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Ojea Ramos S, Feld M, Fustiñana MS. Contributions of extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 activity to the memory trace. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:988790. [PMID: 36277495 PMCID: PMC9580372 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.988790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn from experience and consequently adapt our behavior is one of the most fundamental capacities enabled by complex and plastic nervous systems. Next to cellular and systems-level changes, learning and memory formation crucially depends on molecular signaling mechanisms. In particular, the extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK), historically studied in the context of tumor growth and proliferation, has been shown to affect synaptic transmission, regulation of neuronal gene expression and protein synthesis leading to structural synaptic changes. However, to what extent the effects of ERK are specifically related to memory formation and stabilization, or merely the result of general neuronal activation, remains unknown. Here, we review the signals leading to ERK activation in the nervous system, the subcellular ERK targets associated with learning-related plasticity, and how neurons with activated ERK signaling may contribute to the formation of the memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ojea Ramos
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Feld
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Mariana Feld,
| | - María Sol Fustiñana
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- María Sol Fustiñana,
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2
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Contextual memory reactivation modulates Ca2+-activity network state in a mushroom body-like center of the crab N. granulata. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11408. [PMID: 35794138 PMCID: PMC9259570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-order brain centers play key roles in sensory integration and cognition. In arthropods, much is known about the insect high-order centers that support associative memory processes, the mushroom bodies. The hypothesis that crustaceans possess structures equivalent to the mushroom bodies -traditionally called hemiellipsoid body- has been receiving neuroanatomical endorsement. The recent functional support is limited to the short term: in a structure of the true crab Neohelice granulata that has many insect-like mushroom bodies traits, the plastic learning changes express the context attribute of an associative memory trace. Here, we used in vivo calcium imaging to test whether neuronal activity in this structure is associated with memory reactivation in the long-term (i.e., 24 h after training). Long-term training effects were tested by presenting the training-context alone, a reminder known to trigger memory reconsolidation. We found similar spontaneous activity between trained and naïve animals. However, after training-context presentation, trained animals showed increased calcium events rate, suggesting that memory reactivation induced a change in the underlying physiological state of this center. Reflecting the change in the escape response observed in the paradigm, animals trained with a visual danger stimulus showed significantly lower calcium-evoked transients in the insect-like mushroom body. Protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide administered during consolidation prevented calcium mediated changes. Moreover, we found the presence of distinct calcium activity spatial patterns. Results suggest that intrinsic neurons of this crustacean mushroom body-like center are involved in contextual associative long-term memory processes.
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Rahman MM, Bibi S, Rahaman MS, Rahman F, Islam F, Khan MS, Hasan MM, Parvez A, Hossain MA, Maeesa SK, Islam MR, Najda A, Al-Malky HS, Mohamed HRH, AlGwaiz HIM, Awaji AA, Germoush MO, Kensara OA, Abdel-Daim MM, Saeed M, Kamal MA. Natural therapeutics and nutraceuticals for lung diseases: Traditional significance, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113041. [PMID: 35658211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), infections like influenza, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma and pneumonia lung cancer (LC) are common causes of sickness and death worldwide due to their remoteness, cold and harsh climatic conditions, and inaccessible health care facilities. PURPOSE Many drugs have already been proposed for the treatment of lung diseases. Few of them are in clinical trials and have the potential to cure infectious diseases. Plant extracts or herbal products have been extensively used as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Indian Ayurveda. Moreover, it has been involved in the inhibition of certain genes/protiens effects to promote regulation of signaling pathways. Natural remedies have been scientifically proven with remarkable bioactivities and are considered a cheap and safe source for lung disease. METHODS This comprehensive review highlighted the literature about traditional plants and their metabolites with their applications for the treatment of lung diseases through experimental models in humans. Natural drugs information and mode of mechanism have been studied through the literature retrieved by Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Scopus and Medline PubMed resources against lung diseases. RESULTS In vitro, in vivo and computational studies have been explained for natural metabolites derived from plants (like flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids) against different types of lung diseases. Probiotics have also been biologically active therapeutics against cancer, anti-inflammation, antiplatelet, antiviral, and antioxidants associated with lung diseases. CONCLUSION The results of the mentioned natural metabolites repurposed for different lung diseases especially for SARS-CoV-2 should be evaluated more by advance computational applications, experimental models in the biological system, also need to be validated by clinical trials so that we may be able to retrieve potential drugs for most challenging lung diseases especially SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China; Department of Biosciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Milat University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Md Saidur Rahaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firoza Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Saad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Anwar Parvez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abid Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saila Kabir Maeesa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable and Herbal Crops, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 50A Doświadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Hamdan S Al-Malky
- Regional Drug Information Center, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan R H Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Hussah I M AlGwaiz
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aeshah A Awaji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University College of Taymaa, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa O Germoush
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A Kensara
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 7067, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudia Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
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Bodnar B, DeGruttola A, Zhu Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Mo X, Hu W. Emerging role of NIK/IKK2-binding protein (NIBP)/trafficking protein particle complex 9 (TRAPPC9) in nervous system diseases. Transl Res 2020; 224:55-70. [PMID: 32434006 PMCID: PMC7442628 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
NFκB signaling and protein trafficking network play important roles in various biological and pathological processes. NIK-and-IKK2-binding protein (NIBP), also known as trafficking protein particle complex 9 (TRAPPC9), is a prototype member of a novel protein family, and has been shown to regulate both NFκB signaling pathway and protein transport/trafficking. NIBP is extensively expressed in the nervous system and plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. NIBP/TRAPPC9 mutations have been linked to an autosomal recessive intellectual disability syndrome, called NIBP Syndrome, which is characterized by nonsyndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability along with other symptoms such as obesity, microcephaly, and facial dysmorphia. As more cases of NIBP Syndrome are identified, new light is being shed on the role of NIBP/TRAPPC9 in the central nervous system developments and diseases. NIBP is also involved in the enteric nervous system. This review will highlight the importance of NIBP/TRAPPC9 in central and enteric nervous system diseases, and the established possible mechanisms for developing a potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Bodnar
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; MD/PhD and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arianna DeGruttola
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; MD/PhD and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuanjun Zhu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; MD/PhD and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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5
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Trindade P, Loiola EC, Gasparotto J, Ribeiro CT, Cardozo PL, Devalle S, Salerno JA, Ornelas IM, Ledur PF, Ribeiro FM, Ventura ALM, Moreira JCF, Gelain DP, Porciúncula LO, Rehen SK. Short and long TNF‐alpha exposure recapitulates canonical astrogliosis events in human‐induced pluripotent stem cells‐derived astrocytes. Glia 2020; 68:1396-1409. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Trindade
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Molecular e CelularUniversidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Camila Tiefensee Ribeiro
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Pablo Leal Cardozo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e ImunologiaUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Sylvie Devalle
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabiola Mara Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e ImunologiaUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | - José Claudio Fonseca Moreira
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Lisiane Oliveira Porciúncula
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Stevens Kastrup Rehen
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Pagani MR, Merlo E. Kinase and Phosphatase Engagement Is Dissociated Between Memory Formation and Extinction. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:38. [PMID: 30842725 PMCID: PMC6391346 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Associative long-term memories (LTMs) support long-lasting behavioral changes resulting from sensory experiences. Retrieval of a stable LTM by means of a large number of conditioned stimulus (CS) alone presentations produces inhibition of the original memory through extinction. Currently, there are two opposing hypotheses to account for the neural mechanisms supporting extinction. The unlearning hypothesis posits that extinction affects the original memory trace by reverting the synaptic changes supporting LTM. On the contrary, the new learning hypothesis proposes that extinction is simply the formation of a new associative memory that inhibits the expression of the original one. We propose that detailed analysis of extinction-associated molecular mechanisms could help distinguish between these hypotheses. Here we will review experimental evidence regarding the role of protein kinases and phosphatases (K&P) on LTM formation and extinction. Even though K&P regulate both memory processes, their participation appears to be dissociated. LTM formation recruits kinases, but is constrained by phosphatases. Memory extinction presents a more diverse molecular landscape, requiring phosphatases and some kinases, but also being constrained by kinase activity. Based on the available evidence, we propose a new theoretical model for memory extinction: a neuronal segregation of K&P supports a combination of time-dependent reversible inhibition of the original memory [CS-unconditioned stimulus (US)], with establishment of a new associative memory trace (CS-noUS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rafael Pagani
