1
|
Song B, Yang L, Pan Y, Feng H, Lu Y. Expansion of apple cultivation increases the abundance of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in agricultural landscapes of China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3149-3159. [PMID: 38345491 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agricultural land-use change is an important driver of pest population dynamics, and can alter source-sink dynamics and the concentration-dilution effects of the landscape. Understanding the effects of land use on pests at both landscape and regional levels is essential for the development of sustainable pest management strategies given the large changes occurring in cropping systems in China. At the landscape level, we investigated the impacts of landscape composition and edge density on pheromone trap catch of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in apple orchards, in Aksu, Xinjiang, China. At the regional scale, we conducted a meta-analysis using data from studies performed across the Aksu area in recent decades, to assess the relationship between trends in codling moth abundance and the area of apple cultivation. RESULTS Both extensive planting of apple and large areas of annual crops in the landscape increased the abundance of codling moth, whereas the presence of secondary host plants (peach, pear, walnut, plum, and apricot) had a negative effect. Seminatural habitats and landscape edge density did not significantly affect codling moth abundance. The responses of different generations of codling moth to landscape factors were varied. At the regional level, codling moth occurrence was positively correlated with the expansion of apple production areas. CONCLUSION Expansion of apple cultivation increases the abundance of codling moth in agricultural landscapes. We recommend decreasing the area devoted to monocultures of apple when designing agricultural landscapes and increasing plantings of secondary host crops to dilute and reduce the abundance of codling moth. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Xinjiang, Alar, China
| | - Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzu Feng
- College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Xinjiang, Alar, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He YQ, McDonough LK, Zainab SM, Guo ZF, Chen C, Xu YY. Microplastic accumulation in groundwater: Data-scaled insights and future research. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121808. [PMID: 38796912 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Given that microplastics (MPs) in groundwater have been concerned for risks to humans and ecosystems with increased publications, a Contrasting Analysis of Scales (CAS) approach is developed by this study to synthesize all existing data into a hierarchical understanding of MP accumulation in groundwater. Within the full data of 386 compiled samples, the median abundance of MPs in Open Groundwater (OG) and Closed Groundwater (CG) were 4.4 and 2.5 items/L respectively, with OG exhibiting a greater diversity of MP colors and larger particle sizes. The different pathways of MP entry (i.e., surface runoff and rock interstices) into OG and CG led to this difference. At the regional scale, median MP abundance in nature reserves and landfills were 17.5 and 13.4 items/L, respectively, all the sampling points showed high pollution load risk. MPs in agricultural areas exhibited a high coefficient of variation (716.7%), and a median abundance of 1.0 items/L. Anthropogenic activities at the regional scale are the drivers behind the differentiation in the morphological characteristics of MPs, where groundwater in residential areas with highly toxic polymers (e.g., polyvinylchloride) deserves prolonged attention. At the local scale, the transport of MPs is controlled by groundwater flow paths, with a higher abundance of MP particles downstream than upstream, and MPs with regular surfaces and lower resistance (e.g., pellets) are more likely to be transported over long distances. From the data-scaled insight this study provides on the accumulation of MPs, future research should be directed towards network-based observation for groundwater-rich regions covered with landfills, residences, and agricultural land.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liza K McDonough
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Syeda Maria Zainab
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Zhao-Feng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Cai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao-Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Emery SE, Rosenheim JA, Chaplin-Kramer R, Sharp R, Karp DS. Leveraging satellite observations to reveal ecological drivers of pest densities across landscapes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171591. [PMID: 38485019 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Landscape ecologists have long suggested that pest abundances increase in simplified, monoculture landscapes. However, tests of this theory often fail to predict pest population sizes in real-world agricultural fields. These failures may arise not only from variation in pest ecology, but also from the widespread use of categorical land-use maps that do not adequately characterize habitat-availability for pests. We used 1163 field-year observations of Lygus hesperus (Western Tarnished Plant Bug) densities in California cotton fields to determine whether integrating remotely-sensed metrics of vegetation productivity and phenology into pest models could improve pest abundance analysis and prediction. Because L. hesperus often overwinters in non-crop vegetation, we predicted that pest abundances would peak on farms surrounded by more non-crop vegetation, especially when the non-crop vegetation is initially productive but then dries down early in the year, causing the pest to disperse into cotton fields. We found that the effect of non-crop habitat on pest densities varied across latitudes, with a positive relationship in the north and a negative one in the south. Aligning with our hypotheses, models predicted that L. hesperus densities were 35 times higher on farms surrounded by high versus low productivity non-crop vegetation (EVI area 350 vs. 50) and 2.8 times higher when dormancy occurred earlier versus later in the year (May 15 vs. June 30). Despite these strong and significant effects, we found that integrating these remote-sensing variables into land-use models only marginally improved pest density predictions in cotton compared to models with categorical land cover metrics alone. Together, our work suggests that the remote sensing variables analyzed here can advance our understanding of pest ecology, but not yet substantively increase the accuracy of pest abundance predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Emery
- Department of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, United States of America; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, United States of America.
| | - Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | | | - Richard Sharp
- Global Science, World Wildlife Fund, United States of America
| | - Daniel S Karp
- Department of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pigot J, Gardarin A, Doré T, Morisseau A, Valantin-Morison M. Unlike woodland edges, flower strips do not act as a refuge for cabbage stem flea beetle aestivation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2325-2332. [PMID: 37198746 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semi-natural habitats are generally considered to be beneficial to natural enemies of crop pests and pollinators. However, they could also be used by pests, such as the Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle (CSFB), Psylliodes chrysocephala, a major pest of winter oilseed rape, Brassica napus. Adults emerge from pupation in late spring and move to aestivation habitats. Published reports identify forest edges as the major shelter used, but flower strips may also constitute an alternative habitat. This study aimed to: (i) determine the role of perennial flower strips in CSFB aestivation in comparison with woodland edges; (ii) determine the influence of landscape composition on the abundance of aestivating CSFB and (iii) identify the characteristics of the local habitat associated with a high abundance of aestivating CSFB. RESULTS CSFB emergence from aestivation was monitored with emergence traps from mid-August to mid-October 2021, at 14 sites in France. We found that CSFB preferred woodland edges and did not aestivate in flower strips. We found a negative effect of percentage woodland cover only for the smallest scale studied (250 m radius). We also found positive effects of the percentage of litter and mean tree circumference on the number of aestivating CSFB in woodland edges. CONCLUSION The aestivation of CSFB is supported by woodland edges, but not by flower strips. This implies that the presence of flower strips near oilseed rape fields does not exacerbate the problems due to this pest. However, the crops in the vicinity of woodlands could be colonized earlier by this pest than more distant fields. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Pigot
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Palaiseau, France
| | - Antoine Gardarin
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Palaiseau, France
| | - Thierry Doré
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lenné J, Wood D. Crop Diversity in Agroecosystems for Pest Management and Food Production. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1164. [PMID: 38674573 PMCID: PMC11053515 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
During the past 30 years, there has been a growing belief in and promotion of agroecosystem diversity for pest management and future food production as an agroecological or nature-based approach. Monoculture agriculture, which produces most of our food, is considered to be highly vulnerable to pests in contrast to plant species-diverse agroecosystems which may possess a greater abundance of natural enemies, keeping pest populations under control. In this paper, we question the role of crop diversity for pest management and explore the relationship between crop and associated diversity and pests through the following processes: environmental stresses that favor monodominance; evolutionary adaptations that resist insect herbivores (genetic resistance response); mechanisms of spatial escape from insect herbivores (escape response); and the role of crop-associated biodiversity. We present strong evidence that not only questions the high vulnerability of monocultures to pest damage but also supports why monocultures continue to produce most of the world's food. Reference is made to the importance of targeted plant breeding and the role of trans-continental crop introduction supported by efficient quarantine for pest management. We conclude that-with the exception of irrigated rice-much more research is needed to better understand the role of crop diversity in agroecosystems for pest management and food production.
