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Mostafaei S, Keshavarz M, Sadri Nahand J, Farhadi Hassankiadeh R, Moradinazar M, Nouri M, Babaei F, Ahadi M, Payandeh M, Salari Esker A, Hajighadimi S, Mirzaei H, Moghoofei M. Viral infections and risk of thyroid cancer: A systematic review and empirical bayesian meta-analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152855. [PMID: 32111443 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The associations between viruses and the cancer have been conducted in several studies while there has been no systematic review and meta-analysis about the association between viral infections and thyroid cancer (TC). Therefore, we investigated the association between viral infection and TC risk. METHODS Systematic search was done from 1994 to 2019 in Web of sciences (ISI), PubMed, and Scopus databases. Pooled logarithm of odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI) and pooled prevalence of viral infections were calculated to find the association between the viral infections and TC risk and overall prevalence of the viral infections in TC. RESULTS Twenty-three of 852 original articles were selected and included in the study. According to the results of the random effect meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of viral infections in the TC patients was 37 % (95 % C. I = 22 %-55 %). In addition, there was a significant association between viral infections (log (OR) = 1.51, 95 % credible interval = 0.68-2.39) and TC risk. The highest associations were observed between TC risk and Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 (SV40) and B19 infections, respectively. The lowest non-significant association was found between TC risk and Poliovirus type 1 infection. The significantly heterogeneity was observed between included studies (Q test: p-value<0.001; I2 = 73.82 %; τ2 = 1.08, 95 % Cr. I = 0.47-1.94). CONCLUSIONS Results clearly demonstrated the potential pathogenetic association between viral infections and increased risk of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Mostafaei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Moradinazar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Majid Nouri
- Golestan Hospital Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Ahadi
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Payandeh
- Cancer Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Adel Salari Esker
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah Hajighadimi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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A possible link between the Epstein-Barr virus infection and autoimmune thyroid disorders. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:297-301. [PMID: 27833448 PMCID: PMC5099387 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.63130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4, is a member of the Herpesviridae virus family. EBV infection can cause infectious mononucleosis (IM) in the lytic phase of EBV's life cycle. Past EBV infection is associated with lymphomas, and may also result in certain allergic and autoimmune diseases. Although potential mechanisms of autoimmune diseases have not been clearly elucidated, both genetic and environmental factors, such as infectious agents, are considered to be responsible for their development. In addition, EBV modifies the host immune response. The worldwide prevalence of autoimmune diseases shows how common this pathogen is. Normally, the virus stays in the body and remains dormant throughout life. However, this is not always the case, and a serious EBV-related illness may develop later in life. This explains the chronic course of autoimmune diseases that is often accompanied by exacerbations of symptoms. Based on the present studies, EBV infection can cause autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren's syndrome, and autoimmune hepatitis. The EBV has also been reported in patients with autoimmune thyroid disorders. Although EBV is not the only agent responsible for the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases, it can be considered a contributory factor.
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Stamatiou DP, Derdas SP, Zoras OL, Spandidos DA. Herpes and polyoma family viruses in thyroid cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1635-1644. [PMID: 26998055 PMCID: PMC4774504 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is considered the most common malignancy that affects the endocrine system. Generally, thyroid cancer derives from follicular epithelial cells, and thyroid cancer is divided into well-differentiated papillary (80% of cases) and follicular (15% of cases) carcinoma. Follicular thyroid cancer is further divided into the conventional and oncocytic (Hürthle cell) type, poorly differentiated carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma. Both poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinoma can arise either de novo, or secondarily from papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. The incidence of thyroid cancer has significantly increased for both males and females of all ages, particularly for females between 55–64 years of age, from 1999 through 2008. The increased rates refer to tumors of all stages, though they were mostly noted in localized disease. Recently, viruses have been implicated in the direct regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the development of metastases. More specifically, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins may potentially lead to the development of metastasis through the regulation of the metastasis suppressor, Nm23, and the control of Twist expression. The significant enhancement of the metastatic potential, through the induction of angiogenesis and changes to the tumor microenvironment, subsequent to viral infection, has been documented, while EMT also contributes to cancer cell permissiveness to viruses. A number of viruses have been identified to be associated with carcinogenesis, and these include lymphotropic herpesviruses, namely EBV and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV8)]; two hepatitis viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV); human papillomaviruses (HPVs); human T cell lymphoma virus (HTLV); and a new polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus identified in 2008. In this review, we examined the association between thyroid cancer and two oncogenic virus families, the herpes and polyoma family viruses, and we discuss their potential role as causative agents in thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris P Stamatiou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
| | - Stavros P Derdas
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
| | - Odysseas L Zoras
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
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Desailloud R, Hober D. Viruses and thyroiditis: an update. Virol J 2009; 6:5. [PMID: 19138419 PMCID: PMC2654877 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are frequently cited as a major environmental factor involved in subacute thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroid diseases This review examines the data related to the role of viruses in the development of thyroiditis. Our research has been focused on human data. We have reviewed virological data for each type of thyroiditis at different levels of evidence; epidemiological data, serological data or research on circulating viruses, direct evidence of thyroid tissue infection. Interpretation of epidemiological and serological data must be cautious as they don't prove that this pathogen is responsible for the disease. However, direct evidence of the presence of viruses or their components in the organ are available for retroviruses (HFV) and mumps in subacute thyroiditis, for retroviruses (HTLV-1, HFV, HIV and SV40) in Graves's disease and for HTLV-1, enterovirus, rubella, mumps virus, HSV, EBV and parvovirus in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. However, it remains to determine whether they are responsible for thyroid diseases or whether they are just innocent bystanders. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between viruses and thyroid diseases, in order to develop new strategies for prevention and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Desailloud
- Laboratoire de Virologie/UPRES EA3610 Faculté de Médecine, Université Lille 2, CHRU Lille, Centre de Biologie/Pathologie et Parc Eurasanté, 59037 Lille, France.
