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Lin L, Lee TM, Shi HT. China should re-evaluate its stance on wildlife release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221766120. [PMID: 37531391 PMCID: PMC10410738 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221766120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou571158, China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- State Key Lab of Biological Control, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen518000, China
| | - Hai-Tao Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou571158, China
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2
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Banerjee AK, Lee TM, Feng H, Liang X, Lin Y, Wang J, Yin M, Peng H, Huang Y. Implications for biological invasion of non-native plants for sale in the world's largest online market. Conserv Biol 2023; 37:e14055. [PMID: 36864722 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Internet trade is increasingly recognized as a dispersal pathway of non-native plant species that is difficult to monitor. We sought to identify non-native flora present in the Chinese online market, the largest e-commerce market globally, and to decipher the effect of existing trade regulations, among other variables, on e-trading patterns and to inform policy. We used a comprehensive list of 811 non-native plant species in China present in 1 of the 3 phases of the invasion continuum (i.e., introduced, naturalized, and invasive). The price, propagule types, and quantities of the species offered for sale were retrieved from 9 online stores, including 2 of the largest platforms. Over 30% of the non-native species were offered for sale in the online marketplaces; invasive non-native species dominated the list (45.53%). No significant price difference was observed across the non-native species of the 3 invasion categories. Among the 5 propagule types, a significantly higher number of non-native species were offered for sale as seeds. The regression models and path analyses consistently revealed a direct positive effect of the number of uses and species' minimum residence time and an indirect effect of biogeography on the pattern of trade in non-native plant species when minimal phylogenetic signal was detected. A review of the existing phytosanitary regulations in China revealed their inadequacy in managing e-trading of non-native plant species. To address the problem, we propose integration of a standardized risk assessment framework that considers perceptions of stakeholders and is adaptable based on continuous surveillance of the trade network. If implemented successfully, the measures could provide a template for other countries to strengthen trading regulations for non-native plant species and take proactive management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achyut Kumar Banerjee
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinru Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuting Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiakai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yelin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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3
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Huang C, Zhou K, Huang Y, Fan P, Liu Y, Lee TM. Insights into the coexistence of birds and humans in cropland through meta-analyses of bird exclosure studies, crop loss mitigation experiments, and social surveys. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002166. [PMID: 37410698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds share lands with humans at a substantial scale and affect crops. Yet, at a global scale, systematic evaluations of human-bird coexistence in croplands are scarce. Here, we compiled and used meta-analysis approaches to synthesize multiple global datasets of ecological and social dimensions to understand this complex coexistence system. Our result shows that birds usually increase woody, but not herbaceous, crop production, implying that crop loss mitigation efforts are critical for a better coexistence. We reveal that many nonlethal technical measures are more effective in reducing crop loss, e.g., using scaring devices and changing sow practices, than other available methods. Besides, we find that stakeholders from low-income countries are more likely to perceive the crop losses caused by birds and are less positive toward birds than those from high-income ones. Based on our evidence, we identified potential regional clusters, particularly in tropical areas, for implementing win-win coexistence strategies. Overall, we provide an evidence-based knowledge flow and solutions for stakeholders to integrate the conservation and management of birds in croplands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjun Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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4
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Wang Y, Sun J, Lee TM. Altitude dependence of alpine grassland ecosystem multifunctionality across the Tibetan Plateau. J Environ Manage 2023; 332:117358. [PMID: 36724595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While altitude affects climatic characteristics, terrestrial plant habitats, and species composition, few studies considered the effects of altitude on ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF). Here, we teased apart the EMF at different altitude with a linear piecewise quantile regression and explore ecosystem functions and environmental factors with EMF along the altitudinal gradient across the Tibetan Plateau. Then, we estimated the response of ecosystem functions to environmental factors, and explain the impact of environmental factors on EMF through the structural equation model. Our data revealed an EMF changepoint at an altitude of about 3900 m where the EMF could be segregated into low- and high-altitude patterns. Our results indicate that water availability drives the EMF mainly through improving soil nutrients and microbe cycling functions in low-altitude regions; conversely, water-heat and phenological conditions regulate the EMF through the role of plant productivity and soil nutrients in high-altitude regions. As such, our EMF analysis suggests that to maintain the long-term stability of the grassland ecosystem, it becomes critical to fully consider the differences in the altitudinal patterns and mechanisms, particularly under the ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Lab of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Lab of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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5
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Gong Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Lee TM, Sun Y. Threats of COVID-19 arouse public awareness of climate change risks. iScience 2022; 25:105350. [PMID: 36267549 PMCID: PMC9556807 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Public climate change awareness is indispensable to dealing with climate change threats. Understanding whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic impacts on individuals’ climate change risk perception would thus be critical to green economic recovery. We conducted a longitudinal survey study in China when the pandemic was at its height and when it was mitigated. The cross-lagged analysis confirmed our assumed “arousal” effect of perceived COVID-19 risks on climate change risk awareness. We further tested and verified the proposed “dual-pathway” mechanisms of affective generalization (i.e., negative affective states aroused by COVID-19 “spillover” to the assessment of climate change risk) and cognitive association (i.e., the outbreak of COVID-19 awakens people’s recognition of the human-nature-climate issues) via multiple mediation analyses. Our results implied that climate policies could be integrated into pandemic control, and that the public should be more awakened to confront multiple crises with proper guidance. Public COVID-19 risk perception arouses their climate change awareness A longitudinal survey in China was conducted to verify this arousal effect Generalized negative affect states explain the effect Cognitive association also explains the effect
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yard 16, Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Business, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Linxiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China,The United Nations Environment Programme – International Ecosystem Management Partnership, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences and School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yard 16, Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Corresponding author
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Wang Y, Liu B, Zhao J, Ye C, Wei L, Sun J, Chu C, Lee TM. Global patterns and abiotic drivers of ecosystem multifunctionality in dominant natural ecosystems. Environ Int 2022; 168:107480. [PMID: 36007300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential patterns and processes of ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) across global ecosystems are largely unknown, which limits our understanding of how ecosystems respond to drivers. Here we compile a global dataset that consists of 973 unique sites across the forest, grassland, and shrub ecosystems. We identify a critical global pattern of hump-shaped EMF relationship with mean annual precipitation at a threshold of ∼671 mm, where low and high precipitation patterns are discriminated. We find that climatic and soil factors jointly drive the EMF in low precipitation areas, and climatic factors dominate the EMF in high precipitation regions. However, when comparing across the three dominant ecosystems and precipitation regions, the key driver in EMF differs substantially. Specifically, climatic and soil factors dominate the EMF of low and high precipitation regions across forest ecosystems, respectively. Climatic drivers dominate the EMF under different precipitation conditions across grassland and shrub ecosystems. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of climatic and soil drivers on EMF, which should be considered in ecosystem stability models in response to global climate and land-use change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Biying Liu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chongchong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lan Wei