Collapse
|
6
|
Daouti E, Neidel V, Carbonne B, Vašková H, Traugott M, Wallinger C, Bommarco R, Feit B, Bohan DA, Saska P, Skuhrovec J, Vasconcelos S, Petit S, van der Werf W, Jonsson M. Functional redundancy of weed seed predation is reduced by intensified agriculture. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14411. [PMID: 38577993 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Intensified agriculture, a driver of biodiversity loss, can diminish ecosystem functions and their stability. Biodiversity can increase functional redundancy and is expected to stabilize ecosystem functions. Few studies, however, have explored how agricultural intensity affects functional redundancy and its link with ecosystem function stability. Here, within a continental-wide study, we assess how functional redundancy of seed predation is affected by agricultural intensity and landscape simplification. By combining carabid abundances with molecular gut content data, functional redundancy of seed predation was quantified for 65 weed genera across 60 fields in four European countries. Across weed genera, functional redundancy was reduced with high field management intensity and simplified crop rotations. Moreover, functional redundancy increased the spatial stability of weed seed predation at the field scale. We found that ecosystem functions are vulnerable to disturbances in intensively managed agroecosystems, providing empirical evidence of the importance of biodiversity for stable ecosystem functions across space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Daouti
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronika Neidel
- Applied Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Hana Vašková
- Functional Diversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Praha 6, Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Traugott
- Applied Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Corinna Wallinger
- Applied Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Feit
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David A Bohan
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pavel Saska
- Functional Diversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Praha 6, Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Skuhrovec
- Functional Diversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Praha 6, Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Sasha Vasconcelos
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandrine Petit
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mattias Jonsson
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Novaes DR, Sujii PS, Rodrigues CA, Silva KMNB, Machado AFP, Inoue-Nagata AK, Nakasu EYT, Togni PHB. Natural habitat connectivity and organic management modulate pest dispersal, gene flow, and natural enemy communities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2938. [PMID: 38071736 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The simplification and fragmentation of agricultural landscapes generate effects on insects at multiple spatial scales. As each functional group perceives and uses the habitat differently, the response of pest insects and their associated natural enemies to environmental changes varies. Therefore, landscape structure may have consequences on gene flow among pest populations in space. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of local and landscape factors, at multiple scales, on the local infestation, gene flow and broad dispersion dynamics of the pest insect Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM-1, former biotype B) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its associated natural enemies in a tropical agroecosystem. We evaluated the abundance of B. tabaci populations and their natural enemy community in 20 tomato farms in Brazil and the gene flow between farms from 2019 to 2021. Landscapes dominated by agriculture resulted in larger B. tabaci populations and higher gene flow, especially in conventional farms. A higher density of native vegetation patches disfavored pest populations, regardless of the management system. The results revealed that whitefly responds to intermediate spatial scales and that landscape factors interact with management systems to modulate whitefly populations on focal farms. Conversely, whitefly natural enemies benefited from higher amounts of natural vegetation at small spatial scales, while the connectivity between natural habitat patches was beneficial for natural enemies regardless of the distance from the focal farm. The resulting dispersion model predicts that the movement of whiteflies between farms increases as the amount of natural vegetation decreases. Our findings demonstrate that landscape features, notably landscape configuration, can mediate infestation episodes, as they affect pest insects and natural enemies in opposite ways. We also showed that landscape features interact with farm traits, which highlights the need for management strategies at multiple spatial scales. In conclusion, we demonstrated the importance of the conservation of natural areas as a key strategy for area-wide ecological pest management and the relevance of organic farming to benefit natural enemy communities in tropical agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle R Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Patricia S Sujii
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
- Centro de Ensino Unificado do Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Camila A Rodrigues
- Instituto Federal Goiano, Goiânia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Karen M N B Silva
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Amanda F P Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alice K Inoue-Nagata
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Erich Y T Nakasu
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Pedro H B Togni
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Priyadarshana TS, Martin EA, Sirami C, Woodcock BA, Goodale E, Martínez-Núñez C, Lee MB, Pagani-Núñez E, Raderschall CA, Brotons L, Rege A, Ouin A, Tscharntke T, Slade EM. Crop and landscape heterogeneity increase biodiversity in agricultural landscapes: A global review and meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14412. [PMID: 38549269 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification not only increases food production but also drives widespread biodiversity decline. Increasing landscape heterogeneity has been suggested to increase biodiversity across habitats, while increasing crop heterogeneity may support biodiversity within agroecosystems. These spatial heterogeneity effects can be partitioned into compositional (land-cover type diversity) and configurational heterogeneity (land-cover type arrangement), measured either for the crop mosaic or across the landscape for both crops and semi-natural habitats. However, studies have reported mixed responses of biodiversity to increases in these heterogeneity components across taxa and contexts. Our meta-analysis covering 6397 fields across 122 studies conducted in Asia, Europe, North and South America reveals consistently positive effects of crop and landscape heterogeneity, as well as compositional and configurational heterogeneity for plant, invertebrate, vertebrate, pollinator and predator biodiversity. Vertebrates and plants benefit more from landscape heterogeneity, while invertebrates derive similar benefits from both crop and landscape heterogeneity. Pollinators benefit more from configurational heterogeneity, but predators favour compositional heterogeneity. These positive effects are consistent for invertebrates and vertebrates in both tropical/subtropical and temperate agroecosystems, and in annual and perennial cropping systems, and at small to large spatial scales. Our results suggest that promoting increased landscape heterogeneity by diversifying crops and semi-natural habitats, as suggested in the current UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, is key for restoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tharaka S Priyadarshana
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Emily A Martin
- Animal Ecology, Institute of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Clélia Sirami
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR Dynafor, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ben A Woodcock
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Eben Goodale
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Carlos Martínez-Núñez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Estación Biológica de Doñana EBD (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Myung-Bok Lee
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Emilio Pagani-Núñez
- Centre for Conservation and Restoration Science, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chloé A Raderschall
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Anushka Rege
- Centre for Nature-Based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Annie Ouin
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR Dynafor, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Department of Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eleanor M Slade
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Delatouche L, Tixier P, Sainte-Rose J, Daribo MO, de Lapeyre de Bellaire L. How do hedgerow characteristics alter the dispersal of Pseudocercospora fijiensis propagules? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1454-1464. [PMID: 37943106 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgerows represent an agroecological lever for pest management. To date, few studies have shown that they can be used as a lever for the control of aerial fungal diseases, especially as a barrier to dispersal. On banana production, the main disease is black leaf streak disease (BLSD), which is a fungal disease caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis. This pathogen disperses through two types of spores: ascospore and conidia. The aim of this study was to observe and to quantify the effect of hedgerows on BLSD dispersal. Trap plants were placed at the same distance to an artificial source of inoculum with a hedgerow on one side. Lesions were counted to establish the daily lesion density of each trap plant. The combination of hedgerow characteristics such as height, width, and optical porosity were used to evaluate its potential capacity to intercept spores. RESULTS When ascospores were used as a source of inoculum, the lesion density on traps plant decreased up to 50% between the hedgerow with the lowest interception capacities and the one with the highest interception capacities. For conidia, hedgerow height and side of the trap plants (with or without hedgerow between them and the source) were not significant, but low porosity of the hedgerow reduced the lesion density. On the contrary, for ascospore, the hedgerow effect was anisotropic; the trap plants on hedgerow side had less lesions. CONCLUSION Our study is the first experimental proof of the effect of hedgerows on P. fijiensis dispersion, both on conidia and ascospore. We showed that hedgerow characteristics impact the capacity of interception of the hedgerow. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Delatouche
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Le Lamentin, France
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Montpellier, France
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Montpellier, France
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Tixier
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Montpellier, France
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- UPR GECO, CIRAD, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boetzl FA, Sponsler D, Albrecht M, Batáry P, Birkhofer K, Knapp M, Krauss J, Maas B, Martin EA, Sirami C, Sutter L, Bertrand C, Baillod AB, Bota G, Bretagnolle V, Brotons L, Frank T, Fusser M, Giralt D, González E, Hof AR, Luka H, Marrec R, Nash MA, Ng K, Plantegenest M, Poulin B, Siriwardena GM, Tscharntke T, Tschumi M, Vialatte A, Van Vooren L, Zubair-Anjum M, Entling MH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Schirmel J. Distance functions of carabids in crop fields depend on functional traits, crop type and adjacent habitat: a synthesis. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232383. [PMID: 38196355 PMCID: PMC10777163 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural pest and weed regulation are essential for agricultural production, but the spatial distribution of natural enemies within crop fields and its drivers are mostly unknown. Using 28 datasets comprising 1204 study sites across eight Western and Central European countries, we performed a quantitative synthesis of carabid richness, activity densities and functional traits in relation to field edges (i.e. distance functions). We show that distance functions of carabids strongly depend on carabid functional traits, crop type and, to a lesser extent, adjacent non-crop habitats. Richness of both carnivores and granivores, and activity densities of small and granivorous species decreased towards field interiors, whereas the densities of large species increased. We found strong distance decays in maize and vegetables whereas richness and densities remained more stable in cereals, oilseed crops and legumes. We conclude that carabid assemblages in agricultural landscapes are driven by the complex interplay of crop types, adjacent non-crop habitats and further landscape parameters with great potential for targeted agroecological management. In particular, our synthesis indicates that a higher edge-interior ratio can counter the distance decay of carabid richness per field and thus likely benefits natural pest and weed regulation, hence contributing to agricultural sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A. Boetzl
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-750 07, Sweden
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074 Germany
| | - Douglas Sponsler
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074 Germany
| | - Matthias Albrecht
- Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zurich 8046, Switzerland
| | - Péter Batáry
- ‘Lendület’ Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, 2163 Vácrátót, Alkotmány út 2-4, Hungary
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus 03046, Germany
| | - Michal Knapp
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha-Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074 Germany
| | - Bea Maas
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emily A. Martin
- Department of Animal Ecology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Clélia Sirami
- UMR Dynafor, INRAE, Toulouse University, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- LTSER Zone Atelier « PYRÉNÉES GARONNE », 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Louis Sutter
- Plant-Production Systems, Agroscope, Route des Eterpys 18, 1964 Conthey, Switzerland
| | - Colette Bertrand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- INRAE, Institut Agro, ESA, UMR BAGAP, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Aliette Bosem Baillod
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, Postfach, Frick 5070, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Bota
- Landscape Dynamics and Biodiversity Program, Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Crtra. Sant Llorenç de Morunys, km 2, 25280 Solsona, Spain
| | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- CEBC, UMR 7372, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
- LTSER ‘Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre’, CNRS, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Lluís Brotons
- Landscape Dynamics and Biodiversity Program, Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Crtra. Sant Llorenç de Morunys, km 2, 25280 Solsona, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Thomas Frank
- Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria
| | - Moritz Fusser
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem Analysis, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, Landau 76829, Germany
| | - David Giralt
- Landscape Dynamics and Biodiversity Program, Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Crtra. Sant Llorenç de Morunys, km 2, 25280 Solsona, Spain
| | - Ezequiel González
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha-Suchdol 165 00, Czech Republic
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Anouschka R. Hof
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henryk Luka
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, Postfach, Frick 5070, Switzerland
| | - Ronan Marrec
- Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN, UMR CNRS 7058), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Michael A. Nash
- Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Katherina Ng
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Brigitte Poulin
- Tour du Valat Research Institute for the conservation of Mediterranean wetlands, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France
| | | | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Tschumi
- Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Zurich 8046, Switzerland
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Aude Vialatte
- UMR Dynafor, INRAE, Toulouse University, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- LTSER Zone Atelier « PYRÉNÉES GARONNE », 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Laura Van Vooren
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Forest and Water Management, Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Zubair-Anjum
