schools. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0251. [PMID: 29695447 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving animal groups such as schools of fishes or flocks of birds often undergo sudden collective changes of their travelling direction as a consequence of stochastic fluctuations in heading of the individuals. However, the mechanisms by which these behavioural fluctuations arise at the individual level and propagate within a group are still unclear. In this study, we combine an experimental and theoretical approach to investigate spontaneous collective U-turns in groups of rummy-nose tetra (Hemigrammus rhodostomus) swimming in a ring-shaped tank. U-turns imply that fish switch their heading between the clockwise and anticlockwise direction. We reconstruct trajectories of individuals moving alone and in groups of different sizes. We show that the group decreases its swimming speed before a collective U-turn. This is in agreement with previous theoretical predictions showing that speed decrease facilitates an amplification of fluctuations in heading in the group, which can trigger U-turns. These collective U-turns are mostly initiated by individuals at the front of the group. Once an individual has initiated a U-turn, the new direction propagates through the group from front to back without amplification or dampening, resembling the dynamics of falling dominoes. The mean time between collective U-turns sharply increases as the size of the group increases. We develop an Ising spin model integrating anisotropic and asymmetrical interactions between fish and their tendency to follow the majority of their neighbours nonlinearly (social conformity). The model quantitatively reproduces key features of the dynamics and the frequency of collective U-turns observed in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Lecheval
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), and.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Centre for Life Sciences, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Jiang
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), and.,School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Pierre Tichit
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), and
| | - Clément Sire
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université de Toulouse (UPS), 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte K Hemelrijk
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Centre for Life Sciences, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Theraulaz
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), and
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17
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Sueoka Y, Tsunoda Y, Osuka K. Manipulation of the entire group navigation based on dynamic goal-preference switching. ARTIFICIAL LIFE AND ROBOTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10015-018-0464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Kent MIA, Lukeman R, Lizier JT, Ward AJW. Speed-mediated properties of schooling. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181482. [PMID: 30891275 PMCID: PMC6408369 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Collectively moving animals often display a high degree of synchronization and cohesive group-level formations, such as elongated schools of fish. These global patterns emerge as the result of localized rules of interactions. However, the exact relationship between speed, polarization, neighbour positioning and group structure has produced conflicting results and is largely limited to modelling approaches. This hinders our ability to understand how information spreads between individuals, which may determine the collective functioning of groups. We tested how speed interacts with polarization and positional composition to produce the elongation observed in moving groups of fish as well as how this impacts information flow between individuals. At the local level, we found that increases in speed led to increases in alignment and shifts from lateral to linear neighbour positioning. At the global level, these increases in linear neighbour positioning resulted in elongation of the group. Furthermore, mean pairwise transfer entropy increased with speed and alignment, implying an adaptive value to forming faster, more polarized and linear groups. Ultimately, this research provides vital insight into the mechanisms underlying the elongation of moving animal groups and highlights the functional significance of cohesive and coordinated movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud I. A. Kent
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan Lukeman
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, CanadaB2G 2W5
| | - Joseph T. Lizier
- Complex Systems Research Group, Faculty of Engineering & IT, Centre for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashley J. W. Ward
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Tsunoda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y. Sueoka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y. Sato
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - K. Osuka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Strandburg-Peshkin A, Papageorgiou D, Crofoot MC, Farine DR. Inferring influence and leadership in moving animal groups. