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Cruz CEF, Driemeier D, Sonne L, Pavarini SP, Panziera W, Funkler GR, Böelter NS, Homem JLC, Soares CES, Tres GZ, Silva VGC, Correa ML, Caporal FJM, Marques ST, Soares JF, Wagner PGC, Nisa-Castro-Neto W, Andretta I. Rehabilitation and release of confiscated songbirds into the wild: A pilot study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1109568. [PMID: 37065241 PMCID: PMC10098152 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1109568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Songbirds are currently the most prevalent animals in illegal trafficking in Brazil and other countries, so they are often confiscated, and this poses legal, ethical, and conservation challenges. Returning them to nature requires complex and expensive management, a topic that is sparingly addressed in the literature. Here, we described the processes and costs associated with an attempt to rehabilitate and release confiscated songbirds into the wild. A total of 1,721 songbirds of several species were quarantined, rehabilitated, and released, primarily on two farms located within their typical geographical distribution. Health assessments were performed on samples from 370 birds. Serology revealed no antibodies against Newcastle disease, and Salmonella spp. cultures were negative. Real-time polymerase chain reactions detected M. gallisepticum in samples from seven birds. Atoxoplasma spp. and Acuaria spp. infections, sepsis, and trauma were the top causes of bird death. About 6% of the released birds were recaptured, within an average period of 249 days after release, and at a mean distance of 2,397 meters from the release sites. The majority of these birds were found with free-living mates within or close to fragments of transitional ecoregions with native or cultivated grasslands, and native groves/forests, and shrublands. However, eucalyptus plantations with rich understory regeneration provided a suitable environment for the released forest species to settle, since they were recaptured during the defense of these sites. Over half of the recaptured birds presented behavioral profiles with both dominant and tame traits. Birds with dominant traits are more likely to settle in habitats and face the live decoys during fieldwork, whereas birds with tame characteristics tend to accept close contact with humans. Ultramarine grosbeak (Cyanoloxia brissonii), the least common species among those released, at the release sites showed an almost 2-fold recapture rate in the shortest mean distances from the release sites. This suggests less territory competition, perhaps a major factor of bird re-establishment here. The total per-bird cost was USD 57. Our findings suggested suitable survival and re-establishment of confiscated songbirds in the wild, when managed as we describe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Estêvão Farias Cruz
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cláudio Estêvão Farias Cruz
| | - David Driemeier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Saulo P. Pavarini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Welden Panziera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R. Funkler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório Porto Belo, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nicole S. Böelter
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juan L. C. Homem
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila E. S. Soares
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Z. Tres
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vitor G. C. Silva
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Miguel L. Correa
- Centro de Estudos em Manejo de Aves Silvestres (CEMAS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra T. Marques
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João F. Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo Guilherme Carniel Wagner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS), Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Walter Nisa-Castro-Neto
- Organização para a Pesquisa e a Conservação de Esqualus no Brasil (PRÓ-SQUALUS), Tôrres, Brazil
| | - Inês Andretta
- Laboratório de Ensino Zootécnico, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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2
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Hughes LJ, Morton O, Scheffers BR, Edwards DP. The ecological drivers and consequences of wildlife trade. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 98:775-791. [PMID: 36572536 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife trade is a key driver of extinction risk, affecting at least 24% of terrestrial vertebrates. The persistent removal of species can have profound impacts on species extinction risk and selection within populations. We draw together the first review of characteristics known to drive species use - identifying species with larger body sizes, greater abundance, increased rarity or certain morphological traits valued by consumers as being particularly prevalent in trade. We then review the ecological implications of this trade-driven selection, revealing direct effects of trade on natural selection and populations for traded species, which includes selection against desirable traits. Additionally, there exists a positive feedback loop between rarity and trade and depleted populations tend to have easy human access points, which can result in species being harvested to extinction and has the potential to alter source-sink dynamics. Wider cascading ecosystem repercussions from trade-induced declines include altered seed dispersal networks, trophic cascades, long-term compositional changes in plant communities, altered forest carbon stocks, and the introduction of harmful invasive species. Because it occurs across multiple scales with diverse drivers, wildlife trade requires multi-faceted conservation actions to maintain biodiversity and ecological function, including regulatory and enforcement approaches, bottom-up and community-based interventions, captive breeding or wildlife farming, and conservation translocations and trophic rewilding. We highlight three emergent research themes at the intersection of trade and community ecology: (1) functional impacts of trade; (2) altered provisioning of ecosystem services; and (3) prevalence of trade-dispersed diseases. Outside of the primary objective that exploitation is sustainable for traded species, we must urgently incorporate consideration of the broader consequences for other species and ecosystem processes when quantifying sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Hughes
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield South Yorks S10 2TN Sheffield UK
| | - Oscar Morton
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield South Yorks S10 2TN Sheffield UK
| | - Brett R. Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - David P. Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield South Yorks S10 2TN Sheffield UK
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3