- Department of Zoology & Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Martin H. Entling
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem Analysis, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, Landau 76829, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074 Germany
| | - Jens Schirmel
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem Analysis, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, Landau 76829, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Judt C, Korányi D, Zaller JG, Batáry P. Floral resources and ground covers promote natural enemies but not pest insects in apple orchards: A global meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166139. [PMID: 37567308 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, agricultural intensification has led to a loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services such as natural pest control. Conservation biological control addresses this problem by generally extensifying farming and/or providing alternative habitats and food sources for natural enemies of pest species. However, farmers implement conservation biological control sparingly, in part because of the confusing variety of measures with inconsistent effects. To shed some light on the effectiveness of conservation biological control measures in apple production, we conducted four meta-analyses to identify patterns of local measures on (i) insect pest abundance, (ii) natural enemy abundance, (iii) biological control, and (iv) fruit quality. Across the 54 studies, we found an overall significant, positive effect of local interventions on natural enemy abundance. Among our established intervention categories (flowers, ground cover, extensification), ground covers promoted natural enemies the most and tended to reduce pest insects. Likewise, providing flowers promoted natural enemies without affecting fruit quality. In contrast, extensification of orchard management alone, such as reducing agrochemical use and/or less disturbance, had no significant effect on the abundance of natural enemies, but showed a tendency to increase populations of pest insects and reduce fruit quality. Our results demonstrate that more floral resources and ground covers in apple orchards can reduce pesticide use while maintaining fruit quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Judt
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, A-1180 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dávid Korányi
- "Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Johann G Zaller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Péter Batáry
- "Lendület" Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Perrot T, Rusch A, Gaba S, Bretagnolle V. Both long-term grasslands and crop diversity are needed to limit pest and weed infestations in agricultural landscapes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300861120. [PMID: 38011572 PMCID: PMC10710047 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300861120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing landscape heterogeneity has been suggested to be an important strategy to strengthen natural pest control in crops, especially through enhancing the amount of seminatural habitats. Increasing crop diversity is also a promising strategy to complement or replace seminatural habitat when seminatural habitat is scarce. However, their relative or possibly interactive effects on pest and weed infestation remain poorly investigated, and the role of different types of seminatural habitats has been understudied. Using an extensive sampling effort in 974 arable fields across 7 y, we evaluated the separate and interactive effects of crop diversity (seven arable crop types) and the amount of four types of seminatural habitats (meadows, hay, forests, and hedgerows) in the landscape on pest and weed control. Meadows and crop diversity, respectively, supported insect pest and weed control services in agricultural landscapes through a complementarity effect. Crop diversity increased weed seed predation rate (by 16%) and reduced weed infestation (by 6%), whereas long-term grasslands (to a much higher degree than hay or woody habitats) increased insect pest predation rates (by 23%) and reduced pest infestation (by 19%) in most arable crops. Our results demonstrate that diversification of the agricultural landscape requires long-term grasslands as well as improved crop diversity to ensure the delivery of efficient pest and weed control services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perrot
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372, CNRS and La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois79360, France
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon33140, France
| | - Adrien Rusch
- Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d’Ornon33140, France
| | - Sabrina Gaba
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372, CNRS and La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois79360, France
- Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research site «Zone Atelier Plaine and Val de Sèvre», Villiers-en-Bois79360, France
- Unité sous contrat 1339, Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement-CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois79360, France
| | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR7372, CNRS and La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois79360, France
- Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research site «Zone Atelier Plaine and Val de Sèvre», Villiers-en-Bois79360, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gerling M, von der Waydbrink G, Verch G, Büttner C, Müller MEH. Between Habitats: Transfer of Phytopathogenic Fungi along Transition Zones from Kettle Hole Edges to Wheat Ears. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:938. [PMID: 37755047 PMCID: PMC10532505 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Kettle holes are able to increase the soil and air humidity around them. Therefore, they create a perfect habitat for phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Fusarium and Alternaria to develop, sporulate, and immigrate into neighboring agricultural fields. In our study, we establish transects from the edges of different kettle holes and field edges up to 50 m into the fields to analyze the abundance and diversity of pathogenic fungi in these transition zones by culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. However, in 2019 and 2020, low precipitation and higher temperatures compared to the long-time average were measured, which led to limited infections of weeds in the transition zones with Fusarium and Alternaria. Therefore, the hypothesized significantly higher infection of wheat plants next to the kettle holes by a strong spread of fungal spores was not detected. Infestation patterns of Fusarium and Alternaria fungi on weeds and wheat ears were spatially different. In total, 9 different Fusarium species were found in the transition zone. The species diversity at kettle holes differed from 0 to 6 species. The trend toward increased dryness in the northeast German agricultural landscape and its impact on the changing severity of fungal infections is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gerling
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Grit von der Waydbrink
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Gernot Verch
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Büttner
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina E. H. Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tortosa A, Giffard B, Sirami C, Larrieu L, Ladet S, Vialatte A. Increasing landscape heterogeneity as a win-win solution to manage trade-offs in biological control of crop and woodland pests. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13573. [PMID: 37604831 PMCID: PMC10442452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriculture and forestry cover more than 75% of Europe, and invertebrate pests are a costly challenge for these two economic sectors. Landscape management is increasingly promoted as a solution to enhance biological pest control, but little is known on its effects on adjacent crop fields and woodlands. This study aims to explore the effect of the proportion of woodlands and permanent grasslands as well as crop diversity on biological pest control simultaneously in cereals fields and woodland patches, in south-western France. We used different types of sentinel prey as well as bird and carabid community metrics to assess biological pest control potential in these two ecosystems. We first show that land cover variables influence biological pest control both in cereal fields and woodland patches, but have antagonistic effects in the two ecosystems. Although results vary according to the biological control indicator considered, we show that increasing landscape heterogeneity represents a valuable solution to manage trade-offs and promote higher average predation rates across forests and cereal fields. Our study therefore calls for more integrative studies to identify landscape management strategies that enable nature-based solutions across ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Tortosa
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Brice Giffard
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, SAVE, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Clélia Sirami
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Larrieu
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNPF-CRPF Occitanie, 7 chemin de la Lacade, 31320, Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - Sylvie Ladet
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Aude Vialatte
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rösch V, Hafner G, Reiff JM, Entling MH. Increase in breeding bird abundance and diversity with semi-natural habitat in vineyard landscapes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284254. [PMID: 37603543 PMCID: PMC10441799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural expansion and intensification are major threats to biodiversity, and even some once common farmland bird species are now endangered. Wine-growing landscapes are intensively managed but can still be an attractive habitat for a wide range of species. However, only few bird species breed within vineyards and thus, semi-natural habitat types like hedges, woodland patches and grasslands are crucial for bird populations. We investigated how birds breeding in wine-growing areas are influenced by the surrounding landscape at three spatial scales: territories, sampling transects and landscapes. In the German wine growing region Palatinate, sixteen landscapes with a radius of 500 m were chosen spanning a gradient in the cover of semi-natural habitat. Bird territories were mapped along three transects of 500 m length in each landscape. We found 300 territories of 33 bird species. Positive effects of semi-natural habitat cover on birds were strongest at the transect scale, with almost proportional increase of species and territory numbers with the cover of semi-natural habitat. Most bird species selected territories that contained more semi-natural habitat than the landscape-wide average of 13.5%, but e.g. woodlark and linnet showed an opposite preference. In addition, the birds' community composition was influenced by the composition of the surrounding landscape. Most species were associated with semi-natural habitat types or built-up areas while vineyards had hardly any species associated with them. Our results suggest that in wine-growing landscapes, the decline in farmland birds can be reversed by the re-establishment of hedges, trees, woodland patches, traditional orchards and grassland areas. However, as preferences at the territory scale were species-specific, there is no uniform best solution for bird conservation in viticultural landscapes. Thus, landscape development should always be accompanied by experts that take the demands of existing and potential breeding birds into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Rösch
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gina Hafner
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jo Marie Reiff
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin H Entling
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang C, Zhou K, Huang Y, Fan P, Liu Y, Lee TM. Insights into the coexistence of birds and humans in cropland through meta-analyses of bird exclosure studies, crop loss mitigation experiments, and social surveys. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002166. [PMID: 37410698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds share lands with humans at a substantial scale and affect crops. Yet, at a global scale, systematic evaluations of human-bird coexistence in croplands are scarce. Here, we compiled and used meta-analysis approaches to synthesize multiple global datasets of ecological and social dimensions to understand this complex coexistence system. Our result shows that birds usually increase woody, but not herbaceous, crop production, implying that crop loss mitigation efforts are critical for a better coexistence. We reveal that many nonlethal technical measures are more effective in reducing crop loss, e.g., using scaring devices and changing sow practices, than other available methods. Besides, we find that stakeholders from low-income countries are more likely to perceive the crop losses caused by birds and are less positive toward birds than those from high-income ones. Based on our evidence, we identified potential regional clusters, particularly in tropical areas, for implementing win-win coexistence strategies. Overall, we provide an evidence-based knowledge flow and solutions for stakeholders to integrate the conservation and management of birds in croplands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjun Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mancini F, Cooke R, Woodcock BA, Greenop A, Johnson AC, Isaac NJB. Invertebrate biodiversity continues to decline in cropland. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230897. [PMID: 37282535 PMCID: PMC10244961 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern agriculture has drastically changed global landscapes and introduced pressures on wildlife populations. Policy and management of agricultural systems has changed over the last 30 years, a period characterized not only by intensive agricultural practices but also by an increasing push towards sustainability. It is crucial that we understand the long-term consequences of agriculture on beneficial invertebrates and assess if policy and management approaches recently introduced are supporting their recovery. In this study, we use large citizen science datasets to derive trends in invertebrate occupancy in Great Britain between 1990 and 2019. We compare these trends between regions of no- (0%), low- (greater than 0-50%) and high-cropland (greater than 50%) cover, which includes arable and horticultural crops. Although we detect general declines, invertebrate groups are declining most strongly in high-cropland cover regions. This suggests that even in the light of improved policy and management over the last 30 years, the way we are managing cropland is failing to conserve and restore invertebrate communities. New policy-based drivers and incentives are required to support the resilience and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. Post-Brexit changes in UK agricultural policy and reforms under the Environment Act offer opportunities to improve agricultural landscapes for the benefit of biodiversity and society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob Cooke
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Ben A. Woodcock
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Arran Greenop
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
von Jeetze PJ, Weindl I, Johnson JA, Borrelli P, Panagos P, Molina Bacca EJ, Karstens K, Humpenöder F, Dietrich JP, Minoli S, Müller C, Lotze-Campen H, Popp A. Projected landscape-scale repercussions of global action for climate and biodiversity protection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2515. [PMID: 37193693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Land conservation and increased carbon uptake on land are fundamental to achieving the ambitious targets of the climate and biodiversity conventions. Yet, it remains largely unknown how such ambitions, along with an increasing demand for agricultural products, could drive landscape-scale changes and affect other key regulating nature's contributions to people (NCP) that sustain land productivity outside conservation priority areas. By using an integrated, globally consistent modelling approach, we show that ambitious carbon-focused land restoration action and the enlargement of protected areas alone may be insufficient to reverse negative trends in landscape heterogeneity, pollination supply, and soil loss. However, we also find that these actions could be combined with dedicated interventions that support critical NCP and biodiversity conservation outside of protected areas. In particular, our models indicate that conserving at least 20% semi-natural habitat within farmed landscapes could primarily be achieved by spatially relocating cropland outside conservation priority areas, without additional carbon losses from land-use change, primary land conversion or reductions in agricultural productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick José von Jeetze
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany.