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170006. [PMID: 29581391 PMCID: PMC5882976 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective decision-making is a daily occurrence in the lives of many group-living animals, and can have critical consequences for the fitness of individuals. Understanding how decisions are reached, including who has influence and the mechanisms by which information and preferences are integrated, has posed a fundamental challenge. Here, we provide a methodological framework for studying influence and leadership in groups. We propose that individuals have influence if their actions result in some behavioural change among their group-mates, and are leaders if they consistently influence others. We highlight three components of influence (influence instances, total influence and consistency of influence), which can be assessed at two levels (individual-to-individual and individual-to-group). We then review different methods, ranging from individual positioning within groups to information-theoretic approaches, by which influence has been operationally defined in empirical studies, as well as how such observations can be aggregated to give insight into the underlying decision-making process. We focus on the domain of collective movement, with a particular emphasis on methods that have recently been, or are being, developed to take advantage of simultaneous tracking data. We aim to provide a resource bringing together methodological tools currently available for studying leadership in moving animal groups, as well as to discuss the limitations of current methodologies and suggest productive avenues for future research.This article is part of the theme issue 'Collective movement ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Strandburg-Peshkin
- Department of Migration and Immuno-ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Danai Papageorgiou
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Chair of Biodiversity and Collective Behaviour, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Margaret C Crofoot
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Building 401 Tupper, Balboa Ancon, Panama
| | - Damien R Farine
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Chair of Biodiversity and Collective Behaviour, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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21
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Del Mar Delgado M, Miranda M, Alvarez SJ, Gurarie E, Fagan WF, Penteriani V, di Virgilio A, Morales JM. The importance of individual variation in the dynamics of animal collective movements. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170008. [PMID: 29581393 PMCID: PMC5882978 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal collective movements are a key example of a system that links two clearly defined levels of organization: the individual and the group. Most models investigating collective movements have generated coherent collective behaviours without the inclusion of individual variability. However, new individual-based models, together with emerging empirical information, emphasize that within-group heterogeneity may strongly influence collective movement behaviour. Here we (i) review the empirical evidence for individual variation in animal collective movements, (ii) explore how theoretical investigations have represented individual heterogeneity when modelling collective movements and (iii) present a model to show how within-group heterogeneity influences the collective properties of a group. Our review underscores the need to consider variability at the level of the individual to improve our understanding of how individual decision rules lead to emergent movement patterns, and also to yield better quantitative predictions of collective behaviour.This article is part of the theme issue 'Collective movement ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Delgado
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University, Campus Mieres, 33600 Mieres, Spain
| | - Maria Miranda
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University, Campus Mieres, 33600 Mieres, Spain
| | - Silvia J Alvarez
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 1210 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Carrera 7 No. 82-66, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Eliezer Gurarie
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 1210 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - William F Fagan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 1210 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Vincenzo Penteriani
- Research Unit of Biodiversity (UMIB, UO-CSIC-PA), Oviedo University, Campus Mieres, 33600 Mieres, Spain
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE), CSIC, Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Agustina di Virgilio
- Ecotono, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Camahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Morales
- Ecotono, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Camahue, Quintral 1250, Bariloche 8400, Argentina
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22
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Dkhili J, Berger U, Idrissi Hassani LM, Ghaout S, Peters R, Piou C. Self-organized spatial structures of locust groups emerging from local interaction. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Yuan Y, Chen X, Sun Q, Huang T. Analysis of topological relationships and network properties in the interactions of human beings. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183686. [PMID: 28832629 PMCID: PMC5568405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the animal world, various kinds of collective motions have been found and proven to be efficient ways of carrying out some activities such as searching for food and avoiding predators. Many scholars research the interactions of collective behaviors of human beings according to the rules of collective behaviors of animals. Based on the Lennard-Jones potential function and a self-organization process, our paper proposes a topological communication model to simulate the collective behaviors of human beings. In the results of simulations, we find various types of collective behavior and fission behavior and discover the threshold for the emergence of collective behavior, which is the range five to seven for the number of topology K. According to the analysis of network properties of the model, the in-degree of individuals is always equal to the number of topology. In the stable state, the out-degrees of individuals distribute around the value of the number of topology K, except that the out-degree of a single individual is approximately double the out-degrees of the other individuals. In addition, under different initial conditions, some features of different kinds of networks emerge from the model. We also find the leader and herd mentality effects in the characteristics of the behaviors of human beings in our model. Thus, this work could be used to discover how to promote the emergence of beneficial group behaviors and prevent the emergence of harmful behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Graduate School, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qiubai Sun