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Watters F, Stringham O, Shepherd CR, Cassey P. The U.S. market for imported wildlife not listed in the CITES multilateral treaty. Conserv Biol 2022; 36:e13978. [PMID: 35924462 PMCID: PMC10092231 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The international wildlife trade presents severe conservation and environmental security risks, yet no international regulatory framework exists to monitor the trade of species not listed in the appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). We explored the composition and dynamics of internationally regulated versus nonregulated trade, with a focus on importations of wild-caught terrestrial vertebrates entering the United States from 2009 to 2018. We used 10 years of species-level trade records of the numbers of live, wild-caught animals imported to the United States and data on International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) estimates of extinction risk to determine whether there were differences in the diversity, abundance, and risk to extinction among imports of CITES-listed versus unlisted species. We found 3.6 times the number of unlisted species in U.S. imports compared with CITES-listed species (1366 vs. 378 species). The CITES-listed species were more likely to face reported conservation threats relative to unlisted species (71.7% vs. 27.5%). However, 376 unlisted species faced conversation threats, 297 species had unknown population trends, and 139 species were without an evaluation by the IUCN. Unlisted species appearing for the first time in records were imported 5.5 times more often relative to CITES-listed species. Unlisted reptiles had the largest rate of entry, averaging 53 unique species appearing in imports for the first time per year. Overall trade quantities were approximately 11 times larger for imports of unlisted species relative to imports of CITES-listed species. Countries that were top exporters of CITES-listed species were mostly different from exporters of unlisted species. Because of the vulnerabilities of unlisted, traded species entering the United States and increasing global demand, we strongly recommend governments adapt their policies to monitor and report on the trade of all wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freyja Watters
- Invasion Science & Wildlife Ecology LabUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Oliver Stringham
- Invasion Science & Wildlife Ecology LabUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- School of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Chris R. Shepherd
- Monitor Conservation Research SocietyBig Lake RanchBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Phillip Cassey
- Invasion Science & Wildlife Ecology LabUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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4
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Okarda B, Muchlish U, Kusumadewi SD, Purnomo H. Categorizing the songbird market through big data and machine learning in the context of Indonesia’s online market. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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5
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Senior RA, Oliveira BF, Dale J, Scheffers BR. Wildlife trade targets colorful birds and threatens the aesthetic value of nature. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4299-4305.e4. [PMID: 36113469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A key component of nature's contribution to people is aesthetic value.1,2 Charismatic species rally public support and bolster conservation efforts.3,4 However, an insidious aspect to humanity's valuation of nature is that high value also drives wildlife trade,5,6 which can spearhead the demise of prized species.7-9 Here, we explore the antagonistic roles of aesthetic value in biodiversity conservation by using novel metrics of color to evaluate the aesthetics of the most speciose radiation of birds: passerines (i.e., the perching birds). We identify global color hotspots for passerines and highlight the breadth of color in the global bird trade. The tropics emerge as an epicentre of color, encompassing 91% and 65% of the world's most diverse and most uniquely colored passerine assemblages, respectively. We show that the pet trade, which currently affects 30% of passerines (1,408/5,266), traverses the avian phylogeny and targets clusters of related species that are uniquely colored. We identify an additional 478 species at risk of future trade based on their coloration and phylogenetic relationship to currently traded species-together totaling 1,886 species traded, a 34% increase. By modeling future extinctions based on species' current threat status, we predict localized losses of color diversity and uniqueness in many avian communities, undermining their aesthetic value and muting nature's color palette. Given the distribution of color and the association of unique colors with threat and trade, proactive regulation of the bird trade is crucial to conserving charismatic biodiversity, alongside recognition and celebration of color hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Senior
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Brunno F Oliveira
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - James Dale
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
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6
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Mitchell B, Welch ME, van den Burg MP. Forensic Genetic Analyses of Melanistic Iguanas Highlight the Need to Monitor the Iguanid Trade. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192660. [PMID: 36230401 PMCID: PMC9559298 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The illegal pet trade remains an ongoing, substantial threat to wild populations, especially small insular populations, and can even lead to extinction. Fraudulent activity within the global reptile trade is known to occur, but its identification through forensic applications depends on knowledge of diversity within wild populations. In this study, we assessed the geographic origin of melanistic iguanas (Iguana iguana), which are only found in nations that have never authorized legal export of live animals. Analysis of genetic data from two pet iguanas in the USA flag these as originating from Saba or Montserrat, from which no export permits have ever been issued, confirming their illegal origin. Despite the international trade in I. iguana, in which tens- if not hundreds of thousands of specimens are traded each year, only a handful of individuals have been genetically assessed. Our work highlights the utility of applying forensic genetic techniques to this trade in order to track and discourage illegal activity. Abstract Lizards within the Iguana iguana species complex are among the most common reptilian pets, with the widest natural geographic range among iguanids. Deep phylogenetic divergence distinguishes multiple mitochondrial clades, and several taxonomic changes have recently been proposed. These small populations, typically island endemics, are threatened by numerous factors, including the international pet trade. Recent investigations reveal the absence of required CITES permits for lawful export of animals, providing evidence of ongoing illegal trade. Additional monitoring of trade in iguanas can be achieved through the application of forensic molecular techniques. In this study, two captive melanistic iguanas were genotyped for molecular markers for which geographic distributions of alleles have been established. Mitochondrial sequencing indicates that both animals carry a haplotype known to originate from the islands of Saba and Montserrat, populations taxonomically proposed to be Iguana melanoderma. Genotypes at 15 microsatellite loci are equally consistent with this origin, given the results of a principal component analysis. This first forensic genetic assessment within the extensive I. iguana pet trade highlights the presence of illegal activity. The need for additional forensic assessments of pet-trade iguanas is evident, especially given that their value is driven by variety and rarity, which is further intensified by recent taxonomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaklie Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Mark E. Welch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