- Center for Dynamic Supervision for Usage of Fangchenggang City Sea Area, Fangchenggang, 538001, China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengjin Chu
- School of Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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7
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Hu S, Cheng Y, Pan R, Zou F, Lee TM. Understanding the social impacts of enforcement activities on illegal wildlife trade in China. Ambio 2022; 51:1643-1657. [PMID: 34962642 PMCID: PMC9110577 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Illegal wildlife trade enforcement is a cornerstone conservation strategy worldwide, yet we have a limited understanding on its social impacts. Using Chinese online wildlife seizure news (2003-2018), we evaluated the interactions among enforcement operations, news frequency, and social engagement (i.e., whistle-blowing) frequency. Our results showed that intensive enforcement operations, which commenced after 2012, have social impacts by increasing the frequency of all seizure news significantly by 28% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5%, 51%] and those via whistle-blowing by 24% [95% CI: 2%, 45%], when compared to counterfactual models where possible confounding factors were accounted for. Furthermore, we revealed the potential interaction between enforcement seizure news with and without social engagement, and the consequential social feedback process. Of the species identified from 'whistle-blowing' news, up to 28% are considered as high conservation priorities. Overall, we expanded our understanding of the enforcement impacts to social dimensions, which could contribute to improving the cost-effectiveness of such conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Hu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 Guangdong China
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Rong Pan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Fasheng Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260 Guangdong China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 Guangdong China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3BD UK
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8
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Hairong D, Xiaoliang Z, Minghai Z, Xiangdong R, Lee TM. Spatial Distribution and Conservation Strategies of Large Carnivores in Human-Dominated Landscape: A Case Study of Asiatic Black Bear in Jilin, China. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.882282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large carnivores maintain the balance of ecosystems. Understanding distribution and population changes are necessary prerequisites for scientific conservation strategy. The east of Jilin Province is the habitat of endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). The Chinese government has focused the monitoring on protecting the Amur tiger. However, little is known about Asiatic black bear (ABB, Ursus thibetanus) distribution, population dynamics in the wild, and protection awareness of local residents in Jilin Province, China. We conducted a integrative survey in mountain areas of eastern Jilin to determine ABB distribution. We explored the drivers of the distribution of ABB in Jilin using logstic regression, we further predicted the habitat suitability and potential suitable habitat of the ABB. Totally, we surveyed 112 grids (15 km × 15 km) from November 2015 to January 2019. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the main factors driving ABB distribution in Jilin are forest coverage, distance from protected areas, distance from main roads (railways and highways), and distance from water bodies. The results of questionnaire survey showed that the local residents’ understanding of ABB distribution is congruent with our field research. They believed that the number of ABBs has gradually increased in the past ten years. Nevertheless, the local residents have a negative attitude toward the ABBs, which may adversely affect efforts to protect them, possibly leading to more conflicts between humans and bears. Therefore, there is a need to consider ways to change the attitude of the locals through the strengthening of the protection propaganda and advocating management as being critical for the protection of ABBs. Our research provides a scientific basis for future conservation planning. We recommend taking local people’s attitude into consideration during conservation management strategy making to reduce human-bear conflicts and promote the coexistence of humans and bears.
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Sun J, Wang Y, Piao S, Liu M, Han G, Li J, Liang E, Lee TM, Liu G, reas Wilkes, Liu S, Zhao W, Zhou H, Yibeltal M, Berihun ML, Browning D, Fenta AA, Tsunekawa A, Brown J, Willms W, Tsubo M. Toward a sustainable grassland ecosystem worldwide. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100265. [PMID: 35722354 PMCID: PMC9201009 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Hu S, Lee TM, Shi HT. Strict laws fail to deter illegal trade of China’s largest and most endangered freshwater turtle. NC 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.48.84287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In May 2021, a number of people were arrested for the illegal poaching and trade of one of the most endangered freshwater turtle species in China. The large female Pelochelys cantorii individual was poached from a strict protected area, sold, and was publicly advertised on social media despite being a Class I protected species (no trade allowed) for over 30 years and in a country with one of the strictest penalties for IWT worldwide. We discuss and call for more conservation efforts to prevent the illegal poaching and trade of this threatened species. We argue that unless China meets the urgent conservation needs of this iconic species, the impending extinction of this species cannot be reversed.
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11
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Bu R, Xiao F, Ding D, Lee TM, Shi H. Chelonians as Ideal Indicators for Evaluating Global Conservation Outcome. Front Conserv Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.808452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Hinsley A, Wan AKY, Garshelis D, Hoffmann M, Hu S, Lee TM, Meginnis K, Moyle B, Qiu Y, Ruan X, Milner‐Gulland EJ. Understanding why consumers in China switch between wild, farmed and synthetic bear bile products. Conserv Biol 2022; 36:e13895. [PMID: 35098582 PMCID: PMC9320993 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An important rationale for legally-farmed and synthetic wildlife products are that they reduce illegal wild-sourced trade by supplying markets with sustainable alternatives. For this to work, more established illegal-product consumers must switch to legal alternatives than new legal-product consumers drawn to illegal wild products. Despite widespread debate on the magnitude and direction of switching, studies among actual consumers are lacking. We used an anonymous online survey of 1421 Traditional Chinese Medicine consumers in China to investigate switching between legal farmed, synthetic, and illegal wild bear bile. We examined past consumption behaviour, and applied a discrete choice experiment framed within worsening hypothetical disease scenarios, using latent class models to investigate groups with shared preferences. Bear bile consumers (86% respondents) were wealthier, more likely to have family who consumed bile, and less knowledgeable about bile treatments than non-consumers. Consumer preferences were heterogenous but most consumers preferred switching between bile types as disease worsened. We identified five distinct latent classes within our sample: 'law-abiding consumers' (34% respondents), who prefer legal products and were unlikely to switch; two 'all-natural consumer' groups (53%), who dislike synthetics but may switch between farmed and wild products; and two 'non-consumer' groups (12%) who prefer not to buy bile. People with past experience of bile consumption had different preferences than those without. Willingness to switch to wild products was related to believing they were legal, although the likelihood of switching was mediated by preferences for cheaper products sold in legal, familiar places. We show that consumers of wild bile may switch, given the availability of a range of legal alternatives, while legal-product consumers may switch to illegal products if the barriers to doing so are small. Understanding preferences that promote or impede switching should be a key consideration when attempting to predict consumer behaviour in complex wildlife markets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hinsley
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Anita Kar Yan Wan
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological ControlSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | | | - Michael Hoffmann
- Conservation ProgrammesZoological Society of LondonLondonUK
- IUCN Species Survival CommissionInternational Union for Conservation of NatureGlandSwitzerland
| | - Sifan Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological ControlSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological ControlSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Keila Meginnis
- Institute of Health and WellbeingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Brendan Moyle
- School of Economics and FinanceMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Yingjie Qiu
- China Association of Traditional Chinese MedicineBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Ruan
- Academy of Inventory and PlanningNational Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijingPeople's Republic of China
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Lee CC, Wu DY, Lee TM. Exercise intensities modulate cognitive function in spontaneously hypertensive rats through oxidative mediated synaptic plasticity in hippocampus. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Oxidative damage in the brain may lead to cognitive impairments. There was considerable debate regarding the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognitive functions because exercise protocols have varied widely across studies.
