1
|
Ravindhiran R, Sivarajan K, Sekar JN, Murugesan R, Dhandapani K. Listeria monocytogenes an Emerging Pathogen: a Comprehensive Overview on Listeriosis, Virulence Determinants, Detection, and Anti-Listerial Interventions. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2231-2251. [PMID: 37479828 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, the third most deleterious zoonotic pathogen, is a major causative agent of animal and human listeriosis, an infection related to the consumption of contaminated food products. Even though, this pathogen has been responsible for the outbreaks of foodborne infections in the early 1980s, the major outbreaks have been reported during the past two decades. Listeriosis infection in the host is a rare but life-threatening disease with major public health and economic implications. Extensive reports on listeriosis outbreaks are associated with milk and milk products, meat and meat products, and fresh produce. This bacterium can adapt to any environmental and stress conditions, making it a prime causative agent for major foodborne diseases. The pathogen could survive an antibiotic treatment and persist in the host cell, thereby escaping the standard diagnostic practices. The current review strives to provide concise information on the epidemiology, serotypes, and pathogenesis of the L. monocytogenes to decipher the knowledge on the endurance of the pathogen inside the host and food products as a vehicle for Listeria contaminations. In addition, various detection methods for Listeria species from food samples and frontline regimens of L. monocytogenes treatment have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ravindhiran
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641043, India
| | - Karthiga Sivarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641043, India
| | - Jothi Nayaki Sekar
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641043, India
| | - Rajeswari Murugesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641043, India
| | - Kavitha Dhandapani
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641043, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu T, Zhai Y, Jeong KC. Advancing understanding of microbial biofilms through machine learning-powered studies. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1653-1664. [PMID: 37780593 PMCID: PMC10533454 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are prevalent in various environments and pose significant challenges to food safety and public health. The biofilms formed by pathogens can cause food spoilage, foodborne illness, and infectious diseases, which are difficult to treat due to their enhanced antimicrobial resistance. While the composition and development of biofilms have been widely studied, their profound impact on food, the food industry, and public health has not been sufficiently recapitulated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of microbial biofilms in the food industry and their implication on public health. It highlights the existence of biofilms along the food-producing chains and the underlying mechanisms of biofilm-associated diseases. Furthermore, this review thoroughly summarizes the enhanced understanding of microbial biofilms achieved through machine learning approaches in biofilm research. By consolidating existing knowledge, this review intends to facilitate developing effective strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections in both the food industry and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Yuting Zhai
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Kwangcheol Casey Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sadat A, Farag AMM, Elhanafi D, Awad A, Elmahallawy EK, Alsowayeh N, El-khadragy MF, Elshopakey GE. Immunological and Oxidative Biomarkers in Bovine Serum from Healthy, Clinical, and Sub-Clinical Mastitis Caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050892. [PMID: 36899749 PMCID: PMC10000043 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the mastitis' emerging causative agents and their antimicrobial sensitivity, in addition to the hematological, biochemical indicators, oxidative biomarkers, acute phase protein (APP), and inflammatory cytokine changes in dairy farms in Gamasa, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. One hundred Holstein Friesian dairy cattle with clinical and subclinical mastitis were investigated and were allocated into three groups based on a thorough clinical examination. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were found responsible for the clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy farms, respectively. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 100%, and 94.74% of E. coli and S. aureus isolates, respectively. Significantly low RBCs count, Hb, and PCV values were detected in mastitic cows compared with both subclinical mastitic and control groups; moreover, WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophil counts were significantly diminished in mastitic cows compared to the controls. Significantly higher levels of AST, LDH, total protein, and globulin were noticed in both mastitic and subclinical mastitic cows. The haptoglobin, fibrinogen, amyloid A, ceruloplasmin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were statistically increased in mastitic cows compared to the controls. Higher MDA levels and reduction of TAC and catalase were identified in all the mastitic cases compared to the controls. Overall, the findings suggested potential public health hazards due to antimicrobial resistance emergence. Meanwhile, the APP and cytokines, along with antioxidant markers can be used as early indicators of mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Sadat
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (G.E.E.); Tel.: +20-1099633122 (A.S.); +20-1023923945 (G.E.E.); Fax: +20-502379952 (A.S.); +20-502379952 (G.E.E.)
