Hepatitis B immunoglobulins and/or lamivudine for preventing hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation: a systematic review

Early Introduction of Subcutaneous Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin Following Liver Transplantation for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Prospective, Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND

Subcutaneous administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) is effective in preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation, but early conversion to subcutaneous administration is undocumented.

METHODS

In a prospective study, patients transplanted for terminal liver disease due to HBV infection who were HBV DNA-negative at transplant were switched by week 3 posttransplantation from intravenous to subcutaneous HBIg (500 or 1000 IU weekly or fortnightly, adjusted according to serum anti-HBs trough level) if they were HBsAg- and HBV-DNA negative at time of switch. All patients concomitantly received nucleos(t)ide analogue antiviral therapy. Primary endpoint was failure rate by month 6, defined as serum anti-HBs of 100 IU/L or less or HBV reinfection despite serum anti-HBs greater than 100 IU/L.

RESULTS

Of 49 patients treated, 47 (95.9%) continued treatment until month 6. All patients achieved administration by a caregiver or self-injection by week 14. No treatment failures occurred. Mean anti-HBs declined progressively to month 6, plateauing at a protective titer of approximately 290 IU/L. All patients tested for HBV DNA remained negative (45/45). Only 1 adverse event (mild injection site hematoma) was assessed as treatment-related.

CONCLUSIONS

Introduction of subcutaneous HBIg administration by week 3 posttransplantation, combined with HBV virostatic prophylaxis, is effective and convenient for preventing HBV recurrence.

Antiviral Combination Therapy With Low-Dose Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin for the Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Recurrence in Liver Transplant Recipients: A Single-Center Experience

OBJECTIVES

This study presents the overall long-term hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence rate with possible associated factors after hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) was given in combination with 4 different antiviral (lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, and tenofovir) drugs.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between September 2000 and October 2013, the medical records of 42 adult patients who underwent liver transplantation at the Cukurova University Medical Hospital for chronic liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) secondary to chronic HBV were reviewed retrospectively. The analyses of risk factors for recurrence were performed based on the efficacy of hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg), hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc), HBV DNA, preoperative prophylaxis, and the presence of HCC. Posttransplantation HBV recurrence was defined as persistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity after orthotopic liver transplantation, or the reappearance of HBsAg and HBV DNA after initial HBsAg undetectability despite prophylaxis.

RESULTS

The mean follow-up of 28 patients having HBIG and lamivudine prophylaxis was 73.25 ± 37.5 months with a recurrence rate of 3.5%. The mean follow-up of 2 patients having HBIG and adefovir prophylaxis was 90 ± 46.6 months with a 50% recurrence rate. The mean follow-up of each 6 patients who received prophylaxis with entecavir and tenofovir groups were 27.5 ± 16.1 and 16.17 ± 5.3 respectively, with no posttransplantation recurrence for both groups. On univariate analysis, preoperative factors such as anti-HBc, HBV DNA, preoperative prophylaxis, and the presence of HCC did not show any correlation with recurrence. However, HBeAg showed statistical significance for recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

Low-dose HBIG in combination with antiviral agents (lamivudine, entecavir, and tenofovir) is efficacious in preventing recurrence of HBV in posttransplantation patients.

Low incidence of acute rejection in hepatitis B virus positive liver transplant recipients and the impact of hepatitis B immunoglobulin

Historically, hepatitis B virus (HBV) liver transplantation (LT) recipients have less acute cellular rejection (ACR) than those without HBV. We questioned whether this has persisted in an era of decreased Hepatitis B immunoglobulin use (HBIG) given its in vitro immunoregulatory effects. We compared the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of ACR among 40,593 primary LT recipients with HBV, hepatitis C, steatohepatitis, and immune liver disease (OPTN 2000-2011). We also assessed the in vitro effect of HBIG on alloimmune lymphoproliferation and regulatory T cell generation using mixed lymphocyte reactions. In multivariate analysis, HBV status remained a strong independent predictor of freedom from ACR (OR 0.58, 95% CI: 1.5-2.1). Patient (67.7% vs 72.3%) and graft (60.8% vs 69.1%) survival were significantly lower in patients with ACR versus no ACR for all causes except HBV. HBIG use had no statistical association with ACR. In vitro, HBIG at concentrations equivalent to clinical dosing did not inhibit lymphoproliferation or promote regulatory T cell development. In summary, the incidence and impact of ACR is lower now for HBV LT and does not appear to be secondary to HBIG by our in vitro and in vivo analyses. Rather, it may be due to the innate immunosuppressive properties of chronic HBV infection.