- IUCN SSC Iguana Specialist Group, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Matthijs P. van den Burg
- IUCN SSC Iguana Specialist Group, 1196 Gland, Switzerland
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- BioCoRe S. Coop., Calle Villagarcía 6, 28010 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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7
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Lees AC, Yuda P. The Asian songbird crisis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1063-R1064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Angkaew R, Round PD, Ngoprasert D, Powell LA, Limparungpatthanakij W, Gale GA. Collateral damage from agricultural netting to open‐country bird populations in Thailand. Conservat Sci and Prac 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Angkaew
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | - Philip D. Round
- Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Dusit Ngoprasert
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | - Larkin A. Powell
- School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | | | - George A. Gale
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
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9
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Hu S, Cheng Y, Pan R, Zou F, Lee TM. Understanding the social impacts of enforcement activities on illegal wildlife trade in China. Ambio 2022; 51:1643-1657. [PMID: 34962642 PMCID: PMC9110577 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Illegal wildlife trade enforcement is a cornerstone conservation strategy worldwide, yet we have a limited understanding on its social impacts. Using Chinese online wildlife seizure news (2003-2018), we evaluated the interactions among enforcement operations, news frequency, and social engagement (i.e., whistle-blowing) frequency. Our results showed that intensive enforcement operations, which commenced after 2012, have social impacts by increasing the frequency of all seizure news significantly by 28% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5%, 51%] and those via whistle-blowing by 24% [95% CI: 2%, 45%], when compared to counterfactual models where possible confounding factors were accounted for. Furthermore, we revealed the potential interaction between enforcement seizure news with and without social engagement, and the consequential social feedback process. Of the species identified from 'whistle-blowing' news, up to 28% are considered as high conservation priorities. Overall, we expanded our understanding of the enforcement impacts to social dimensions, which could contribute to improving the cost-effectiveness of such conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Hu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 Guangdong China
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Rong Pan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
| | - Fasheng Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510260 Guangdong China
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Biological Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 Guangdong China
- School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong China
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3BD UK
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10
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Buřivalová Z, Rosin C, Buchner J, Radeloff VC, Ocampo‐Peñuela N. Conservation responsibility for bird species in tropical logged forests. Conserv Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Buřivalová
- Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Cooper Rosin
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Johanna Buchner
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Volker C. Radeloff
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Natalia Ocampo‐Peñuela
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA
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11
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Nijman V, Ardiansyah A, Siriwat P, Birot H, Winnasis S, Damianou E, Imron MA, Langgeng A, Lewis B, Nekaris KA. Wildlife trade and the establishment of invasive alien species in Indonesia: management, policy, and regulation of the commercial sale of songbirds. Biol Invasions. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn Southeast Asia, mynas (genus Acridotheres) are amongst the most invasive bird species. Information is largely lacking as to where they have established themselves. The spread of invasive, non-native mynas is partially or largely driven by the massive trade in these species as songbirds. While preventing unintentional introductions early is the most effective management option, these species continue to be traded in bird markets throughout the region. We focus on the trade of native and non-native species of mynas, and the establishment of non-native mynas on the Indonesian islands of Java, Bali, and Lombok. Between 2016 and 2019, through field surveys and use of citizen science data (e.g., Burungnesia, iNaturalist, birding reports), we assessed where non-native mynas have been recorded in the wild on these three islands; through bird market surveys we established in which cities these birds are traded. We recorded common myna in Yogyakarta, one of our three survey areas. Combining all records, the areas where alien invasive mynas are established are Greater Jakarta (common and jungle myna), Yogyakarta (common myna), Bali (common and bank myna) and Lombok (common and Javan myna). Two-thirds of the records come from farmlands, home gardens and urbanised areas. In the bird markets, we recorded ~ 23,000 mynas of five species for sale, with Greater Jakarta, Bali and Lombok standing out as areas with high numbers of potentially invasive alien species offered for sale. Restrictions on the sale of wild-caught birds are not adhered to. Well-intended policies concerning the breeding and sale of legally protected species, whereby 10% of the stock is bred to be released in the wild, exacerbate the risk of the establishment of non-native species. We surmise that one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of the accidental or deliberate release of potentially invasive alien mynas (and indeed other birds) into the wild is for governments and conservationists to work more closely with the retailers who hold the key to informing and educating consumers.