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Weindl
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Justin Andrew Johnson
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, 1940 Buford Ave, Saint Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Pasquale Borrelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Panos Panagos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra (VA), IT-21027, Italy
| | - Edna J Molina Bacca
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristine Karstens
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Dietrich
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sara Minoli
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hermann Lotze-Campen
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, PO Box 601203, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Doehler M, Chauvin D, Le Ralec A, Vanespen É, Outreman Y. Effect of the Landscape on Insect Pests and Associated Natural Enemies in Greenhouses Crops: The Strawberry Study Case. INSECTS 2023; 14:302. [PMID: 36975987 PMCID: PMC10051428 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Compared to open-field crops, the influence of the surrounding landscape on insect diversity in greenhouse crops has been poorly studied. Due to growing evidence of insect influx in greenhouses, identifying the landscape properties influencing the protected crop colonization by insect pests and their natural enemies would promote the improvement of both pest prevention and conservation biological control methods. Here, we present a field study on the effect of the surrounding landscape on the colonization of greenhouse crops by insect pests and associated natural enemies. By monitoring 32 greenhouse strawberry crops in the South West of France, we surveyed crop colonization by four insect pests and four natural enemy groups over two cultivation periods. Our results showed that the landscape structure and composition could have contrasting effects on insect colonization of greenhouse crops so there could be species-specific effects and not general ones. While the degree of openness of greenhouses and the pest management practices modulated insect diversity marginally, we also showed that seasonality represented a key factor in insect crop colonization. The various responses of insect pests and natural enemy groups to the landscape support the idea that pest management methods must involve the surrounding environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Doehler
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, INRAE, 35000 Rennes, France
- AOPn Fraises de France, 47310 Estillac, France
| | - Delphine Chauvin
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, INRAE, 35650 Le Rheu, France
| | - Anne Le Ralec
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, INRAE, 35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Yannick Outreman
- UMR 1349 IGEPP, Institut Agro, Université Rennes 1, INRAE, 35000 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alvarez-Baca JK, Montealegre X, Alfaro-Tapia A, Zepeda-Paulo F, Van Baaren J, Lavandero B, Le Lann C. Composition and Food Web Structure of Aphid-Parasitoid Populations on Plum Orchards in Chile. INSECTS 2023; 14:288. [PMID: 36975973 PMCID: PMC10051262 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
By increasing plant diversity in agroecosystems, it has been proposed that one can enhance and stabilize ecosystem functioning by increasing natural enemies' diversity. Food web structure determines ecosystem functioning as species at different trophic levels are linked in interacting networks. We compared the food web structure and composition of the aphid- parasitoid and aphid-hyperparasitoid networks in two differentially managed plum orchards: plums with inter-rows of oats as a cover crop (OCC) and plums with inter-rows of spontaneous vegetation (SV). We hypothesized that food web composition and structure vary between OCC and SV, with network specialization being higher in OCC and a more complex food web composition in SV treatment. We found a more complex food web composition with a higher species richness in SV compared to OCC. Quantitative food web metrics differed significantly among treatments showing a higher generality, vulnerability, interaction evenness, and linkage density in SV, while OCC presented a higher degree of specialization. Our results suggest that plant diversification can greatly influence the food web structure and composition, with bottom-up effects induced by plant and aphid hosts that might benefit parasitoids and provide a better understanding of the activity, abundance, and interactions between aphids, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids in plum orchards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer K. Alvarez-Baca
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
| | - Xiomara Montealegre
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Armando Alfaro-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
- Centro Regional de Investigación e Innovación para la Sostenibilidad de la Agricultura y los Territorios Rurales, Centro Ceres, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile
| | - Francisca Zepeda-Paulo
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Instituto Interdisciplinario para la Innovación -I3-, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Joan Van Baaren
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
de Paz V, Asís JD, Holzschuh A, Baños-Picón L. Effects of Traditional Orchard Abandonment and Landscape Context on the Beneficial Arthropod Community in a Mediterranean Agroecosystem. INSECTS 2023; 14:277. [PMID: 36975963 PMCID: PMC10056667 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural abandonment is one of the main land-use changes in Europe, and its consequences on biodiversity are context- and taxa-dependent. While several studies have worked on this topic, few have focused on traditional orchards, especially in different landscapes and under a Mediterranean climate. In this context, we aimed to determine the effects of almond orchard abandonment on the communities of three groups of beneficial arthropods and the role of the landscape context in modulating these effects. Between February and September 2019, four samplings were carried out in twelve almond orchards (three abandoned and three traditional (active orchards under traditional agricultural management) located in simple landscapes as well as three abandoned and three traditional in complex landscapes). Abandoned and traditional almond orchards harbor different arthropod communities and diversity metrics that are strongly conditioned by seasonality. Abandoned orchards can favor pollinators and natural enemies, providing alternative resources in simple landscapes. However, the role that abandoned orchards play in simple landscapes disappears as the percentage of semi-natural habitats in the landscape increases. Our results show that landscape simplification, through the loss of semi-natural habitats, has negative consequences on arthropod biodiversity, even in traditional farming landscapes with small fields and high crop diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor de Paz
- Departmento de Biología Animal, Ecología, Parasitología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.d.P.); (L.B.-P.)
| | - Josep D. Asís
- Departmento de Biología Animal, Ecología, Parasitología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.d.P.); (L.B.-P.)
| | - Andrea Holzschuh
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Laura Baños-Picón
- Departmento de Biología Animal, Ecología, Parasitología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.d.P.); (L.B.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Delatouche L, de Lapeyre de Bellaire L, Tixier P. Disentangling the Factors Affecting the Dynamic of Pseudocercospora fijiensis: Quantification of Weather, Fungicide, and Landscape Effects. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:31-43. [PMID: 35939624 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-22-0132-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the effect of landscape composition on disease dynamics remains challenging because it depends on many factors. In this study, we used a hybrid process-based/statistical modeling approach to separate the effect of the landscape composition on the epidemiology of banana leaf streak disease (BLSD) from weather and fungicide effects. We parameterized our model with a 5-year dataset, including weekly measures of BLSD on 83 plots in Martinique. After estimating the intrinsic growth parameters of the stage evolution of the disease (SED), we evaluated the dynamic effect of five fungicides. Then, we added the intra- and inter-annual effect on disease dynamics using a generalized linear model. Finally, the whole model was used to assess the annual effect of the landscape on the SED for 11 plots. We evaluated the significance of the landscape composition (proportions of landscape elements in 200-, 500-, 800-, 1,000-m-radius buffer zones) on the landscape effect evaluated with the model. The percentage of hedgerows in a 200-m-radius buffer zone was negatively correlated to the landscape effect, i.e., it acted as a constraint against BLSD spreading and development. The proportion of managed-banana-plants in a 1,000-m-radius buffer zone was negatively correlated to the landscape effect, probably due to a mass effect of fungicide treatments. Inversely, the proportions of forest and the proportion of unmanaged-banana-plants, both in 1,000-m-radius buffer zones, were positively correlated with the landscape effect. Our study provides a holistic approach of the role biotic and abiotic factors play on the dynamics of BLSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Delatouche
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, F-97285 Le Lamentin, Martinique, France
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- GECO, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Tixier
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- GECO, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ratto F, Bruce T, Chipabika G, Mwamakamba S, Mkandawire R, Khan Z, Mkindi A, Pittchar J, Sallu SM, Whitfield S, Wilson K, Sait SM. Biological control interventions reduce pest abundance and crop damage while maintaining natural enemies in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221695. [PMID: 36475436 PMCID: PMC9727667 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect pests are a major challenge to smallholder crop production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where access to synthetic pesticides, which are linked to environmental and health risks, is often limited. Biological control interventions could offer a sustainable solution, yet an understanding of their effectiveness is lacking. We used a meta-analysis approach to investigate the effectiveness of commonly used biocontrol interventions and botanical pesticides on pest abundance (PA), crop damage (CD), crop yield (Y) and natural enemy abundance (NEA) when compared with controls with no biocontrol and with synthetic pesticides. We also evaluated whether the magnitude of biocontrol effectiveness was affected by type of biocontrol intervention, crop type, pest taxon, farm type and landscape configuration. Overall, from 99 studies on 31 crops, we found that compared to no biocontrol, biocontrol interventions reduced PA by 63%, CD by over 50% and increased Y by over 60%. Compared to synthetic pesticides, biocontrol resulted in comparable PA and Y, while NEA was 43% greater. Our results also highlighted that the potential for biocontrol to be modulated by landscape configuration is a critical knowledge gap in SSA. We show that biocontrol represents an effective tool for smallholder farmers, which can maintain yields without associated negative pesticide effects. Furthermore, the evidence presented here advocates strongly for including biocontrol practices in national and regional agricultural policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Ratto
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK,Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK,Department of Health Studies and Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Toby Bruce
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Gilson Chipabika
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Mulungushi House, Independence Avenue, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Sithembile Mwamakamba
- Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), 141 Cresswell St Weaving Park, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Mkandawire
- Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN), 141 Cresswell St Weaving Park, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zeyaur Khan
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Angela Mkindi
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-engineering, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, PO Box 447- Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jimmy Pittchar
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Susannah M. Sallu
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen Whitfield
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Steven M. Sait
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Parry H. Economic benefits of conservation biocontrol: A spatially explicit bioeconomic model for insect pest management in agricultural landscapes. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.970624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially explicit population dynamic models have been successfully used to explore management scenarios in terms of pest suppression across a wide range of systems. However, the economic implications of pest management, particularly in the case of biological control and non-crop management strategies, have not been well considered. A bioeconomic spatially explicit simulation model was developed, that integrates models of pest population dynamics, pest movement and economics of management. The utility of the model is demonstrated here using Nysius vinitor, a pest of grain crops in Australia. The model estimates the short- and long-term economic benefits of three pest management strategies: (1) in-field pesticide spray; (2) pest suppression through weed management in non-crop habitat; and (3) bolstering biocontrol through revegetation with, or maintenance of, native vegetation. Across all management types, high yield and low relative management cost resulted in a greater chance of a gross profit. The impacts of the pests themselves were shown to be non-linear, with an intermediate level of pest pressure maximizing the economic gain from management. Pest dispersal capacity influenced the profitability of management of non-crop vegetation, with lower pest dispersal resulting in a greater likelihood of benefit, as benefits from non-crop management are localized (e.g., increased beneficial insect populations). In an intensively cropped landscape, pesticide management was most profitable over the short-term. Once a 10-year horizon was reached, then the profitability of revegetation was greater and continued to increase. While weeding requirements are low, it is likely to always be profitable in the long-term to maintain or restore native vegetation in good condition to control this pest in an intensively cropped landscape. Using pesticide alongside revegetation gave some short-term gain, but the negative impact of pesticide on beneficials outweighed the benefit and in the long-term it is less profitable. These results do not hold in a low production landscape, due to increased pest pressure and costs of managing non-crop habitat. In summary, when quantified over a 10–20 year time horizon, revegetation or conserving native remnants in good (i.e., non-weedy) condition could be economically more beneficial to control an insect pest than ongoing pesticide use, in intensively cropped landscapes.