| | - Alshimaa M. M. Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Driss Elhanafi
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Noorah Alsowayeh
- Department of Biology, College of Education (Majmaah), Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal F. El-khadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehad E. Elshopakey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (G.E.E.); Tel.: +20-1099633122 (A.S.); +20-1023923945 (G.E.E.); Fax: +20-502379952 (A.S.); +20-502379952 (G.E.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schoder D, Pelz A, Paulsen P. Transmission Scenarios of Listeria monocytogenes on Small Ruminant On-Farm Dairies. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020265. [PMID: 36673359 PMCID: PMC9858201 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes can cause severe foodborne infections in humans and invasive diseases in different animal species, especially in small ruminants. Infection of sheep and goats can occur via contaminated feed or through the teat canal. Both infection pathways result in direct (e.g., raw milk from an infected udder or fresh cheese produced from such milk) or indirect exposure of consumers. The majority of dairy farmers produces a high-risk product, namely fresh cheese made from raw ewe's and goat's milk. This, and the fact that L. monocytogenes has an extraordinary viability, poses a significant challenge to on-farm dairies. Yet, surprisingly, almost no scientific studies have been conducted dealing with the hygiene and food safety aspects of directly marketed dairy products. L. monocytogenes prevalence studies on small ruminant on-farm dairies are especially limited. Therefore, it was our aim to focus on three main transmission scenarios of this important major foodborne pathogen: (i) the impact of caprine and ovine listerial mastitis; (ii) the significance of clinical listeriosis and outbreak scenarios; and (iii) the impact of farm management and feeding practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Schoder
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Food Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Vétérinaires sans Frontières Austria, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-25077-3520
| | - Alexandra Pelz
- Vétérinaires sans Frontières Austria, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Palacios-Gorba C, Moura A, Gomis J, Leclercq A, Gómez-Martín Á, Bracq-Dieye H, Mocé ML, Tessaud-Rita N, Jiménez-Trigos E, Vales G, García-Muñoz Á, Thouvenot P, García-Roselló E, Lecuit M, Quereda JJ. Ruminant-associated Listeria monocytogenes isolates belong preferentially to dairy-associated hypervirulent clones: a longitudinal study in 19 farms. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:7617-7631. [PMID: 34863016 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that ruminants constitute reservoirs of Listeria monocytogenes, but little is known about the epidemiology and genetic diversity of this pathogen within farms. Here we conducted a large-scale longitudinal study to monitor Listeria spp. in 19 dairy farms during three consecutive seasons (N = 3251 samples). L. innocua was the most prevalent species, followed by L. monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 52.6% of farms and more frequently in cattle (4.1%) and sheep (4.5%) than in goat farms (0.2%). Lineage I accounted for 69% of L. monocytogenes isolates. Among animal samples, the most prevalent sublineages (SL) and clonal complexes (CC) were SL1/CC1, SL219/CC4, SL26/CC26 and SL87/CC87, whereas SL666/CC666 was most prevalent in environmental samples. Sixty-one different L. monocytogenes cgMLST types were found, 28% common to different animals and/or surfaces within the same farm and 21% previously reported elsewhere in the context of food and human surveillance. Listeria monocytogenes prevalence was not affected by farm hygiene but by season: higher prevalence was observed during winter in cattle, and during winter and spring in sheep farms. Cows in their second lactation had a higher probability of L. monocytogenes faecal shedding. This study highlights dairy farms as a reservoir for hypervirulent L. monocytogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Palacios-Gorba
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandra Moura
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Jesús Gomis
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandre Leclercq
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hélène Bracq-Dieye
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - María L Mocé
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nathalie Tessaud-Rita
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Estrella Jiménez-Trigos
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillaume Vales
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Ángel García-Muñoz
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pierre Thouvenot
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Empar García-Roselló
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France.,Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Institut Imagine, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Juan J Quereda
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bagatella S, Tavares-Gomes L, Oevermann A. Listeria monocytogenes at the interface between ruminants and humans: A comparative pathology and pathogenesis review. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:186-210. [PMID: 34856818 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211052659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is widely distributed in the environment as a saprophyte, but may turn into a lethal intracellular pathogen upon ingestion. Invasive infections occur in numerous species worldwide, but most commonly in humans and farmed ruminants, and manifest as distinct forms. Of those, neuroinfection is remarkably threatening due to its high mortality. Lm is widely studied not only as a pathogen but also as an essential model for intracellular infections and host-pathogen interactions. Many aspects of its ecology and pathogenesis, however, remain unclear and are rarely addressed in its natural hosts. This review highlights the heterogeneity and adaptability of Lm by summarizing its association with the environment, farm animals, and disease. It also provides current knowledge on key features of the pathology and (molecular) pathogenesis of various listeriosis forms in naturally susceptible species with a special focus on ruminants and on the neuroinvasive form of the disease. Moreover, knowledge gaps on pathomechanisms of listerial infections and relevant unexplored topics in Lm pathogenesis research are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bagatella
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leticia Tavares-Gomes
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Quereda JJ, Morón-García A, Palacios-Gorba C, Dessaux C, García-del Portillo F, Pucciarelli MG, Ortega AD. Pathogenicity and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes: A trip from environmental to medical microbiology. Virulence 2021; 12:2509-2545. [PMID: 34612177 PMCID: PMC8496543 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1975526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a saprophytic gram-positive bacterium, and an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that can produce listeriosis in humans and animals. It has evolved an exceptional ability to adapt to stress conditions encountered in different environments, resulting in a ubiquitous distribution. Because some food preservation methods and disinfection protocols in food-processing environments cannot efficiently prevent contaminations, L. monocytogenes constitutes a threat to human health and a challenge to food safety. In the host, Listeria colonizes the gastrointestinal tract, crosses the intestinal barrier, and disseminates through the blood to target organs. In immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, and pregnant women, the pathogen can cross the blood-brain and placental barriers, leading to neurolisteriosis and materno-fetal listeriosis. Molecular and cell biology studies of infection have proven L. monocytogenes to be a versatile pathogen that deploys unique strategies to invade different cell types, survive and move inside the eukaryotic host cell, and spread from cell to cell. Here, we present the multifaceted Listeria life cycle from a comprehensive perspective. We discuss genetic features of pathogenic Listeria species, analyze factors involved in food contamination, and review bacterial strategies to tolerate stresses encountered both during food processing and along the host's gastrointestinal tract. Then we dissect host-pathogen interactions underlying listerial pathogenesis in mammals from a cell biology and systemic point of view. Finally, we summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features of listeriosis in humans and animals. This work aims to gather information from different fields crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Quereda
