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Masola V, Bonomini M, Onisto M, Ferraro PM, Arduini A, Gambaro G. Biological Effects of XyloCore, a Glucose Sparing PD Solution, on Mesothelial Cells: Focus on Mesothelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Inflammation and Angiogenesis. Nutrients 2021; 13:2282. [PMID: 34209455 PMCID: PMC8308380 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-based solutions remain the most used osmotic agents in peritoneal dialysis (PD), but unavoidably they contribute to the loss of peritoneal filtration capacity. Here, we evaluated at a molecular level the effects of XyloCore, a new PD solution with a low glucose content, in mesothelial and endothelial cells. Cell viability, integrity of mesothelial and endothelial cell membrane, activation of mesothelial and endothelial to mesenchymal transition programs, inflammation, and angiogenesis were evaluated by several techniques. Results showed that XyloCore preserves mesothelial and endothelial cell viability and membrane integrity. Moreover XyloCore, unlike glucose-based solutions, does not exert pro-fibrotic, -inflammatory, and -angiogenic effects. Overall, the in vitro evidence suggests that XyloCore could represent a potential biocompatible solution promising better outcomes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masola
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Mario Bonomini
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Medicine, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti-Pescara, SS.Annunziata Hospital, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Pietro Manuel Ferraro
- U.O.S. Terapia Conservativa della Malattia Renale Cronica, U.O.C. Nefrologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00178 Rome, Italy;
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Arduino Arduini
- R&D Department, Iperboreal Pharma Srl, 65122 Pescara, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy;
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Hoff CM, Margetts PJ. Adenovirus-Based Transient Expression Systems for Peritoneal Membrane Research. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080602600505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPeritoneal membrane research has provided important insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of this tissue that is of vital importance for peritoneal dialysis patients. Among the various tools and methodologies used to study the peritoneum, we have extensively used adenovirus-mediated gene transfer.MethodsA literature review was carried out. Information from reviewed papers was combined with the authors’ experience and results.ResultsWe have used first-generation adenoviruses that are simple to construct and can infect a wide range of dividing and nondividing cell types. These vectors are restricted, however, in that they provide only a short duration of transgene expression and may elicit an inflammatory response. Modifications to this technology with helper-dependent adenovirus may circumvent these problems but with increased complexity of construction. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer has been used to evaluate the effect of several cytokines and growth factors on peritoneal membrane physiology. We have used intraperitoneal delivery of transforming growth factor-β to generate an experimental model system of resolving peritoneal fibrosis and epithelial mesenchymal transdifferentiation. We have studied the effects of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha on the peritoneum, and have shown that antiangiogenic factors such as sFLT-1 and angiostatin can reduce the damaging effects of exposure to peritoneal dialysis solutions in an animal model.ConclusionsThe use of recombinant adenoviruses to genetically modify cells and tissues is now a common laboratory research tool. This technique has provided important advances in our understanding of the peritoneal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Hoff
- Scientific Affairs, Renal Division, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, McGaw Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter J. Margetts
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Extensive experience with chronic peritoneal dialysis has identified a series of functional and anatomical pathologic changes in the peritoneal membrane thought to be the result of repeated insults from bioincompatible solutions. Laboratory and clinical findings from recent investigations often conflict and are difficult to interpret due to variations in methodologies, animal models, study designs, and data analyses. The principal pathophysiologic mechanisms identified thus far are oxidative stress, inflammation, and their consequences. Many substances used to neutralize the action of these insults, prevent formation of toxic compounds, or directly alter solute and water transport to improve peritoneal membrane performance have been studied. We herein review the most promising of these substances or those that deserve attention because their use has contributed to better understanding of peritoneal pathophysiology. Most peritoneal solution additives have proved useless due to their toxicity and undesirable effects, ineffectiveness, or manufacturing limitations. A few substances deserve more attention, particularly those capable of restoring negatively charged membrane sites, those that somehow improve permselectivity, scavengers of oxidants, and advanced glycation end-product inhibitors and breakers. Recent publications on clinical experience with neutral pH, low glucose degradation product (GDP) peritoneal solutions, although few and preliminary, are most encouraging. The virtual elimination of GDPs in these novel solutions will probably preclude the need for GDP scavengers and inhibitors. Nonetheless, there is room for further significant improvement in solution biocompatibility and for compounds that may restore peritoneal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Diaz-Buxo