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Shinohara S, Rothstein JL. Interleukin 24 is induced by the RET/PTC3 oncoprotein and is an autocrine growth factor for epithelial cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:7571-9. [PMID: 15326486 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancers, like hematological malignancies, are commonly associated with chromosomal translocations leading to the formation of fusion proteins. Through altered signaling by fusion proteins, cell death and survival pathways are disrupted and the physiological balance of cell-cell communication may be lost. A consequence of this disruption is the release of factors by stressed cells that alert the host. One type of host response is leukocytic infiltration that may develop into chronic inflammation or autoimmune disease. Although inflammation can be associated with neoplastic tissue, the mechanism driving this process is largely unknown. Therefore, to address the mechanism of cancer inflammation we investigated the effects of an oncogene in a murine model system. A comprehensive genetic analysis revealed several soluble factors that were induced by RET/papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC)3 gene expression including several proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and immunologically relevant costimulatory molecules. Following a large genetic screen using RP3-expressing thyroid cells, we identified a highly abundant transcript and later identified it as interleukin 24 (Il24), a cytokine with diverse tumor suppressor and inflammatory activities. We show that RET/PTC3 induces Il24 expression in rat thyrocytes and that this expression is dependent on the signaling properties of its tyrosine kinase. Likewise, RET/PTC3 induces large amounts of Il24 following expression in murine thyrocytes, but its expression is dramatically reduced in poorly differentiated carcinomas, a finding that parallels the loss of RET/PTC3 expression. Consistent with its behavior as a tumor suppressor, the loss of Il24 coincided with the loss of RET/PTC3 in poorly differentiated mouse tumors. A functional role of Il24 in the autocrine growth/survival of RET/PTC3-expressing thyroid cells was identified helping to support its role in cellular transformation. These data suggest that the induction of Il24 by oncogenes may support tumor growth at the early stages of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Shinohara
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Hasegawa Y, Itoh T, Tamagawa Y, Komeno T, Kojima H, Ninomiya H, Yatabe Y, Mori N, Nagasawa T. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma followed by plasmacytoma, both arising in A thyroid gland with Hashimoto's disease. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 35:613-8. [PMID: 10609800 DOI: 10.1080/10428199909169627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a rare case of malignant lymphoma followed by plasmacytoma in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The patient developed malignant lymphoma (small, non-cleaved cell, and non Burkitt's type by Working Formulation classification), and remained in remission for 2 years after receiving combination chemotherapy, and then developed plasmacytoma in the same lesion. Rearrangement bands for IgH from both specimens showed different bands, indicating that both were of monoclonal type but of a different clonal origin. Considering the clinical course in this case, thyroidectomy may be indicated for lymphoproliferative diseases in Hashimoto's thyroiditis treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hasegawa
- Division of Hematology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Nasu M, Aruga M, Itami J, Fujimoto H, Matsubara O. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism: an autopsy case report. Pathol Int 1998; 48:138-43. [PMID: 9589478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1998.tb03883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 55-year-old male presented with an initial manifestation of primary adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism. Computed tomography scans showed enlarged bilateral adrenal glands and thyroid. A pathological diagnosis of diffuse large cell, B cell lymphoma was made by a needle biopsy of the adrenal gland. He was treated with combination chemotherapy and adrenal and thyroid hormone replacement. The lymphoma subsequently involved the central nervous system. He died of pneumonia 8 months after the presentation of the first symptom. The postmortem examination demonstrated a complete regression of lymphoma in the bilateral adrenal glands and thyroid. This is an extremely rare case of coexistent lymphoma of the adrenal glands and the thyroid presenting with adrenal failure and hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nasu
- Department of Pathology, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo
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