Management of hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is responsible for up to 30% of cases of liver cirrhosis and up to 53% of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation (LT) is the best therapeutic option for patients with end-stage liver failure caused by HBV. The success of transplantation, though, depends on receiving prophylactic treatment against post-transplant viral reactivation. In the absence of prophylaxis, liver transplantation due to chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is associated with high rates of viral recurrence and poor survival. The introduction of treatment with hepatitis B immunoglobulins (HBIG) during the 1990s and later the incorporation of oral antiviral drugs have improved the prognosis of these patients. Thus, LT for CHB is now a universally accepted option, with an estimated 5 years survival of around 85% vs the 45% survival seen prior to the introduction of HBIG. The combination of lamivudine plus HBIG has for many years been the most widely used prophylactic regimen. However, with the appearance of new more potent oral antiviral agents associated with less resistance (e.g., entecavir and tenofovir) for the treatment of CHB, new prophylactic strategies are being designed, either in combination with HBIG or alone as a monotherapy. These advances have allowed for more personalized prophylaxis based on the individual risk profile of a given patient. In addition, the small pool of donors has required the use of anti-HBc-positive donors (with the resulting possibility of transmitting HBV from these organs), which has been made possible by suitable prophylactic regimens.

Intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulins for reinfection control after liver transplantation: a cost-saving alternative

Aim: We explore the effectiveness and cost–effectiveness of intramuscular versus intravenous hepatitis B immunoglobulins (HBIG-IV vs HBIG-IM) to prevent reinfection with the hepatitis B virus after orthotopic liver transplantation. Patients & methods: Overall, 14 patients had orthotopic liver transplantation in 2003–2013 at Ghent University Hospital for HBV-related liver disease. On average 32 months after transplantation patients switched from high-dose HBIG-IV to low-dose HBIG-IM, always in combination with a nucleos(t)ide analog. Results: Seven patients were switched so far. No significant differences between HBIG-IV and HBIG-IM were found in HBsAg and hepatitis B virus-DNA. Conclusion: Switching patients from HBIG-IV to HBIG-IM can be done safely if well monitored. Net yearly savings for the healthcare payer were €5000 for each patient switched to HBIG-IM.

Hepatitis B virus quasispecies evolution after liver transplantation in patients under long-term lamivudine prophylaxis with or without hepatitis B immune globulin

AIMS

To investigate an optimal long-term prophylactic strategy for prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation, we conducted a randomized study of 29 transplant recipients receiving a short course of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) + lamivudine (LAM), followed by randomization to long-term prophylaxis with LAM with or without HBIg.

METHODS

The efficacy and safety, and impact on survival and HBV recurrence of these 2 prophylactic regimens were compared over a mean period of 10 years. In patients with viral recurrence, the HBV quasispecies in the surface/polymerase region were studied by ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS).

RESULTS

The 10-year survival rate was 76% and was not affected by the type of prophylaxis. Four patients had hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) recurrence within the first 48 months after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). HBsAg-positive and -negative patients showed similar mean survival times, with no differences between the 2 regimens. Low HBV DNA levels were transiently detected in 32% of HBsAg-negative patients. UDPS showed major changes after OLT in the HBV quasispecies of patients with viral recurrence, which may be explained by a "bottleneck" effect of OLT together with prophylactic therapy.

CONCLUSION

Long-term survival after OLT in end-stage chronic hepatitis B patients was good with both prophylactic strategies. However, low, transient HBV DNA levels were detected even in the absence of HBsAg, showing the importance of continuing HBV prophylaxis.

Immunogenicity of different hepatitis B virus vaccination schedules in liver transplant recipients

AIM

To compare the immunogenicity of two modified hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination schedules in liver transplant recipients. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) in combination with nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NUCs) is the recommended prophylaxis for preventing HBV recurrence following liver transplantation (LT). However, HBIG treatment is expensive. Active immunization with hepatitis B vaccine would be a preferable alternative prophylaxis to replace HBIG treatment. However, the overall response rate to standard vaccination (given at months 0, 1 and 6) is relatively low in immune-compromised patients.

METHODS

Two cohorts of 114 subjects were immunized with recombinant HBV vaccine containing S-antigen. The patients in the rapid schedule group were immunized with 40 μg HBV vaccine at months 0, 1, 2 and 3, and with 20 μg at months 4, 5 and 6. The patients in the accelerated schedule group were immunized with 40 μg of HBV vaccine at days 0, 7, 14 and 28, and 20 μg at months 2, 3 and 4.

RESULTS

The overall response rate was 16.7% (19/114) and all responders discontinued HBIG injection and only one patient developed HBV recurrence. The response rate was 24.6% (14/57) and 8.8% (5/57) in the rapid vaccination and the accelerated vaccination schedules, respectively (P = 0.024).

CONCLUSION

HBV vaccination may induce endogenous anti-HBs to replace HBIG in selected patients. Vaccination schedules may influence vaccine response, and individual optimization may improve response rate to HBV vaccination.