Purpose
We investigated whether different exercise intensities alter performance on cognitive tasks.
Methods
The experiment was performed on spontaneously hypertensive rats (6 months at the established phase of hypertension) distributed into 3 groups: sedentary, low-intensity exercise, and high-intensity exercise.
Results
Systolic blood pressure measurements confirmed hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In comparison to normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats, sedentary spontaneously hypertensive rats had similar escape latencies and a similar preference for the correct quadrant in the probe trial. Compared to the sedentary group, the low-intensity exercise group had significantly better improvements in spatial memory assessed by Morris water maze. Low-intensity exercise was associated with attenuated reactive oxygen species, as measured by dihydroethidine fluorescence and nitrotyrosine staining in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. This was coupled with increased numbers of neurons and dendritic spines as well as a significant upregulation of synaptic density. In contrast, the beneficial effects of low-intensity exercise are abolished in high-intensity exercise as shown by increased free radical levels and an impairment in spatial memory.
Conclusions
We concluded that exercise is an effective strategy to improve spatial memory in spontaneously hypertensive rats even at an established phase of hypertension. Low-intensity exercise exhibited better improvement on cognitive deficits than high-intensity exercise by attenuating free radical levels and improving downstream synaptic plasticity.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Lee
- Kang-Ming Senior High School, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - D Y Wu
- Catholic Sheng Kung Girls' High School, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - T M Lee
- Cardiovascular Institute, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Fiennes S, Zhang M, Sun F, Lee TM. Understanding retail dynamics of a regionally important domestic bird market in Guangzhou, China. Conservat Sci and Prac 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sicily Fiennes
- Schools of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent, Canterbury Kent UK
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology Guangxi Normal University Guilin Guangxi China
| | - Fuping Sun
- Chengdu Zhucai Science and Technology Company Limited Chengdu China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- Schools of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
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15
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Hinsley A, Hu S, Chen H, Garshelis D, Hoffmann M, Lee TM, Moyle B, Qiu Y, Ruan X, Wan AKY, Zhou J, Milner‐Gulland EJ. Combining data from consumers and traditional medicine practitioners to provide a more complete picture of Chinese bear bile markets. People and Nature 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hinsley
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Sifan Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Haochun Chen
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology Central South University of Forestry & Technology Changsha China
| | | | - Michael Hoffmann
- Conservation Programmes Zoological Society of London London UK
- IUCN Species Survival Commission International Union for Conservation of Nature Gland Switzerland
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Brendan Moyle
- School of Economics and Finance Massey University Auckland New Zealand
| | - Yingjie Qiu
- China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Ruan
- Academy of Inventory and Planning National Forestry and Grassland Administration Beijing People’s Republic of China
| | - Anita Kar Yan Wan
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiemin Zhou
- Academy of Inventory and Planning National Forestry and Grassland Administration Beijing People’s Republic of China
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16
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Abstract
China’s supply-side conservation efforts in the past decades have led to two bewildering juxtapositions: a rapidly expanding farming industry vs. overexploitation, which remains one of the main threats to Chinese vertebrates. COVID-19 was also the second large-scale zoonotic disease outbreak since the 2002 SARS. Here, we reflect on China’s supply-side conservation strategy by examining its policies, laws, and practices concerning wildlife protection and utilization, and identify the unintended consequences that likely have undermined this strategy and made it ineffective in protecting threatened wildlife and preventing zoonotic diseases. We call for China to overhaul its conservation strategy to limit and phase out risky and unsustainable utilization, while improving legislation and enforcement to establish full chain-of-custody regulation over existing utilization.
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17
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Thomas-Walters L, Hinsley A, Bergin D, Burgess G, Doughty H, Eppel S, MacFarlane D, Meijer W, Lee TM, Phelps J, Smith RJ, Wan AKY, Veríssimo D. Motivations for the use and consumption of wildlife products. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:483-491. [PMID: 32761656 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The dominant approach to combating the illegal wildlife trade has traditionally been to restrict the supply of wildlife products. Yet conservationists increasingly recognize the importance of implementing demand-side interventions that target the end consumers in the trade chain. Their aim is to curb the consumption of wildlife or shift consumption to more sustainable alternatives. However, there are still considerable knowledge gaps in understanding of the diversity of consumer motivations in the context of illegal wildlife trade, which includes hundreds of thousands of species, different uses, and diverse contexts. Based on consultation with multiple experts from a diversity of backgrounds, nationalities, and focal taxa, we developed a typology of common motivations held by wildlife consumers that can be used to inform conservation interventions. We identified 5 main motivational categories for wildlife use: experiential, social, functional, financial, and spiritual, each containing subcategories. This framework is intended to facilitate the segmentation of consumers based on psychographics and allow the tailoring of interventions-whether behavior change campaigns, enforcement efforts, or incentive programs-to the specific context in which they will be used. Underlining the importance of consumer research and collaborating with local actors is an important step toward promoting a more systematic approach to the design of demand reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas-Walters
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, U.K
| | - Amy Hinsley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Daniel Bergin
- GlobeScan, 1/F, 33-35 Hillier Street, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong
| | - Gayle Burgess
- TRAFFIC International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Hunter Doughty
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Sara Eppel
- Eppel Sustainability, L2-8 Ivy Business Centre Crown Street, Failsworth, Manchester, M35 9BG, U.K
| | - Douglas MacFarlane
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | - Wander Meijer
- GlobeScan, 1/F, 33-35 Hillier Street, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jacob Phelps
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, U.K
| | - Robert J Smith
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, U.K
| | - Anita K Y Wan
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad St, Oxford, OX1 3BD, U.K
- Community Engagement, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Rd, Escondido, CA, 92027, U.S.A
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18
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Jiao Y, Yeophantong P, Lee TM. Strengthening International Legal Cooperation to Combat the Illegal Wildlife Trade Between Southeast Asia and China. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.645427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
China is among the world’s leading consumer markets for wildlife extracted both legally and illegally from across the globe. Due to its mega-richness in biodiversity and strong economic ties with China, Southeast Asia (SEA) has long been implicated as a source and transit hub in the transnational legal and illegal wildlife trade with China. Although several cross-border and domestic wildlife enforcement mechanisms have been established to tackle this illegal trade in the region, international legal cooperation and policy coordination between China and its SEA neighbors remain limited in both scope and effectiveness. Difficulties in investigating and prosecuting offenders in overseas jurisdictions, as well as organized criminal groups that sustain the illicit supply chain, continue to undermine efforts by the region’s governments to combat wildlife trafficking. In addition to reviewing the key trends in both the legal and illegal wildlife trade between SEA and China, this paper examines existing legal and policy frameworks in SEA countries and China, and provides a synthesis of evidence on the latest developments in regional efforts to curtail this multibillion-dollar trade. In particular, it discusses how proactive and effective China has been in cooperating with its SEA neighbors on this issue. The paper also draws on the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) framework to suggest pathways to deepen legal cooperation between China and SEA countries in order to disrupt and dismantle transnational wildlife trafficking in the region.