Collapse
|
25
|
Alexandridis N, Marion G, Chaplin‐Kramer R, Dainese M, Ekroos J, Grab H, Jonsson M, Karp DS, Meyer C, O'Rourke ME, Pontarp M, Poveda K, Seppelt R, Smith HG, Walters RJ, Clough Y, Martin EA. Archetype models upscale understanding of natural pest control response to land-use change. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2696. [PMID: 35735258 PMCID: PMC10078142 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Control of crop pests by shifting host plant availability and natural enemy activity at landscape scales has great potential to enhance the sustainability of agriculture. However, mainstreaming natural pest control requires improved understanding of how its benefits can be realized across a variety of agroecological contexts. Empirical studies suggest significant but highly variable responses of natural pest control to land-use change. Current ecological models are either too specific to provide insight across agroecosystems or too generic to guide management with actionable predictions. We suggest obtaining the full benefit of available empirical, theoretical, and methodological knowledge by combining trait-mediated understanding from correlative studies with the explicit representation of causal relationships achieved by mechanistic modeling. To link these frameworks, we adapt the concept of archetypes, or context-specific generalizations, from sustainability science. Similar responses of natural pest control to land-use gradients across cases that share key attributes, such as functional traits of focal organisms, indicate general processes that drive system behavior in a context-sensitive manner. Based on such observations of natural pest control, a systematic definition of archetypes can provide the basis for mechanistic models of intermediate generality that cover all major agroecosystems worldwide. Example applications demonstrate the potential for upscaling understanding and improving predictions of natural pest control, based on knowledge transfer and scientific synthesis. A broader application of this mechanistic archetype approach promises to enhance ecology's contribution to natural resource management across diverse regions and social-ecological contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn Marion
- Biomathematics and Statistics ScotlandEdinburghUK
| | - Rebecca Chaplin‐Kramer
- Stanford University, Woods Institute for the Environment, Natural Capital ProjectStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- University of Minnesota, Institute on the EnvironmentSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Matteo Dainese
- Eurac ResearchInstitute for Alpine EnvironmentBozen/BolzanoItaly
| | - Johan Ekroos
- Lund University, Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC)LundSweden
- Present address:
Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Heather Grab
- Department of EntomologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Mattias Jonsson
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Daniel S. Karp
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation BiologyUniversity of California – DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carsten Meyer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and PsychologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg, Institute of Geoscience & GeographyHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Megan E. O'Rourke
- Department of HorticultureVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Katja Poveda
- Department of EntomologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Ralf Seppelt
- Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg, Institute of Geoscience & GeographyHalle (Saale)Germany
- Department of Computational Landscape EcologyHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZLeipzigGermany
| | - Henrik G. Smith
- Lund University, Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC)LundSweden
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Richard J. Walters
- Lund University, Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC)LundSweden
| | - Yann Clough
- Lund University, Centre for Environmental and Climate Science (CEC)LundSweden
| | - Emily A. Martin
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Geobotany, Zoological BiodiversityHannoverGermany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bianchi FJ. From pattern to process: Towards mechanistic design principles for pest suppressive landscapes. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
27
|
Henden J, Guédot C. Effect of surrounding landscape on Popillia japonica abundance and their spatial pattern within Wisconsin vineyards. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:961437. [PMID: 38468765 PMCID: PMC10926536 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.961437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Landscapes surrounding agroecosystems can provide resources that may benefit insect pests. This project examined the influence of the surrounding landscape on the abundance and spatial pattern of Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in vineyards. Twenty vineyards across Southern Wisconsin, spanning a gradient of 5-80% cropland in a 1.5km radius surrounding landscape, were sampled in 2017 and 2018 for P. japonica adults and leaf injury. The distribution of P. japonica and leaf injury was assessed by sampling along a transect at the edge, halfway from the edge to the center, and at the center of each vineyard. The proportion of cropland and pasture in the surrounding landscape along with abiotic factors of temperature, precipitation, longitude, and pesticide use (determined using Environmental Impact Quotient) were included in models to explain the variation of P. japonica abundance and leaf injury. No significant relationship was observed between proportion cropland in the surrounding landscape and P. japonica abundance or leaf injury. Combined effects of pasture, longitude, and temperature best explained variation in the abundance of P. japonica adults while longitude, temperature and EIQ best explained variability in leaf injury. Vineyards with more pastures in the surrounding landscape, located further east, and with higher temperatures, generally had more P. japonica adults and vineyards further east with higher temperature and lower EIQ pesticide use generally had higher levels of leaf injury. Additionally, variability in weekly temperature and precipitation influenced weekly abundance, with higher temperatures and less precipitation resulting in greater weekly abundance of P. japonica adults. Significantly more adult P. japonica and greater leaf injury were found at the edges than in the center of vineyards. Our results suggest beetles from the surrounding landscape likely contribute to populations of P. japonica adults found feeding on vines on vineyard edges, and P. japonica abundance and associated leaf injury are influenced by geographical location, local weather conditions, and pesticide use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christelle Guédot
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pellissier ME, Rand TA, Murphy MA, Jabbour R. Landscape Composition and Management History Affect Alfalfa Weevil but not its Parasitoid. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:892-900. [PMID: 35980374 PMCID: PMC9585371 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that both local and landscape-scale factors can be important drivers of crop pests, natural enemies, and biocontrol services. However, recent syntheses have found that landscape effects are inconsistent across study systems, highlighting the need for system-specific research to guide management decisions. In particular, studies conducted in perennial crops and that examine landscape configuration, not just composition, are especially lacking. We studied the impact of local and landscape factors on alfalfa weevil Hypera postica and its parasitoid Bathyplectes curculionis. Although classical biological control efforts have largely suppressed H. postica in the eastern United States, it remains problematic in the western United States. We sampled 20 production alfalfa fields in southeastern Wyoming to estimate H. postica density, parasitism rates by B. curculionis, and vegetation at local scales. We used remotely sensed imagery to characterize both landscape composition and configuration surrounding each sampled field. We used a hypothesis-driven modeling approach to determine which model was most predictive of H. postica and parasitism rate by B. curculionis. Landscape composition was the best model to predict H. postica densities. Host density was the best predictor of parasitism rates by B. curculionis. Production fields that had received insecticide applications in the last 5 years had higher weevil densities than fields that had not received insecticide applications. Stand age was not associated with weevil density or parasitism rate. In conclusion, we found local, landscape, and management components to be important in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatyana A Rand
- USDA-ARS, Pest Management Research Unit, Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, Sidney, MT, USA
| | - Melanie A Murphy
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Spangler K, Burchfield EK, Radel C, Jackson-Smith D, Johnson R. Crop diversification in Idaho's Magic Valley: the present and the imaginary. AGRONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2022; 42:99. [PMID: 36254246 PMCID: PMC9557999 DOI: 10.1007/s13593-022-00833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The simplification of agricultural landscapes, particularly in the United States (US), has contributed to alarming rates of environmental degradation. As such, increasing agrobiodiversity throughout the US agri-food system is a crucial goal toward mitigating these harmful impacts, and crop diversification is one short-term mechanism to begin this process. However, despite mounting evidence of its benefits, crop diversification strategies have yet to be widely adopted in the US. Thus, we explore barriers and bridges to crop diversification for current farmers, focused on the Magic Valley of southern Idaho-a region with higher crop diversity relative to the US norm. We address two main research questions: (1) how and why do farmers in this region enact temporal and/or spatial strategies to manage crop diversity (the present) and (2) what are the barriers and bridges to alternative diversification strategies (the imaginary)? Through a political agroecology and spatial imaginaries lens, we conducted and analyzed 15 farmer and 14 key informant interviews between 2019 and 2021 to gauge what farmers are doing to manage crop diversity (the present) and how they imagine alternative landscapes (the imaginary). We show that farmers in this region have established a regionally diversified landscape by relying primarily on temporal diversification strategies-crop rotations and cover cropping-but do not necessarily pair these with other spatial diversification strategies that align with an agroecological approach. Furthermore, experimenting with and imagining new landscapes is possible (and we found evidence of such), but daily challenges and structural constraints make these processes not only difficult but unlikely and even "dangerous" to dream of. Therein, we demonstrate the importance of centering who is farming and why they make certain decisions as much as how they farm to support agroecological transformation and reckoning with past and present land use paradigms to re-imagine what is possible. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13593-022-00833-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Spangler
- Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | | | - Claudia Radel
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT USA
| | - Douglas Jackson-Smith
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH USA
| | - River Johnson
- Department of Environment and Society, Utah State University, Logan, UT USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Naranjo SE, Cañas L, Ellsworth PC. Mortality dynamics of a polyphagous invasive herbivore reveal clues in its agroecosystem success. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3988-4005. [PMID: 35645142 PMCID: PMC9544257 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The population dynamics of polyphagous pests such as Bemisia argentifolii (B. tabaci MEAM1) are governed by complex, interacting factors involving its cultivated and wild host plants, seasonality, movement and demography. To understand mechanisms contributing to population development and pest success within the agroecosystem, contiguous multi-host field sites were established in three environmentally distinct areas in Arizona. Life tables quantified and partition models described mortality sources and rates for immature insect stages on each host plant. RESULTS Predation and dislodgement were the largest sources of marginal mortality, supplied the highest irreplaceable mortality and predation was the key factor. Rates of mortality were best predicted, in order, by source, temperature, host plant and season. Marginal mortality was highest for fourth-stage nymphs followed by eggs. Mortality rates were predicted in descending order by stage, temperature and season. Survivorship patterns varied among host plants, and generational mortality averaged 70% on spring cantaloupes but nearly 95% on all other hosts. Population density varied seasonally, persisting at low levels on winter hosts and expanding beginning in the spring; perennial hosts and weeds bridge populations year-round. CONCLUSION Survival on winter hosts such as broccoli, albeit low, enables population continuity, whereas unusually high survivorship on spring crops like cantaloupe is an ecological release propelling population growth and driving regional dynamics in the summer and fall. This detailed understanding of mortality dynamics provides clues to the success of this invasive pest in our agroecosystems and facilitates opportunities for improved pest management at a broader landscape scale. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Cañas
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Arizona, Maricopa Agricultural CenterMaricopaAZUSA
