1
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Wang K, Mao W, Song X, Chen M, Feng W, Peng B, Chen Y. Reactive X (where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) species nanomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6957-7035. [PMID: 37743750 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbonyl, chlorine, bromine, and iodine species (RXS, where X = O, N, S, C, Cl, Br, and I) have important roles in various normal physiological processes and act as essential regulators of cell metabolism; their inherent biological activities govern cell signaling, immune balance, and tissue homeostasis. However, an imbalance between RXS production and consumption will induce the occurrence and development of various diseases. Due to the considerable progress of nanomedicine, a variety of nanosystems that can regulate RXS has been rationally designed and engineered for restoring RXS balance to halt the pathological processes of different diseases. The invention of radical-regulating nanomaterials creates the possibility of intriguing projects for disease treatment and promotes advances in nanomedicine. In this comprehensive review, we summarize, discuss, and highlight very-recent advances in RXS-based nanomedicine for versatile disease treatments. This review particularly focuses on the types and pathological effects of these reactive species and explores the biological effects of RXS-based nanomaterials, accompanied by a discussion and the outlook of the challenges faced and future clinical translations of RXS nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Weipu Mao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xinran Song
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
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2
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San-Martin CR, Zhang Y, Hamoh T, Berendse L, Klijn C, Li R, Sigaeva A, Kawałko J, Li HT, Tehrani J, Mzyk A, Schirhagl R. Fluorescent nanodiamond labels: Size and concentration matters for sperm cell viability. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100629. [PMID: 37441134 PMCID: PMC10333662 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds are increasingly popular in biomedical applications, including optical labelling, drug delivery and nanoscale sensing. Potential new applications are in studying infertility or labelling sperm cells. However, for these applications, it is necessary that nanodiamonds are inert and do not alter sperm properties. In this article, we assessed the biocompatibility of nanodiamonds in detail. We investigated different sizes and concentrations of nanodiamonds and sperm preparation methods. We evaluated if the metabolic activity, membrane integrity, morphology and formation of reactive oxygen species were altered. These parameters were tested for sperm cells in their uncapacitated and capacitated states. Unfortunately, FNDs are not universally biocompatible. Generally, cells in the capacitated state are more prone to stress. Additionally, larger particles and lower concentrations are tolerated better than smaller and higher concentrated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Reyes San-Martin
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Thamir Hamoh
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lotte Berendse
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Carline Klijn
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Runrun Li
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jakub Kawałko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hui Ting Li
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jian Tehrani
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, Netherlands
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3
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Evans EPP, Scholten JTM, Mzyk A, Reyes-San-Martin C, Llumbet AE, Hamoh T, Arts EGJM, Schirhagl R, Cantineau AEP. Male subfertility and oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102071. [PMID: 34340027 PMCID: PMC8342954 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To date 15% of couples are suffering from infertility with 45-50% of males being responsible. With an increase in paternal age as well as various environmental and lifestyle factors worsening these figures are expected to increase. As the so-called free radical theory of infertility suggests, free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in this process. However, ROS also fulfill important functions for instance in sperm maturation. The aim of this review article is to discuss the role reactive oxygen species play in male fertility and how these are influenced by lifestyle, age or disease. We will further discuss how these ROS are measured and how they can be avoided during in-vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P P Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jorien T M Scholten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Claudia Reyes-San-Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arturo E Llumbet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Genomic of Germ Cells, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile. Independencia, 1027, Independencia Santiago, Chile
| | - Thamir Hamoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eus G J M Arts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Astrid E P Cantineau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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4