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)-Houssay, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emiliano Merlo
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)-Houssay, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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7
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Fonseca R. The aging memory: Modulating epigenetic modifications to improve cognitive function. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 133:182-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Transcriptional Control of Synaptic Plasticity by Transcription Factor NF-κB. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:7027949. [PMID: 26881128 PMCID: PMC4736603 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7027949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors is required for the induction of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. All components of this signaling pathway are localized at synapses, and transcriptionally active NF-κB dimers move to the nucleus to translate synaptic signals into altered gene expression. Neuron-specific inhibition results in altered connectivity of excitatory and inhibitory synapses and functionally in selective learning deficits. Recent research on transgenic mice with impaired or hyperactivated NF-κB gave important insights into plasticity-related target gene expression that is regulated by NF-κB. In this minireview, we update the available data on the role of this transcription factor for learning and memory formation and comment on cross-sectional activation of NF-κB in the aged and diseased brain that may directly or indirectly affect κB-dependent transcription of synaptic genes.
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9
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Hippocampal dynamics of synaptic NF-kappa B during inhibitory avoidance long-term memory consolidation in mice. Neuroscience 2015; 291:70-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Brobeil A, Viard M, Petri MK, Steger K, Tag C, Wimmer M. Memory and PTPIP51--a new protein in hippocampus and cerebellum. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 64:61-73. [PMID: 25496818 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously the expression of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Interacting Protein 51 (PTPIP51) in mouse brain was reported. Here, we investigated PTPIP51 mRNA and protein in two of the brain regions namely the hippocampus and the cerebellum of mouse brains. On a cellular level both the protein and the mRNA were related to the pyramidal cells of the hippocampal formation, the granular cells of the dentate gyrus and the cells of the adjacent strata. In the cerebellum PTPIP51 was traced in Purkinje cells, the cells of the molecular layer and the granular layer. On a subcellular level only partial co-localization was seen for the endoplasmic reticulum, but not with mitochondria. In addition the interactome of PTPIP51 was analysed. In hippocampal cells a strong interaction with PTP1B and vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB) was detected. A somewhat differing interaction profile was found in the cerebellum, where high interaction levels were found for 14-3-3, diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα), NFκB and PTP1B. These interaction partners represent specific signalling pathways linked to building memory. PTPIP51 can be associated with nerve growth factor signalling, dendritic and axonal growth, synaptogenesis, and all processes needed for memory formation. Moreover, in HT-22 mouse hippocampal cells PTPIP51 expression was induced by administrating the fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1), which is known to take part in learning/memory processes. Knocking down p38-MAPK also led to an up-regulation of PTPIP51 probably resembling a compensative mechanism. Thus, a possible connection to the processing of memories can be anticipated. Differences in the interaction profile in both regions may be attributed to the actual/local differences in memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brobeil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
| | - M Viard
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - M K Petri
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - K Steger
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Section Molecular Andrology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Tag
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
| | - M Wimmer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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11
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Alberini CM, Kandel ER. The regulation of transcription in memory consolidation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a021741. [PMID: 25475090 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
De novo transcription of DNA is a fundamental requirement for the formation of long-term memory. It is required during both consolidation and reconsolidation, the posttraining and postreactivation phases that change the state of the memory from a fragile into a stable and long-lasting form. Transcription generates both mRNAs that are translated into proteins, which are necessary for the growth of new synaptic connections, as well as noncoding RNA transcripts that have regulatory or effector roles in gene expression. The result is a cascade of events that ultimately leads to structural changes in the neurons that mediate long-term memory storage. The de novo transcription, critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation, is orchestrated by chromatin and epigenetic modifications. The complexity of transcription regulation, its temporal progression, and the effectors produced all contribute to the flexibility and persistence of long-term memory formation. In this article, we provide an overview of the mechanisms contributing to this transcriptional regulation underlying long-term memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R Kandel
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032 Department of Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032 Kavli Institute for Brain Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
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12
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Sol Fustiñana M, de la Fuente V, Federman N, Freudenthal R, Romano A. Protein degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome system in formation and labilization of contextual conditioning memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:478-87. [PMID: 25135196 PMCID: PMC4138359 DOI: 10.1101/lm.035998.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) of protein degradation has been evaluated in different forms of neural plasticity and memory. The role of UPS in such processes is controversial. Several results support the idea that the activation of this system in memory consolidation is necessary to overcome negative constrains for plasticity. In this case, the inhibition of the UPS during consolidation impairs memory. Similar results were reported for memory reconsolidation. However, in other cases, the inhibition of UPS had no effect on memory consolidation and reconsolidation but impedes the amnesic action of protein synthesis inhibition after retrieval. The last finding suggests a specific action of the UPS inhibitor on memory labilization. However, another interpretation is possible in terms of the synthesis/degradation balance of positive and negative elements in neural plasticity, as was found in the case of long-term potentiation. To evaluate these alternative interpretations, other reconsolidation-interfering drugs than translation inhibitors should be tested. Here we analyzed initially the UPS inhibitor effect in contextual conditioning in crabs. We found that UPS inhibition during consolidation impaired long-term memory. In contrast, UPS inhibition did not affect memory reconsolidation after contextual retrieval but, in fact, impeded memory labilization, blocking the action of drugs that does not affect directly the protein synthesis. To extend these finding to vertebrates, we performed similar experiments in contextual fear memory in mice. We found that the UPS inhibitor in hippocampus affected memory consolidation and blocked memory labilization after retrieval. These findings exclude alternative interpretations to the requirement of UPS in memory labilization and give evidence of this mechanism in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Fustiñana
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIByNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Noel Federman
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIByNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramiro Freudenthal
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIByNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arturo Romano
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIByNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Delorenzi A, Maza FJ, Suárez LD, Barreiro K, Molina VA, Stehberg J. Memory beyond expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:307-22. [PMID: 25102126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The idea that memories are not invariable after the consolidation process has led to new perspectives about several mnemonic processes. In this framework, we review our studies on the modulation of memory expression during reconsolidation. We propose that during both memory consolidation and reconsolidation, neuromodulators can determine the probability of the memory trace to guide behavior, i.e. they can either increase or decrease its behavioral expressibility without affecting the potential of persistent memories to be activated and become labile. Our hypothesis is based on the findings that positive modulation of memory expression during reconsolidation occurs even if memories are behaviorally unexpressed. This review discusses the original approach taken in the studies of the crab Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata, which was then successfully applied to test the hypothesis in rodent fear memory. Data presented offers a new way of thinking about both weak trainings and experimental amnesia: memory retrieval can be dissociated from memory expression. Furthermore, the strategy presented here allowed us to show in human declarative memory that the periods in which long-term memory can be activated and become labile during reconsolidation exceeds the periods in which that memory is expressed, providing direct evidence that conscious access to memory is not needed for reconsolidation. Specific controls based on the constraints of reminders to trigger reconsolidation allow us to distinguish between obliterated and unexpressed but activated long-term memories after amnesic treatments, weak trainings and forgetting. In the hypothesis discussed, memory expressibility--the outcome of experience-dependent changes in the potential to behave--is considered as a flexible and modulable attribute of long-term memories. Expression seems to be just one of the possible fates of re-activated memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Delorenzi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - F J Maza
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - L D Suárez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - K Barreiro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, IFIByNE-CONICET, Pabellón II, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Argentina.