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19
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Thomas‐Walters L, Cheung H, Lee TM, Wan AKY, Wang Y. Targeted values: The relevance of classical Chinese philosophy for illegal wildlife demand reduction campaigns. People and Nature 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Thomas‐Walters
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Hubert Cheung
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Anita Kar Yan Wan
- School of Life Sciences and Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yifu Wang
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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20
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Fan PF, Yang L, Liu Y, Lee TM. Build up conservation research capacity in China for biodiversity governance. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1162-1167. [PMID: 32690907 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To achieve the grand vision of 'Ecological Civilization' and to build a more sustainable Belt and Road Initiative, China's conservation policies must be underpinned by research. However, recent institutional and vertebrate conservation scientists' publication data suggest that China has a growing conservation research capacity deficit. China lacks a pipeline for the training and development of conservation scientists locally and abroad. The network of active conservation scientists is rapidly shrinking and institutions are exhibiting signs of academic inbreeding. Career advancement policies are perversely incentivized away from practical conservation research, thereby constraining capacity building. Comparative data indicate that China severely lags behind the United States and United Kingdom in research quality and capacity. We outline possible recommendations that include developing a different performance evaluation system, promoting training and international exchanges, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, and fostering international collaborative networks for China-based conservation scientists. For global biodiversity governance, China must act to make up for considerable shortfalls in conservation research capacity and research collaborative networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Li Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Hu Y, Luo Z, Chapman CA, Pimm SL, Turvey ST, Lawes MJ, Peres CA, Lee TM, Fan P. Regional scientific research benefits threatened-species conservation. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:1076-1079. [PMID: 34691978 PMCID: PMC8291549 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yisi Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, China
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology and School of Environment, McGill University, Canada
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, China
| | - Stuart L Pimm
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, USA
| | - Samuel T Turvey
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, UK
| | - Michael J Lawes
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
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22
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Harris JBC, Tingley MW, Hua F, Yong DL, Adeney JM, Lee TM, Marthy W, Prawiradilaga DM, Sekercioglu CH, Winarni N, Wilcove DS. Measuring the impact of the pet trade on Indonesian birds. Conserv Biol 2017; 31:394-405. [PMID: 28146342 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The trade in wild animals involves one-third of the world's bird species and thousands of other vertebrate species. Although a few species are imperiled as a result of the wildlife trade, the lack of field studies makes it difficult to gauge how serious a threat it is to biodiversity. We used data on changes in bird abundances across space and time and information from trapper interviews to evaluate the effects of trapping wild birds for the pet trade in Sumatra, Indonesia. To analyze changes in bird abundance over time, we used data gathered over 14 years of repeated bird surveys in a 900-ha forest in southern Sumatra. In northern Sumatra, we surveyed birds along a gradient of trapping accessibility, from the edge of roads to 5 km into the forest interior. We interviewed 49 bird trappers in northern Sumatra to learn which species they targeted and how far they went into the forest to trap. We used prices from Sumatran bird markets as a proxy for demand and, therefore, trapping pressure. Market price was a significant predictor of species declines over time in southern Sumatra (e.g., given a market price increase of approximately $50, the log change in abundance per year decreased by 0.06 on average). This result indicates a link between the market-based pet trade and community-wide species declines. In northern Sumatra, price and change in abundance were not related to remoteness (distance from the nearest road). However, based on our field surveys, high-value species were rare or absent across this region. The median maximum distance trappers went into the forest each day was 5.0 km. This suggests that trapping has depleted bird populations across our remoteness gradient. We found that less than half of Sumatra's remaining forests are >5 km from a major road. Our results suggest that trapping for the pet trade threatens birds in Sumatra. Given the popularity of pet birds across Southeast Asia, additional studies are urgently needed to determine the extent and magnitude of the threat posed by the pet trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berton C Harris
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
- Rainforest Trust, 7078 Airlie Road, Warrenton, VA, 20187, U.S.A
| | - Morgan W Tingley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, U.S.A
| | - Fangyuan Hua
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
| | - Ding Li Yong
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Barry Drive, Acton, ACT, 0200, Australia
- South-east Asian Biodiversity Society, 504 Choa Chu Kang Street 51, 680504, Singapore
| | - J Marion Adeney
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, U.S.A
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
| | - William Marthy
- Wildlife Conservation Society-Indonesia Programme, Jl. Atletik No. 8, Tanah Sareal, Bogor, 16161, Indonesia
| | - Dewi M Prawiradilaga
- Division of Zoology, Research Centre for Biology-LIPI, Jl. Raya Bogor Km 46, Cibinong Science Centre, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Cagan H Sekercioglu
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, U.S.A
- KuzeyDoğa Derneği, Ortakapı Mah, Șehit Yusuf Cad., No 93/1, 36100, Kars, Turkey
| | - Nurul Winarni
- Research Center for Climate Change, Universitas Indonesia, Gd. PAU lt. 8,5. Kampus UI Depok, Depok, 16422, Indonesia
| | - David S Wilcove
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, U.S.A
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23
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Baptiste B, Pinedo-Vasquez M, Gutierrez-Velez VH, Andrade GI, Vieira P, Estupiñán-Suárez LM, Londoño MC, Laurance W, Lee TM. Greening peace in Colombia. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:102. [PMID: 28812667 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Sigouin A, Pinedo‐Vasquez M, Nasi R, Poole C, Horne B, Lee TM. Priorities for the trade of less charismatic freshwater turtle and tortoise species. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sigouin
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation American Museum of Natural History New York NY USA
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Environmental Biology Columbia University New York NY USA
| | - Miguel Pinedo‐Vasquez
- Center for International Forestry Research Bogor Indonesia
- International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) Earth Institute Columbia University New York NY USA
| | - Robert Nasi
- Center for International Forestry Research Bogor Indonesia
| | - Colin Poole
- Wildlife Conservation Society New York NY USA
| | - Brian Horne
- Wildlife Conservation Society New York NY USA
- IUCN Species Survival Commission Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- Center for International Forestry Research Bogor Indonesia
- Science Technology and Environment Program Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
- School of Life Sciences Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
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25