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Neculai-Valeanu AS, Ariton AM. Game-Changing Approaches in Sperm Sex-Sorting: Microfluidics and Nanotechnology. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041182. [PMID: 33924241 PMCID: PMC8074747 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sexing of sperm cells, including the capacity to preselect the sex of offspring prior to reproduction, has been a major target of reproductive biotechnology for a very long time. The advances in molecular biology, biophysics, and computer science over the past few decades, as well as the groundbreaking new methods introduced by scientists, have contributed to some major breakthroughs in a variety of branches of medicine. In particular, assisted reproduction is one of the areas in which emerging technologies such as nanotechnology and microfluidics may enhance the fertility potential of samples of sex-sorted semen, thus improving the reproductive management of farm animals and conservation programs. In human medicine, embryo sex-selection using in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is accepted only for medical reasons. Using sex-sorting before IVF would enable specialists to prevent sex-linked genetic diseases and prevent the discharge of embryos which are not suitable for transfer due to their sex. Abstract The utilization of sex-sorted sperm for artificial insemination and in-vitro fertilization is considered a valuable tool for improving production efficiency and optimizing reproductive management in farm animals, subsequently ensuring sufficient food resource for the growing human population. Despite the fact that sperm sex-sorting is one of the most intense studied technologies and notable progress have been made in the past three decades to optimize it, the conception rates when using sex-sorted semen are still under expectations. Assisted reproduction programs may benefit from the use of emergent nano and microfluidic-based technologies. This article addresses the currently used methods for sperm sex-sorting, as well as the emerging ones, based on nanotechnology and microfluidics emphasizing on their practical and economic applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra-Sabina Neculai-Valeanu
- Research and Development Station for Cattle Breeding Dancu, 707252 Iasi, Romania;
- Department of Fundamental Sciences in Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Food and Animal Sciences, University of Applied Life Sciences and Environment “Ion Ionescu de la Brad”, 700490 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Adina Mirela Ariton
- Research and Development Station for Cattle Breeding Dancu, 707252 Iasi, Romania;
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5
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Lucas CG, Chen PR, Seixas FK, Prather RS, Collares T. Applications of omics and nanotechnology to improve pig embryo production in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1531-1547. [PMID: 31478591 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An appropriate environment to optimize porcine preimplantation embryo production in vitro is required as genetically modified pigs have become indispensable for biomedical research and agriculture. To provide suitable culture conditions, omics technologies have been applied to elucidate which metabolic substrates and pathways are involved during early developmental processes. Metabolomic profiling and transcriptional analysis comparing in vivo- and in vitro-derived embryos have demonstrated the important role of amino acids during preimplantation development. Transcriptional profiling studies have been helpful in assessing epigenetic reprogramming agents to allow for the correction of gene expression during the cloning process. Along with this, nanotechnology, which is a highly promising field, has allowed for the use of engineered nanoplatforms in reproductive biology. A growing number of studies have explored the use of nanoengineered materials for sorting, labeling, and targeting purposes; which demonstrates their potential to become one of the solutions for precise delivery of molecules into gametes and embryos. Considering the contributions of omics and the recent progress in nanoscience, in this review, we focused on their emerging applications for current in vitro pig embryo production systems to optimize the generation of genetically modified animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Lucas
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Paula R Chen
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Fabiana K Seixas
- Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tiago Collares
- Cancer Biotechnology Laboratory, Research Group on Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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6
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Falchi L, Khalil WA, Hassan M, Marei WF. Perspectives of nanotechnology in male fertility and sperm function. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:265-269. [PMID: 30564607 PMCID: PMC6286411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology have tremendously expanded its possible applications in biomedicine. Although, the effects of nanoparticles (NPs) at cellular and tissue levels have not been fully understood, some of these biological effects might be employed in assisted reproduction to improve male fertility particularly by enhancing sperm cell quality either in vivo or in vitro. This review summarises the available literature regarding the potential applications of nanomaterials in farm animal reproduction, with a specific focus on the male gamete and on different strategies to improve breeding performances, transgenesis and targeted delivery of substances to a sperm cell. Antioxidant, antimicrobial properties and special surface binding ligand functionalization and their applications for sperm processing and cryopreservation have been reviewed. In addition, nanotoxicity and detrimental effects of NPs on sperm cells are also discussed due to the increasing concerns regarding the environmental impact of the expanding use of nanotechnologies on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Falchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Sezione di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologia, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Wael A. Khalil