- School of Business Administration, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyun Huang
- Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Amazeen PG, Amazeen EL. A Systems Approach to Perception and Action. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2017.1330119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Ward AJW, Schaerf TM, Herbert-Read JE, Morrell L, Sumpter DJT, Webster MM. Local interactions and global properties of wild, free-ranging stickleback shoals. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170043. [PMID: 28791135 PMCID: PMC5541530 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Collective motion describes the global properties of moving groups of animals and the self-organized, coordinated patterns of individual behaviour that produce them. We examined the group-level patterns and local interactions between individuals in wild, free-ranging shoals of three-spine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Our data reveal that the highest frequencies of near-neighbour encounters occur at between one and two body lengths from a focal fish, with the peak frequency alongside a focal individual. Fish also show the highest alignment with these laterally placed individuals, and generally with animals in front of themselves. Furthermore, fish are more closely matched in size, speed and orientation to their near neighbours than to more distant neighbours, indicating local organization within groups. Among the group-level properties reported here, we find that polarization is strongly influenced by group speed, but also the variation in speed among individuals and the nearest neighbour distances of group members. While we find no relationship between group order and group size, we do find that larger groups tend to have lower nearest neighbour distances, which in turn may be important in maintaining group order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J. W. Ward
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Timothy M. Schaerf
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - James E. Herbert-Read
- Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lesley Morrell
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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26
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Evolution of Collective Behaviour in an Artificial World Using Linguistic Fuzzy Rule-Based Systems. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0168876. [PMID: 28045964 PMCID: PMC5207603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective behaviour is a fascinating and easily observable phenomenon, attractive to a wide range of researchers. In biology, computational models have been extensively used to investigate various properties of collective behaviour, such as: transfer of information across the group, benefits of grouping (defence against predation, foraging), group decision-making process, and group behaviour types. The question ‘why,’ however remains largely unanswered. Here the interest goes into which pressures led to the evolution of such behaviour, and evolutionary computational models have already been used to test various biological hypotheses. Most of these models use genetic algorithms to tune the parameters of previously presented non-evolutionary models, but very few attempt to evolve collective behaviour from scratch. Of these last, the successful attempts display clumping or swarming behaviour. Empirical evidence suggests that in fish schools there exist three classes of behaviour; swarming, milling and polarized. In this paper we present a novel, artificial life-like evolutionary model, where individual agents are governed by linguistic fuzzy rule-based systems, which is capable of evolving all three classes of behaviour.
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27
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Yoshioka H. Mathematical analysis and validation of an exactly solvable model for upstream migration of fish schools in one-dimensional rivers. Math Biosci 2016; 281:139-148. [PMID: 27693303 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Upstream migration of fish schools in 1-D rivers as an optimal control problem is formulated where their swimming velocity and the horizontal oblateness are taken as control variables. The objective function to be maximized through a migration process consists of the biological and ecological profit to be gained at the upstream-end of a river, energetic cost of swimming against the flow, and conceptual cost of forming a school. Under simplified conditions where the flow is uniform in both space and time and the profit to be gained at the goal of migration is sufficiently large, the optimal control variables are determined from a system of algebraic equations that can be solved in a cascading manner. Mathematical analysis of the system reveals that the optimal controls are uniquely found and the model is exactly solvable under certain conditions on the functions and parameters, which turn out to be realistic and actually satisfied in experimental fish migration. Identification results of the functional shapes of the functions and the parameters with experimentally observed data of swimming schools of Plecoglossus altivelis (Ayu) validate the present mathematical model from both qualitative and quantitative viewpoints. The present model thus turns out to be consistent with the reality, showing its potential applicability to assessing fish migration in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Yoshioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu-cho 1060, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