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Abstract
For dental orthodontic applications, NiTi wires are used under bending conditions in the oral environment for a long period. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bending stress on the corrosion of NiTi wires using potentiodynamic and potentiostatic tests in artificial saliva. The results indicated that bending stress induces a higher corrosion rate of NiTi wires in passive regions. It is suggested that the passive oxide film of specimens would be damaged under bending conditions. Auger electron spectroscopic analysis showed a lower thickness of passive films on stressed NiTi wires compared with unstressed specimens in the passive region. By scanning electron microscopy, localized corrosion was observed on stressed Sentalloy specimens after a potentiodynamic test at pH 2. In conclusion, this study indicated that bending stress changed the corrosion properties and surface characteristics of NiTi wires in a simulated intra-oral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Liu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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26
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Ramirez CI, Stuparich MA, Lee TM. Laparoscopic Management of Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.08.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Hua F, Hu J, Liu Y, Giam X, Lee TM, Luo H, Wu J, Liang Q, Zhao J, Long X, Pang H, Wang B, Liang W, Zhang Z, Gao X, Zhu J. Community-wide changes in intertaxonomic temporal co-occurrence resulting from phenological shifts. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:1746-1754. [PMID: 26680152 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is known to affect the assembly of ecological communities by altering species' spatial distribution patterns, but little is known about how climate change may affect community assembly by changing species' temporal co-occurrence patterns, which is highly likely given the widely observed phenological shifts associated with climate change. Here, we analyzed a 29-year phenological data set comprising community-level information on the timing and span of temporal occurrence in 11 seasonally occurring animal taxon groups from 329 local meteorological observatories across China. We show that widespread shifts in phenology have resulted in community-wide changes in the temporal overlap between taxa that are dominated by extensions, and that these changes are largely due to taxa's altered span of temporal occurrence rather than the degree of synchrony in phenological shifts. Importantly, our findings also suggest that climate change may have led to less phenological mismatch than generally presumed, and that the context under which to discuss the ecological consequences of phenological shifts should be expanded beyond asynchronous shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
- Program in Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Junhua Hu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Xingli Giam
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- Program in Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Hao Luo
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Laboratory of Climate Studies, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Hong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158, China
| | - Zhengwang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xuejie Gao
- Laboratory of Climate Studies, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10029, China
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28
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Zhang Q, Hong Y, Zou F, Zhang M, Lee TM, Song X, Rao J. Avian responses to an extreme ice storm are determined by a combination of functional traits, behavioural adaptations and habitat modifications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22344. [PMID: 26929387 PMCID: PMC4772112 DOI: 10.1038/srep22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which species’ traits, behavior and habitat synergistically determine their response to extreme weather events (EWE) remains poorly understood. By quantifying bird and vegetation assemblages before and after the 2008 ice storm in China, combined with interspecific interactions and foraging behaviours, we disentangled whether storm influences avian reassembly directly via functional traits (i.e. behavioral adaptations), or indirectly via habitat variations. We found that overall species richness decreased, with 20 species detected exclusively before the storm, and eight species detected exclusively after. These shifts in bird relative abundance were linked to habitat preferences, dietary guild and flocking behaviours. For instance, forest specialists at higher trophic levels (e.g. understory-insectivores, woodpeckers and kingfishers) were especially vulnerable, whereas open-habitat generalists (e.g. bulbuls) were set to benefit from potential habitat homogenization. Alongside population fluctuations, we found that community reassembly can be rapidly adjusted via foraging plasticity (i.e. increased flocking propensity and reduced perching height). And changes in preferred habitat corresponded to a variation in bird assemblages and traits, as represented by intact canopy cover and high density of large trees. Accurate predictions of community responses to EWE are crucial to understanding ecosystem disturbances, thus linking species-oriented traits to a coherent analytical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yongmi Hong
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Fasheng Zou
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, Guangdong Entomological Institute/South China Institute of Endangered Animals, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- Woodrow Wilson School of International and Public Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA
| | - Xiangjin Song
- Guangdong Chebaling National Reserve, Shixing 512500, China
| | - Jiteng Rao
- Guangdong Chebaling National Reserve, Shixing 512500, China
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29
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van Vliet J, Magliocca NR, Büchner B, Cook E, Rey Benayas JM, Ellis EC, Heinimann A, Keys E, Lee TM, Liu J, Mertz O, Meyfroidt P, Moritz M, Poeplau C, Robinson BE, Seppelt R, Seto KC, Verburg PH. Meta-studies in land use science: Current coverage and prospects. Ambio 2016; 45:15-28. [PMID: 26408313 PMCID: PMC4709351 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Land use science has traditionally used case-study approaches for in-depth investigation of land use change processes and impacts. Meta-studies synthesize findings across case-study evidence to identify general patterns. In this paper, we provide a review of meta-studies in land use science. Various meta-studies have been conducted, which synthesize deforestation and agricultural land use change processes, while other important changes, such as urbanization, wetland conversion, and grassland dynamics have hardly been addressed. Meta-studies of land use change impacts focus mostly on biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles, while meta-studies of socioeconomic consequences are rare. Land use change processes and land use change impacts are generally addressed in isolation, while only few studies considered trajectories of drivers through changes to their impacts and their potential feedbacks. We provide a conceptual framework for linking meta-studies of land use change processes and impacts for the analysis of coupled human-environmental systems. Moreover, we provide suggestions for combining meta-studies of different land use change processes to develop a more integrated theory of land use change, and for combining meta-studies of land use change impacts to identify tradeoffs between different impacts. Land use science can benefit from an improved conceptualization of land use change processes and their impacts, and from new methods that combine meta-study findings to advance our understanding of human-environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper van Vliet
- Environmental Geography Group, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelenlaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicholas R Magliocca
- University of Maryland at Baltimore County, 211 Sondheim Hall, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, 1 Park Place, Suite 300, Annapolis, MD, USA.