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. Valencia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Morón-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Palacios-Gorba
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities. Valencia, Spain
| | - Charlotte Dessaux
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco García-del Portillo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Graciela Pucciarelli
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’. Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro D. Ortega
- Departamento de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)- Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Palacios-Gorba C, Moura A, Gomis J, Leclercq A, Gómez-Martín Á, Bracq-Dieye H, Mocé ML, Tessaud-Rita N, Jiménez-Trigos E, Vales G, García-Muñoz Á, Thouvenot P, García-Roselló E, Lecuit M, Quereda JJ. Ruminant-associated Listeria monocytogenes isolates belong preferentially to dairy-associated hypervirulent clones: a longitudinal study in 19 farms. Environ Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34863016 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.29.454412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that ruminants constitute reservoirs of Listeria monocytogenes, but little is known about the epidemiology and genetic diversity of this pathogen within farms. Here we conducted a large-scale longitudinal study to monitor Listeria spp. in 19 dairy farms during three consecutive seasons (N = 3251 samples). L. innocua was the most prevalent species, followed by L. monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 52.6% of farms and more frequently in cattle (4.1%) and sheep (4.5%) than in goat farms (0.2%). Lineage I accounted for 69% of L. monocytogenes isolates. Among animal samples, the most prevalent sublineages (SL) and clonal complexes (CC) were SL1/CC1, SL219/CC4, SL26/CC26 and SL87/CC87, whereas SL666/CC666 was most prevalent in environmental samples. Sixty-one different L. monocytogenes cgMLST types were found, 28% common to different animals and/or surfaces within the same farm and 21% previously reported elsewhere in the context of food and human surveillance. Listeria monocytogenes prevalence was not affected by farm hygiene but by season: higher prevalence was observed during winter in cattle, and during winter and spring in sheep farms. Cows in their second lactation had a higher probability of L. monocytogenes faecal shedding. This study highlights dairy farms as a reservoir for hypervirulent L. monocytogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Palacios-Gorba
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandra Moura
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Jesús Gomis
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandre Leclercq
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hélène Bracq-Dieye
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - María L Mocé
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nathalie Tessaud-Rita
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Estrella Jiménez-Trigos
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillaume Vales
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Ángel García-Muñoz
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pierre Thouvenot
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Empar García-Roselló
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
- Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Institut Imagine, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Juan J Quereda
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
El Hag MM, El Zubeir I, Mustafa NE. Prevalence of Listeria species in dairy farms in Khartoum State (Sudan). Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
10
|
Rodriguez C, Taminiau B, García-Fuentes E, Daube G, Korsak N. Listeria monocytogenes dissemination in farming and primary production: Sources, shedding and control measures. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
El-Hajjaji S, Gérard A, Sindic M. Is Butter A Product at Risk Regarding Listeria Monocytogenes? - A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1831528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soundous El-Hajjaji
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agro-food Products, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Amaury Gérard
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agro-food Products, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marianne Sindic
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agro-food Products, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maury MM, Bracq-Dieye H, Huang L, Vales G, Lavina M, Thouvenot P, Disson O, Leclercq A, Brisse S, Lecuit M. Hypervirulent Listeria monocytogenes clones' adaption to mammalian gut accounts for their association with dairy products. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2488. [PMID: 31171794 PMCID: PMC6554400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a major human and animal foodborne pathogen. Here we show that hypervirulent Lm clones, particularly CC1, are strongly associated with dairy products, whereas hypovirulent clones, CC9 and CC121, are associated with meat products. Clone adaptation to distinct ecological niches and/or different food products contamination routes may account for this uneven distribution. Indeed, hypervirulent clones colonize better the intestinal lumen and invade more intestinal tissues than hypovirulent ones, reflecting their adaption to host environment. Conversely, hypovirulent clones are adapted to food processing environments, with a higher prevalence of stress resistance and benzalkonium chloride tolerance genes and a higher survival and biofilm formation capacity in presence of sub-lethal benzalkonium chloride concentrations. Lm virulence heterogeneity therefore reflects the diversity of the ecological niches in which it evolves. These results also have important public health implications and may help in reducing food contamination and improving food consumption recommendations to at-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mylène M Maury
- Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,Microbial Evolutionary Genomics Unit, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Bracq-Dieye
- Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Lei Huang
- Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Université de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Vales
- Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Lavina
- Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Thouvenot
- Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Disson
- Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Leclercq
- Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Brisse
- Microbial Evolutionary Genomics Unit, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Paris Descartes University, Institut Imagine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, 75006, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ricchi M, Scaltriti E, Cammi G, Garbarino C, Arrigoni N, Morganti M, Pongolini S. Short communication: Persistent contamination by Listeria monocytogenes of bovine raw milk investigated by whole-genome sequencing. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6032-6036. [PMID: 31103293 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following the persistent detection of Listeria monocytogenes in raw bovine milk sold through a vending machine, the 120 lactating cows of the herd producing the milk were subjected to bacteriological investigation. A single cow with subclinical mastitis (1.2-1.3 × 105 somatic cells/mL) and persistent L. monocytogenes excretion was detected. The cow was subjected to antimicrobial therapy, but L. monocytogenes excretion remained high (>3.0 × 102 cfu/mL). Following culling of the infected cow, L. monocytogenes disappeared from the tank milk, and further isolates were recovered from the mammary parenchyma and lymph nodes of the infected cow. To investigate the clonal nature of the contamination, all isolates recovered in the study (n = 13) were analyzed by serogroup PCR, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and whole-genome sequencing. Our results demonstrated the clonal nature of the contamination. All isolates belonged to lineage II, serogroup IIa, sequence type 37, clonal complex 37 and harbored some virulence determinants. This case showed that, although relatively rare, prolonged milk contamination by L. monocytogenes can originate from subclinical and persistently infected cows, posing a health risk to consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ricchi
- Diagnostic Section of Piacenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Strada Faggiola 1, 29027-Gariga di Podenzano, (PC), Italy.
