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Hoffman JI, Nagel R, Litzke V, Wells DA, Amos W. Genetic analysis of Boletus edulis suggests that intra-specific competition may reduce local genetic diversity as a woodland ages. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200419. [PMID: 32874636 PMCID: PMC7428248 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are key players in terrestrial ecosystems yet their mating systems and population dynamics remain poorly understood. We investigated the fine-scale relatedness structure and genetic diversity of Boletus edulis, one of the world's most commercially important wild mushrooms. Microsatellite genotyping of fruiting bodies from 14 different sites around Bielefeld in Germany revealed little in the way of population structure over a geographic scale of several kilometres. However, on a more local scale we found evidence for elevated relatedness as well as inbreeding. We also observed a significant negative association between the genetic diversity of fruit and the age of the trees under which they were sampled. Taken together, our results suggest that as genets mature, they compete and potentially create conditions under which further spores struggle to become established. By implication, even though this species is widely picked, propagules remain common enough to create strong competition when new habitats become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. I. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, UK
| | - R. Nagel
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - V. Litzke
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - D. A. Wells
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- School of Natural Science and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - W. Amos
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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Merdivan S, Jenett-Siems K, Siems K, Niedermeyer TH, Schultze N, Steinborn C, Gründemann C, Lindequist U. Effects of extracts and compounds from Tricholoma populinum Lange on degranulation and IL-2/IL-8 secretion of immune cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 72:277-283. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2016-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Tricholoma populinum Lange is an edible basidiomycete from the family Tricholomataceae. Extracts, fractions, and different metabolites isolated from the fruiting bodies of this mushroom were tested for degranulation-inhibiting activities on RBL-2H3 cells (rat basophils). Dichloromethane extracts decreased degranulation significantly, as did a fraction after column chromatography. In addition, the extract decreased the IL-2 release from Jurkat T cells and the release of IL-8 from HMC-1 human mast cells. The results show the significant effects of extracts of T. populinum on cells of the innate (basophils and mast cells) and adaptive (T cells) immune system and indicate the influence of the mushroom on different immunological processes. As one fraction showed activity, it seems to be possible that it includes an active principle. The compounds responsible for this effect, however, could not be identified as the contents oleic acid (1), ergosterol peroxide (2), and 9,11-dehydroergosterol peroxide (3) showed no effects. Nevertheless, the mushroom could be used for supporting allergy treatment in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Merdivan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 1 , 17487 Greifswald , Germany
| | | | | | - Timo H.J. Niedermeyer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine , Eberhard Karls University , Tübingen , Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Nadin Schultze
- Institute of Pharmacy , Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Carmen Steinborn
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Carsten Gründemann
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ulrike Lindequist
- Institute of Pharmacy , Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
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Dunham SM, Mujic AB, Spatafora JW, Kretzer AM. Within-population genetic structure differs between two sympatric sister-species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Rhizopogon vinicolor and R. vesiculosus. Mycologia 2017; 105:814-26. [DOI: 10.3852/12-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susie M. Dunham
- Willamette University, Department of Biology, 900 State Street, Salem, Oregon 97301
| | | | - Joseph W. Spatafora
- Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley Hall Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Annette M. Kretzer
- SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210
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Abe H, Tabuchi A, Okuda Y, Matsumoto T, Nara K. Population genetics and fine-scale genetic structure of Rhizopogon roseolus in the Tottori sand dune. MYCOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Population Biology and Ecology of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. BIOGEOGRAPHY OF MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Velez P, Quintero CA, Merino G, Gasca-Pineda J, González MC. An ISSR-based approach to assess genetic diversity in the marine arenicolous fungus Corollospora maritima sensu lato. MYCOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Keirle MR, Avis PG, Hemmes DE, Mueller GM. Testing the "one-log-one-genet" hypothesis: methodological challenges of population sampling for the Hawaiian wood-decay fungus Rhodocollybia laulaha. Mycologia 2014; 106:896-903. [PMID: 24891411 DOI: 10.3852/13-079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We test our "one-log-one-genet" sampling method for the Hawaiian mushroom Rhodocollybia laulaha that posits all R. laulaha mushrooms collected from a single log represent a single genet. We also examine the potential expansion of single genets beyond the confines of one log and the temporal persistence of genets in nature. Finally, we estimate error rates in AFLP scoring. To our knowledge, this is one of few examinations of naturally occurring fungal genets in the tropics and a novel report of AFLP error rates in fungi. Forty-six mushrooms from seven logs were genotyped with the IGS1 locus, two microsatellite loci and 184 AFLP loci from three primer pair combinations. One hundred fifty-three mushroom collections representing the geographic range of R. laulaha were genotyped with the IGS1 and microsatellite loci. The probabilities of two genets sharing identical multilocus genotypes by chance (without actually being the same genet) were calculated for each genotype recovered. The data suggest that R. laulaha mushrooms from one log typically represent one genet, that genets might expand beyond the confines of a single log and that a single genet may persist in a collecting site for as much as 13 y. We offer initial evidence to support the "one-log-one genet" sampling method and the idea that R. laulaha vegetative expansion and persistence in nature might be common. In addition, we caution against exclusive use of AFLP loci for identifying fungal genets due to relatively high error rates in scoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Keirle
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, Department of Botany, the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois 60605, and Natural Science Department, State College of Florida, Bradenton, Florida 34207
| | - Peter G Avis
- Department of Botany, the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois 60605, and Department of Biology, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, Indiana 46408
| | - Don E Hemmes
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii 96720
| | - Gregory M Mueller