| | - V A Molina
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, IFEC-CONICET (X5000HUA), Argentina.
| | - J Stehberg
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile.
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Federman N, Zalcman G, de la Fuente V, Fustiñana MS, Romano A. Epigenetic mechanisms and memory strength: a comparative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:278-85. [PMID: 24978317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Memory consolidation requires de novo mRNA and protein synthesis. Transcriptional activation is controlled by transcription factors, their cofactors and repressors. Cofactors and repressors regulate gene expression by interacting with basal transcription machinery, remodeling chromatin structure and/or chemically modifying histones. Acetylation is the most studied epigenetic mechanism of histones modifications related to gene expression. This process is regulated by histone acetylases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). More than 5 years ago, we began a line of research about the role of histone acetylation during memory consolidation. Here we review our work, presenting evidence about the critical role of this epigenetic mechanism during consolidation of context-signal memory in the crab Neohelice granulata, as well as during consolidation of novel object recognition memory in the mouse Mus musculus. Our evidence demonstrates that histone acetylation is a key mechanism in memory consolidation, functioning as a distinctive molecular feature of strong memories. Furthermore, we found that the strength of a memory can be characterized by its persistence or its resistance to extinction. Besides, we found that the role of this epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression only in the formation of strongest memories is evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Federman
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. IFIByNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, 2do piso, 1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gisela Zalcman
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. IFIByNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, 2do piso, 1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica de la Fuente
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. IFIByNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, 2do piso, 1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Sol Fustiñana
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Romano
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. IFIByNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, 2do piso, 1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Sheridan GK, Moeendarbary E, Pickering M, O'Connor JJ, Murphy KJ. Theta-burst stimulation of hippocampal slices induces network-level calcium oscillations and activates analogous gene transcription to spatial learning. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100546. [PMID: 24950243 PMCID: PMC4065069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over four decades ago, it was discovered that high-frequency stimulation of the dentate gyrus induces long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission. LTP is believed to underlie how we process and code external stimuli before converting it to salient information that we store as 'memories'. It has been shown that rats performing spatial learning tasks display theta-frequency (3–12 Hz) hippocampal neural activity. Moreover, administering theta-burst stimulation (TBS) to hippocampal slices can induce LTP. TBS triggers a sustained rise in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i in neurons leading to new protein synthesis important for LTP maintenance. In this study, we measured TBS-induced [Ca2+]i oscillations in thousands of cells at increasing distances from the source of stimulation. Following TBS, a calcium wave propagates radially with an average speed of 5.2 µm/s and triggers multiple and regular [Ca2+]i oscillations in the hippocampus. Interestingly, the number and frequency of [Ca2+]i fluctuations post-TBS increased with respect to distance from the electrode. During the post-tetanic phase, 18% of cells exhibited 3 peaks in [Ca2+]i with a frequency of 17 mHz, whereas 2.3% of cells distributed further from the electrode displayed 8 [Ca2+]i oscillations at 33 mHz. We suggest that these observed [Ca2+]i oscillations could lead to activation of transcription factors involved in synaptic plasticity. In particular, the transcription factor, NF-κB, has been implicated in memory formation and is up-regulated after LTP induction. We measured increased activation of NF-κB 30 min post-TBS in CA1 pyramidal cells and also observed similar temporal up-regulation of NF-κB levels in CA1 neurons following water maze training in rats. Therefore, TBS of hippocampal slice cultures in vitro can mimic the cell type-specific up-regulations in activated NF-κB following spatial learning in vivo. This indicates that TBS may induce similar transcriptional changes to spatial learning and that TBS-triggered [Ca2+]i oscillations could activate memory-associated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham K. Sheridan
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mark Pickering
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J. O'Connor
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Keith J. Murphy
- Neurotherapeutics Research Group, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Garrido-Suárez BB, Garrido G, García ME, Delgado-Hernández R. Antihyperalgesic Effects of an Aqueous Stem Bark Extract ofMangifera indicaL.: Role of Mangiferin Isolated from the Extract. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1646-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara B. Garrido-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos; Ave. 26 No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado La Habana Cuba
| | - Gabino Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Ñ3; Universidad Católica del Norte; Angamos 0610 Antofagasta Chile
| | - Mary Elena García
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos; Ave. 26 No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado La Habana Cuba
| | - René Delgado-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos; Ave. 26 No. 1605, Nuevo Vedado La Habana Cuba
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17
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Salles A, Romano A, Freudenthal R. Synaptic NF-kappa B pathway in neuronal plasticity and memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:256-62. [PMID: 24854662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several transcription factors are present at the synapse, and among these are the Rel-NF-kappa B pathway components. NF-kappa B is a constitutive transcription factor, with a strong presence in the brain of which a considerable part is located in the neuropiles. This localization of the transcription factor, plus evidence pointing to different functions, is what gave place to two general hypotheses for synaptic NF-kappa B: (a) The transcription factor plays a role in the synapse to nucleus communication, and it is retrogradely transported from polarized localizations to regulate gene expression; (b) The transcription factor modulates the synaptic function locally. Evidence indicates that both mechanisms can operate simultaneously; here we will present different possibilities of these hypotheses that are supported by an increasing amount of data. We pay special attention to the local role of the transcription factor at the synapse, and based in the described evidence from different animal models, we propose several processes in which the transcription factor may change the synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Salles
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, FBMC, FCEyN, UBA, IFIBYNE, CONICET, 2°piso, pabellón II, Intendente Güiraldez 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Arturo Romano
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, FBMC, FCEyN, UBA, IFIBYNE, CONICET, 2°piso, pabellón II, Intendente Güiraldez 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ramiro Freudenthal
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, FBMC, FCEyN, UBA, IFIBYNE, CONICET, 2°piso, pabellón II, Intendente Güiraldez 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Profiling of the soluble proteome in rat hippocampus post propofol anesthesia. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2661-7. [PMID: 24214022 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to initially observe the changes in soluble proteome in rat hippocampus post anesthesia, trying to explore possible clues for elucidating the effects of propofol. Soluble proteins were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Their expressions were observed at 1, 6, 24 h and 7 days after 3 h of propofol anesthesia. Spots exhibiting significant changes among different time-points were submitted to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS) assay and peptide mass fingerprinting identification. The expression changes of selected proteins were further assayed using Western blot and RT-PCR. Twenty-six differentially expressed proteins were found and 19 were successfully identified with MALDI-TOF MS. Gene ontology analysis revealed these identified proteins were mainly cytosol (5) and/or cytoskeleton fractions (5). According to biological processes category, 9 proteins take part in development process, 12 are involved in metabolic process and 6 in regulatory function. Functionally, 17 proteins were involved in binding activities among which 12 possessed catalytic activities. Most changes took place within 24 h. Change patterns of selected proteins were identical in 2-DE and Western blot. Three mRNA of 5 selected proteins exhibited similar change patterns with those of their protein expressions. Soluble proteome in rat hippocampus are dynamically affected by propofol, with multiple processes being involved. They are possible explanations for propofol effects but further investigations are required.