| | - E Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via dei Mercati 13/A, 43126-Parma, Italy
| | - G Cammi
- Diagnostic Section of Piacenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Strada Faggiola 1, 29027-Gariga di Podenzano, (PC), Italy
| | - C Garbarino
- Diagnostic Section of Piacenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Strada Faggiola 1, 29027-Gariga di Podenzano, (PC), Italy
| | - N Arrigoni
- Diagnostic Section of Piacenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Strada Faggiola 1, 29027-Gariga di Podenzano, (PC), Italy
| | - M Morganti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via dei Mercati 13/A, 43126-Parma, Italy
| | - S Pongolini
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via dei Mercati 13/A, 43126-Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pang M, Xie X, Bao H, Sun L, He T, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Zhang H, Wei R, Xie K, Wang R. Insights Into the Bovine Milk Microbiota in Dairy Farms With Different Incidence Rates of Subclinical Mastitis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2379. [PMID: 30459717 PMCID: PMC6232673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis continues to be a complex disease associated with significant economic loss in dairy industries worldwide. The incidence rate of subclinical mastitis (IRSCM) can show substantial variation among different farms; however, the milk microbiota, which have a direct influence on bovine mammary gland health, have never been associated with the IRSCM. Here, we aimed to use high-throughput DNA sequencing to describe the milk microbiota from two dairy farms with different IRSCMs and to identify the predominant mastitis pathogens along with commensal or potential beneficial bacteria. Our study showed that Klebsiella, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus were the mastitis-causing pathogens in farm A (with a lower IRSCM), while Streptococcus and Corynebacterium were the mastitis-causing pathogens in farm B (with a higher IRSCM). The relative abundance of all pathogens in farm B (22.12%) was higher than that in farm A (9.82%). However, the genus Bacillus was more prevalent in farm A. These results may be helpful for explaining the lower IRSCM in farm A. Additionally, the gut-associated genera Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, Rikenella, and Alistipes were prevalent in all milk samples, suggesting gut bacteria can be one of the predominant microbial contamination in milk. Moreover, Listeria monocytogenes (a foodborne pathogen) was found to be prevalent in farm A, even though it had a lower IRSCM. Overall, our study showed complex diversity between the milk microbiota in dairy farms with different IRSCMs. This suggests that variation in IRSCMs may not only be determined by the heterogeneity and prevalence of mastitis-causing pathogens but also be associated with potential beneficial bacteria. In the future, milk microbiota should be considered in bovine mammary gland health management. This would be helpful for both the establishment of a targeted mastitis control system and the control of the safety and quality of dairy products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maoda Pang
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongduo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lichang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao He
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruicheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Willis C, Jørgensen F, Aird H, Elviss N, Fox A, Jenkins C, Fenelon D, Sadler-Reeves L, McLauchlin J. An assessment of the microbiological quality and safety of raw drinking milk on retail sale in England. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:535-546. [PMID: 29215775 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to review the microbiological results for raw drinking milk (RDM) samples submitted to Public Health England laboratories between 2014 and 2016 in order to produce up-to-date data on the microbiological safety of RDM and inform future risk assessments on its sale. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 902 samples of RDM were collected from retail sale in England for microbiological examination. Overall, 454 of 770 samples (59·0%) taken for routine monitoring were of a satisfactory quality, whilst eight (1·0%) were 'unsatisfactory and potentially injurious to health' due to the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter or elevated levels of Listeria monocytogenes or coagulase-positive staphylococci. In contrast, 16 of 114 (14·0%) of samples taken in follow-up to a previous unsatisfactory result and 5 of 18 (27·8%) of samples related to illness were potentially injurious. A total of 229 of 902 samples (25·4%) gave unsatisfactory results due to elevated aerobic colony counts and/or coliforms, whilst 139 of 902 samples (15·4%) were of borderline quality due to coagulase-positive staphylococci. Listeria monocytogenes was detected at levels of <100 CFU per ml in 66 of 902 samples (7·3%) and other Listeria species in 44 of 902 samples (4·9%). CONCLUSIONS Pathogens and/or indicators of poor hygiene were present in almost half of samples examined. Cows' milk samples gave a significantly greater proportion of unsatisfactory results compared to milk from other species (i.e. goat, sheep, buffalo, camel). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results demonstrate the importance of maintaining strict controls on the production and sale of this product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Willis
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory Porton, Salisbury, UK
| | - F Jørgensen
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory Porton, Salisbury, UK
| | - H Aird
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory York, York, UK
| | - N Elviss
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory London, Colindale, London, UK
| | - A Fox
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory York, York, UK
| | - C Jenkins
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - D Fenelon
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory London, Colindale, London, UK
| | - L Sadler-Reeves
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory Porton, Salisbury, UK
| | - J McLauchlin
- Public Health England Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Services, Colindale, London, UK.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Condoleo R, Mezher Z, Marozzi S, Guzzon A, Fischetti R, Senese M, Sette S, Bucchini L. Risk Assessment of Human Listeriosis from Semisoft Cheeses Made from Raw Sheep's Milk in Lazio and Tuscany (Italy). RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:661-676. [PMID: 27285819 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Semisoft cheese made from raw sheep's milk is traditionally and economically important in southern Europe. However, raw milk cheese is also a known vehicle of human listeriosis and contamination of sheep cheese with Listeria monocytogenes has been reported. In the present study, we have developed and applied a quantitative risk assessment model, based on available evidence and challenge testing, to estimate risk of invasive listeriosis due to consumption of an artisanal sheep cheese made with raw milk collected from a single flock in central Italy. In the model, contamination of milk may originate from the farm environment or from mastitic animals, with potential growth of the pathogen in bulk milk and during cheese ripening. Based on the 48-day challenge test of a local semisoft raw sheep's milk cheese we found limited growth only during the initial phase of ripening (24 hours) and no growth or limited decline during the following ripening period. In our simulation, in the baseline scenario, 2.2% of cheese servings are estimated to have at least 1 colony forming unit (CFU) per gram. Of these, 15.1% would be above the current E.U. limit of 100 CFU/g (5.2% would exceed 1,000 CFU/g). Risk of invasive listeriosis per random serving is estimated in the 10-12 range (mean) for healthy adults, and in the 10-10 range (mean) for vulnerable populations. When small flocks (10-36 animals) are combined with the presence of a sheep with undetected subclinical mastitis, risk of listeriosis increases and such flocks may represent a public health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Condoleo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Ziad Mezher