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Hassan
- Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Waleed F.A. Marei
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
- Gamete Research Centre, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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7
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Gamrad L, Mancini R, Werner D, Tiedemann D, Taylor U, Ziefuß A, Rehbock C, Klein S, Kues W, Barcikowski S, Rath D. Triplex-hybridizing bioconjugated gold nanoparticles for specific Y-chromosome sequence targeting of bull spermatozoa. Analyst 2018; 142:2020-2028. [PMID: 28487921 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02461k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used in biomedical applications for drug targeting and bioimaging. This often neccesitates their functionalization with biomolecules carrying a defined biological function, yielding gold nanoparticle bioconjugates. The utilization of triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) as ligands gives access to nanoconjugates as tools for specific DNA-related nanotargeting via triplex hybridization. Since triplex hybridization with nanobioconjugates has to date not been shown on biologically relevant samples, sex-specific sperm marking may be an appropriate model system to demonstrate the opportunities of this targeting method in vitro. In this study, we focused on specific labeling of repetitive target sites enriched on the bovine Y-chromosome using triplex forming oligonucleotides. First, the functionality of a specific locked nucleic acid (LNA) sequence was confirmed on bovine free DNA and on demembranated sperm heads. Thereafter, the influence of AuNPs on triplex hybridization was spectrophotometrically analyzed employing synthetic dsDNA, genomic DNA and demembranated sperm heads. Results from the SPR-peak shift indicate that TFO-AuNP hybridize to bovine gDNA in a qualitative and significant manner. These results confirm successful triplex hybridization on biologically relevant target sites as well as the establishment of a method to use gold nanoparticles as a suitable tool for sex-selective hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gamrad
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitaetsstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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8
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Zhang D, Choi W, Yazawa K, Numata K, Tateishi A, Cho SH, Lin HP, Li YK, Ito Y, Sugioka K. Two Birds with One Stone: Spontaneous Size Separation and Growth Inhibition of Femtosecond Laser-Generated Surfactant-Free Metallic Nanoparticles via ex Situ SU-8 Functionalization. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10953-10966. [PMID: 31459206 PMCID: PMC6645095 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Laser ablation in liquids (LAL) offers a facile technique to develop a large variety of surfactant-free nanomaterials with high purity. However, due to the difficulty in the control of the particle synthesis process, the as-prepared nanomaterials always have a broad size distribution with a large polydispersity (σ). Surfactant-free properties can also cause problems with particle growth, which further increases the difficulty in size control of the colloids. Therefore, searching for strategies to simultaneously unify the sizes of colloids and inhibit particle growth has become significantly important for LAL-synthesized nanomaterials to be extensively used for biological, catalytic, and optical applications, in which fields particle size plays an important role. In this work, we present a facile way to simultaneously realize these two goals by ex situ SU-8 photoresist functionalization. Ag nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by femtosecond laser ablation of silver in acetone at laser powers of 300 and 600 mW were used as starting materials. The synthesized Ag NPs have a broad size distribution between 1 and 200 nm with an average size of ca. 5.9 nm and σ of 127-207%. After ex situ SU-8 functionalization and 6 months storage, most particles larger than 10 nm become aggregates and precipitate, which makes the size distribution narrow with an average diameter of 4-5 nm and σ of 48-78%. The precipitation process is accompanied by the decrease in colloid mass from the initial ∼0.2 to 0.10-0.11 mg after ex situ SU-8 functionalization and 6 months colloid storage. Morphology analysis indicates that ex situ SU-8 functionalization inhibits the particle growth into polygonal nanocrystals. Radical polymerization of SU-8 on Ag NPs is considered to be the reason for both spontaneous size separation and growth inhibition phenomena. Benefiting from Ag NPs embedment and acetone dissolution, the glass-transition temperature of SU-8 photoresist increased from 314 to 331 °C according to thermogravimetric analysis. The universality of ex situ SU-8 functionalization-induced growth inhibition and size separation behaviors is further proved using the Au colloids generated by LAL in acetone. This work is expected to provide a new route for better size control of LAL-synthesized colloids via ex situ photoresist functionalization, although a half of colloidal mass is wasted due to radical polymerization-induced colloidal precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshi Zhang