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19
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Nuclear factor κB-dependent histone acetylation is specifically involved in persistent forms of memory. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7603-14. [PMID: 23616565 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4181-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory consolidation requires gene expression regulation by transcription factors, which eventually may induce chromatin modifications as histone acetylation. This mechanism is regulated by histone acetylases and deacetylases. It is not yet clear whether memory consolidation always recruits histone acetylation or it is only engaged in more persistent memories. To address this question, we used different strength of training for novel object recognition task in mice. Only strong training induced a long-lasting memory and an increase in hippocampal histone H3 acetylation. Histone acetylase inhibition in the hippocampus during consolidation impaired memory persistence, whereas histone deacetylase inhibition caused weak memory to persist. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor inhibition impaired memory persistence and, concomitantly, reduced the general level of H3 acetylation. Accordingly, we found an important increase in H3 acetylation at a specific NF-κB-regulated promoter region of the Camk2d gene, which was reversed by NF-kB inhibition. These results show for the first time that histone acetylation is a specific molecular signature of enduring memories.
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20
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O'Driscoll C, Kaufmann WE, Bressler J. Relationship between Mecp2 and NFκb signaling during neural differentiation of P19 cells. Brain Res 2012; 1490:35-42. [PMID: 23123205 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The pluripotent P19 embryo carcinoma cell line was studied to determine a signaling pathway regulating MeCP2 expression. P19 cells were induced to differentiate into neurons by RA and express β-III tubulin at one day after induction and synaptophysin by 7 days. MeCP2 was first observed after β-III tubulin expression was detected and continued to rise over the course of differentiation. Both Mecp2 e1 and e2 mRNA forms progressively increased in differentiating cells. MeCP2 expression was increased by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in early differentiating cells, which was blocked by NFκB inhibitors. TNF did not increase MeCP2 expression in naïve cells. Moreover, TNF did not increase NFκB reporter gene activity in naïve cells even though increases were observed in early differentiating cells. The protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased MeCP2 expression in naïve P19 cells, which was also blocked by NFκB inhibitors. Interestingly, PMA increased NFκB reporter gene activity in naïve cells. Finally, PMA, but not TNF, induced IκBα degradation in naïve P19 cells. Taken together, our data indicates that MeCP2 expression is regulated in part by signaling pathways involving NFκB.
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21
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Wang H, Zhuo M. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated gene transcription and implications for synaptic plasticity and diseases. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:189. [PMID: 23125836 PMCID: PMC3485740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) initiates a wide variety of signaling pathways. Group I mGluR activation can regulate gene expression at both translational and transcriptional levels, and induces translation or transcription-dependent synaptic plastic changes in neurons. The group I mGluR-mediated translation-dependent neural plasticity has been well reviewed. In this review, we will highlight group I mGluR-induced gene transcription and its role in synaptic plasticity. The signaling pathways (PKA, CaMKs, and MAPKs) which have been shown to link group I mGluRs to gene transcription, the relevant transcription factors (CREB and NF-κB), and target proteins (FMRP and ARC) will be documented. The significance and future direction for characterizing group I mGluR-mediated gene transcription in fragile X syndrome, schizophrenia, drug addiction, and other neurological disorders will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Fustiñana MS, Carbó Tano M, Romano A, Pedreira ME. Contextual Pavlovian conditioning in the crab Chasmagnathus. Anim Cogn 2012; 16:255-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-012-0570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Moore DL, Goldberg JL. Multiple transcription factor families regulate axon growth and regeneration. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 71:1186-211. [PMID: 21674813 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding axon regenerative failure remains a major goal in neuroscience, and reversing this failure remains a major goal for clinical neurology. Although an inhibitory central nervous system environment clearly plays a role, focus on molecular pathways within neurons has begun to yield fruitful insights. Initial steps forward investigated the receptors and signaling pathways immediately downstream of environmental cues, but recent work has also shed light on transcriptional control mechanisms that regulate intrinsic axon growth ability, presumably through whole cassettes of gene target regulation. Here we will discuss transcription factors that regulate neurite growth in vitro and in vivo, including p53, SnoN, E47, cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT), c-Jun activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), sex determining region Ybox containing gene 11 (Sox11), nuclear factor κ-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), and Krüppel-like factors (KLFs). Revealing the similarities and differences among the functions of these transcription factors may further our understanding of the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in axon growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie L Moore
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, USA
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24
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Food odor, visual danger stimulus, and retrieval of an aversive memory trigger heat shock protein HSP70 expression in the olfactory lobe of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus. Neuroscience 2011; 201:239-51. [PMID: 22100787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although some of the neuronal substrates that support memory process have been shown in optic ganglia, the brain areas activated by memory process are still unknown in crustaceans. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are synthesized in the CNS not only in response to traumas but also after changes in metabolic activity triggered by the processing of different types of sensory information. Indeed, the expression of citosolic/nuclear forms of HSP70 (HSC/HSP70) has been repeatedly used as a marker for increases in neural metabolic activity in several processes, including psychophysiological stress, fear conditioning, and spatial learning in vertebrates. Previously, we have shown that, in the crab Chasmagnathus, two different environmental challenges, water deprivation and heat shock, trigger a rise in the number of glomeruli of the olfactory lobes (OLs) expressing HSC/HSP70. In this study, we initially performed a morphometric analysis and identified a total of 154 glomeruli in each OL of Chasmagnathus. Here, we found that crabs exposed to food odor stimuli also showed a significant rise in the number of olfactory glomeruli expressing HSC/HSP70. In the crab Chasmagnathus, a powerful memory paradigm based on a change in its defensive strategy against a visual danger stimulus (VDS) has been extensively studied. Remarkably, the iterative presentation of a VDS caused an increase as well. This increase was triggered in animals visually stimulated using protocols that either build up a long-term memory or generate only short-term habituation. Besides, memory reactivation was sufficient to trigger the increase in HSC/HSP70 expression in the OL. Present and previous results strongly suggest that, directly or indirectly, an increase in arousal is a sufficient condition to bring about an increase in HSC/HSP70 expression in the OL of Chasmagnathus.