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Selene Marozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Fischetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Senese
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Sette
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dreyer M, Aguilar-Bultet L, Rupp S, Guldimann C, Stephan R, Schock A, Otter A, Schüpbach G, Brisse S, Lecuit M, Frey J, Oevermann A. Listeria monocytogenes sequence type 1 is predominant in ruminant rhombencephalitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36419. [PMID: 27848981 PMCID: PMC5111077 DOI: 10.1038/srep36419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen causing life-threatening infections in diverse mammalian species including humans and ruminants. As little is known on the link between strains and clinicopathological phenotypes, we studied potential strain-associated virulence and organ tropism in L. monocytogenes isolates from well-defined ruminant cases of clinical infections and the farm environment. The phylogeny of isolates and their virulence-associated genes were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and sequence analysis of virulence-associated genes. Additionally, a panel of representative isolates was subjected to in vitro infection assays. Our data suggest the environmental exposure of ruminants to a broad range of strains and yet the strong association of sequence type (ST) 1 from clonal complex (CC) 1 with rhombencephalitis, suggesting increased neurotropism of ST1 in ruminants, which is possibly related to its hypervirulence. This study emphasizes the importance of considering clonal background of L. monocytogenes isolates in surveillance, epidemiological investigation and disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Dreyer
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisandra Aguilar-Bultet
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Rupp
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Schock
- Department of Pathology, AHVLA Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Otter
- AHVLA Shrewsbury Kendal Road, Harlscott, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Inserm U1117, Paris, France.,French National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Osman KM, Samir A, Abo-Shama UH, Mohamed EH, Orabi A, Zolnikov T. Determination of virulence and antibiotic resistance pattern of biofilm producing Listeria species isolated from retail raw milk. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:263. [PMID: 27821054 PMCID: PMC5100219 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the foodborne pathogens is Listeria monocytogenes, which causes serious invasive illness in elderly and immunocompromised patients, pregnant women, newborns and infants ranking second after salmonellosis because of its high case fatality rate. Listerial cow mastitis marked by abnormal milk, increased cell counts and reduced production has not been reported. Therefore, apparently healthy cows can be reservoirs of L. monocytogenes. A number of 203 udder milk samples from apparently healthy animals (buffalo, n = 100; cow, n = 103) were collected and tested for Listeria. Isolated colonies on the PALCAM agar were Listeria species confirmed according to their biochemical and the Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen (CAMP) reactions. The Listeria species pathogenicity of was tested by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, DL-alanine-β-naphthylamide HCl, Dalanine-p-nitroanilide tests, chick embryo, mice inoculation tests, Vero cell cytotoxicity and biofilm formation. The virulence-associated genes, hlyA, plcB, actA and iap associated with Listeria were molecularly assayed. RESULTS The 17 isolated Listeria spp. represented a prevalence rate of 8.4 %. Of these 3 (1.4 %), 2 (1 %), 5 (2.5 %), 4 (2 %) and 3 (1.5 %) were confirmed as L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, L. welshimeri, L. seelegeri, respectively. While the L. monocytogenes isolate displayed all the four virulence-associated genes, L. seelegeri carried the hlyA gene only. The L. monocytogenes had a strong in vitro affinity to form a biofilm, in particular serotype 4 which is associated with human infections. L. monocytogenes showed resistance for 9/27 antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS The biofilm forming capability of the Listeria spps. makes them particularly successful in colonizing surfaces within the host thus being responsible for persistence infections and due to their antimicrobial resistant phenotype that this structure confers. In addition, strains belonging to serotypes associated with human infections and characterized by pathogenic potential (serotype 4) are capable to persist within the processing plants forming biofilm and thus being a medical hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamelia M. Osman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samir
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Usama H. Abo-Shama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Essam H. Mohamed
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Orabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, PO Box 12211, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tara Zolnikov
- North Dakota State University, Developmental Science, Fargo, ND 58102 USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gelasakis AI, Mavrogianni VS, Petridis IG, Vasileiou NGC, Fthenakis GC. Mastitis in sheep--The last 10 years and the future of research. Vet Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26216457 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial mastitis is a significant welfare and financial problem in sheep flocks. This paper reviews the recently published literature, including publications that highlight the significance and virulence factors of the causal agents, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Mannheimia haemolytica, the primary causes of the disease. Research has also contributed to the understanding of risk factors, including genetic susceptibility of animals to infections, supporting future strategies for sustainable disease control. Pathogenetic mechanisms, including the role of the local defenses in the teat, have also been described and can assist formulation of strategies that induce local immune responses in the teat of ewes. Further to well-established diagnostic techniques, i.e., bacteriological tests and somatic cell counting, advanced methodologies, e.g., proteomics technologies, will likely contribute to more rapid and accurate diagnostics, in turn enhancing mastitis control efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I Gelasakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - V S Mavrogianni
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - I G Petridis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - N G C Vasileiou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Shabbir MZ, Barbuddhe S, Malik SVS, Singh RK. Listeriosis in animals, its public health significance (food-borne zoonosis) and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2015; 35:211-35. [PMID: 26073265 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1063023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is an infectious and fatal disease of animals, birds, fish, crustaceans and humans. It is an important food-borne zoonosis caused by Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular pathogen with unique potential to spread from cell to cell, thereby crossing blood-brain, intestinal and placental barriers. The organism possesses a pile of virulence factors that help to infect the host and evade from host immune machinery. Though disease occurrence is sporadic throughout the world, it can result in severe damage during an outbreak. Listeriosis is characterized by septicaemia, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, abortion, stillbirth, perinatal infections and gastroenteritis with the incubation period varying with the form of infection. L. monocytogenes has been isolated worldwide from humans, animals, poultry, environmental sources like soil, river, decaying plants, and food sources like milk, meat and their products, seafood and vegetables. Since appropriate vaccines are not available and infection is mainly transmitted through foods in humans and animals, hygienic practices can prevent its spread. The present review describes etiology, epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, pathogenesis, public health significance, and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and treatment of this disease. Special attention has been given to novel as well as prospective emerging therapies that include bacteriophage and cytokine therapy, avian egg yolk antibodies and herbal therapy. Various vaccines, including advances in recombinant and DNA vaccines and their modes of eliciting immune response, are also discussed. Due focus has also been given regarding appropriate prevention and control strategies to be adapted for better management of this zoonotic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- b Division of Bacteriology and Mycology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology , College of Veterinary Sciences , Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura 281001 , India