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12
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Reuleaux A, Collar NJ, Jones MJ, Limu RND, Mardiastuti A, Pinto P, Siregar BA, Marsden SJ. Correlates of persistence in remnant populations of two Critically Endangered cockatoos. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Reuleaux
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | | | - M. J. Jones
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | | | - A. Mardiastuti
- Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University) Bogor Indonesia
| | - P. Pinto
- Department of National Parks and Protected Areas Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries Dili Timor‐Leste
| | | | - S. J. Marsden
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
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13
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Cruz CEF, Wagner PGC, Driemeier D, Andretta I. Live decoys: an old but effective tool for attracting, capturing, and studying free-living passerines. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022; 68. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Yong DL, Jain A, Chowdhury SU, Denstedt E, Khammavong K, Milavong P, Aung TDW, Aung ET, Jearwattanakanok A, Limparungpatthanakij W, Angkaew R, Sinhaseni K, Le TT, Nguyen HB, Tang P, Taing P, Jones VR, Vorsak B. The specter of empty countrysides and wetlands—Impact of hunting take on birds in
Indo‐Burma. Conservat Sci and Prac 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li Yong
- BirdLife International (Asia) Tanglin International Centre Singapore
| | - Anuj Jain
- BirdLife International (Asia) Tanglin International Centre Singapore
| | - Sayam U. Chowdhury
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ei Thinzar Aung
- Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association Yangon Myanmar
| | | | | | - Rongrong Angkaew
- Conservation Ecology Program King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand
| | | | | | - Hoai Bao Nguyen
- Vietnam National University, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Punleu Tang
- BirdLife International Cambodia Programme Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Porchhay Taing
- BirdLife International Cambodia Programme Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Victoria R. Jones
- BirdLife International, The David Attenborough Building Cambridge UK
| | - Bou Vorsak
- BirdLife International Cambodia Programme Phnom Penh Cambodia
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15
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Morton O, Scheffers BR, Haugaasen T, Edwards DP. Mixed protection of threatened species traded under CITES. Curr Biol 2022:S0960-9822(22)00022-7. [PMID: 35090593 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates international legal trade to prevent the detrimental harvest of wildlife. We assess the volumes of threatened and non-threatened bird, mammal, amphibian, and reptile species in the CITES-managed trade and how this trade responded to category changes of species in the IUCN Red List between 2000 and 2018. In this period, over a thousand wild-sourced vertebrate species were commercially traded. Species of least conservation concern had the highest yearly trade volumes (excluding birds), whereas species in most Red List categories showed an overall decrease in trade reoccurrence and volume through time, with most species unlikely to reoccur in recent trade. Charismatic species with populations split-listed between Appendices I and II were traded in substantially lower yearly volumes when sourced from the more-threatened Appendix I populations. Species trade volumes did not systematically respond to changes in the Red List category, with 31.0% of species disappearing from trade before changing category and the majority of species revealing no difference in trade volumes from pre- to post-change. Just 2.7% (12/432) of species volumes declined and 2.1% (9/432) of volumes increased after a category change. Our findings highlight that non-threatened species dominate trade but reveal small numbers of highly threatened species in trade and a disconnect between species trade volumes and changing extinction risk. We highlight potential drawbacks in the current regulation of trade in listed species and urgently call for open and accessible assessments-non-detriment findings-robustly evidencing the sustainable use of threatened and non-threatened species alike.