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25
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Mackenzie GG, Salvador GA, Romero C, Keen CL, Oteiza PI. A deficit in zinc availability can cause alterations in tubulin thiol redox status in cultured neurons and in the developing fetal rat brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:480-9. [PMID: 21600978 PMCID: PMC3506427 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency during early development can result in multiple brain abnormalities and altered neuronal functions. In rats, a gestational deficit of Zn can affect the fetal brain cytoskeleton and signaling cascades involved in cellular processes that are central to brain development. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress is involved in Zn deficiency-induced altered tubulin dynamics and the associated dysregulation of transcription factor NF-κB. For this purpose, we used two cell culture models (rat cortical neurons, human IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells) and an animal model of Zn deficiency. A low rate of in vitro tubulin polymerization, an increase in tubulin oligomers, and a higher protein cysteine oxidation were observed in the Zn-deficient neuronal cells and in gestation day 19 fetal brains obtained from dams fed marginal-Zn diets throughout pregnancy. These alterations could be prevented by treating the Zn-deficient cells with the reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine or by the presence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and α-lipoic acid (LA). Consistent with the above, Zn deficiency-induced tubulin-mediated alterations in transcription factor NF-κB nuclear translocation were prevented by treating IMR-32 cells with LA and NAC. Binding of the NF-κB protein p50, dynein, and karyopherin α (components of the NF-κB transport complex) to β-tubulin as well as the expression of NF-κB-dependent genes (Bcl-2, cyclin D1, and c-myc) was also restored by the addition of LA and NAC to Zn-deficient cells. In conclusion, a deficit in Zn viability could affect early brain development through: (1) an induction of oxidative stress, (2) tubulin oxidation, (3) altered tubulin dynamics, and (4) deregulation of signals (e.g., NF-κB) involved in critical developmental events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo G. Mackenzie
- Departments of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gabriela A. Salvador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Carolina Romero
- Departments of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carl L. Keen
- Departments of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Patricia I. Oteiza
- Departments of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Reconsolidation or extinction: transcription factor switch in the determination of memory course after retrieval. J Neurosci 2011; 31:5562-73. [PMID: 21490196 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6066-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In fear conditioning, aversive stimuli are readily associated with contextual features. A brief reexposure to the training context causes fear memory reconsolidation, whereas a prolonged reexposure induces memory extinction. The regulation of hippocampal gene expression plays a key role in contextual memory consolidation and reconsolidation. However, the mechanisms that determine whether memory will reconsolidate or extinguish are not known. Here, we demonstrate opposing roles for two evolutionarily related transcription factors in the mouse hippocampus. We found that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is required for fear memory reconsolidation. Conversely, calcineurin phosphatase inhibited NF-κB and induced nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) nuclear translocation in the transition between reconsolidation and extinction. Accordingly, the hippocampal inhibition of both calcineurin and NFAT independently impaired memory extinction, whereas inhibition of NF-κB enhanced memory extinction. These findings represent the first insight into the molecular mechanisms that determine memory reprocessing after retrieval, supporting a transcriptional switch that directs memory toward reconsolidation or extinction. The precise molecular characterization of postretrieval processes has potential importance to the development of therapeutic strategies for fear memory disorders.
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27
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Gutierrez H, Davies AM. Regulation of neural process growth, elaboration and structural plasticity by NF-κB. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34:316-25. [PMID: 21459462 PMCID: PMC3115056 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) family of transcription factors has recently emerged as a major regulator of the growth and elaboration of neural processes. NF-κB signaling has been implicated in controlling axon initiation, elongation, guidance and branching and in regulating dendrite arbor size and complexity during development and dendritic spine density in the adult. NF-κB is activated by a variety of extracellular signals, and either promotes or inhibits growth depending on the phosphorylation status of the p65 NF-κB subunit. These novel roles for NF-κB, together with recent evidence implicating NF-κB in the regulation of neurogenesis in the embryo and adult, have important implications for neural development and for learning and memory in the mature nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Gutierrez
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Biomedical Sciences Building 3, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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Johnson AW, Crombag HS, Smith DR, Ramanan N. Effects of serum response factor (SRF) deletion on conditioned reinforcement. Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:312-8. [PMID: 21329726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) is a ubiquitously expressed stimulus-dependent transcription factor that regulates gene expression by binding to serum response element in the promoter region of target genes. Recent studies in mice have shown that SRF is important for activity-dependent gene expression and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain but is dispensable for neuronal survival. Given these important functions of SRF in the CNS, it is expected to play a critical role in several aspects of learning and memory. Here we evaluated the role of SRF in conditioned reinforcement using two lines of conditional SRF mutant mice. These SRF mutant mice exhibited different spatial patterns of SRF deletion in the post-natal forebrain and notably within the hippocampus. SRF deletion was more widespread in SRF-CKCre mutants than in SRF-SynCre mutants, particularly in areas of the cortex and striatum. Mutant and wild-type mice were trained to associate one auditory cue (CS+) with reward, whereas a second cue remained relatively neutral (CS-). All mice readily acquired this discrimination, entering the food cup during CS+ but not during CS-. In a subsequent test of conditioned reinforcement, in the absence of food, wild-type control mice and SRF-SynCre mice learned to selectively perform an instrumental response that yielded CS+ presentation rather than another response that produced CS-. SRF-CKCre mutants failed to show this preferential responding for CS+. These results suggest a role for SRF in conditioned reinforcement, a manifestation of incentive learning that has been implicated in many aspects of adaptive and maladaptive behavior, such as substance abuse and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Johnson
- Neurogenetics and Behavior Center, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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29
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Abstract
NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) regulates cellular stress and the immune responses to infection. Its activation results in oscillations in nuclear NF-κB abundance. We treated cells with repeated short pulses of TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) at various intervals to mimic pulsatile inflammatory signals. At all pulse intervals analysed, we observed synchronous cycles of NF-κB nuclear translocation. Lower frequency stimulations gave repeated full-amplitude translocations, whereas higher frequency pulses gave translocations with reduced amplitude, indicating that the system failed to reset completely. Deterministic and stochastic mathematical models predicted how negative feedback loops might regulate both system resetting and cellular heterogeneity. Altering the stimulation interval gave different patterns of NF-κB-dependent gene expression, supporting a functional role for oscillation frequency. The causes of cell-to-cell variation and the possible functions of these processes in cells and tissues are discussed. The NF-κB system is just one of a number of known biological oscillators that include calcium signalling, transcription cycles, p53, the segmentation clock, the circadian clock, the cell cycle and seasonal rhythms. The way such cycles are integrated could be part of the answer as to how organisms achieve complexity while retaining the robustness of cellular decision-making processes.