Moving animal groups display remarkable feats of coordination. This coordination is largely achieved when individuals adjust their movement in response to their neighbours' movements and positions. Recent advancements in automated tracking technologies, including computer vision and GPS, now allow researchers to gather large amounts of data on the movements and positions of individuals in groups. Furthermore, analytical techniques from fields such as statistical physics now allow us to identify the precise interaction rules used by animals on the move. These interaction rules differ not only between species, but also between individuals in the same group. These differences have wide-ranging implications, affecting how groups make collective decisions and driving the evolution of collective motion. Here, I describe how trajectory data can be used to infer how animals interact in moving groups. I give examples of the similarities and differences in the spatial and directional organisations of animal groups between species, and discuss the rules that animals use to achieve this organisation. I then explore how groups of the same species can exhibit different structures, and ask whether this results from individuals adapting their interaction rules. I then examine how the interaction rules between individuals in the same groups can also differ, and discuss how this can affect ecological and evolutionary processes. Finally, I suggest areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Herbert-Read
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, S-75106 Uppsala, Sweden
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29
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Paoluzzi M, Di Leonardo R, Marchetti MC, Angelani L. Shape and Displacement Fluctuations in Soft Vesicles Filled by Active Particles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34146. [PMID: 27678166 PMCID: PMC5039690 DOI: 10.1038/srep34146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate numerically the dynamics of shape and displacement fluctuations of two-dimensional flexible vesicles filled with active particles. At low concentration most of the active particles accumulate at the boundary of the vesicle where positive particle number fluctuations are amplified by trapping, leading to the formation of pinched spots of high density, curvature and pressure. At high concentration the active particles cover the vesicle boundary almost uniformly, resulting in fairly homogeneous pressure and curvature, and nearly circular vesicle shape. The change between polarized and spherical shapes is driven by the number of active particles. The center-of-mass of the vesicle performs a persistent random walk with a long time diffusivity that is strongly enhanced for elongated active particles due to orientational correlations in their direction of propulsive motion. In our model shape-shifting induces directional sensing and the cell spontaneously migrate along the polarization direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Paoluzzi
- Department of Physics and Syracuse Soft Matter Program, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY 13244, USA
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università Sapienza, P.le A Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Leonardo
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università Sapienza, P.le A Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- NANOTEC-CNR, Institute of Nanotechnology, Soft and Living Matter Laboratory, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - M. Cristina Marchetti
- Department of Physics and Syracuse Soft Matter Program, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY 13244, USA
| | - Luca Angelani
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università Sapienza, P.le A Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- ISC-CNR, Institute for Complex Systems, Piazzale A. Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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30
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Reuter H, Kruse M, Rovellini A, Breckling B. Evolutionary trends in fish schools in heterogeneous environments. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Phase diagram of a multiple forces model for animal group formation: marches versus circles determined by the relative strength of alignment and cohesion. POPUL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-016-0544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Coordination of Multiple Biomimetic Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Using Strategies Based on the Schooling Behaviour of Fish. ROBOTICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/robotics5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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33
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Abstract
Over the past decade, technological advances in experimental and animal tracking techniques have motivated a renewed theoretical interest in animal collective motion and, in particular, locust swarming. This review offers a comprehensive biological background followed by comparative analysis of recent models of locust collective motion, in particular locust marching, their settings, and underlying assumptions. We describe a wide range of recent modeling and simulation approaches, from discrete agent-based models of self-propelled particles to continuous models of integro-differential equations, aimed at describing and analyzing the fascinating phenomenon of locust collective motion. These modeling efforts have a dual role: The first views locusts as a quintessential example of animal collective motion. As such, they aim at abstraction and coarse-graining, often utilizing the tools of statistical physics. The second, which originates from a more biological perspective, views locust swarming as a scientific problem of its own exceptional merit. The main goal should, thus, be the analysis and prediction of natural swarm dynamics. We discuss the properties of swarm dynamics using the tools of statistical physics, as well as the implications for laboratory experiments and natural swarms. Finally, we stress the importance of a combined-interdisciplinary, biological-theoretical effort in successfully confronting the challenges that locusts pose at both the theoretical and practical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Ariel