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16
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Abstract
Wildlife commodification can generate benefits for biodiversity conservation, but it also has negative impacts; overexploitation of wildlife is currently one of the biggest drivers of vertebrate extinction risk. In the present article, we highlight 10 issues that in our experience impede sustainable and humane wildlife trade. Given humanity's increasing demands on the natural world we question whether many aspects of wildlife trade can be compatible with appropriate standards for biodiversity conservation and animal welfare, and suggest that too many elements of wildlife trade as it currently stands are not sustainable for wildlife or for the livelihoods that it supports. We suggest that the onus should be on traders to demonstrate that wildlife use is sustainable, humane, and safe (with respect to disease and invasion risk), rather than on conservationists to demonstrate it is not, that there is a need for a broad acceptance of responsibility and, ultimately, widespread behavior change. We urge conservationists, practitioners, and others to take bold, progressive steps to reach consensus and action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neil D'Cruze
- Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford, Tubney, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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17
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Mirin BH, Klinck H. Bird singing contests: Looking back on thirty years of research on a global conservation concern. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021; 30:e01812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Wang Q, Shi J, Shen X, Zhao T. Characteristics and patterns of international trade in CITES-listed live birds in China from 2010 to 2019. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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19
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Edwards DP, D'Cruze N, Altherr S, Hughes A, Janssen J, Nijman V, Pasachnik SA, Scheffers BR, Shepherd CR, Sy E, Auliya M. The dangers of misrepresenting wildlife trade: response to Natusch et al. 2021. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:1692-1694. [PMID: 34477258 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Neil D'Cruze
- The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK
- World Animal Protection, London, UK
| | | | - Alice Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China
| | - Jordi Janssen
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Chris R Shepherd
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emerson Sy
- Philippine Center for Terrestrial & Aquatic Research, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mark Auliya
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Harrington LA, Auliya M, Eckman H, Harrington AP, Macdonald DW, D'Cruze N. Live wild animal exports to supply the exotic pet trade: A case study from Togo using publicly available social media data. Conservat Sci and Prac 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Harrington
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - Mark Auliya
- Department of Conservation Biology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
| | | | - Alix P. Harrington
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - Neil D'Cruze
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
- World Animal Protection London UK
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21
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Yong DL, Heim W, Chowdhury SU, Choi CY, Ktitorov P, Kulikova O, Kondratyev A, Round PD, Allen D, Trainor CR, Gibson L, Szabo JK. The State of Migratory Landbirds in the East Asian Flyway: Distributions, Threats, and Conservation Needs. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.613172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With nearly 400 migratory landbird species, the East Asian Flyway is the most diverse of the world’s flyways. This diversity is a consequence of the varied ecological niches provided by biomes ranging from broadleaf forests to arctic tundra and accentuated by complex biogeographic processes. The distribution and migration ecology of East Asian landbirds is still inadequately known, but a recent explosion in the number of studies tracking the migration of raptors, cuckoos, kingfishers and passerines has greatly increased our knowledge about the stopover and wintering ecology of many species, and the migratory routes that link northeast Eurasia and the Asian tropics. Yet the East Asian Flyway also supports the highest number of threatened species among flyways. Strong declines have been detected in buntings (Emberizidae) and other long-distance migrants. While the conservation of migratory landbirds in this region has largely focused on unsustainable hunting, there are other threats, such as habitat loss and increased agro-chemical use driven directly by land cover change and climate-related processes. Important knowledge gaps to be addressed include (1) threats affecting species in different parts of their annual cycle, (2) range-wide population trends, (3) ecological requirements and habitat use during the non-breeding season, and (4) the conservation status of critical wintering sites (including understudied farming landscapes, such as rice fields) and migration bottlenecks along the flyway.
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22
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Morton O, Scheffers BR, Haugaasen T, Edwards DP. Impacts of wildlife trade on terrestrial biodiversity. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:540-8. [PMID: 33589802 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The wildlife trade is worth billions of dollars annually and affects most major taxonomic groups. Despite this, a global understanding of the trade's impacts on species populations is lacking. We performed a quantitative meta-analysis of the wildlife trade that synthesized 506 species-level effect sizes from 31 studies, estimating trade-driven declines in mammals (452 effect sizes), birds (36) and reptiles (18). Overall, species declined in abundance by 62% (95% confidence interval (CI), 20 to 82%) where trade occurs. Reductions involving national or international trade were greatest, driving declines of 76% (95% CI, 36 to 91%) and 66% (95% CI, 12 to 87%), respectively. The impacts of trade were pervasive, requiring over 102 hours of travel time from settlements for trade to have no mean effect. Current protective measures fail species, with significant declines even where the harvesting for trade occurs in protected areas. Population declines tracked species threat status, indicating heightened extirpation and extinction risk in traded species. Critically, for such a severe global threat to wildlife, our analysis unearthed a limited number of studies using treatment versus control comparisons, and no studies on amphibians, invertebrates, cacti or orchids. Improved management, tackling both unsustainable demand and trade reporting, must be a conservation priority to prevent rampant trade-induced declines.
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23
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Abstract
Global wildlife trade is a multibillion-dollar industry and a significant driver of vertebrate extinction risk. Yet, few studies have quantified the impact of wild harvesting for the illicit pet trade on populations. Long-lived species, by virtue of their slow life history characteristics, may be unable to sustain even low levels of collecting. Here, we assessed the impact of illegal collecting on populations of endangered broad-headed snakes (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) at gated (protected) and ungated (unprotected) sites. Because broad-headed snakes are long-lived, grow slowly and reproduce infrequently, populations are likely vulnerable to increases in adult mortality. Long-term data revealed that annual survival rates of snakes were significantly lower in the ungated population than the gated population, consistent with the hypothesis of human removal of snakes for the pet trade. Population viability analysis showed that the ungated population has a strongly negative population growth rate and is only prevented from ultimate extinction by dispersal of small numbers of individuals from the gated population. Sensitivity analyses showed that the removal of a small number of adult females was sufficient to impose negative population growth and suggests that threatened species with slow life histories are likely to be especially vulnerable to illegal collecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Jolly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,School of Environmental Science, Institute for Land, Water, and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia. .,Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia.