- Present address:
Luis Cañas, Department of Entomology, Ohio State UniversityWoosterOHUSA
| | - Peter C. Ellsworth
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Arizona, Maricopa Agricultural CenterMaricopaAZUSA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Complex agricultural landscapes host more biodiversity than simple ones: A global meta-analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203385119. [PMID: 36095174 PMCID: PMC9499564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203385119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural land, the world’s largest human-managed ecosystem, forms the matrix that connects remnant and fragmented patches of natural vegetation where nondomesticated biodiversity struggles to survive. Increasing the resources that this matrix can offer to biodiversity is critical to halting biodiversity loss. Our comprehensive meta-analysis demonstrates the positive and significant effect on biodiversity of increasing landscape complexity in agricultural lands. We found more biodiversity in complex landscapes, potentially contributing to agriculture production, ecosystem resilience, and human well-being. Current biodiversity conservation strategies tend to focus on natural ecosystems, often ignoring opportunities to boost biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Our findings provide a strong scientific evidence base for synergistically managing agriculture at the landscape level for biodiversity conservation and sustainable production. Managing agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity conservation requires profound structural changes worldwide. Often, discussions are centered on management at the field level. However, a wide and growing body of evidence calls for zooming out and targeting agricultural policies, research, and interventions at the landscape level to halt and reverse the decline in biodiversity, increase biodiversity-mediated ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes, and improve the resilience and adaptability of these ecosystems. We conducted the most comprehensive assessment to date on landscape complexity effects on nondomesticated terrestrial biodiversity through a meta-analysis of 1,134 effect sizes from 157 peer-reviewed articles. Increasing landscape complexity through changes in composition, configuration, or heterogeneity significatively and positively affects biodiversity. More complex landscapes host more biodiversity (richness, abundance, and evenness) with potential benefits to sustainable agricultural production and conservation, and effects are likely underestimated. The few articles that assessed the combined contribution of linear (e.g., hedgerows) and areal (e.g., woodlots) elements resulted in a near-doubling of the effect sizes (i.e., biodiversity level) compared to the dominant number of studies measuring these elements separately. Similarly, positive effects on biodiversity are stronger in articles monitoring biodiversity for at least 2 y compared to the dominant 1-y monitoring efforts. Besides, positive and stronger effects exist when monitoring occurs in nonoverlapping landscapes, highlighting the need for long-term and robustly designed monitoring efforts. Living in harmony with nature will require shifting paradigms toward valuing and promoting multifunctional agriculture at the farm and landscape levels with a research agenda that untangles complex agricultural landscapes’ contributions to people and nature under current and future conditions.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tresson P, Tixier P, Puech W, Abufera B, Wyvekens A, Carval D. Caught on camera: Field imagery reveals the unexpected importance of vertebrates for biological control of the banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus Col. Curculionidae). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274223. [PMID: 36125985 PMCID: PMC9488773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of ecological interactions is necessary for the application of biological control. Banana is the second most produced fruit worldwide and the banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) is the most important pest of banana and plantain. Its biological control remains challenging because of the robustness and cryptic behaviour of the adult and the hidden development of larval stages. Researchers therefore tend to favour conservation biological control of this pest. The commonly used methods for measuring the effects of natural enemies on the regulation of this pest focus on invertebrates and may underestimate the role of vertebrates on biological control. Using cameras, we recorded the predation of sentinel adult weevils in banana plots in La Réunion island that differed in weevil infestation levels and in animal biodiversity. To facilitate image analysis, we used background subtraction to isolate moving parts of image sequences and thus detect predators and predation events. Our cameras recorded only vertebrates as predators of adult banana weevils. The most important predator appeared to be the Asian shrew (Suncus murinus), which was responsible for 67% of the predation events. Other predators included the house mouse (Mus musculus), the oriental garden lizard (Calotes versicolor), and the guttural toad (Sclerophrys gutturalis). The exact time of predation events were determined from the images metadata. It was thus possible to identify predator foraging periods that coincided with activity of adult weevils. Our results confirm that images provide useful information for biological and ecological studies. Along with other recent studies, our results suggest that the role of vertebrates in biological control may be underestimated. Based on these results, we advocate for several management implications such as the installation of hedges, grasslands, and ponds to favour these vertebrate predators of the banana weevil, possibly also favouring other vertebrate and invertebrate natural enemies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Tresson
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Montpellier, France
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Saint-Pierre, France
- LIRMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Tixier
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Montpellier, France
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - William Puech
- LIRMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Abufera
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Antoine Wyvekens
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Dominique Carval
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Montpellier, France
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, Saint-Pierre, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li MJ, Yang SW, Chen GH, Dou WJ, Shang HP, Zhang XM. Density and seasonal dynamics of Bemisia tabaci and its predators in different agricultural landscapes in South China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:928634. [PMID: 36119612 PMCID: PMC9480826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.928634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci is the main pest of agriculture in many regions of the world. The resistance of whitefly to pesticides has increased as a consequence of the continuous irrational use of wide-spectrum pesticides. Thus, pesticides are no longer always effective as a long-term control method. The agricultural landscape can affect the occurrence of an insect population. The objective of this study was to clarify the occurrence of whitefly and its predators in tomato fields in different agricultural landscapes. Different landscapes are classified into urban, flower, water, and mountain landscapes by the principal component analysis method. In 2018-2019, whitefly had the longest main activity period and the lowest density in the flower landscape. The water landscape helped to maintain the highest densities of whitefly during the main activity period. Nine species of predators were sampled, and Nesidiocoris tenuis, Chrysoperla sinica, Menochilus sexmaculata, and Harmonia axyridis were the dominant species throughout the sampling season in both years. During the main activity period, N. tenuis had the highest density in all sampled landscapes. The density of the dominant predators was the highest in the flower landscape, and each natural predator had the largest temporal niche width in the 2-year sampling period. Bemisia tabaci, N. tenuis, and M. sexmaculata were highly synchronized temporally. The flower landscape showed satisfactory results in suppressing whitefly. Increasing the proportion of flowering plants and increasing the diversity of plant crops in the agricultural landscape can effectively reduce the densities of whitefly during an outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jiang Li
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shao-Wu Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guo-Hua Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Wen-Jun Dou
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Expo Horticulture Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Hao-Pei Shang
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Far from home: bat activity and diversity in row crop agriculture decreases with distance to potential roost habitat. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
35
|
Stowe HE, Michaud JP, Kim TN. Resource amount and discontinuity influence flight and reproduction in
Hippodamia convergens
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Stowe
- Department of Entomology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - J. P. Michaud
- Department of Entomology Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center—Hays Hays Kansas USA
| | - Tania N. Kim
- Department of Entomology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schütz L, Wenzel B, Rottstock T, Dachbrodt‐Saaydeh S, Golla B, Kehlenbeck H. How to promote multifunctionality of vegetated strips in arable farming: A qualitative approach for Germany. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schütz
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| | - Bettina Wenzel
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| | - Tanja Rottstock
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| | - Silke Dachbrodt‐Saaydeh
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| | - Burkhard Golla
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| | - Hella Kehlenbeck
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gómez‐Martínez C, González‐Estévez MA, Cursach J, Lázaro A. Pollinator richness, pollination networks, and diet adjustment along local and landscape gradients of resource diversity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2634. [PMID: 35403772 PMCID: PMC9539497 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Loss of habitats and native species, introduction of invasive species, and changing climate regimes lead to the homogenization of landscapes and communities, affecting the availability of habitats and resources for economically important guilds, such as pollinators. Understanding how pollinators and their interactions vary along resource diversity gradients at different scales may help to determine their adaptability to the current diversity loss related to global change. We used data on 20 plant-pollinator communities along gradients of flower richness (local diversity) and landscape heterogeneity (landscape diversity) to understand how the diversity of resources at local and landscape scales affected (1) wild pollinator abundance and richness (accounting also for honey bee abundance), (2) the structure of plant-pollinator networks, (3) the proportion of actively selected interactions (those not occurring by neutral processes), and (4) pollinator diet breadth and species' specialization in networks. Wild pollinator abundance was higher overall in flower-rich and heterogeneous habitats, while wild pollinator richness increased with flower richness (more strongly for beetles and wild bees) and decreased with honeybee abundance. Network specialization (H2 '), modularity, and functional complementarity were all positively related to floral richness and landscape heterogeneity, indicating niche segregation as the diversity of resources increases at both scales. Flower richness also increased the proportion of actively selected interactions (especially for wild bees and flies), whereas landscape heterogeneity had a weak negative effect on this variable. Overall, network-level metrics responded to larger landscape scales than pollinator-level metrics did. Higher floral richness resulted in a wider taxonomic and functional diet for all the study guilds, while functional diet increased mainly for beetles. Despite this, specialization in networks (d') increased with flower richness for all the study guilds, because pollinator species fed on a narrower subset of plants as communities became richer in species. Our study indicates that pollinators are able to adapt their diet to resource changes at local and landscape scales. However, resource homogenization might lead to poor and generalist pollinator communities, where functionally specialized interactions are lost. This study highlights the importance of including different scales to understand the effects of global change on pollination service through changes in resource diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Gómez‐Martínez
- Global Change Research GroupMediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (UIB‐CSIC)EsporlesSpain
| | | | - Joana Cursach
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean ConditionsUniversity of the Balearic IslandsPalmaSpain
| | - Amparo Lázaro
- Global Change Research GroupMediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (UIB‐CSIC)EsporlesSpain