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A Mangifera indica L. extract could be used to treat neuropathic pain and implication of mangiferin. Molecules 2010; 15:9035-45. [PMID: 21150823 PMCID: PMC6259159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15129035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been accepted that neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and glial activation are involved in the central sensitization underlying neuropathic pain. Vimang is an aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L. traditionally used in Cuba for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Several formulations are available, and also for mangiferin, its major component. Preclinical studies demonstrated that these products prevented tumor necrosis factor α -induced IκB degradation and the binding of nuclear factor κB to DNA, which induces the transcription of genes implicated in the expression of some mediators and enzymes involved in inflammation, pain, oxidative stress and synaptic plasticity. In this paper we propose its potential utility in the neuropathic pain treatment. This hypothesis is supported in the cumulus of preclinical and clinical evidence around the extract and mangiferin, its major component, and speculates about the possible mechanism of action according to recent advances in the physiopathology of neuropathic pain.
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Angiotensin modulates long-term memory expression but not long-term memory storage in the crab Chasmagnathus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 94:509-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Ho JWM, Ho PWL, Zhang WY, Liu HF, Kwok KHH, Yiu DCW, Chan KH, Kung MHW, Ramsden DB, Ho SL. Transcriptional regulation of UCP4 by NF-kappaB and its role in mediating protection against MPP+ toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:192-204. [PMID: 20385226 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-4 (UCP4) enhances neuronal cell survival in MPP(+)-induced toxicity by suppressing oxidative stress and preserving intracellular ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential. UCP4 expression is increased by MPP(+), but its regulation is unknown. Using serial human UCP4 promoter-luciferase reporter gene constructs, we identified and characterized several cis-acting elements that can regulate UCP4 expression. Core promoter activity exists within 100 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site (TIS=+1). Both CAAT box (-33/-27) and Sp1 (-62/-49) elements are crucial and act synergistically in its transcription. We identified a NF-kappaB putative binding site at -507/-495. Mutation of this site significantly decreased UCP4 promoter activity. Activation of NF-kappaB by TNFalpha or cycloheximide increased, whereas its inhibition by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal or transfection of pIkappaBalphaM suppressed, UCP4 promoter activity. NF-kappaB inhibition significantly suppressed the MPP(+)-induced increase in UCP4 expression. MPP(+) increased specific binding of NF-kappaB protein complexes to this site in electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Both UCP4 knockdown and NF-kappaB inhibition exacerbated MPP(+)-induced cell death. We present the first direct evidence that UCP4 is regulated by NF-kappaB, mediated via a functional NF-kappaB site in its promoter region, and that UCP4 has a significant role in NF-kappaB prosurvival signaling, mediating its protection against MPP(+) toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wing-Man Ho
- Division of Neurology, University Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Aimo L, Mackenzie GG, Keenan AH, Oteiza PI. Gestational zinc deficiency affects the regulation of transcription factors AP-1, NF-κB and NFAT in fetal brain. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:1069-75. [PMID: 20092996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors AP-1, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and NFAT are central to brain development by regulating the expression of genes that modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and synaptic plasticity. This work investigated the consequences of feeding zinc-deficient and marginal zinc diets to rat dams during gestation on the modulation of AP-1, NF-κB and NFAT in fetal brain. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed from gestation day (GD) 0 a control diet ad libitum (25 μg zinc/g diet, C), a zinc-deficient diet ad libitum (0.5 μg zinc/g diet, ZD), the control diet in the amounts eaten by the ZD rats (restrict fed, RF) or a diet containing a marginal zinc concentration ad libitum (10 μg zinc/g diet, MZD) until GD 19. AP-1-DNA binding was higher (50-190%) in nuclear fraction isolated from ZD, RF and MZD fetal brains compared to controls. In MZD fetal brain, high levels of activation of the upstream mitogen-activated protein kinases JNK and p38 and low levels of ERK phosphorylation were observed. Total levels of NF-κB and NFAT activation were higher or similar in the ZD and MZD groups than in controls, respectively. However, NF-κB- and NFAT-DNA binding in nuclear fractions was markedly lower in ZD and MZD fetal brain than in controls (50-80%). The latter could be related to zinc deficiency-associated alterations of the cytoskeleton, which is required for NF-κB and NFAT nuclear transport. In summary, suboptimal zinc nutrition during gestation could cause long-term effects on brain function, partially through a deregulation of transcription factors AP-1, NF-κB and NFAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Aimo
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Philippe O, Rio M, Carioux A, Plaza JM, Guigue P, Molinari F, Boddaert N, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschke P, Smahi A, Munnich A, Colleaux L. Combination of linkage mapping and microarray-expression analysis identifies NF-kappaB signaling defect as a cause of autosomal-recessive mental retardation. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:903-8. [PMID: 20004764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive inheritance accounts for nearly 25% of nonsyndromic mental retardation (MR), but the extreme heterogeneity of such conditions markedly hampers gene identification. Combining autozygosity mapping and RNA expression profiling in a consanguineous Tunisian family of three MR children with mild microcephaly and white-matter abnormalities identified the TRAPPC9 gene, which encodes a NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) and IkappaB kinase complex beta (IKK-beta) binding protein, as a likely candidate. Sequencing analysis revealed a nonsense variant (c.1708C>T [p.R570X]) within exon 9 of this gene that is responsible for an undetectable level of TRAPPC9 protein in patient skin fibroblasts. Moreover, TNF-alpha stimulation assays showed a defect in IkBalpha degradation, suggesting impaired NF-kappaB signaling in patient cells. This study provides evidence of an NF-kappaB signaling defect in isolated MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Philippe
- INSERM U781, Département de Génétique and Département de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
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35
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Yin Z, Fang Y, Ren L, Wang X, Zhang A, Lin J, Li X. Atorvastatin attenuates NF-κB activation in trigeminal nucleus caudalis in a rat model of migraine. Neurosci Lett 2009; 465:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB has diverse functions in the nervous system, depending on the cellular context. NF-kappaB is constitutively activated in glutamatergic neurons. Knockout of p65 or inhibition of neuronal NF-kappaB by super-repressor IkappaB resulted in the loss of neuroprotection and defects in learning and memory. Similarly, p50-/- mice have a lower learning ability and are sensitive to neurotoxins. Activated NF-kappaB can be transported retrogradely from activated synapses to the nucleus to translate short-term processes to long-term changes such as axon growth, which is important for long-term memory. In glia, NF-kappaB is inducible and regulates inflammatory processes that exacerbate diseases such as autoimmune encephalomyelitis, ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease. In summary, inhibition of NF-kappaB in glia might ameliorate disease, whereas activation in neurons might enhance memory. This review focuses on results produced by the analysis of genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, D-33501 Bielefeld.