- RIKEN
Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wonsuk Choi
- RIKEN
Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department
of Nano-Mechatronics, Korea University of
Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea South Korea
- Department of Nano-Manufacturing Technology and Department of
Laser & Electron
Beam Application, Korea Institute of Machinery
and Material (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenjiro Yazawa
- Biomacromolecules
Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable
Resource Science, 2-1
Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Biomacromolecules
Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable
Resource Science, 2-1
Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Ayaka Tateishi
- Biomacromolecules
Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable
Resource Science, 2-1
Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Sung-Hak Cho
- Department
of Nano-Mechatronics, Korea University of
Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea South Korea
- Department of Nano-Manufacturing Technology and Department of
Laser & Electron
Beam Application, Korea Institute of Machinery
and Material (KIMM), 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Hsiu-Pen Lin
- Emergent
Bioengineering Materials Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung
University, Science Building 2, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, ROC
| | - Yaw Kuen Li
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung
University, Science Building 2, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, ROC
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Emergent
Bioengineering Materials Research Team, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Nano
Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster
for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0193, Japan
| | - Koji Sugioka
- RIKEN
Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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9
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Caldeira DF, Paulini F, Silva RC, Azevedo RBD, Lucci CM. In vitro exposure of bull sperm cells to DMSA-coated maghemite nanoparticles does not affect cell functionality or structure. Int J Hyperthermia 2017; 34:415-422. [PMID: 28605996 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1341646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles can be used in different areas of biology. It is therefore important to know the effects of such nanomaterials on germline cells as they may traverse the blood-testis barrier. This work aimed to evaluate the response of bull sperm after exposure to a magnetic fluid containing DMSA-coated maghemite nanoparticles (MNP-DMSA) in order to determine nanotoxicity. Bull sperm was incubated with MNP-DMSA at final concentrations of 0.06, 0.03 or 0.015 mg Fe/mL. Sperm kinetics, plasma membrane integrity and acrosome reaction were evaluated over a 4 h incubation period. The sperm cells were also evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Exposure of bull sperm to MNP-DMSA did not affect sperm kinetics or integrity. Neither ultrastructural damage of sperm cells nor uptake of nanoparticles by the spermatozoa was observed. In conclusion, MNP-DMSA does not affect sperm function or structure under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Paulini
- b Department of Genetics and Morphology/Department of Physiological Sciences , Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia , Brasilia , Brazil
| | - Renata Carvalho Silva
- b Department of Genetics and Morphology/Department of Physiological Sciences , Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia , Brasilia , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Bentes de Azevedo
- c Department of Genetics and Morphology , Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia , Brasilia , Brazil
| | - Carolina Madeira Lucci
- d Department of Physiological Sciences , Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia , Brasilia , Brazil
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10
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Rath D, Tiedemann D, Gamrad L, Johnson LA, Klein S, Kues W, Mancini R, Rehbock C, Taylor U, Barcikowski S. Sex-Sorted Boar Sperm - An Update on Related Production Methods. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 50 Suppl 2:56-60. [PMID: 26174920 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As in other mammals, sex sorting of pig sperm is based on quantitative flow cytometry. A major disadvantage of the technique is the relatively low efficiency to produce enough sorted sperm for artificial insemination. However, several approaches are on the way to make sexed pig sperm available for commercial application. In this context, for example, the growing field of nanotechnology may significantly contribute to these developments, as it provides highly efficient bio-nanoprobes, for example, based on plasmonic nanoparticles. Independent of the method, further development requires enormous investments and set-up of logistics to get the technology into the practical pig market. Only global players will be able to establish the necessary research projects, but in the end, a significant shift of sex ratios will be available for pig producers as it is already the case for the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rath