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- d Quality Operations Laboratory , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Sukhadeo Barbuddhe
- e Indian Council of Agricultural Research Complex for Goa , Old Goa, Goa 403402, India
| | - Satya Veer Singh Malik
- f Division of Veterinary Public Health , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- g Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122 , UP , India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Osman KM, Zolnikov TR, Samir A, Orabi A. Prevalence, pathogenic capability, virulence genes, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance of Listeria in goat and sheep milk confirms need of hygienic milking conditions. Pathog Glob Health 2014; 108:21-9. [PMID: 24548157 PMCID: PMC4083164 DOI: 10.1179/2047773213y.0000000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat and sheep milk is consumed by human populations throughout the world; as a result, it has been proposed as an alternative, nutrient-rich milk to feed infants allergic to cow's milk. Unfortunately, potentially harmful bacteria have not been thoroughly tested in goat or sheep milk. Listeria monocytogenes is a harmful bacterium that causes adverse health effects if ingested by humans. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and characterize the phenotype, genotype, virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antibiopotential of Listeria isolated from the milk of goat and sheep. Udder milk samples were collected from 107 goats and 102 sheep and screened for mastitis using the California mastitis test (CMT). Samples were then examined for the presence of pathogenic Listeria spp; if detected, the isolation of pathogenic Listeria (L. monocytogenes and Listeria ivanovii) was completed using isolation and identification techniques recommended by the International Organization for Standards (ISO 11290-1, 1996), in addition to serological, in vitro and in vivo pathogenicity tests. The isolates were subjected to PCR assay for virulence associated genes (hlyA, plcA, actA, and iap). Pathogenic Listeria spp. were isolated from 5·6% of goat and 3·9% sheep milk samples, with 33·3 and 25% of these selected samples respectively containing L. monocytogenes. The results of this study provide evidence of the low-likelihood of contamination leading to the presence of L. monocytogenes in raw goat and sheep milk; however, this study also confirmed a strong in vitro ability for biofilm formation and pathogenic capability of L. monocytogenes if discovered in the milk. L. monocytogenes may be present in goat and sheep milk and in order to reduce the exposure, hygienic milking conditions must be employed for the milk to be considered a safe alternative for human consumption.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hunt K, Drummond N, Murphy M, Butler F, Buckley J, Jordan K. A case of bovine raw milk contamination with Listeria monocytogenes. Ir Vet J 2012; 65:13. [PMID: 22769601 PMCID: PMC3526472 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-65-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During routine sampling of bulk raw milk on a dairy farm, the pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes was found to be a contaminant, at numbers < 100 cfu/ml. A strain with an indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern was isolated from the bulk milk two months later. Environmental swabs taken at the dairy environment were negative for the presence of L. monocytogenes, indicating a possible case of excretion of the L. monocytogenes directly into the milk. Milk samples were collected from the individual cows and analysed, resulting in the identification of L. monocytogenes excretion (at 280 cfu/ml) from one of the 4 mammary quarters of one dairy cow out of 180. When the infected cow was isolated from the herd, no L. monocytogenes was detected from the remaining herd. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern of the strain from the individual cow was indistinguishable from that originally isolated from the bulk milk. The infected cow did not show any clinical signs of disease, nor did the appearance of the milk have any physical abnormalities. Antibiotic treatment of the infected mammary quarter was found to be ineffective. This study shows that there can be risks associated with direct contamination of raw milk with L. monocytogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hunt
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schoder D, Melzner D, Schmalwieser A, Zangana A, Winter P, Wagner M. Important vectors for Listeria monocytogenes transmission at farm dairies manufacturing fresh sheep and goat cheese from raw milk. J Food Prot 2011; 74:919-24. [PMID: 21669068 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the transmission routs of Listeria spp. in dairy farms manufacturing fresh cheese made from ovine and caprine raw milk and to evaluate the impact of Listeria monocytogenes mastitis on raw milk contamination. Overall, 5,799 samples, including 835 environmental samples, 230 milk and milk product samples, and 4,734 aseptic half-udder foremilk samples were collected from 53 dairy farms in the dairy intensive area of Lower Austria. Farms were selected for the study because raw milk was processed to cheese that was sold directly to consumers. A total of 153 samples were positive for Listeria spp., yielding an overall prevalence of 2.6%; L. monocytogenes was found in 0.9% of the samples. Bulk tank milk, cheese, and half-udder samples were negative for Listeria spp. Because none of the sheep and goats tested positive from udder samples, L. monocytogenes mastitis was excluded as a significant source of raw milk contamination. L. monocytogenes was detected at 30.2% of all inspected farms. Swab samples from working boots and fecal samples had a significantly higher overall prevalence (P < 0.001) of L. monocytogenes (15.7 and 13.0%, respectively) than did swab samples from the milk processing environment (7.9%). A significant correlation was found between the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in the animal and in the milk processing environment and the silage feeding practices. Isolation of L. monocytogenes was three to seven times more likely from farms where silage was fed to animals throughout the year than from farms where silage was not fed to the animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Schoder
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Veterinary Medical University of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dudriková E, Poľaková L, Pukáčová J. Health and hygienic conditions of ewe's milk processing from the aspect of food safety. POTRAVINARSTVO 2010. [DOI: 10.5219/24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Totally, 47 strains of S. aureus and 578 coagulase negative staphylococci were detected in samples from raw ewe milk. The 35 out 47 isolates of S. aureus from ewe milk were positive for the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes: sea(4 %), sec (48 %) a sed (48 %). Staphylococcus epidermis (33.04%), Staphylococcus caprae (21.28%) were more prevalent. Staphylococcus chromogenes (7.44 %), Staphylococcus hominis (7.09%), Staphylococcus xylosus (6,92 %), a Staphylococcus warneri (6.40 %) were isolated also in ewes milk. Staphylococcus haemolyticus (3.11 %), Staphylococcus capitis (2.94 %), Staphylococcus simulans (2.08 %) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (1.73 %) were isolated very rarely from the taken individual milk ewe samples. Sporadically, only in few cases, the others coagulase negative staphylococci were isolated (< 1 %): Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus closii, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus auricularis and Staphylococcus equorum.