Histopathological causes of late liver allograft dysfunction: analysis at a single institution

Background

We summarize our experience in the pathological diagnosis of late complications of liver transplantation (LT) to better understand the causes of late allograft dysfunction in a population mostly composed of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

Methods

We reviewed 361 post-transplant liver biopsies from 174 patients who underwent LT and first presented with liver function abnormalities 3 months post-procedure. The underlying diseases included HBV-associated liver disease (77%), toxic or alcoholic liver disease (10.3%), hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated liver disease (8.6%), primary biliary cirrhosis (1.2%), primary sclerosing cholangitis (1.2%), and metabolic disease (1.7%).

Results

The three most common late complications were acute rejection (32.5%), recurrent disease (19.1%), and biliary complication (17.1%). Patients who underwent LT for HBV infection or for drug- or alcohol-related liver disease had a lower incidence of recurring disease than those who underwent transplantation for HCV infection. During post-transplantation months 3-12, acute rejection was the most common cause of allograft dysfunction and recurring disease was the leading cause for allograft dysfunction (p=0.039). The two primary causes of late allograft dysfunction have overlapping histological features, although acute rejection more frequently showed bile duct damage and vascular endothelialitis than recurring HBV infection, and recurring HBV infection had more frequent lobular activity and piecemeal necrosis.

Conclusions

The causes of late liver allograft dysfunction are closely associated with the original liver diseases and the period after LT. Careful attention is required for differential diagnosis between acute rejection and recurrent HBV.

Immunoprophylaxis against and prevention of recurrent viral hepatitis after liver transplantation

The reinfection of the hepatic allograft with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus can have important sequelae that result in poor long-term patient and graft survival. Although a response to treatment with antiviral medications can improve these outcomes, not all patients tolerate these medications or experience viral eradication. Avoiding reinfection of the graft is the most effective means of improving the long-term outcomes for these patient populations. This review is focused on the prevention of viral hepatitis reinfection after liver transplantation.

Immunotherapies in infectious diseases

The development of an infection involves interplay between the host's immune system and the virulence of the infecting microorganism. The traditional treatment of an infection involves antimicrobial chemotherapy to kill the organism. The use of immunotherapies in infections includes treatment options that modulate the immune response and can lead to control of infections. These therapies are expected to become more important therapeutic options with the increase in infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms and the increasing number of immunocompromised patients.

Polyclonal immunoglobulins and hyperimmune globulins in prevention and management of infectious diseases

Immunoglobulin therapy has a rich history of use in preventing and treating infectious diseases; however, clinical data on the efficacy of immunoglobulin is lacking for many infectious diseases. Immunoglobulin therapy is routinely used in postexposure prophylaxis for bacterial infections, including tetanus, botulism, and diphtheria, and viral infections, including hepatitis A and B and varicella. Immunoglobulin therapy has also been used in many severe and life-threatening infections where treatments are limited, including toxic shock syndrome, respiratory syncytial virus infection, and cytomegalovirus infection. The authors review the evidence for the use of immunoglobulin therapy in common adult infectious diseases.

Hepatitis B immunoglobulin for prevention of hepatitis B virus infection and recurrence after liver transplantation

Intravenous hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) is a human plasma-derived purified gammaglobulin (IgG) that has proven efficacy and dose-dependent response in the prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation. It is also indicated for postexposure prophylaxis after contact with blood or body fluids of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive carriers and in prevention of mother-to-child (vertical) transmission. The exact mechanism of passive immunization is unknown; HBIG may block HBV entry and binding to hepatocytes, neutralize circulating HBV and target HBV-infected cells through an antibody-mediated immune response. The drug is well tolerated and common side effects include fever, chills and arthralgias that are usually mild and transient. This article summarizes the main indications and the recommendations for use of intravenous HBIG, as well as the usage of intramuscular HBIG in the liver transplant setting.

Simple nucleos(t)ides as HBV prophylaxis regime of post-liver transplantation: Six-year followed up

A combination of nucleos(t)ides and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) has been found to be effective for the prevention of hepatitis B viral (HBV) reinfection after liver transplantation (LT), but its administration is costly, and not always available. We report the case of a male, 33-year-old cirrhotic patient who has tested positive for serum HBsAg, and HBeAg, with 9.04 × 10(7) copies/mL of HBV DNA. He suffered from acute liver failure and was near death before undergoing emergency LT. No HBIg was available at the time, so only lamivudine was used. He routinely received immunosuppression medication. Serum HBV DNA and HBsAg still showed positive post-LT, and the graft re-infected. Hepatitis B flared three months later. Adefovir dipivoxil was added to the treatment, but in the 24(th) mo of treatment, the patient developed lamivudine resistance and a worsening of the hepatitis occurred shortly thereafter. The treatment combination was then changed to a double dosage of entecavir and the disease was gradually resolved. After 60-mo of post-LT nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy, anti-HBs seroconverted, and the antiviral was stopped. By the end of a 12-mo follow-up, the patient had achieved sustained recovery. In conclusion, the case seems to point to evidence that more potent and less resistant analogues like entecavir might fully replace HBIg as an HBV prophylaxis and treatment regimen.