- Home Therapies Development, Fresenius Medical Care North America, Lexington Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lazaro Gotloib
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Research Center for Experimental Nephrology, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
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Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a modality for treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that depends on the structural and functional integrity of the peritoneal membrane. However, long-term PD can lead to morphological and functional changes in the peritoneum; in particular, peritoneal fibrosis has become one of the most common complications that ultimately results in ultrafiltration failure (UFF) and discontinuation of PD. Several factors and mechanisms such as inflammation and overproduction of transforming growth factor-β1 have been implicated in the development of peritoneal fibrosis, but there is no effective therapy to prevent or delay this process. Recent studies have shown that activation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is associated with the development and progression of tissue fibrosis in various organs, and there are also reports indicating the involvement of some RTKs in peritoneal fibrosis. This review will describe the role and mechanisms of RTKs in peritoneal fibrosis and discuss the possibility of using them as therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Beyene RT, Kavalukas SL, Barbul A. Intra-abdominal adhesions: Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Curr Probl Surg 2015; 52:271-319. [PMID: 26258583 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Stojimirović B, Jovanović N, Trbojević-Stanković J, Nešić DM, Brašanac T, Žunić-Božinovski S. Levels of transforming growth factorβ1 during first six months of peritoneal dialysis. Ren Fail 2015; 37:640-5. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2015.1010417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lee CJ, Subeq YM, Lee RP, Liou HH, Hsu BG. Calcitriol decreases TGF-β1 and angiotensin II production and protects against chlorhexide digluconate-induced liver peritoneal fibrosis in rats. Cytokine 2013; 65:105-18. [PMID: 24210651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal fibrosis is a major complication of peritoneal dialysis that can lead to ultrafiltration failure. This study investigates the protective effects of calcitriol on chlorhexidine digluconate-induced peritoneal fibrosis in rats. Peritoneal fibrosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by daily administration of 0.5mL 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate in normal saline via peritoneal dialysis for 1week. Rats received daily intravenous injections of calcitriol (low-dose, 10ng/kg; or high-dose, 100ng/kg) for 1week. After 7days, conventional 4.25% Dianeal (30mL) was administered via peritoneal dialysis over 4h. Peritoneal solute transport was calculated from the dialysate concentration relative to its concentration in the initial infused dialysis solution (D4/D0 glucose) for glucose, and the dialysate-to-plasma concentration ratio (D4/P4 urea) at 4h for urea. Rats were then sacrificed and the liver peritoneum was harvested for immunohistochemical analysis via microscopy. After dialysis, the D4/P4 Urea level was reduced; increases were observed in the D4/D0 glucose level and the levels of active transforming growth factor-β1 and angiotensin II in serum and dialysate; the liver peritoneum and muscle peritoneum was markedly thickened, and the expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-β1, and phosphorylated Smad2/3 (P-Smad2/3)-positive cells in the liver peritoneum was elevated in the peritoneal fibrosis group compared with the vehicle group. Calcitriol decreased the serum and dialysate active transforming growth factor-β1 and angiotensin II level, decreased the thickness of the liver peritoneum and muscle peritoneum, and decreased the expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, collagen, vascular endothelial growth factor, angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-β1, and P-Smad2/3-positive cells in liver peritoneum cells. High-dose calcitriol exhibited better protective effects against peritoneal fibrosis than did the lower dose. Calcitriol protected against chlorhexidine digluconate-induced peritoneal fibrosis in rats by decreasing transforming growth factor-β1 and angiotensin II production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi College of Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