Collapse
|
25
|
Oevermann A, Zurbriggen A, Vandevelde M. Rhombencephalitis Caused by Listeria monocytogenes in Humans and Ruminants: A Zoonosis on the Rise? Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010; 2010:632513. [PMID: 20204066 PMCID: PMC2829626 DOI: 10.1155/2010/632513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is an emerging zoonotic infection of humans and ruminants worldwide caused by Listeria monocytogenes (LM). In both host species, CNS disease accounts for the high mortality associated with listeriosis and includes rhombencephalitis, whose neuropathology is strikingly similar in humans and ruminants. This review discusses the current knowledge about listeric encephalitis, and involved host and bacterial factors. There is an urgent need to study the molecular mechanisms of neuropathogenesis, which are poorly understood. Such studies will provide a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies that aim to prevent LM from invading the brain and spread within the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oevermann
- Neurocenter, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zurbriggen
- Neurocenter, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Vandevelde
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mohammed HO, Stipetic K, McDonough PL, Gonzalez RN, Nydam DV, Atwill ER. Identification of potential on-farm sources of Listeria monocytogenes in herds of dairy cattle. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:383-8. [PMID: 19254151 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.3.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the ecology of Listeria monocytogenes on dairy cattle farms by determining the prevalence of the organism in various samples. SAMPLE POPULATION Dairy cattle operations in central New York State. PROCEDURES A repeated cross-sectional study design was used. Various samples were obtained from cattle (feces, composite udder milk, and udders), their environment (silage, feed bunks, water troughs, and floor bedding), inline milk filters, and bulk tank milk from 50 dairy farms. Samples were tested for L monocytogenes by use of a PCR assay with 2 steps of bacterial enrichment. Data were analyzed with mixed-effect logistic regression to control for the potential clustering of L monocytogenes on particular farms. RESULTS L monocytogenes was detected in composite milk, udder swab samples, and fecal samples at prevalences of 13%, 19%, and 43%, respectively. There was no significant clustering of the pathogen by farm. Listeria monocytogenes was more common in samples obtained from cattle and the environment during winter and summer versus the fall. The prevalence of L monocytogenes was twice as high in samples obtained from feed bunks, water troughs, and bedding, compared with that in samples obtained from silage (65%, 66%, 55%, and 30%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE L monocytogenes was more prevalent in samples obtained from dairy cattle and their environment than in milk samples. Strategies to control the pathogen in dairy operations should focus on cow hygiene and sanitary milk harvesting on the farm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussni O Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Adler A, Fimbres A, Marcinak J, Johnson A, Zheng X, Hasegawa S, Shulman ST. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the heart caused by Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Infect 2009; 58:161-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
28
|
Thompson H, Taylor DJ, Philbey AW. Fatal mesenteric lymphadenitis in cattle caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Vet Rec 2009; 164:17-8. [PMID: 19122218 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Thompson
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Molecular ecology of Listeria monocytogenes: evidence for a reservoir in milking equipment on a dairy farm. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:1315-23. [PMID: 19114514 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01826-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal study aimed to detect Listeria monocytogenes on a New York State dairy farm was conducted between February 2004 and July 2007. Fecal samples were collected every 6 months from all lactating cows. Approximately 20 environmental samples were obtained every 3 months. Bulk tank milk samples and in-line milk filter samples were obtained weekly. Samples from milking equipment and the milking parlor environment were obtained in May 2007. Fifty-one of 715 fecal samples (7.1%) and 22 of 303 environmental samples (7.3%) were positive for L. monocytogenes. A total of 73 of 108 in-line milk filter samples (67.6%) and 34 of 172 bulk tank milk samples (19.7%) were positive for L. monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 6 of 40 (15%) sampling sites in the milking parlor and milking equipment. In-line milk filter samples had a greater proportion of L. monocytogenes than did bulk tank milk samples (P<0.05) and samples from other sources (P<0.05). The proportion of L. monocytogenes-positive samples was greater among bulk tank milk samples than among fecal or environmental samples (P<0.05). Analysis of 60 isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) yielded 23 PFGE types after digestion with AscI and ApaI endonucleases. Three PFGE types of L. monocytogenes were repeatedly found in longitudinally collected samples from bulk tank milk and in-line milk filters.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Vilar M, Yus E, Sanjuán M, Diéguez F, Rodríguez-Otero J. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Listeria Species on Dairy Farms. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:5083-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
Kalorey DR, Kurkure NV, Warke SR, Barbuddhe SB. Evaluation of Indirect and Avidin–Biotin Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detection of Anti-Listeriolysin O Antibodies in Bovine Milk Samples. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:301-6. [PMID: 17894640 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) [indirect and avidin-biotin (A-B)] for detecting L. monocytogenes antibodies in bovine milk samples (n = 2060) were standardized and evaluated by comparison with bacteriological examination. The tests were standardized by checker board titration. Highly purified listeriolysin O (LLO) was used as an antigen. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to decide the cut-off values. The ROC analysis revealed the sensitivities of indirect and A-B ELISA as 100% and specificities as 97.1 and 99.9% respectively. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 105 (5.1%) milk samples collected from 52 farms. Anti-LLO IgG antibodies were detected from 137 and 112 milk samples when tested by indirect and A-B ELISA respectively. Of the 52 farms screened, 28 (53.8%) yielded one or more isolates of L. monocytogenes and 33 (63.5%) of the farms had one or more animals simultaneously positive by one or both the assays for anti-LLO antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Kalorey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur 440 006, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Contreras A, Sierra D, Sánchez A, Corrales J, Marco J, Paape M, Gonzalo C. Mastitis in small ruminants. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
34
|