- Department of Mathematics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail: (GA); (AA)
| | - Amir Ayali
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (GA); (AA)
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34
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Calovi DS, Lopez U, Schuhmacher P, Chaté H, Sire C, Theraulaz G. Collective response to perturbations in a data-driven fish school model. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20141362. [PMID: 25631571 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish schools are able to display a rich variety of collective states and behavioural responses when they are confronted by threats. However, a school's response to perturbations may be different depending on the nature of its collective state. Here we use a previously developed data-driven fish school model to investigate how the school responds to perturbations depending on its different collective states, we measure its susceptibility to such perturbations, and exploit its relation with the intrinsic fluctuations in the school. In particular, we study how a single or a small number of perturbing individuals whose attraction and alignment parameters are different from those of the main population affect the long-term behaviour of a school. We find that the responsiveness of the school to the perturbations is maximum near the transition region between milling and schooling states where the school exhibits multistability and regularly shifts between these two states. It is also in this region that the susceptibility, and hence the fluctuations, of the polarization order parameter is maximal. We also find that a significant school's response to a perturbation only happens below a certain threshold of the noise to social interactions ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Calovi
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR-CNRS 5169, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Ugo Lopez
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR-CNRS 5169, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France LAPLACE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie), Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Paul Schuhmacher
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR-CNRS 5169, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Hugues Chaté
- Service de Physique de l'État Condensé, CNRS URA 2464, CEA - Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Clément Sire
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex 4 31062, France CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Guy Theraulaz
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, UMR-CNRS 5169, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Toulouse 31062, France
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35
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Hemelrijk CK, Hildenbrandt H. Diffusion and topological neighbours in flocks of starlings: relating a model to empirical data. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126913. [PMID: 25993474 PMCID: PMC4436282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Moving in a group while avoiding collisions with group members causes internal dynamics in the group. Although these dynamics have recently been measured quantitatively in starling flocks (Sturnus vulgaris), it is unknown what causes them. Computational models have shown that collective motion in groups is likely due to attraction, avoidance and, possibly, alignment among group members. Empirical studies show that starlings adjust their movement to a fixed number of closest neighbours or topological range, namely 6 or 7 and assume that each of the three activities is done with the same number of neighbours (topological range). Here, we start from the hypothesis that escape behavior is more effective at preventing collisions in a flock when avoiding the single closest neighbor than compromising by avoiding 6 or 7 of them. For alignment and attraction, we keep to the empirical topological range. We investigate how avoiding one or several neighbours affects the internal dynamics of flocks of starlings in our computational model StarDisplay. By comparing to empirical data, we confirm that internal dynamics resemble empirical data more closely if flock members avoid merely their single, closest neighbor. Our model shows that considering a different number of interaction partners per activity represents a useful perspective and that changing a single parameter, namely the number of interaction partners that are avoided, has several effects through selforganisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K. Hemelrijk
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-organisation, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Hildenbrandt
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-organisation, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Hemelrijk CK, van Zuidam L, Hildenbrandt H. What underlies waves of agitation in starling flocks. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015; 69:755-764. [PMID: 26380537 PMCID: PMC4564680 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fast transfer of information in groups can have survival value. An example is the so-called wave of agitation observed in groups of animals of several taxa under attack. It has been shown to reduce predator success. It usually involves the repetition of a manoeuvre throughout the group, transmitting the information of the attack quickly, faster than the group moves itself. The specific manoeuvre underlying a wave is typically known, but not so in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Although waves of agitation in starling flocks have been suggested to reflect density waves, exact escape manoeuvres cannot be distinguished because flocks are spatially too far away. Therefore, waves may also reflect orientation waves (due to escape by rolling). In the present study, we investigate this issue in a computational model, StarDisplay. We use this model because its flocks have been shown to resemble starling flocks in many traits. In the model, we show that agitation waves result from changes in orientation rather than in density. They resemble empirical data both qualitatively in visual appearance and quantitatively in wave speed. In the model, local interactions with only two to seven closest neighbours suffice to generate empirical wave speed. Wave speed increases with the number of neighbours mimicked or repeated from and the distance to them. It decreases with reaction time and with time to identify the escape manoeuvre of others and is not affected by flock size. Our findings can be used as predictions for empirical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K Hemelrijk
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-organisation, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars van Zuidam
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-organisation, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanno Hildenbrandt
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-organisation, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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The evolution of different forms of sociality: behavioral mechanisms and eco-evolutionary feedback. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117027. [PMID: 25629313 PMCID: PMC4309640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Different forms of sociality have evolved via unique evolutionary trajectories. However, it remains unknown to what extent trajectories of social evolution depend on the specific characteristics of different species. Our approach to studying such trajectories is to use evolutionary case-studies, so that we can investigate how grouping co-evolves with a multitude of individual characteristics. Here we focus on anti-predator vigilance and foraging. We use an individual-based model, where behavioral mechanisms are specified, and costs and benefits are not predefined. We show that evolutionary changes in grouping alter selection pressures on vigilance, and vice versa. This eco-evolutionary feedback generates an evolutionary progression from "leader-follower" societies to "fission-fusion" societies, where cooperative vigilance in groups is maintained via a balance between within- and between-group selection. Group-level selection is generated from an assortment that arises spontaneously when vigilant and non-vigilant foragers have different grouping tendencies. The evolutionary maintenance of small groups, and cooperative vigilance in those groups, is therefore achieved simultaneously. The evolutionary phases, and the transitions between them, depend strongly on behavioral mechanisms. Thus, integrating behavioral mechanisms and eco-evolutionary feedback is critical for understanding what kinds of intermediate stages are involved during the evolution of particular forms of sociality.
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Hasenjager MJ, Dugatkin LA. Social Network Analysis in Behavioral Ecology. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bradbury JW, Vehrencamp S. Complex behavior can also emerge from simple linear interactions. A reply to Ramos-Fernandez and Boyer (2014). Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Niizato T, Murakami H, Gunji YP. Emergence of the scale-invariant proportion in a flock from the metric-topological interaction. Biosystems 2014; 119:62-8. [PMID: 24686118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Niizato
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, Tsukuba University, Japan.
| | | | - Yukio-Pegio Gunji
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Japan; Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Japan
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Lukeman R. Ordering dynamics in collectively swimming Surf Scoters. J Theor Biol 2014; 355:151-9. [PMID: 24675619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One striking feature of collective motion in animal groups is a high degree of alignment among individuals, generating polarized motion. When order is lost, the dynamic process of reorganization, directly resulting from the individual interaction rules, provides significant information about both the nature of the rules, and how these rules affect the functioning of the collective. By analyzing trajectories of collectively swimming Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) during transitions between order and disorder, I find that individual speed and polarization are positively correlated in time, such that individuals move more slowly in groups exhibiting lower alignment. A previously validated zone-based model framework is used to specify interactions that permit repolarization while maintaining group cohesion and avoiding collisions. Polarization efficiency is optimized under the constraints of cohesion and collision-avoidance for alignment-dominated propulsion (versus autonomous propulsion), and for repulsion an order of magnitude larger than attraction and alignment. The relative strengths of interactions that optimize polarization also quantitatively recover the speed-polarization dependence observed in the data. Parameters determined here through optimizing polarization efficiency are essentially the same as those determined previously from a different approach: a best-fit model for polarized Surf Scoter movement data. The rules governing these flocks are therefore robust, accounting for behavior across a range of order and structure, and also highly responsive to perturbation. Flexibility and efficient repolarization offers an adaptive explanation for why specific interactions in such animal groups are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Lukeman
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada.