- Department of Biology, Ecology AreaUniversity of the Balearic IslandsPalmaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Elkins BH, Eubanks MD, Faris AM, Wang HH, Brewer MJ. Landscape Complexity has Mixed Effects on an Invasive Aphid and Its Natural Enemies in Sorghum Agroecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:660-669. [PMID: 35639524 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Landscapes with more complex composition and configuration are generally expected to enhance natural enemy densities and pest suppression. To evaluate this hypothesis for an invasive aphid pest of sorghum, Melanaphis sorghi Theobald (Hemiptera: Aphididae), sampling in sorghum fields for aphids and natural enemies was conducted over two years in a southern U.S. coastal production region. Landscape composition and configuration of crop and noncrop elements were assessed using correlation and multivariate regression modeling to detect relationships with insects at different spatial scales. Significant models found more complex landscape configuration, particularly the amount of habitat edges, was associated with increased aphid and natural enemy abundance. Composition associated with noncrop habitats had the opposite effect. Numerical response of natural enemies was taxa dependent, with parasitism lower as landscape complexity increased, while predator numerical response was not affected by landscape complexity. These results indicate landscape complexity may increase both aphid and natural enemy abundance, but with decreasing parasitism and little association with predator numerical response. These relationships are likely contingent on overall environmental suitability to aphid population increase as results were less evident in the second year when average aphid abundance regularly exceeded the economic threshold. This study supports the importance of configuration, especially habitat borders, as a critical metric for determining pest-natural enemy dynamics within a large-scale cereal agroecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake H Elkins
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Micky D Eubanks
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashleigh M Faris
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Hsiao-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Brewer
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
González del Portillo D, Arroyo B, Morales MB. The adequacy of alfalfa crops as an Agri-Environmental Scheme: a review of agronomic benefits and effects on biodiversity. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2022.126253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
40
|
Sun X, Sun Y, Ma L, Liu Z, Wang Q, Wang D, Zhang C, Yu H, Xu M, Ding J, Siemann E. Multidecadal, continent-level analysis indicates agricultural practices impact wheat aphid loads more than climate change. Commun Biol 2022; 5:761. [PMID: 35902771 PMCID: PMC9334390 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature has a large influence on insect abundances, thus under climate change, identifying major drivers affecting pest insect populations is critical to world food security and agricultural ecosystem health. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis with data obtained from 120 studies across China and Europe from 1970 to 2017 to reveal how climate and agricultural practices affect populations of wheat aphids. Here we showed that aphid loads on wheat had distinct patterns between these two regions, with a significant increase in China but a decrease in Europe over this time period. Although temperature increased over this period in both regions, we found no evidence showing climate warming affected aphid loads. Rather, differences in pesticide use, fertilization, land use, and natural enemies between China and Europe may be key factors accounting for differences in aphid pest populations. These long-term data suggest that agricultural practices impact wheat aphid loads more than climate warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yumei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Ling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Qiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Dingli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, Kaifeng, 475004, China.,The College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Evan Siemann
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Giffard B, Winter S, Guidoni S, Nicolai A, Castaldini M, Cluzeau D, Coll P, Cortet J, Le Cadre E, d’Errico G, Forneck A, Gagnarli E, Griesser M, Guernion M, Lagomarsino A, Landi S, Bissonnais YL, Mania E, Mocali S, Preda C, Priori S, Reineke A, Rusch A, Schroers HJ, Simoni S, Steiner M, Temneanu E, Bacher S, Costantini EAC, Zaller J, Leyer I. Vineyard Management and Its Impacts on Soil Biodiversity, Functions, and Ecosystem Services. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.850272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy soils form the basis of sustainable viticulture, where soil characteristics have a direct impact on wine quantity and quality. Soil not only provides water and nutrients to vines, but is also a living medium containing micro- and macroorganisms that perform many ecological functions and provide ecosystem services. These organisms are involved in many processes, from decomposing organic matter to providing minerals to vine roots. They also control diseases, pests, and weeds, in addition to improving the soil structure in terms of its capacity to retain water and nutrients. Related to decomposition processes, the carbon content of vineyard soils influences fertility, erosion and biogeochemical cycles, with significant implications for the global climate. However, common agricultural practices represent strong threats to biodiversity and associated ecosystem services provided by vineyard soils. As consumers increasingly consider environmental aspects in their purchase decisions, winegrowers have to adapt their vineyard management strategies, raising the demand for sustainable pest- and weed-control methods. This article presents a comprehensive review of the impacts of vineyard practices on the soil ecosystem, biodiversity, and biodiversity-based ecosystem services, and provides future prospects for sustainable viticulture.
Collapse
|
42
|
Beretta GM, Deere JA, Messelink GJ, Muñoz-Cárdenas K, Janssen A. Review: predatory soil mites as biocontrol agents of above- and below-ground plant pests. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 87:143-162. [PMID: 35939243 PMCID: PMC9424159 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological pest control is becoming increasingly important for sustainable agriculture. Although many species of natural enemies are already being used commercially, efficient biological control of various pests is still lacking, and there is a need for more biocontrol agents. In this review, we focus on predatory soil mites, their role as natural enemies, and their biocontrol potential, mainly in vegetable and ornamental crops, with an emphasis on greenhouse systems. These predators are still underrepresented in biological control, but have several advantages compared to predators living on above-ground plant parts. For example, predatory soil mites are often easy and affordable to mass rear, as most of them are generalist predators, which also means that they may be used against various pests and can survive periods of pest scarcity by feeding on alternative prey or food. Many of them can also endure unfavourable conditions, making it easier for them to establish in various crops. Based on the current literature, we show that they have potential to control a variety of pests, both in greenhouses and in the field. However, more research is needed to fully understand and appreciate their potential as biocontrol agents. We review and discuss several methods to increase their efficiency, such as supplying them with alternative food and changing soil/litter structure to enable persistence of their populations. We conclude that predatory soil mites deserve more attention in future studies to increase their application in agricultural crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta M Beretta
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques A Deere
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben J Messelink
- Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University and Research, Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Muñoz-Cárdenas
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Janssen
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Paredes D, Rosenheim JA, Karp DS. The causes and consequences of pest population variability in agricultural landscapes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2607. [PMID: 35366039 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Variability in population densities is key to the ecology of natural systems but also has great implications for agriculture. Farmers' decisions are heavily influenced by their risk aversion to pest outbreaks that result in major yield losses. However, the need for long-term pest population data across many farms has prevented researchers from exploring the drivers and implications of pest population variability (PV). Here, we demonstrate the critical importance of PV for sustainable farming by analyzing 13 years of pest densities across >1300 Spanish olive groves and vineyards. Variable populations were more likely to cause major yield losses, but also occasionally created temporal windows when densities fell below insecticide spray thresholds. Importantly, environmental factors regulating pest variability were very distinct from factors regulating mean density, suggesting variability needs to be uniquely managed. Finally, we found diversifying landscapes may be a win-win situation for conservation and farmers, as diversified landscapes promote less abundant and less variable pest populations. Therefore, we encourage agricultural stakeholders to increase the complexity of the landscapes surrounding their farms through conserving/restoring natural habitat and/or diversifying crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paredes
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group, Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Daniel S Karp
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sow A, Soti V, Thiaw I, Brévault T. Non-crop habitats concurrently drive crop colonization by the millet head miner and regulation by natural enemies. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
45
|
Gray HL, Farias JR, Venzon M, Torres JB, Souza LM, Aita RC, Andow DA. Predation on sentinel prey increases with increasing latitude in Brassica-dominated agroecosystems. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9086. [PMID: 35845383 PMCID: PMC9272068 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural ecosystems, arthropod predation on herbivore prey is higher at lower latitudes, mirroring the latitudinal diversity gradient observed across many taxa. This pattern has not been systematically examined in human‐dominated ecosystems, where frequent disturbances can shift the identity and abundance of local predators, altering predation rates from those observed in natural ecosystems. We investigated how latitude, biogeographical, and local ecological factors influenced arthropod predation in Brassica oleracea‐dominated agroecosystems in 55 plots spread among 5 sites in the United States and 4 sites in Brazil, spanning at least 15° latitude in each country. In both the United States and Brazil, arthropod predator attacks on sentinel model caterpillar prey were highest at the highest latitude studied and declined at lower latitudes. The rate of increased arthropod attacks per degree latitude was higher in the United States and the overall gradient was shifted poleward as compared to Brazil. PiecewiseSEM analysis revealed that aridity mediates the effect of latitude on arthropod predation and largely explains the differences in the intensity of the latitudinal gradient between study countries. Neither predator richness, predator density, nor predator resource availability predicted variation in predator attack rates. Only greater non‐crop plant density drove greater predation rates, though this effect was weaker than the effect of aridity. We conclude that climatic factors rather than ecological community structure shape latitudinal arthropod predation patterns and that high levels of aridity in agroecosystems may dampen the ability of arthropod predators to provide herbivore control services as compared to natural ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Gray
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Juliano R Farias
- Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões Santo Ângelo Brazil
| | - Madelaine Venzon
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais - EPAMIG Viçosa Brazil
| | - Jorge Braz Torres
- Departamento de Agronomia-Entomologia Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Carlesso Aita
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - David A Andow
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Multi-Scale Effects of Landscape Stucture on Epigaeic Arthropods Diversity in Arable Land System: A Case in Changtu County of Northern China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the multi-scale effects of arable land landscape on epigaeic arthropod diversity is essential for biodiversity conservation and agroecosystem services. Our study explored the overall effect of landscape elements on epigaeic arthropod diversity at three scales of landscape, habitat, and field. We selected 11 areas to sample using the trap method, and construct models of landscape elements and biodiversity data. The results showed that: (1) On the landscape scale, 1500 m was the optimal radius. Shannon’s diversity index and interspersion and juxtaposition index can explain the diversity of epigaeic arthropods at the level of 76.7%. (2) On the habitat scale (the radius less than 100 m), habitat types significantly affected the species number, Pielou evenness index, and individual number of epigaeic arthropods (p < 0.05). The distribution of epigaeic arthropods had an obvious margin effect. (3) On the field scale, we also revealed The Shannon diversity index and Pielou evenness index of herb vegetation structure can explain the change of epigaeic arthropod community structure at the level of 69.1%. We believe that an appropriate scale is the best lever to protect agricultural biodiversity. Our research can promote multi-scale integrated conservation of regional biodiversity and sustainable development of agricultural systems.