Ivanek R, Gröhn YT, Wiedmann M. Listeria monocytogenesin Multiple Habitats and Host Populations: Review of Available Data for Mathematical Modeling. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2006; 3:319-36. [PMID: 17199514 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2006.3.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has the ability to survive and multiply in diverse habitats and to cause infection in a variety of animal species and humans. We evaluated the literature on survival and multiplication within and transmission among multiple host populations and habitats, including man, sewage, general environment (soil, water, and vegetation), silage (fermented plant material), animals (including wild and domestic animals), and food processing plants. The available knowledge on L. monocytogenes transmission dynamics was translated into the key process nodes of interrelated host- and habitat-specific mathematical models, providing a starting framework for future modeling work and the ultimate development of a system-wide model for evaluation of its transmission, and strategies to reduce human exposure. Because of the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive and multiply in many habitats and hosts, and the number of possible transmission routes, it is highly unlikely that it could be eradicated from any habitat or host, including man. However, L. monocytogenes load within and transmission among habitats and host populations could probably be reduced. Based on the published information, we hypothesize that three recent anthropogenic practices increase the load within and transmission among reviewed habitats and host populations: extended refrigerated storage of ready-to-eat foods allowing L. monocytogenes growth in foods that are contaminated during production or subsequent handling; feeding domestic ruminants with silage often contaminated with L. monocytogenes; and dispersal of contaminated products of sewage treatment to agricultural fields and waters. Future mathematical modeling work could test how much the reduction of L. monocytogenes load and transmission in hosts and habitats associated with these anthropogenic practices would reduce human exposure and consequently human listeriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ivanek
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Oliver SP, Jayarao BM, Almeida RA. Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2005; 2:115-29. [PMID: 15992306 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2005.2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and products derived from milk of dairy cows can harbor a variety of microorganisms and can be important sources of foodborne pathogens. The presence of foodborne pathogens in milk is due to direct contact with contaminated sources in the dairy farm environment and to excretion from the udder of an infected animal. Most milk is pasteurized, so why should the dairy industry be concerned about the microbial quality of bulk tank milk? There are several valid reasons, including (1) outbreaks of disease in humans have been traced to the consumption of unpasteurized milk and have also been traced back to pasteurized milk, (2) unpasteurized milk is consumed directly by dairy producers, farm employees, and their families, neighbors, and raw milk advocates, (3) unpasteurized milk is consumed directly by a large segment of the population via consumption of several types of cheeses manufactured from unpasteurized milk, (4) entry of foodborne pathogens via contaminated raw milk into dairy food processing plants can lead to persistence of these pathogens in biofilms, and subsequent contamination of processed milk products and exposure of consumers to pathogenic bacteria, (5) pasteurization may not destroy all foodborne pathogens in milk, and (6) inadequate or faulty pasteurization will not destroy all foodborne pathogens. Furthermore, pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes can survive and thrive in post-pasteurization processing environments, thus leading to recontamination of dairy products. These pathways pose a risk to the consumer from direct exposure to foodborne pathogens present in unpasteurized dairy products as well as dairy products that become re-contaminated after pasteurization. The purpose of this communication is to review literature published on the prevalence of bacterial foodborne pathogens in milk and in the dairy environment, and to discuss public health and food safety issues associated with foodborne pathogens found in the dairy environment. Information presented supports the model in which the presence of pathogens depends on ingestion of contaminated feed followed by amplification in bovine hosts and fecal dissemination in the farm environment. The final outcome of this cycle is a constantly maintained reservoir of foodborne pathogens that can reach humans by direct contact, ingestion of raw contaminated milk or cheese, or contamination during the processing of milk products. Isolation of bacterial pathogens with similar biotypes from dairy farms and from outbreaks of human disease substantiates this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Oliver
- Food Safety Center of Excellence and Department of Animal Science, 59 McCord Hall, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wagner M, Melzner D, Bagò Z, Winter P, Egerbacher M, Schilcher F, Zangana A, Schoder D. Outbreak of Clinical Listeriosis in Sheep: Evaluation from possible Contamination Routes from Feed to Raw Produce and Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:278-83. [PMID: 16219091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of clinical and microbiological investigations on Listeria monocytogenes infections in a flock of 55 sheep and describe the implications for the safety of the raw milk and raw-milk cheeses produced in the on-farm dairy. The outbreak was caused by feeding grass silage, which was contaminated with 5 log10 CFU L. monocytogenes/g. Clinically, although having been fed from the same batch of silage, abortive (nine ewes), encephalitic (one ewe) and septicaemic (four ewes) forms of listeriosis were observed during the outbreak phase. As the starting point of feeding the contaminated silage was known we could calculate an incubation period of 18+/-2 and 26 days for the abortive and the encephalitic form of listeriosis, respectively. Pathologically, the septicaemic cases suffered from Listeria accumulation at comparable numbers in visceral organs but not in the brain. Only a single ewe developed central nervous symptoms and a rhomb-encephalitis was immunohistologically confirmed. In this case the infection proceeded from the nasal mucosa into the brain, with no infections of the liver, spleen and other visceral organs. Sampling of the cheese production chain, the farm environment and the persons living at the farm revealed the exposure of a farm-worker to an isolate genetically indistinguishable from the outbreak clone, obviously through the consumption of faecally contaminated bovine raw milk. The cheese under processing was free of Listeria because, as a result of intensive consultations, the farmer ensured a proper acidification of the cheese. The epidemiological findings suggest that food safety matters should be assessed in any case where infection of food-producing animals with potential human pathogens is observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wagner
- Department for Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University for Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|