| | - Bianka Büchner
- Environmental Geography Group, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelenlaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elizabeth Cook
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Avenida Rector Eduardo Morales Miranda, Edificio Pugín, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - José M Rey Benayas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Erle C Ellis
- University of Maryland at Baltimore County, 211 Sondheim Hall, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
| | - Andreas Heinimann
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Keys
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
- Department of Social Science and Policy Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 115 Manly Miles Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Ole Mertz
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Patrick Meyfroidt
- F.R.S.-FNRS & Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Pasteur 3, bte L4.03.08, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Mark Moritz
- Department of Anthropology and Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 174 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Christopher Poeplau
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls Väg 16, Box 7044, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Thuenen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Ralf Seppelt
- Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environment Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Karen C Seto
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Peter H Verburg
- Environmental Geography Group, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelenlaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Burivalova Z, Lee TM, Giam X, Şekercioğlu ÇH, Wilcove DS, Koh LP. Avian responses to selective logging shaped by species traits and logging practices. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20150164. [PMID: 25994673 PMCID: PMC4455798 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective logging is one of the most common forms of forest use in the tropics. Although the effects of selective logging on biodiversity have been widely studied, there is little agreement on the relationship between life-history traits and tolerance to logging. In this study, we assessed how species traits and logging practices combine to determine species responses to selective logging, based on over 4000 observations of the responses of nearly 1000 bird species to selective logging across the tropics. Our analysis shows that species traits, such as feeding group and body mass, and logging practices, such as time since logging and logging intensity, interact to influence a species' response to logging. Frugivores and insectivores were most adversely affected by logging and declined further with increasing logging intensity. Nectarivores and granivores responded positively to selective logging for the first two decades, after which their abundances decrease below pre-logging levels. Larger species of omnivores and granivores responded more positively to selective logging than smaller species from either feeding group, whereas this effect of body size was reversed for carnivores, herbivores, frugivores and insectivores. Most importantly, species most negatively impacted by selective logging had not recovered approximately 40 years after logging cessation. We conclude that selective timber harvest has the potential to cause large and long-lasting changes in avian biodiversity. However, our results suggest that the impacts can be mitigated to a certain extent through specific forest management strategies such as lengthening the rotation cycle and implementing reduced impact logging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Burivalova
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, CHN G 73.1, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1013, USA
| | - Xingli Giam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1013, USA School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Çağan Hakkı Şekercioğlu
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA College of Sciences, Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sariyer 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - David S Wilcove
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1013, USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1013, USA
| | - Lian Pin Koh
- Environment Institute, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Singh RK, Richmond ME, Zuckerman WA, Lee TM, Giblin TB, Rodriguez R, Chen JM, Addonizio LJ. The use of oral sildenafil for management of right ventricular dysfunction after pediatric heart transplantation. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:453-8. [PMID: 24354898 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
High pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) can lead to right ventricular dysfunction and failure of the donor heart early after pediatric heart transplantation. Oral pulmonary vasodilators such as sildenafil have been shown to be effective modifiers of pulmonary vascular tone. We performed a retrospective, observational study comparing patients treated with sildenafil ("sildenafil group") to those not treated with sildenafil ("nonsildenafil group") after heart transplantation from 2007 to 2012. Pre- and posttransplant data were obtained, including hemodynamic data from right heart catheterizations. Twenty-four of 97 (25%) transplant recipients were transitioned to sildenafil from other systemic vasodilators. Pretransplant PVRI was higher in the sildenafil group (6.8 ± 3.9 indexed Woods units [WU]) as compared to the nonsildenafil group (2.5 ± 1.7 WU, p=0.002). In the sildenafil group posttransplant, there were significant decreases in systolic pulmonary artery pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, transpulmonary gradient and PVRI (4.7 ± 2.9 WU before sildenafil initiation to 2.7 ± 1 WU on sildenafil, p=0.0007). While intubation time, length of inotrope use and time to hospital discharge were longer in the sildenafil group, survival was similar between both groups. Oral sildenafil was associated with a significant improvement in right ventricular dysfunction and invasive hemodynamic measurements in pediatric heart transplant recipients with high PVRI early after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Singh
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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32
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Sridhar H, Srinivasan U, Askins RA, Canales-Delgadillo JC, Chen CC, Ewert DN, Gale GA, Goodale E, Gram WK, Hart PJ, Hobson KA, Hutto RL, Kotagama SW, Knowlton JL, Lee TM, Munn CA, Nimnuan S, Nizam BZ, Péron G, Robin VV, Rodewald AD, Rodewald PG, Thomson RL, Trivedi P, Van Wilgenburg SL, Shanker K. Positive relationships between association strength and phenotypic similarity characterize the assembly of mixed-species bird flocks worldwide. Am Nat 2012; 180:777-90. [PMID: 23149402 DOI: 10.1086/668012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Competition theory predicts that local communities should consist of species that are more dissimilar than expected by chance. We find a strikingly different pattern in a multicontinent data set (55 presence-absence matrices from 24 locations) on the composition of mixed-species bird flocks, which are important subunits of local bird communities the world over. By using null models and randomization tests followed by meta-analysis, we find the association strengths of species in flocks to be strongly related to similarity in body size and foraging behavior and higher for congeneric compared with noncongeneric species pairs. Given the local spatial scales of our individual analyses, differences in the habitat preferences of species are unlikely to have caused these association patterns; the patterns observed are most likely the outcome of species interactions. Extending group-living and social-information-use theory to a heterospecific context, we discuss potential behavioral mechanisms that lead to positive interactions among similar species in flocks, as well as ways in which competition costs are reduced. Our findings highlight the need to consider positive interactions along with competition when seeking to explain community assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Sridhar
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Abstract
Extinction risk varies across species and space owing to the combined and interactive effects of ecology/life history and geography. For predictive conservation science to be effective, large datasets and integrative models that quantify the relative importance of potential factors and separate rapidly changing from relatively static threat drivers are urgently required. Here, we integrate and map in space the relative and joint effects of key correlates of The International Union for Conservation of Nature-assessed extinction risk for 8700 living birds. Extinction risk varies significantly with species' broad-scale environmental niche, geographical range size, and life-history and ecological traits such as body size, developmental mode, primary diet and foraging height. Even at this broad scale, simple quantifications of past human encroachment across species' ranges emerge as key in predicting extinction risk, supporting the use of land-cover change projections for estimating future threat in an integrative setting. A final joint model explains much of the interspecific variation in extinction risk and provides a remarkably strong prediction of its observed global geography. Our approach unravels the species-level structure underlying geographical gradients in extinction risk and offers a means of disentangling static from changing components of current and future threat. This reconciliation of intrinsic and extrinsic, and of past and future extinction risk factors may offer a critical step towards a more continuous, forward-looking assessment of species' threat status based on geographically explicit environmental change projections, potentially advancing global predictive conservation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Ming Lee
- Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0116, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
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Sodhi NS, Wilcove DS, Lee TM, Sekercioglu CH, Subaraj R, Bernard H, Yong DL, Lim SLH, Prawiradilaga DM, Brook BW. Deforestation and avian extinction on tropical landbridge islands. Conserv Biol 2010; 24:1290-1298. [PMID: 20345403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
There are few empirical data, particularly collected simultaneously from multiple sites, on extinctions resulting from human-driven land-use change. Southeast Asia has the highest deforestation rate in the world, but the resulting losses of biological diversity remain poorly documented. Between November 2006 and March 2008, we conducted bird surveys on six landbridge islands in Malaysia and Indonesia. These islands were surveyed previously for birds in the early 1900 s, when they were extensively forested. Our bird inventories of the islands were nearly complete, as indicated by sampling saturation curves and nonparametric true richness estimators. From zero (Pulau Malawali and Pulau Mantanani) to 15 (Pulau Bintan) diurnal resident landbird species were apparently extirpated since the early 1900 s. Adding comparable but published extinction data from Singapore to our regression analyses, we found there were proportionally fewer forest bird extinctions in areas with greater remaining forest cover. Nevertheless, the statistical evidence to support this relationship was weak, owing to our unavoidably small sample size. Bird species that are restricted to the Indomalayan region, lay few eggs, are heavier, and occupy a narrower habitat breadth, were most vulnerable to extinction on Pulau Bintan. This was the only island where sufficient data existed to analyze the correlates of extinction. Forest preservation and restoration are needed on these islands to conserve the remaining forest avifauna. Our study of landbridge islands indicates that deforestation may increasingly threaten Southeast Asian biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot S Sodhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.