| | - Brenton Von Takach
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Jonathan K Webb
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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24
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Gomez L, Shepherd CR. The illegal exploitation of the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia. NC 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.43.59399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Indonesia is home to the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and the Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi), both of which are threatened by habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict issues and the illegal wildlife trade. Leopards and clouded leopards are threatened by the illegal wildlife trade across their range, however, very little is known of the illegal trade in these two species in Indonesia, or of the efforts made to tackle this crime. Both the Javan Leopard and Sunda Clouded Leopard are protected species in Indonesia and both species are listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), meaning commercial international trade is generally prohibited. To better understand the trade, and efforts to end this trade, we collected records of seizures and prosecutions relating to Javan Leopards and Sunda Clouded Leopards in Indonesia for the period 2011–2019. Despite both species being protected by law, this study reveals the prevalence of extensive poaching, illegal domestic trade and international trafficking of both species. A total of 41 seizure records were obtained from 2011 to 2019, which was estimated to amount to approximately 83 animals, which likely represents only a fraction of the total number of cases and therefore the risk may be substantially greater. Approximately half of the cases resulted in successful prosecution and of these, the highest sentence given was 2 years in jail and a fine of IDR50mil (~USD3300). The majority of the penalties handed down for these crimes were far below the maximum potential penalties and are unlikely to be effective deterrents.
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25
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Heinrich S, Leupen BT, Bruslund S, Owen A, Shepherd CR. A case for better international protection of the Sumatran Laughingthrush (Garrulax bicolor). Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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26
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Leupen BTC, Gomez L, Shepherd CR, Nekaris KA, Imron MA, Nijman V. Thirty years of trade data suggests population declines in a once common songbird in Indonesia. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2020; 66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-020-01436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharne E. McMillan
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Caroline Dingle
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - John A. Allcock
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China
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28
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Siriwat P, Nijman V. Wildlife trade shifts from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual marketplaces: A case study of birds of prey trade in Thailand. J Asia Pac Biodivers 2020; 13:454-461. [PMID: 32296661 PMCID: PMC7156811 DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The shift of wildlife trade from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual online marketplaces is reported using the trade of birds of prey (raptors) in Thailand from 1968 to 2019 as a case study. We analyzed data obtained from physical market survey data for 2,782 individuals from 27 species, with 2,420 individuals reported in early surveys (1968-1988) and 362 individuals reported in later surveys (2003-2015) and online surveys (February 2017 to January 2019). We compared information on asking prices and what species were traded using two comparative approaches to analyze how species composition may have changed over time (physical markets and online platforms; pre-Internet and Internet era). In comparison with the five previous market surveys, we did not find a statistically significant difference between species and availability of species offered for sale when comparing physical bird markets and online markets. In all data sets, biological factors such as wingspan were significant factors in explaining price variation. We conclude that sustained monitoring is needed to make direct comparisons between the trade platforms. With a continued increase of wildlife trade on online platforms, we recommend increased regulation and enforcement of wildlife trade laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penthai Siriwat
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom
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29
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Kasper K, Schweikhard J, Lehmann M, Ebert CL, Erbe P, Wayakone S, Nguyen TQ, Le MD, Ziegler T. The extent of the illegal trade with terrestrial vertebrates in markets and households in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR. NC 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.41.51888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife is one of the most important food resources in rural areas and popular among all social layers of Lao PDR. Numerous vertebrate species are sold at the local markets, but a comprehensive understanding of people’s involvement and their impact on survival of local populations remains insufficient. This study provides the first interdisciplinary assessment using a questionnaire-based survey approach to investigate both markets and households in Khammouane Province in central Lao PDR. Data were recorded during the dry season (October and November 2017), as well as the rainy season (June and July 2018). We documented 66 traded species, mainly intended for consumption purposes, with more than half of them protected under either national law or international convention/red list. Furthermore, an evaluation of wildlife use from urban to the most accessible rural areas, indicated differences in affordability and trapping behavior. Our results suggest that wildlife availabilities can less and less satisfy the unchanged demands.