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Krueger K, Flauger B, Farmer K, Hemelrijk C. Movement initiation in groups of feral horses. Behav Processes 2014; 103:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Shang Y, Bouffanais R. Influence of the number of topologically interacting neighbors on swarm dynamics. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4184. [PMID: 24567077 PMCID: PMC3933906 DOI: 10.1038/srep04184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent empirical and theoretical works on collective behaviors based on a topological interaction are beginning to offer some explanations as for the physical reasons behind the selection of a particular number of nearest neighbors locally affecting each individual's dynamics. Recently, flocking starlings have been shown to topologically interact with a very specific number of neighbors, between six to eight, while metric-free interactions were found to govern human crowd dynamics. Here, we use network- and graph-theoretic approaches combined with a dynamical model of locally interacting self-propelled particles to study how the consensus reaching process and its dynamics are influenced by the number k of topological neighbors. Specifically, we prove exactly that, in the absence of noise, consensus is always attained with a speed to consensus strictly increasing with k. The analysis of both speed and time to consensus reveals that, irrespective of the swarm size, a value of k ~ 10 speeds up the rate of convergence to consensus to levels close to the one of the optimal all-to-all interaction signaling. Furthermore, this effect is found to be more pronounced in the presence of environmental noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Shang
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Drive, Singapore 138682
| | - Roland Bouffanais
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Drive, Singapore 138682
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van der Post DJ, de Weerd H, Verbrugge R, Hemelrijk CK. A novel mechanism for a survival advantage of vigilant individuals in groups. Am Nat 2013; 182:682-8. [PMID: 24107375 DOI: 10.1086/673298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In many animal species, vigilance is crucial for avoiding predation. In groups, however, nonvigilant individuals could benefit from the vigilance of others without any of the associated costs. In an evolutionary sense, such exploitation may be compensated if vigilant individuals have a survival advantage. The novelty in our model is that the probability to detect a predator is "distance dependent." We show that even if nonvigilant individuals benefit fully from information produced by vigilant individuals, vigilant individuals nevertheless enjoy a survival advantage. This happens because detection of predators is more likely when vigilant individuals happen to be targets of predation. We expect this distance-dependent mechanism to be compatible with previously reported mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J van der Post
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 407, 9700 AK Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sempo G, Dagorn L, Robert M, Deneubourg J. Impact of increasing deployment of artificial floating objects on the spatial distribution of social fish species. J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Sempo
- Unit of Social Ecology Université libre de Bruxelles CP231 av. F. Roosevelt 50 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Laurent Dagorn
- UMR 212, Ecosystèmes Marins Exploités Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale (CRH) IRD Sète France
| | - Marianne Robert
- UMR 212, Ecosystèmes Marins Exploités Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale (CRH) IRD Sète France
- Laboratoire de Technologie et Biologie Halieutiques Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (Ifremer) Lorient France
| | - Jean‐Louis Deneubourg
- Laboratoire de Technologie et Biologie Halieutiques Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (Ifremer) Lorient France
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Hemelrijk CK, Hildenbrandt H. Schools of fish and flocks of birds: their shape and internal structure by self-organization. Interface Focus 2012; 2:726-37. [PMID: 24312726 PMCID: PMC3499122 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2012.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of self-organization have proved useful in revealing what processes may underlie characteristics of swarms. In this study, we review model-based explanations for aspects of the shape and internal structure of groups of fish and of birds travelling undisturbed (without predator threat). Our models attribute specific collective traits to locomotory properties. Fish slow down to avoid collisions and swim at a constant depth, whereas birds fly at low variability of speed and lose altitude during turning. In both the models of fish and birds, the 'bearing angle' to the nearest neighbour emerges as a side-effect of the 'blind angle' behind individuals and when group size becomes larger, temporary subgroups may increase the complexity of group shape and internal structure. We discuss evidence for model-based predictions and provide a list of new predictions to be tested empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K. Hemelrijk
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-Organisation, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Centre for Life Sciences, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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