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - D Tiedemann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - L Gamrad
- Institute for Technical Chemistry I UDE, Essen, Germany.,CENIDE, Essen, Germany
| | | | - S Klein
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - W Kues
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - R Mancini
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - C Rehbock
- Institute for Technical Chemistry I UDE, Essen, Germany.,CENIDE, Essen, Germany
| | - U Taylor
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - S Barcikowski
- Institute for Technical Chemistry I UDE, Essen, Germany.,CENIDE, Essen, Germany
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11
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12
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Barkalina N, Jones C, Coward K. Nanomedicine and mammalian sperm: Lessons from the porcine model. Theriogenology 2015; 85:74-82. [PMID: 26116055 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical nanotechnology allows us to engineer versatile nanosized platforms that are comparable in size to biological molecules and intracellular organelles. These platforms can be loaded with large amounts of biological cargo, administered systemically and act at a distance, target specific cell populations, undergo intracellular internalization via endogenous uptake mechanisms, and act as contrast agents or release cargo for therapeutic purposes. Over recent years, nanomaterials have been increasingly viewed as favorable candidates for intragamete delivery. Particularly in the case of sperm, nanomaterial-based approaches have been shown to improve the efficacy of existing techniques such as sperm-mediated gene transfer, loading sperm with exogenous proteins, and tagging sperm for subsequent sex- or function-based sorting. In this short review, we provide an outline of the current state of nanotechnology for biomedical applications in reproductive biology and present highlights from a series of our studies evaluating the use of specialized silica nanoparticles in boar sperm as a potential delivery vehicle into mammalian gametes. The encouraging data obtained already from the porcine model in our laboratory have formed the basis for ethical approval of similar experiments in human sperm, thereby bringing us a step closer toward the potential use of this novel technology in the clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Barkalina
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Celine Jones
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Coward
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Adhikary RR, More P, Banerjee R. Smart nanoparticles as targeting platforms for HIV infections. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7520-7534. [PMID: 25874901 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
While Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections are reducing in incidence with the advent of Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART), there remain a number of challenges including the existence of reservoirs, drug resistance and anatomical barriers to antiretroviral therapy. To overcome these, smart nanoparticles with stimuli responsive release are proposed for delivery of anti-retroviral agents. The paper highlights the strategic similarities between the design of smart antiretroviral nanocarriers and those optimized for cancer chemotherapy. This includes the development of nanoparticles capable of passive and active targeting as well as those that are responsive to various internal and external triggers. For antiretroviral therapy, the relevant triggers for stimuli responsive release of drugs include semen, enzymes, endosomal escape, temperature and magnetic field. Deriving from the experience of cancer chemotherapy, additional potential triggers are light and ultrasound which remain hitherto unexplored in HIV therapy. In addition, the roles of nanomicrobicides (nanogels) and virus mimetic nanoparticles are discussed from the point of view of prevention of HIV transmission. The challenges associated with translation of smart nanoparticles for HIV infections to realize the Millennium Development Goal of combating HIV infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Rajat Adhikary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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14
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Barkalina N, Jones C, Coward K. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles: a potential targeted delivery vector for reproductive biology? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:557-60. [PMID: 24827836 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Barkalina
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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15
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Taylor U, Rehbock C, Streich C, Rath D, Barcikowski S. Rational design of gold nanoparticle toxicology assays: a question of exposure scenario, dose and experimental setup. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:1971-89. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have evaluated the toxicity of gold nanoparticles, although reliable predictions based on these results are rare. In order to overcome this problem, this article highlights strategies to improve comparability and standardization of nanotoxicological studies. To this end, it is proposed that we should adapt the nanomaterial to the addressed exposure scenario, using ligand-free nanoparticle references in order to differentiate ligand effects from size effects. Furthermore, surface-weighted particle dosing referenced to the biologically relevant parameter (e.g., cell number or organ mass) is proposed as the gold standard. In addition, it is recommended that we should shift the focus of toxicological experiments from ‘live–dead’ assays to the assessment of cell function, as this strategy allows observation of bioresponses at lower doses that are more relevant for in vivo scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Taylor