Collapse
|
47
|
Plant-Rich Field Margins Influence Natural Predators of Aphids More Than Intercropping in Common Bean. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070569. [PMID: 35886745 PMCID: PMC9322975 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Field margin plants are important in providing resources for natural enemies (NEs) and improving biological control of crop pests. However, the use of field margin plants for biological control particularly of important common bean pests is understudied in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We evaluated the potential of field margin plants with respect to intercropping systems in common bean fields to enhance the population of NEs of common bean pests. We observed a high assemblage of important NEs of common bean pests for some insect taxa with minimal impact of intercropping on NEs. Field margin plants could be managed to provide a wide range of resources to NEs and therefore biological control of common bean pests. Abstract Field margins support important ecosystem services including natural pest regulation. We investigated the influence of field margins on the spatial and temporal distribution of natural enemies (NEs) of bean pests in smallholder farming systems. We sampled NEs from high and low plant diversity bean fields using sweep netting and coloured sticky traps, comparing monocropped and intercropped farms. NEs collected from within crops included predatory bugs, lacewings, predatory flies, parasitic flies, parasitic wasps, lady beetles, and a range of other predatory beetles; with the most dominant group being parasitic wasps. Overall, high plant diversity fields had a higher number of NEs than low-diversity fields, regardless of sampling methods. The field margin had a significantly higher number of lacewings, parasitic wasps, predatory bugs, syrphid flies, and other predatory beetles relative to the crop, but beneficial insects were collected throughout the fields. However, we observed marginally higher populations of NEs in intercropping than in monocropping although the effect was not significant in both low and high plant diversity fields. We recommend smallholder farmers protect the field margins for the added benefit of natural pest regulation in their fields.
Collapse
|
48
|
Towards Predictions of Interaction Dynamics between Cereal Aphids and Their Natural Enemies: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050479. [PMID: 35621813 PMCID: PMC9146300 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Understanding how pests and their natural enemies interact dynamically during the growing season and what drivers act on those interactions will help to develop efficient pest control strategies. We reviewed empirical and modeling publications on the drivers influencing the aphids–natural enemy dynamics. We found disparities between what is known empirically and what is used as main drivers in the models. Predation and parasitism are rarely measured empirically but are often represented in models, while plant phenology is supposed to be a strong driver of aphids’ dynamics while it is rarely used in models. Since modelers and empirical scientists do not share a lot of publications, we incite more crossover works between both communities to elaborate (i) new empirical settings based on simulation results and (ii) build more accurate and robust models integrating more key drivers of the aphid dynamics. These models could be integrated into decision support systems to help advisors and farmers to design more effective integrated pest management systems. Abstract (1) Although most past studies are based on static analyses of the pest regulation drivers, evidence shows that a greater focus on the temporal dynamics of these interactions is urgently required to develop more efficient strategies. (2) Focusing on aphids, we systematically reviewed (i) empirical knowledge on the drivers influencing the dynamics of aphid–natural enemy interactions and (ii) models developed to simulate temporal or spatio-temporal aphid dynamics. (3) Reviewed studies mainly focus on the abundance dynamics of aphids and their natural enemies, and on aphid population growth rates. The dynamics of parasitism and predation are rarely measured empirically, although it is often represented in models. Temperature is mostly positively correlated with aphid population growth rates. Plant phenology and landscape effects are poorly represented in models. (4) We propose a research agenda to progress towards models and empirical knowledge usable to design effective CBC strategies. We claim that crossover works between empirical and modeling community will help design new empirical settings based on simulation results and build more accurate and robust models integrating more key drivers of aphid dynamics. Such models, turned into decision support systems, are urgently needed by farmers and advisors in order to design effective integrated pest management.
Collapse
|
49
|
Tougeron K, Couthouis E, Marrec R, Barascou L, Baudry J, Boussard H, Burel F, Couty A, Doury G, Francis C, Hecq F, Le Roux V, Pétillon J, Spicher F, Hance T, van Baaren J. Multi-scale approach to biodiversity proxies of biological control service in European farmlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153569. [PMID: 35114245 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture has profoundly altered biodiversity and trophic relationships in agricultural landscapes, leading to the deterioration of many ecosystem services such as pollination or biological control. Information on which spatio-temporal factors are simultaneously affecting crop pests and their natural enemies is required to improve conservation biological control practices. We conducted a study in 80 winter wheat crop fields distributed in three regions of North-western Europe (Brittany, Hauts-de-France and Wallonia), along intra-regional gradients of landscape complexity. Five taxa of major crop pests (aphids and slugs) and natural enemies (spiders, carabids, and parasitoids) were sampled three times a year, for two consecutive years. We analysed the influence of regional (meteorology), landscape (structure in both the years n and n-1) and local factors (hedge or grass strip field boundaries, and distance to boundary) on the abundance and species richness of crop-dwelling organisms, as proxies of the service/disservice they provide. Firstly, there was higher biocontrol potential in areas with mild winter climatic conditions. Secondly, natural enemy communities were less diverse and had lower abundances in landscapes with high crop and wooded continuities (sum of interconnected crop or wood surfaces), contrary to slugs and aphids. Finally, field boundaries with grass strips were more favourable to spiders and carabids than boundaries formed by hedges, while the opposite was found for crop pests, with the latter being less abundant towards the centre of the fields. We also revealed temporal modulation-and sometimes reversion-of the impact of local elements on crop biodiversity. To some extent, these results cause controversy because they show that hedgerows and woodlots should not be the unique cornerstones of agro-ecological landscape design strategies. We point out that combining woody and grassy habitats to take full advantage of the features and ecosystem services they both provide (biological pest control, windbreak effect, soil stabilization) may promote sustainable agricultural ecosystems. It may be possible to both reduce pest pressure and promote natural enemies by accounting for taxa-specific antagonistic responses to multi-scale environmental characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, croix-du-Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Eloïse Couthouis
- UMR 0980 BAGAP, INRAE, Institut Agro, ESA, 65 rue de St Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes, France; Université de Rennes (UNIR), UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Marrec
- UMR 7058 EDYSAN "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés", CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Léna Barascou
- Université de Rennes (UNIR), UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Jacques Baudry
- UMR 0980 BAGAP, INRAE, Institut Agro, ESA, 65 rue de St Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Hugues Boussard
- UMR 0980 BAGAP, INRAE, Institut Agro, ESA, 65 rue de St Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Françoise Burel
- Université de Rennes (UNIR), UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Aude Couty
- UMR 7058 EDYSAN "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés", CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Géraldine Doury
- UMR 7058 EDYSAN "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés", CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Charlotte Francis
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, croix-du-Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Florence Hecq
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, croix-du-Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Vincent Le Roux
- UMR 7058 EDYSAN "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés", CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Julien Pétillon
- Université de Rennes (UNIR), UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Spicher
- UMR 7058 EDYSAN "Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés", CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université catholique de Louvain, croix-du-Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joan van Baaren
- Université de Rennes (UNIR), UMR 6553 ECOBIO, CNRS, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Arnold JE. Biological Control Services from Parasitic Hymenoptera in Urban Agriculture. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050467. [PMID: 35621801 PMCID: PMC9143015 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Our findings support the enemies hypothesis in urban agroecosystems. Local factors, including increased mulch coverage, crop richness, and percent of non-crop areas, are predictors of increased PH abundance and aphid parasitism rates. Our findings support and strengthen previous findings in UA research. Urban farmers should be encouraged to diversify urban agroecosystem spatial composition and implement APM practices to reduce pest impacts. Abstract Urban agriculture is practiced in spatially fragmented landscapes with unique characteristics that can impact species occurrence in time and space. As a result, biological control services, an ecosystem service from naturally occurring arthropod natural enemies, can be negatively impacted. Many urban farms forgo pesticides and utilize agroecological pest-management strategies that rely on natural enemies to help regulate pest populations. Understanding how these enemies are affected by landscape composition and on-farm management practices is critical to understanding agroecological pest management in UA and furthering our understanding of landscape-mediated population dynamics. Over two growing seasons, we sampled brassica crops in urban agriculture sites occurring on a spectrum of surrounding landscape imperviousness, spatial composition, size, and management practices to better understand parasitic Hymenoptera abundance, richness, and parasitism rates on the common cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae). We found that on-farm agroecological pest-management practices such as mulch coverage, floral richness, and overall crop-plant richness impacted parasitic Hymenoptera abundance. Larger proportions of on-farm noncrop area increased parasitoid abundance on urban farms. Aphid parasitism increased in relation to on-farm management practices, including increased crop-plant richness. These findings add to a growing understanding of urban agroecosystem function and support the enemies hypothesis in urban agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Earl Arnold
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management (ESPM), University of California—Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- Department of Environmental Studies, Warren Wilson College, Asheville, NC 28815, USA
| |
Collapse
|