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Koh LP, Lee TM, Sodhi NS, Ghazoul J. An overhaul of the species-area approach for predicting biodiversity loss: incorporating matrix and edge effects. J Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bawa KS, Koh LP, Lee TM, Liu J, Ramakrishnan PS, Yu DW, Zhang YP, Raven PH. Ecology. China, India, and the environment. Science 2010; 327:1457, 1459. [PMID: 20299578 DOI: 10.1126/science.1185164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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La Sorte FA, Lee TM, Wilman H, Jetz W. Disparities between observed and predicted impacts of climate change on winter bird assemblages. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:3167-74. [PMID: 19520804 PMCID: PMC2817117 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how climate change affects the structure and function of communities is critical for gauging its full impact on biodiversity. To date, community-level changes have been poorly documented, owing, in part, to the paucity of long-term datasets. To circumvent this, the use of 'space-for-time' substitution--the forecasting of temporal trends from spatial climatic gradients--has increasingly been adopted, often with little empirical support. Here we examine changes from 1975 to 2001 in three community attributes (species richness, body mass and occupancy) for 404 assemblages of terrestrial winter avifauna in North America containing a total of 227 species. We examine the accuracy of space-for-time substitution and assess causal associations between community attributes and observed changes in annual temperature using a longitudinal study design. Annual temperature and all three community attributes increased over time. The trends for the three community attributes differed significantly from the spatially derived predictions, although richness showed broad congruence. Correlations with trends in temperature were found with richness and body mass. In the face of rapid climate change, applying space-for-time substitution as a predictive tool could be problematic with communities developing patterns not reflected by spatial ecological associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A La Sorte
- Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0116, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
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Hagenauer MH, Perryman JI, Lee TM, Carskadon MA. Adolescent changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. Dev Neurosci 2009; 31:276-84. [PMID: 19546564 DOI: 10.1159/000216538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation among adolescents is epidemic. We argue that this sleep deprivation is due in part to pubertal changes in the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep. These changes promote a delayed sleep phase that is exacerbated by evening light exposure and incompatible with aspects of modern society, notably early school start times. In this review of human and animal literature, we demonstrate that delayed sleep phase during puberty is likely a common phenomenon in mammals, not specific to human adolescents, and we provide insight into the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Hagenauer
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA.
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Wang CC, Hsu YC, Su FC, Lu SC, Lee TM. Effects of passivation treatments on titanium alloy with nanometric scale roughness and induced changes in fibroblast initial adhesion evaluated by a cytodetacher. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:370-83. [PMID: 18306287 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Passivation treatments of titanium alloy alter not only its nanosurface characteristics of oxides and ion release but also surface roughness (Ra), and wettability as well, where nanosurface characteristics of oxides include chemistries of oxides, amphoteric-OH groups adsorbed on oxides, and oxide thickness. Consequently, the passivation treatment affects the alloy's cyto-comparability. In this study, we polish specimens to achieve nanometric scale roughness. In addition, treatment effects are evaluated for surface topology, roughness, wettability, and responses of fibroblasts consisting of MTT assay, initial adhesion strength, and morphology. The initial adhesion strength is measured using a cyto-detacher that achieves nano-Newton resolution. Results reveal that (1) the treatment effects on the percentage of Ti--OH basic groups and wettability are nearly collinear; (2) the Ra of passivated Ti-6Al-4V ranges from 1.9 to 7.4 nm; (3) the initial adhesion strength of fibroblast ranges from 58 to 143 nN, and it is negatively correlated to the Ra; (4) the passivation results in distinguishable morphologies, which further substantiate the negative correlation between cell initial adhesion force and Ra; and (5) our results fall short of confirming previous reports that found positively charged functional groups promoting fibroblast attachment and spread. Potential causes of the inconsistency are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Wang
- Institute of Manufacturing Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Wang CC, Hsu YC, Hsieh MC, Yang SP, Su FC, Lee TM. Effects of nano-surface properties on initial osteoblast adhesion and Ca/P adsorption ability for titanium alloys. Nanotechnology 2008; 19:335709. [PMID: 21730635 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/33/335709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V), while subjected to high temperature surface treatment, experience altered nano-surface characteristics. The effects of such surface treatments are examined, including the initial adhesion force experienced by osteoblasts, the Ca/P adsorption capability, and the nano-surface properties, including the amounts of amphoteric Ti-OH groups, surface topography, and surface roughness. The initial adhesion force is considered a quantitative indicator of cyto-compatibility in vitro. Previously, a cyto-detacher was applied in a pioneer attempt measuring the initial adhesion force of fibroblasts on a metal surface. Presently, the cyto-detacher is further applied to evaluate the initial adhesion force of osteoblasts. Results reveal that (1) titanium alloys subjected to heat treatment could promote the adsorption capability of Ca and P; (2) titanium alloys subjected to heat treatment could have higher initial osteoblast adhesion forces; (3) the adhesion strength of osteoblasts, ranging from 38.5 to 58.9 nN (nanonewtons), appears stronger for rougher surfaces. It is concluded that the heat treatment could have impacted the biocompatibility in terms of the initial osteoblast adhesion force and Ca/P adsorption capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Wang
- Institute of Manufacturing Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Abstract
Global biodiversity is under significant threat from the combined effects of human-induced climate and land-use change. Covering 12% of the Earth's terrestrial surface, protected areas are crucial for conserving biodiversity and supporting ecological processes beneficial to human well-being, but their selection and design are usually uninformed about future global change. Here, we quantify the exposure of the global reserve network to projected climate and land-use change according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and set these threats in relation to the conservation value and capacity of biogeographic and geopolitical regions. We find that geographical patterns of past human impact on the land cover only poorly predict those of forecasted change, thus revealing the inadequacy of existing global conservation prioritization templates. Projected conservation risk, measured as regional levels of land-cover change in relation to area protected, is the greatest at high latitudes (due to climate change) and tropics/subtropics (due to land-use change). Only some high-latitude nations prone to high conservation risk are also of high conservation value, but their high relative wealth may facilitate additional conservation efforts. In contrast, most low-latitude nations tend to be of high conservation value, but they often have limited capacity for conservation which may exacerbate the global biodiversity extinction crisis. While our approach will clearly benefit from improved land-cover projections and a thorough understanding of how species range will shift under climate change, our results provide a first global quantitative demonstration of the urgent need to consider future environmental change in reserve-based conservation planning. They further highlight the pressing need for new reserves in target regions and support a much extended 'north-south' transfer of conservation resources that maximizes biodiversity conservation while mitigating global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Ming Lee
- Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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Sodhi NS, Bickford D, Diesmos AC, Lee TM, Koh LP, Brook BW, Sekercioglu CH, Bradshaw CJA. Measuring the meltdown: drivers of global amphibian extinction and decline. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1636. [PMID: 18286193 PMCID: PMC2238793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss, climate change, over-exploitation, disease and other factors have been hypothesised in the global decline of amphibian biodiversity. However, the relative importance of and synergies among different drivers are still poorly understood. We present the largest global analysis of roughly 45% of known amphibians (2,583 species) to quantify the influences of life history, climate, human density and habitat loss on declines and extinction risk. Multi-model Bayesian inference reveals that large amphibian species with small geographic range and pronounced seasonality in temperature and precipitation are most likely to be Red-Listed by IUCN. Elevated habitat loss and human densities are also correlated with high threat risk. Range size, habitat loss and more extreme seasonality in precipitation contributed to decline risk in the 2,454 species that declined between 1980 and 2004, compared to species that were stable (n = 1,545) or had increased (n = 28). These empirical results show that amphibian species with restricted ranges should be urgently targeted for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot S. Sodhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *E-mail: (NSS); (DB)
| | - David Bickford
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *E-mail: (NSS); (DB)
| | - Arvin C. Diesmos
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lian Pin Koh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Barry W. Brook
- Research Institute for Climate Change and Sustainability, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cagan H. Sekercioglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Corey J. A. Bradshaw
- Research Institute for Climate Change and Sustainability, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School for Environmental Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Lee TM, Sodhi NS, Prawiradilaga DM. The importance of protected areas for the forest and endemic avifauna of Sulawesi (Indonesia). Ecol Appl 2007; 17:1727-41. [PMID: 17913136 DOI: 10.1890/06-1256.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protected areas are critical for the conservation of residual tropical forest biodiversity, yet many of these are being deforested by humans both within and outside of their administrative boundaries. Therefore, it is critical to document the significance of protected areas for conserving tropical biodiversity, particularly in mega-diverse Southeast Asia. We evaluated the importance of protected areas (national parks [NP], nature reserves [NR], and wildlife reserves [WR]) in preserving avifaunal diversity, particularly the endemic and forest species, on the island of Sulawesi. This island has one of the highest numbers of endemic avifauna genera (12) globally and is also experiencing heavy deforestation. Rarefaction analyses and species estimators showed that parks and reserves consistently recorded higher number of forest, endemic, and endemic forest bird species, in addition to larger population densities, than in their surrounding human-modified areas across eight protected areas (Gunung Manembo-nembo WR, Tangkoko-Batu Angus and Dua Saudara NR, Gunung Ambang NR, Bogani Nani Wartabone NP, Gunung Tinombala NR, Gunung Sojol NR, Lore Lindu NP, and Rawa Aopa Watumohai NP). This implies that protecting natural forests must remain as one of the fundamental conservation strategies in Sulawesi. Two small reserves (Gunung Manembo-nembo WR and Tangkoko-Batu Angus and Dua Saudara NR), however, had high number of forest and endemic bird species both within and outside their boundaries, suggesting the importance of buffer areas for augmenting small reserves so as to improve their conservation value. Ordination analyses revealed the differential response of bird species to different environmental factors (e.g., native tree cover), highlighting the significance of forested habitats with dense native vegetation cover for effective conservation of forest dependent and endemic avifauna. In addition, the distinctiveness in bird species composition among protected areas highlights the importance of establishing a reserve network across major altitudinal zones so as to achieve maximum complementarity for the conservation of Sulawesi's unique avifauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Ming Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
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47
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Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Peh KSH, Tan HTW, Chazdon RL, Corlett RT, Lee TM, Colwell RK, Brook BW, Sekercioglu CH, Bradshaw CJA. Correlates of extinction proneness in tropical angiosperms. DIVERS DISTRIB 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Yang CY, Chen CR, Chang E, Lee TM. Characteristics of hydroxyapatite coated titanium porous coatings on Ti-6Al-4V substrates by plasma sprayed method. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 82:450-9. [PMID: 17245748 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A porous metal coating applied to solid substrate implants has been shown, in vivo, to anchor implants by bone ingrowth. Calcium phosphate ceramics, in particular hydroxyapatite [Ca(10)(PO(4))(6)(OH)(2), HA], are bioactive ceramics, which are known to be biocompatible and osteoconductive, and these ceramics deposited on to porous-coated devices may enhance bone ingrowth and implant fixation. In this study, bi-feedstock of the titanium powder and composite (Na(2)CO(3)/HA) powder were simultaneously deposited on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate by a plasma sprayed method. At high temperature of plasma torch, the solid state of Na(2)CO(3) would decompose to release CO(2) gas and then eject the molten Ti powder to induce the interconnected pores in the coatings. After cleaning and soaking in deionized water, the residual Na(2)CO(3) in the coating would dissolve to form the open pores, and the HA would exist at the surface of pores in the inner coatings. By varying the particle size of the composite powder, the porosity of porous coating could be varied from 25.0 to 34.0%, and the average pore size of the porous coating could be varied to range between 158.5 and 202.0 microm. Using a standard adhesive test (ASTM C-633), the bonding strength of the coating is between 27.3 and 38.2 MPa. By SEM, the HA was observed at the surface of inner pore in the porous coating. These results suggest that the method exhibits the potential to manufacture the bioactive ceramics on to porous-coated specimen to achieve bone ingrowth fixation for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Yang CY, Lee TM, Yang CW, Chen LR, Wu MC, Lui TS. In vitro andin vivo biological responses of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings with posthydrothermal treatment. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 83:263-71. [PMID: 17415765 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of post-hydrothermal treatment on the biological responses of the plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated Ti-6Al-4V implant system both in vitro and in vivo. After hydrothermal treatment, the HA coating (HAC) shows the high mechanical strength and indices-of-crystallinity, denser microstructure, lower concentrations of amorphous and impurity phases, when compared with the as-sprayed HAC. The in vitro cell-culture studies, using UMR106 osteoblast-like cell, demonstrated no signifiacnt cell growth on both surface of as-sprayed and hydrothermal-treated HACs during 10-day culture. The in vivo studies, using the transcortical implant model in the femora of goats, evaluated the histological responses of two coatings. After 6 week of implantation, using backscattered electron images, no substantial histological variations in the extents of new bone apposition and new bone healing between the two HACs were observed. However, the as-sprayed HAC, owing to the dissolution induced the granular particles dissociated from the HAC, showed the statically lower extent of new bone apposition than hydrothermal-treated HAC at 12 weeks. The results suggest that hydrothermal treatment could be used to improve the mechanical strength, crystallinity, and phase composition of HAC, which are important factors of long-term fixation and stability of implant. Besides, the treated HAC could also achieve the initial fixation of implant in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Sodhi NS, Brooks TM, Koh LP, Acciaioli G, Erb M, Tan AKJ, Curran LM, Brosius P, Lee TM, Patlis JM, Gumal M, Lee RJ. Biodiversity and human livelihood crises in the Malay Archipelago. Conserv Biol 2006; 20:1811-3. [PMID: 17181817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjot S Sodhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.
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