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Löffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Höltystraße 10, 31535 Mariensee, Germany
| | - Christoph Rehbock
- Technical Chemistry I & Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Carmen Streich
- Technical Chemistry I & Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Detlef Rath
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Löffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Höltystraße 10, 31535 Mariensee, Germany
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- Technical Chemistry I & Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
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16
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Nanotechnology in reproductive medicine: Emerging applications of nanomaterials. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:921-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Taylor U, Garrels W, Barchanski A, Peterson S, Sajti L, Lucas-Hahn A, Gamrad L, Baulain U, Klein S, Kues WA, Barcikowski S, Rath D. Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:677-88. [PMID: 24991505 PMCID: PMC4077524 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Intended exposure to gold and silver nanoparticles has increased exponentially over the last decade and will continue to rise due to their use in biomedical applications. In particular, reprotoxicological aspects of these particles still need to be addressed so that the potential impacts of this development on human health can be reliably estimated. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of gold and silver nanoparticles on mammalian preimplantation development was assessed by injecting nanoparticles into one blastomere of murine 2 cell-embryos, while the sister blastomere served as an internal control. After treatment, embryos were cultured and embryo development up to the blastocyst stage was assessed. Development rates did not differ between microinjected and control groups (gold nanoparticles: 67.3%, silver nanoparticles: 61.5%, sham: 66.2%, handling control: 79.4%). Real-time PCR analysis of six developmentally important genes (BAX, BCL2L2, TP53, OCT4, NANOG, DNMT3A) did not reveal an influence on gene expression in blastocysts. Contrary to silver nanoparticles, exposure to comparable Ag(+)-ion concentrations resulted in an immediate arrest of embryo development. In conclusion, the results do not indicate any detrimental effect of colloidal gold or silver nanoparticles on the development of murine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Taylor
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Wiebke Garrels
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Annette Barchanski
- Nanotechnology Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Svea Peterson
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Rostock, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Strasse 4, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Laszlo Sajti
- Nanotechnology Department, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Lucas-Hahn
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Lisa Gamrad
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baulain
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Sabine Klein
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Detlef Rath
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Hoeltystrasse 10, 31535 Neustadt/Mariensee, Germany
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Barkalina N, Jones C, Kashir J, Coote S, Huang X, Morrison R, Townley H, Coward K. Effects of mesoporous silica nanoparticles upon the function of mammalian sperm in vitro. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:859-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Jha RK, Jha PK, Chaudhury K, Rana SVS, Guha SK. An emerging interface between life science and nanotechnology: present status and prospects of reproductive healthcare aided by nano-biotechnology. NANO REVIEWS 2014; 5:22762. [PMID: 24600516 PMCID: PMC3943174 DOI: 10.3402/nano.v5.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the various applications of nano-biotechnology, healthcare is considered one of the most significant domains. For that possibility to synthesize various kind of nanoparticles (NPs) and the ever-increasing ability to control their size as well as structure, to improve surface characteristics and binding NPs with other desired curing agents has played an important role. In this paper, a brief sketch of various kinds of nanomaterials and their biomedical applications is given. Despite claims of bio-nanotechnology about to touch all areas of medical science, information pertaining to the role of nanotechnology for the betterment of reproductive healthcare is indeed limited. Therefore, the various achievements of nano-biotechnology for healthcare in general have been illustrated while giving special insight into the role of nano-biotechnology for the future of reproductive healthcare betterment as well as current achievements of nanoscience and nanotechnology in this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi K Jha