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Ke CY, Lee CC, Lee CJ, Subeq YM, Lee RP, Hsu BG. Aliskiren ameliorates chlorhexidine digluconate-induced peritoneal fibrosis in rats. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:301-9. [PMID: 20486991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is a recognized complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) and can lead to ultrafiltration failure. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of aliskiren on chlorhexidine digluconate-induced PF in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PF was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by daily administration of 0.5 mL 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate in normal saline via PD tube for 1 week. Rats received daily intravenous injections of low-dose aliskiren (1 mg kg(-1)) or high-dose aliskiren (10 mg kg(-1)) for 1 week. After 7 days, conventional 4.25% Dianeal (30 mL) was administered via a PD catheter with a dwell time of 4 h and assessed of peritoneal function. At the end of dialysis, rats were sacrificed and the liver peritoneum was harvested for microscopically and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS There was no significant difference in mean arterial pressure and heart rate between groups. After 4 h of PD, the D(4)/P(4) urea level was reduced, the D(4)/D(0) glucose level, serum and dialysate transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) level was increased, the liver peritoneum was markedly thicker, and the expression of TGF-beta1, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), fibronectin, collagen, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were elevated in the PS group compared with the vehicle group. Aliskiren decreased the serum and dialysate TGF-beta1 level, decreased the thickness of the liver peritoneum, and decreased the expression of TGF-beta1, alpha-SMA, fibronectin, collagen, and VEGF-positive cells in liver peritoneum. Moreover, high-dose aliskiren had better protective effects against PF than low dose in rats. CONCLUSIONS Aliskiren protected against chlorhexidine digluconate-induced PF in rats by decreasing TGF-beta1 production.
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Liu L, Shi CX, Ghayur A, Zhang C, Su JY, Hoff CM, Margetts PJ. Prolonged Peritoneal Gene Expression Using a Helper-Dependent Adenovirus. Perit Dial Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080902900507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare complication of peritoneal dialysis. The causes of EPS are not well defined and are likely multifactorial. A suitable animal model would facilitate research into the pathophysiology and treatment of EPS. Methods We developed a helper-dependent adenovirus that expresses both green fluorescent protein (GFP) and active transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1; HDAdTGF-β1). Mice were administered HDAdTGF-β1 via intraperitoneal injection and the response was compared with mice administered either first-generation adenovirus expressing TGF-β1 (AdTGF-β1) or control adenovirus (AdGFP). Results HDAdTGF-β1-treated mice continued to express the GFP reporter transgene to day 74, the end of the observation period. Transgene expression lasted less than 28 days in the animals treated with first-generation adenoviruses. Animals treated with first-generation AdTGF-β1 demonstrated submesothelial thickening and angiogenesis at day 7, with almost complete resolution by day 28. The HDAdTGF-β1-treated mice demonstrated progressive peritoneal fibrosis with adhesion formation and encapsulation of bowels. Weight gain was significantly reduced in animals treated with HDAdTGF-β1 compared to both the control-treated animals and the AdTGF-β1-treated animals. Inflammation was not a major component of the fibroproliferative response. Conclusions Peritoneal administration of a first-generation AdTGF-β1 leads to transient gene expression, resulting in a resolving fibrotic response and histology similar to that seen in simple peritoneal sclerosis. Prolonged TGF-β1 expression induced by the helper-dependent HDAdTGF-β1 led to changes in peritoneal morphology resembling EPS. This suggests that TGF-β1 may be a contributing factor in both simple peritoneal sclerosis and EPS. This model will be useful for elucidation of the mechanism of EPS and evaluation of potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chang-Xin Shi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Ayesha Ghayur
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire Zhang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Je Yen Su
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine M. Hoff
- Renal Division, Scientific Affairs, Baxter Healthcare, McGaw Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter J. Margetts