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30
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Marshall H, Collar NJ, Lees AC, Moss A, Yuda P, Marsden SJ. Characterizing bird‐keeping user‐groups on Java reveals distinct behaviours, profiles and potential for change. People and Nature 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Marshall
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | | | - Alexander C. Lees
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA
| | - Andrew Moss
- Cedar HouseChester ZooUpton‐by‐Chester Chester UK
| | - Pramana Yuda
- Fakultas Teknobiologi Kampus II Gedung Thomas Aquinas Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta Yogyakarta Indonesia
| | - Stuart J. Marsden
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
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31
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Abstract
Wildlife trade is a multibillion dollar industry that is driving species toward extinction. Of >31,500 terrestrial bird, mammal, amphibian, and squamate reptile species, ~18% (N = 5579) are traded globally. Trade is strongly phylogenetically conserved, and the hotspots of this trade are concentrated in the biologically diverse tropics. Using different assessment approaches, we predict that, owing to their phylogenetic replacement and trait similarity to currently traded species, future trade will affect up to 3196 additional species-totaling 8775 species at risk of extinction from trade. Our assessment underscores the need for a strategic plan to combat trade with policies that are proactive rather than reactive, which is especially important because species can quickly transition from being safe to being endangered as humans continue to harvest and trade across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Brunno F Oliveira
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
| | - Ieuan Lamb
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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32
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de Oliveira WSL, Borges AKM, de Faria Lopes S, Vasconcellos A, Alves RRN. Illegal trade of songbirds: an analysis of the activity in an area of northeast Brazil. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2020; 16:16. [PMID: 32228669 PMCID: PMC7106812 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-020-00365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyze the chain and dynamics of the trade of wild birds between keepers and traders in an area of northeast Brazil. Profit from the purchase and sale of these animals in the trade chain was also estimated. METHODS The information was obtained through interviews with direct participants in the wild bird trade chain. RESULTS We recorded a total of 34 bird species involved in illegal trade. In general, the purchase and sale values of songbirds are associated with the attractiveness and songs of the birds. Regarding the commercial potential of the species, those with high numbers of traded individuals had higher average purchase values and, especially, sale values. Birds with lower purchase values showed higher sale profits and were sold in large numbers. The purchase and sale values of songbirds in the present study show a significant economic return for those involved in this activity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study may provide data to support future studies on the conservation of wild birds, assisting in monitoring illegal trade, a persistent problem in the region studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallisson Sylas Luna de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Via Expressa Padre Zé, s/n, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB, 58059-970, Brazil
| | - Anna Karolina Martins Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Via Expressa Padre Zé, s/n, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB, 58059-970, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Faria Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. Baraúnas, 351, Campus Universitário I, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, PB, 58109-753, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Vasconcellos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Via Expressa Padre Zé, s/n, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB, 58059-970, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Via Expressa Padre Zé, s/n, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB, 58059-970, Brazil.
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Av. Baraúnas, 351, Campus Universitário I, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, PB, 58109-753, Brazil.
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Willows-munro S, Kleinhans C. Testing microsatellite loci for individual identification of captive African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus): a molecular tool for parentage analysis that will aid in monitoring legal trade. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2020; 12:489-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-019-01127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Burivalova Z, Purnomo, Wahyudi B, Boucher TM, Ellis P, Truskinger A, Towsey M, Roe P, Marthinus D, Griscom B, Game ET. Using soundscapes to investigate homogenization of tropical forest diversity in selectively logged forests. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Burivalova
- Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology and the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin – Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Purnomo
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara Jakarta Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Anthony Truskinger
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science School Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
| | - Michael Towsey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science School Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
| | - Paul Roe
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science School Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
| | - Delon Marthinus
- The Governor’s Climate and Forests Task Force Boulder CO USA
| | | | - Edward T. Game
- The Nature Conservancy South Brisbane Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Australia
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35
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Siriwat P, Nekaris K, Nijman V. The role of the anthropogenic Allee effect in the exotic pet trade on Facebook in Thailand. J Nat Conserv 2019; 51:125726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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O’Connell DP, Kelly DJ, Lawless N, O’Brien K, Marcaigh FÓ, Karya A, Analuddin K, Marples NM. A sympatric pair of undescribed white-eye species (Aves: Zosteropidae: Zosterops) with different origins. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren P O’Connell
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biology & Environment Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naomi Lawless
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katie O’Brien
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionn Ó Marcaigh
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adi Karya
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, South-east Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Kangkuso Analuddin
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, South-east Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Nicola M Marples
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Kearney SG, Carwardine J, Reside AE, Fisher DO, Maron M, Doherty TS, Legge S, Silcock J, Woinarski JCZ, Garnett ST, Wintle BA, Watson JEM. The threats to Australia’s imperilled species and implications for a national conservation response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/pc18024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since European occupation of Australia, human activities have caused the dramatic decline and sometimes extinction of many of the continent’s unique species. Here we provide a comprehensive review of threats to species listed as threatened under Australia’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Following accepted global categories of threat, we find that invasive species affect the largest number of listed species (1257 species, or 82% of all threatened species); ecosystem modifications (e.g. fire) (74% of listed species) and agricultural activity (57%) are also important. The ranking of threats was largely consistent across taxonomic groups and the degree of species’ endangerment. These results were significantly different (P<0.01) from recent analyses of threats to threatened species globally, which highlighted overexploitation, agriculture and urban development as major causes of decline. Australia is distinct not only in the biodiversity it contains but also in the extent and mixture of processes that threaten the survival of these species. Notably, the IUCN threat classification scheme separates the numerous threats (e.g. urban development, agriculture, mining) that cause habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation, hence further research is required to quantify the net impact of these types of habitat change. We provide feasible suggestions for a more coordinated national approach to threatened species conservation, which could provide decision makers and managers at all levels with improved resources and information on threats and management. Adequate policy, legislative support and funding are critical for ensuring that on-ground management is successful in halting the decline of Australia’s threatened species.