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Pradeep K Jha
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Koel Chaudhury
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Sujoy K Guha
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
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Tiedemann D, Taylor U, Rehbock C, Jakobi J, Klein S, Kues WA, Barcikowski S, Rath D. Reprotoxicity of gold, silver, and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on mammalian gametes. Analyst 2014; 139:931-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01463k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Tan D, Zhou S, Qiu J, Khusro N. Preparation of functional nanomaterials with femtosecond laser ablation in solution. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Rehbock C, Merk V, Gamrad L, Streubel R, Barcikowski S. Size control of laser-fabricated surfactant-free gold nanoparticles with highly diluted electrolytes and their subsequent bioconjugation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:3057-67. [PMID: 23132176 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42641b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Size control of laser-fabricated surfactant-free gold nanoparticles is a challenging endeavor. In this work, we show that size control can be achieved by adding ions with low salinity during synthesis. In addition, this approach offers the opportunity to fundamentally study ion interactions with bare nanoparticle surfaces and can help to elucidate the nanoparticle formation mechanism. The studies were carried out in a flow-through reactor and in the presence of NaCl, NaBr and sodium phosphate buffer at minimal ionic strengths. A significant size quenching effect at ionic strengths from 1-50 μM was found, which allowed surfactant-free nanoparticle size control with average diameters of 6-30 nm. This effect went along with low polydispersity and minimal aggregation tendencies and was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM, SEM and analytical disk centrifugation. Our findings indicate that size quenching originates from an anionic electrostatic stabilization depending on the nanoparticle surface area, which may be caused by specific ion adsorption. By subsequent delayed bioconjugation in liquid-flow using bovine serum albumin as a stabilizing agent, nano-bioconjugates with good stability in cell culture media were obtained, which are applicable in toxicology and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rehbock
- Technical Chemistry I, University of Duisburg-Essen and Center for NanoIntegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, Universtitaetsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
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23
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Li WQ, Wang F, Liu ZM, Wang YC, Wang J, Sun F. Gold nanoparticles elevate plasma testosterone levels in male mice without affecting fertility. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1708-14. [PMID: 22911975 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ω-Methoxy and ω-aminoethyl poly(ethylene glycol)-modified 14-nm gold nanoparticles can accumulate in mouse testes, pass through the blood-testis barrier, and enter germ cells. Furthermore, PEG-NH2 @AuNP accumulate more easier in the testes and increase plasma T levels. However, these two gold nanoparticle types have no effect on male fertility, fetal survival, or fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, PR China
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Conde J, Baptista PV, Hernández Y, Sanz V, de la Fuente JM. Modification of plasmid DNA topology by ‘histone-mimetic’ gold nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1657-66. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Our aim is to explore whether gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with a carboxylated polyethylene glycol (PEG) and protamine (AuNP@PEG@Prot) can modulate - enhance or restrain - DNA condensation, altering DNA conformation and inducing structural changes. Understanding how these nanoconjugates modulate DNA structure, size and shape of DNA condensates, and enable control over the resulting 3D structures is of major biological and therapeutic importance. Materials & methods: Citrate-AuNPs were covered with a dense layer of a hetero-functional octa(ethylene glycol) (SH-EG(8)-COOH). Conjugation of protamine to the AuNP@PEG was achieved by taking advantage of the carboxylated surface previously generated on the surface of the NP and the remaining amino groups from the protamine, using carbodiimide and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide coupling reactions. Results & conclusion: AuNP@PEG@Prot modulates the structure and topology of DNA, not only for condensation, but also for decondensation, via formation of higher quantities of dimers and multimers, when compared with AuNP@PEG and free protamine. Original submitted 16 July 2011; Revised submitted 9 January 2012; Published online 14 May 2012
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conde
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Genética Molecular Humana (CIGMH), Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro V Baptista
- Centro de Investigação em Genética Molecular Humana (CIGMH), Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Yulan Hernández
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vanesa Sanz
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesus M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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