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Sun Y, Zhu F, Yu X, Nie J, Huang F, Li X, Luo N, Lan HY, Wang Y. Treatment of established peritoneal fibrosis by gene transfer of Smad7 in a rat model of peritoneal dialysis. Am J Nephrol 2009; 30:84-94. [PMID: 19223683 PMCID: PMC2786025 DOI: 10.1159/000203362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS It has been shown that blockade of TGF-beta1 signaling with Smad7 prevents experimental peritoneal fibrosis. The present study investigated whether Smad7 has a therapeutic effect on established peritoneal fibrosis associated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS A rat model of peritoneal fibrosis was induced by a daily intraperitoneal infusion of 4.25% Dianeal. After peritoneal fibrosis had been established on day 14, groups of 6 rats were treated intraperitoneally with gene transfer of Smad7 or control plasmids using an ultrasound-microbubble-mediated system for 2 weeks until day 28. In addition, a group of 6 diseased rats was euthanized on day 14 before treatment as the basal disease control. RESULTS Compared to the control-treatment animals on day 28, real-time PCR, Western blot, and confocal microscopy revealed that Smad7 gene transfer significantly attenuated the increased peritoneal fibrosis including the thickening of fibrotic peritoneum, accumulation of alpha-SMA and collagen I, and an improvement in peritoneal dysfunction (all p < 0.05). Importantly, Smad7 treatment also improved the severity of peritoneal fibrosis and functional impairment when compared to those on day 14 before treatment (all p < 0.05). Inhibition of the established peritoneal fibrosis by Smad7 was associated with an abrogation of TGF-beta signaling and upregulation of TGF-beta1 and PAI-1. CONCLUSIONS Smad7 gene therapy is able to inhibit established peritoneal fibrosis in a rat model of PD. Results from this study suggest that Smad7 may be a therapeutic agent for the treatment of peritoneal fibrosis associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, SAR, PR China
| | - Fengxin Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, SAR, PR China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, SAR, PR China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, SAR, PR China
| | - Fengxian Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, SAR, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, SAR, PR China
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, SAR, PR China
| | - Hui Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, SAR, PR China
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Nakav S, Kachko L, Vorobiov M, Rogachev B, Chaimovitz C, Zlotnik M, Douvdevani A. Blocking adenosine A2A receptor reduces peritoneal fibrosis in two independent experimental models. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:2392-9. [PMID: 19221177 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfp041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with peritoneal fibrosis and loss of function. It has been shown that activation of the adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) promotes tissue repair, wound healing and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. We have previously shown that adenosine is a potent regulator of inflammation in the peritoneum. In the current study, we explored the role of adenosine and the A(2A)R in two experimental models. METHODS Collagen deposition was evaluated in primary peritoneal fibroblasts following treatment with an A(2A)R agonist and antagonist. In addition, peritoneal fibrosis was induced by i.p. injection of either chlorhexidine gluconate for 2 weeks or 4.25% glucose peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) for 1 month. The development of fibrosis was compared between wild-type (WT) and WT mice treated with caffeine (an A(2A)R antagonist) in drinking water or between (A(2A)R(+/+)) mice and A(2A)R-deficient mice (A(2A)R(-/-)). RESULTS Adenosine or the A(2A)R agonist CGS21680 stimulated collagen production by peritoneal fibroblasts in vitro and A(2A)R antagonists (ZM241385 and caffeine) blocked this effect. Consistent with these results, caffeine-treated WT or A(2A)R(-/-) mice had reduced submesothelial thickness, collagen deposition and mRNA levels of fibroblast-specific protein (FSP-1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). In addition, treatment with caffeine in vitro and in vivo diminished A(2A)R and A(2B)R mRNA levels induced by CG or PDF while it upregulated A(1)R levels. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that adenosine through its A(2A)R promotes peritoneal fibrosis and therefore should be considered as a target for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Nakav
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Soroka Medical Center and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Hatakeyama M, Imaizumi T, Sakaki H, Yoshida H, Tanaka H, Kimura H, Fukuda I, Satoh K. Interleukin-1 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human pericardial mesothelial cells. Heart Vessels 2007; 22:123-7. [PMID: 17390208 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-006-0942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a mitogen for endothelial cells. We have studied the production of VEGF by human pericardial mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells were separated by scraping the pericardial surface during cardiac surgery and cultured. When stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1alpha, pericardial mesothelial cells expressed VEGF mRNA and protein in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Hypoxia was also found to enhance mesothelial VEGF mRNA expression. The cells expressed mRNA for Flt-1 (VEGF receptor 1) and Flk-1 (VEGF receptor 2), and exogenous VEGF was found to have migration-promoting activity on cultured cells. We conclude that pericardial mesothelial cells express VEGF, which may serve as an autocrine growth-regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Hatakeyama
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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