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37
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Baratti CM, Boccia MM, Blake MG. Pharmacological effects and behavioral interventions on memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42:148-54. [PMID: 19274341 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we will review some behavioral, pharmacological and neurochemical studies from our laboratory on mice, which might contribute to our understanding of the complex processes of memory consolidation and reconsolidation. We discuss the post-training (memory consolidation) and post-reactivation (memory reconsolidation) effects of icv infusions of hemicholinium, a central inhibitor of acetylcholine synthesis, of intraperitoneal administration of L-NAME, a non-specific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, of intrahippocampal injections of an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and the exposure of mice to a new learning situation on retention performance of an inhibitory avoidance response. All treatments impair long-term memory consolidation and retrieval-induced memory processes different from extinction, probably in accordance with the 'reconsolidation hypothesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Baratti
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de los Procesos de Memoria, Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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38
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Introducción de la suplementación con formulaciones Vimang® en el síndrome doloroso regional complejo: experiencia en 15 pacientes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1134-8046(09)70915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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Abstract
Transcription is a molecular requisite for long-term synaptic plasticity and long-term memory formation. Thus, in the last several years, one main interest of molecular neuroscience has been the identification of families of transcription factors that are involved in both of these processes. Transcription is a highly regulated process that involves the combined interaction and function of chromatin and many other proteins, some of which are essential for the basal process of transcription, while others control the selective activation or repression of specific genes. These regulated interactions ultimately allow a sophisticated response to multiple environmental conditions, as well as control of spatial and temporal differences in gene expression. Evidence based on correlative changes in expression, genetic mutations, and targeted molecular inhibition of gene expression have shed light on the function of transcription in both synaptic plasticity and memory formation. This review provides a brief overview of experimental work showing that several families of transcription factors, including CREB, C/EBP, Egr, AP-1, and Rel, have essential functions in both processes. The results of this work suggest that patterns of transcription regulation represent the molecular signatures of long-term synaptic changes and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Alberini
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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40
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Tomsic D, de Astrada MB, Sztarker J, Maldonado H. Behavioral and neuronal attributes of short- and long-term habituation in the crab Chasmagnathus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 92:176-82. [PMID: 19186214 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Investigations using invertebrate species have led to a considerable progress in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory. In this review we describe the main behavioral and neuronal findings obtained by studying the habituation of the escape response to a visual danger stimulus in the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus. Massed training with brief intertrial intervals lead to a rapid reduction of the escape response that recovers after a short term. Conversely, few trials of spaced training renders a slower escape reduction that endures for many days. As predicted by Wagner's associative theory of habituation, long-term habituation in the crab proved to be determined by an association between the contextual environment of the training and the unconditioned stimulus. By performing intracellular recordings in the brain of the intact animal at the same time it was learning, we identified a group of neurons that remarkably reflects the short- and long-term behavioral changes. Thus, the visual memory abilities of crabs, their relatively simple and accessible nervous system, and the recording stability that can be achieved with their neurons provide an opportunity for uncovering neurophysiological and molecular events that occur in identifiable neurons during learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tomsic
- Depto. Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Pabellon 2 Ciudad Universitaria, Ing. Güiraldes 2160, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
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41
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Conboy L, Foley AG, O'Boyle NM, Lawlor M, Gallagher HC, Murphy KJ, Regan CM. Curcumin-induced degradation of PKC delta is associated with enhanced dentate NCAM PSA expression and spatial learning in adult and aged Wistar rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:1254-65. [PMID: 19161989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polysialylation of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM PSA) is necessary for the consolidation processes of hippocampus-based learning. Previously, we have found inhibition of protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) to be associated with increased polysialyltransferase (PST) activity, suggesting inhibitors of this kinase might ameliorate cognitive deficits. Using a rottlerin template, a drug previously considered an inhibitor of PKCdelta, we searched the Compounds Available for Purchase (CAP) database with the Accelrys((R)) Catalyst programme for structurally similar molecules and, using the available crystal structure of the phorbol-binding domain of PKCdelta, found that diferuloylmethane (curcumin) docked effectively into the phorbol site. Curcumin increased NCAM PSA expression in cultured neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells and this was inversely related to PKCdelta protein expression. Curcumin did not directly inhibit PKCdelta activity but formed a tight complex with the enzyme. With increasing doses of curcumin, the Tyr(131) residue of PKCdelta, which is known to direct its degradation, became progressively phosphorylated and this was associated with numerous Tyr(131)-phospho-PKCdelta fragments. Chronic administration of curcumin in vivo also increased the frequency of polysialylated cells in the dentate infragranular zone and significantly improved the acquisition and consolidation of a water maze spatial learning paradigm in both adult and aged cohorts of Wistar rats. These results further confirm the role of PKCdelta in regulating PST and NCAM PSA expression and provide evidence that drug modulation of this system enhances the process of memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Conboy
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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42
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Merlo E, Romano A. Memory extinction entails the inhibition of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3687. [PMID: 18997870 PMCID: PMC2577885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In contextual memories, an association between a positive or negative reinforcement and the contextual cues where the reinforcement occurs is formed. The re-exposure to the context without reinforcement can lead to memory extinction or reconsolidation, depending on the number of events or duration of a single event of context re-exposure. Extinction involves the temporary waning of the previously acquired conditioned response. The molecular processes underlying extinction and the mechanisms which determine if memory will reconsolidate or extinguish after retrieval are not well characterized, particularly the role of transcription factors and gene expression. Here we studied the participation of a transcription factor, NF-kappaB, in memory extinction. In the crab context-signal memory, the activation of NF-kappaB plays a critical role in consolidation and reconsolidation, memory processes that are well characterized in this model. The administration of a NF-kappaB inhibitor, sulfasalazine prior to extinction session impeded spontaneous recovery. Moreover, reinstatement experiments showed that the original memory was not affected and that NF-kappaB inhibition by sulfasalazine impaired spontaneous recovery strengthening the ongoing memory extinction process. Interestingly, in animals with fully consolidated memory, a brief re-exposure to the training context induced neuronal NF-kappaB activation and reconsolidation, while prolonged re-exposure induced NF-kappaB inhibition and memory extinction. These data constitutes a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the switch between memory reconsolidation and extinction. Moreover, we propose the inhibition of NF-kappaB as the engaged mechanism underlying extinction, supporting a novel approach for the pharmacological enhancement of this memory process. The accurate description of the molecular mechanisms that support memory extinction is potentially useful for developing new strategies and drug candidates for therapeutic treatments of the maladaptive memory disorders such as post-traumatic stress, phobias, and drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Merlo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIByNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arturo Romano
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIByNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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43