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Symes WS, Edwards DP, Miettinen J, Rheindt FE, Carrasco LR. Combined impacts of deforestation and wildlife trade on tropical biodiversity are severely underestimated. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4052. [PMID: 30283038 PMCID: PMC6170487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forest diversity is simultaneously threatened by habitat loss and exploitation for wildlife trade. Quantitative conservation assessments have previously considered these threats separately, yet their impacts frequently act together. We integrate forest extent maps in 2000 and 2015 with a method of quantifying exploitation pressure based upon a species’ commercial value and forest accessibility. We do so for 308 forest-dependent bird species, of which 77 are commercially traded, in the Southeast Asian biodiversity hotspot of Sundaland. We find 89% (274) of species experienced average habitat losses of 16% and estimate exploitation led to mean population declines of 37%. Assessing the combined impacts of deforestation and exploitation indicates the average losses of exploited species are much higher (54%), nearly doubling the regionally endemic species (from 27 to 51) threatened with extinction that should be IUCN Red Listed. Combined assessment of major threats is vital to accurately quantify biodiversity loss. Disentangling multiple drivers of species declines can be difficult yet is critical to species conservation. Here, the authors parse the relative contributions of deforestation and trapping to declines of native birds in Southeast Asia, finding that the extinction risk of trapped species may be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Symes
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jukka Miettinen
- Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing (CRISP), National University of Singapore (NUS), 10 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119076, Singapore
| | - Frank E Rheindt
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - L Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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de Oliveira WSL, de Faria Lopes S, Alves RRN. Understanding the motivations for keeping wild birds in the semi-arid region of Brazil. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2018; 14:41. [PMID: 29891010 PMCID: PMC5996533 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-018-0243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birds are kept as pets around the world, and bird-keeping is an ancient and widespread practice, constituting one of the main reasons for the decline of some species. In the semi-arid region of Brazil, this practice is very common and continues despite being designated as illegal in recent decades. This study aimed to identify the species and families of songbirds used as pets in the semi-arid region of Brazil, characterize the maintenance of the exploited species in captivity, and evaluate the sociocultural context associated with this practice. METHODS Data were collected from a total of 62 wild bird-keepers in the study area through interviews using semi-structured forms and informal conversations. RESULTS A total of 34 bird species are bred as pets in the study area. Thraupidae was the most represented family in this study followed by Icteridae, and together, these families accounted for 61.7% of the local specimens. As reported by the respondents, birds are acquired by capturing them in rural areas or through local and regional markets. The number of species identified by the respondents did not differ according to respondent income, educational level, or age (p > 0.05). Maintaining these birds in cages includes some care, such as providing feed, medicine, and in some cases, training to improve their song or to learn songs from other species. The species with the highest use values (UVs) were Sporophila albogularis (UV = 0.83), Paroaria dominicana (0.82), and Sporophila nigricollis (0.79), indicating their importance as wild animal pets. CONCLUSION The birds reported in this study have strong cultural importance and high economic value for the people involved in bird-keeping. In this sense, ethnoornithological studies are fundamentally important since they can provide basic information to inform plans and actions to promote the conservation and sustainable management of local avifauna, including the essential element of environmental education strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallisson Sylas Luna de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB 58059-970 Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Faria Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Avenida das Baraúnas, 351, Campus Universitário, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, PB 58109-753 Brazil
| | - Rômulo Romeu Nóbrega Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, PB 58059-970 Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Avenida das Baraúnas, 351, Campus Universitário, Bodocongó, Campina Grande, PB 58109-753 Brazil
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Reino L, Figueira R, Beja P, Araújo MB, Capinha C, Strubbe D. Networks of global bird invasion altered by regional trade ban. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1700783. [PMID: 29181443 PMCID: PMC5699901 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife trade is a major pathway for introduction of invasive species worldwide. However, how exactly wildlife trade influences invasion risk, beyond the transportation of individuals to novel areas, remains unknown. We analyze the global trade network of wild-caught birds from 1995 to 2011 as reported by CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). We found that before the European Union ban on imports of wild-caught birds, declared in 2005, invasion risk was closely associated with numbers of imported birds, diversity of import sources, and degree of network centrality of importer countries. After the ban, fluxes of global bird trade declined sharply. However, new trade routes emerged, primarily toward the Nearctic, Afrotropical, and Indo-Malay regions. Although regional bans can curtail invasion risk globally, to be fully effective and prevent rerouting of trade flows, bans should be global.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Reino
- CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, n°9, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- CEABN/InBIO-Centro de Estudos Ambientais ‘Prof. Baeta Neves’, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Figueira
- CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, n°9, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- CEABN/InBIO-Centro de Estudos Ambientais ‘Prof. Baeta Neves’, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Beja
- CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, n°9, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- CEABN/InBIO-Centro de Estudos Ambientais ‘Prof. Baeta Neves’, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel B. Araújo
- CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - César Capinha
- CIBIO/InBIO-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, n°9, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Museumsmeile Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Diederik Strubbe
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 32, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W. Tingley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | - Fangyuan Hua
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2
3QZ, UK
| | - David S. Wilcove
- Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
08544, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton
University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ding Li Yong
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian
National University, Acton, ACT 0200, Australia
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