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Frenkel L, Dimant B, Portiansky EL, Maldonado H, Delorenzi A. Both heat shock and water deprivation trigger Hsp70 expression in the olfactory lobe of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus. Neurosci Lett 2008; 443:251-6. [PMID: 18682274 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (Hsp) are synthesized in the central nervous system in response to traumas but also after physical exercise and psychophysiological stress. Therefore, an increase in Hsp expression is a good marker of changes in metabolic activity. In the crab Chasmagnathus, a powerful memory paradigm has been established. Memory modulation is possible by water shortage. The brain areas activated by either training protocols and/or water-deprivation are still unknown. Hsp expression might be a marker to sensing the increase in metabolic activity in crab Chasmagnathus brain neuropils engaged in the physiological responses triggered by water deprivation and cognitive processing. Here, we observed an increase in brain Hsp of 70kDa (Hsp70) expression after a heat-shock treatment. Additionally, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that, under basal conditions, some glomeruli of the olfactory lobes showed Hsp70 immunoreactivity in an on-off manner. Both a hot environment and water deprivation increased the number of glomeruli expressing Hsp70. This marker of neuropil's activity might turn out to be a powerful tool to test whether crustacean olfactory lobes not only process olfactory information but also integrate multimodal signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Frenkel
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ahn HJ, Hernandez CM, Levenson JM, Lubin FD, Liou HC, Sweatt JD. c-Rel, an NF-kappaB family transcription factor, is required for hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Learn Mem 2008; 15:539-49. [PMID: 18626097 DOI: 10.1101/lm.866408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcription is a critical component for consolidation of long-term memory. However, relatively few transcriptional mechanisms have been identified for the regulation of gene expression in memory formation. In the current study, we investigated the activity of one specific member of the NF-kappaB transcription factor family, c-Rel, during memory consolidation. We found that contextual fear conditioning elicited a time-dependent increase in nuclear c-Rel levels in area CA1 and DG of hippocampus. These results suggest that c-rel is active in regulating transcription during memory consolidation. To identify the functional role of c-Rel in memory formation, we characterized c-rel(-/-) mice in several behavioral tasks. c-rel(-/-) mice displayed significant deficits in freezing behavior 24 h after training for contextual fear conditioning but showed normal freezing behavior in cued fear conditioning and in short-term contextual fear conditioning. In a novel object recognition test, wild-type littermate mice exhibited a significant preference for a novel object, but c-rel(-/-) mice did not. These results indicate that c-rel(-/-) mice have impaired hippocampus-dependent memory formation. To investigate the role of c-Rel in long-term synaptic plasticity, baseline synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral synapses in c-rel(-/-) mice was assessed. c-rel(-/-) slices had normal baseline synaptic transmission but exhibited significantly less LTP than did wild-type littermate slices. Together, our results demonstrate that c-Rel is necessary for long-term synaptic potentiation in vitro and hippocampus-dependent memory formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Ahn
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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45
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Effect on memory of acute administration of naturally secreted fibrils and synthetic amyloid-beta peptides in an invertebrate model. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 89:407-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Mottaghy FM. Models in memory research. Methods 2008; 44:287-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Plasticity in the brain is important for learning and memory, and allows us to respond to changes in the environment. Furthermore, long periods of stress can lead to structural and excitatory changes associated with anxiety and depression that can be reversed by pharmacological treatment. Drugs of abuse can also cause long-lasting changes in reward-related circuits, resulting in addiction. Each of these forms of long-term plasticity in the brain requires changes in gene expression. Upon stimulation, second messenger pathways are activated that lead to an enhancement in transcription factor activity at gene promoters. This stimulation results in the expression of new growth factors, ion channels, structural molecules, and other proteins necessary to alter the neuronal circuit. With repeated stimulation, more permanent modifications to transcription factors and chromatin structure are made that result in either sensitization or desensitization of a circuit. Studies are beginning to uncover the molecular mechanisms that lead to these types of long-term changes in the brain. This review summarizes some of the major transcriptional mechanisms that are thought to underlie neuronal and behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A McClung
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9070, USA
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48
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Activation of hippocampal nuclear factor-kappa B by retrieval is required for memory reconsolidation. J Neurosci 2007; 27:13436-45. [PMID: 18057202 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4430-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially, memory is labile and requires consolidation to become stable. However, several studies support that consolidated memories can undergo a new period of lability after retrieval. The mechanistic differences of this process, termed reconsolidation, with the consolidation process are under debate, including the participation of hippocampus. Up to this point, few reports describe molecular changes and, in particular, transcription factor (TF) involvement in memory restabilization. Increasing evidence supports the participation of the TF nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in memory consolidation. Here, we demonstrate that the inhibition of NF-kappaB after memory reactivation impairs retention of a hippocampal-dependent inhibitory avoidance task in mice. We used two independent disruptive strategies to reach this conclusion. First, we administered intracerebroventricular or intrahippocampal sulfasalazine, an inhibitor of IKK (IkappaB kinase), the kinase that activates NF-kappaB. Second, we infused intracerebroventricular or intrahippocampal kappaB decoy, a direct inhibitor of NF-kappaB consisting of a double-stranded DNA oligonucleotide that contains the kappaB consensus sequence. When injected immediately after memory retrieval, sulfasalazine or kappaB decoy (Decoy) impaired long-term retention. In contrast, a one base mutated kappaB decoy (mDecoy) had no effect. Furthermore, we also found NF-kappaB activation in the hippocampus, with a peak 15 min after memory retrieval. This activation was earlier than that found during consolidation. Together, these results indicate that NF-kappaB is an important transcriptional regulator in memory consolidation and reconsolidation in hippocampus, although the temporal kinetics of activation differs between the two processes.
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Abstract
The identification of the genes mutated in autosomal recessive non-syndromic mental retardation (ARNSMR) has been very active recently. This report presents an overview of the current knowledge on clinical data in ARNSMR and progress in research. To date, 12 ARNSMR loci have been mapped, and three genes identified. Mutations in known ARNSMR genes have been detected so far in only a small number of families; their contribution to mental retardation in the general population might be limited. The ARNSMR-causing genes belong to different protein families, including serine proteases, Adenosine 5'-triphosphate-dependent Lon proteases and calcium-regulated transcriptional repressors. All of the mutations in the ARNSMR-causing genes are protein truncating, indicating a putative severe loss-of-function effect. The future objective will be the development of diagnostic kits for molecular diagnosis in mentally retarded individuals in order to offer at-risk families pre-natal diagnosis to detect affected offspring.
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Oliveira AM, Wood MA, McDonough CB, Abel T. Transgenic mice expressing an inhibitory truncated form of p300 exhibit long-term memory deficits. Learn Mem 2007; 14:564-72. [PMID: 17761541 PMCID: PMC1994075 DOI: 10.1101/lm.656907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of many forms of long-term memory requires several molecular mechanisms including regulation of gene expression. The mechanisms directing transcription require not only activation of individual transcription factors but also recruitment of transcriptional coactivators. CBP and p300 are transcriptional coactivators that interact with a large number of transcription factors and regulate transcription through multiple mechanisms, including an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. HAT activity mediates acetylation of lysine residues on the amino-terminal tails of histone proteins, thereby increasing DNA accessibility for transcription factors to activate gene expression. CBP has been shown to play an important role in long-term memory formation. We have investigated whether p300 is also required for certain forms of memory. p300 shares a high degree of homology with CBP and has been shown to interact with transcription factors known to be critical for long-term memory formation. Here we demonstrate that conditional transgenic mice expressing an inhibitory truncated form of p300 (p300Delta1), which lacks the carboxy-terminal HAT and activation domains, have impaired long-term recognition memory and contextual fear memory. Thus, our study demonstrates that p300 is required for certain forms of memory and that the HAT and carboxy-terminal domains play a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M.M. Oliveira
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Gulbenkian Ph.D. Programme in Biomedicine, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Conor B. McDonough
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax (215) 898-8780
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