- Department of Botany, the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois 60605, and Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 60022
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Jargeat P, Chaumeton JP, Navaud O, Vizzini A, Gryta H. The Paxillus involutus (Boletales, Paxillaceae) complex in Europe: Genetic diversity and morphological description of the new species Paxillus cuprinus, typification of P. involutus s.s., and synthesis of species boundaries. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:12-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Riess K, Oberwinkler F, Bauer R, Garnica S. High genetic diversity at the regional scale and possible speciation in Sebacina epigaea and S. incrustans. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:102. [PMID: 23697379 PMCID: PMC3665632 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phylogenetic studies, particularly those based on rDNA sequences from plant roots and basidiomata, have revealed a strikingly high genetic diversity in the Sebacinales. However, the factors determining this genetic diversity at higher and lower taxonomic levels within this order are still unknown. In this study, we analysed patterns of genetic variation within two morphological species, Sebacina epigaea and S. incrustans, based on 340 DNA haplotype sequences of independent genetic markers from the nuclear (ITS + 5.8S + D1/D2, RPB2) and mitochondrial (ATP6) genomes for 98 population samples. By characterising the genetic population structure within these species, we provide insights into species boundaries and the possible factors responsible for genetic diversity at a regional geographic scale. RESULTS We found that recombination events are relatively common between natural populations within Sebacina epigaea and S. incrustans, and play a significant role in generating intraspecific genetic diversity. Furthermore, we also found that RPB2 and ATP6 genes display higher levels of intraspecific synonymous polymorphism. Phylogenetic and demographic analyses based on nuclear and mitochondrial loci revealed three distinct phylogenetic lineages within of each of the morphospecies S. epigaea and S. incrustans: one major and widely distributed lineage, and two geographically restricted lineages, respectively. We found almost no differential morphological or ecological characteristics that could be used to discriminate between these lineages. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that recombination and negative selection have played significant roles in generating genetic diversity within these morphological species at small geographical scales. Concordance between gene genealogies identified lineages/cryptic species that have evolved independently for a relatively long period of time. These putative species were not associated with geographic provenance, geographic barrier, host preference or distinct phenotypic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Riess
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franz Oberwinkler
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Bauer
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sigisfredo Garnica
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Du P, Cui BK, Dai YC. Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Wild Auricularia polytrichaPopulations in China using ISSR Markers. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL 2012. [DOI: 10.7872/crym.v33.iss2.2012.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Genetic characterization of Meloidogyne incognita isolates from Turkey using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP). Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Grubisha LC, Levsen N, Olson MS, Lee Taylor D. Intercontinental divergence in the Populus-associated ectomycorrhizal fungus, Tricholoma populinum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:548-560. [PMID: 22332931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma populinum is host-specific with Populus species. T. populinum has wind-dispersed progagules and may be capable of long-distance dispersal. In this study, we tested the hypothesis of a panmictic population between Scandinavia and North America. DNA sequences from five nuclear loci were used to assess phylogeographic structure and nucleotide divergence between continents. Tricholoma populinum was composed of Scandinavian and North American lineages with complete absence of shared haplotypes and only one shared nucleotide mutation. Divergence of these lineages was estimated at approx. 1.7-1.0 million yr ago (Ma), which occurred after the estimated divergence of host species Populus tremula and Populus balsamifera/Populus trichocarpa at 5 Ma. Phylogeographic structure was not observed within Scandinavian or North American lineages of T. populinum. Intercontinental divergence appears to have resulted from either allopatric isolation; a recent, rare long-distance dispersal founding event followed by genetic drift; or the response in an obligate mycorrhizal fungus with a narrow host range to contractions and expansion of host distribution during glacial and interglacial episodes within continents. Understanding present genetic variation in populations is important for predicting how obligate symbiotic fungi will adapt to present and future changing climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Grubisha
- Institute of Arctic Biology, 902 N. Koyukuk Drive, 311 Irving 1 Building, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA
- Present address: Biology Program, Centre College, Danville, KY 40422, USA
| | - Nicholas Levsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Matthew S Olson
- Institute of Arctic Biology, 902 N. Koyukuk Drive, 311 Irving 1 Building, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - D Lee Taylor
- Institute of Arctic Biology, 902 N. Koyukuk Drive, 311 Irving 1 Building, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA
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Wolfe BE, Kuo M, Pringle A. Amanita thiersii is a saprotrophic fungus expanding its range in the United States. Mycologia 2011; 104:22-33. [PMID: 21914823 DOI: 10.3852/11-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although most species in the genus Amanita form ectomycorrhizal associations, a few are reported to be saprotrophs living in grassland habitats. Little is known about the ecology and distribution of these free-living Amanita species. We describe the ecology of Amanita thiersii, a species commonly collected in lawns throughout the Mississippi River Basin. Stable isotopes of carbon, transcriptomic sequences and patterns of growth on complex carbon sources provide evidence for A. thiersii as a saprotrophic species. Sporocarps of A. thiersii are less depleted in (13)C compared to published data for ectomycorrhizal fungi, supporting a saprotrophic mode of carbon acquisition in the field. Orthologs of cellulase genes known to play key roles in the decomposition of cellulose in other basidiomycetes were identified in a transcriptome of A. thiersii, establishing that this species has the genetic potential to degrade cellulose. Amanita thiersii also can use artificial cellulose or sterile grass litter as a sole carbon source. DNA sequences of three nuclear gene regions and banding patterns from four inter-simple sequence repeat markers were identical across 31 populations from throughout the known range of the species, which suggests the genetic diversity of A. thiersii populations is low. Maps of A. thiersii collections made from the 1950s until present suggest this species is experiencing a range expansion. It was reported first in 1952 in Texas and now occurs in nine states north to Illinois. These data provide an ecological context for interpreting the genome of A. thiersii, currently being sequenced at the United States Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Wolfe
- Harvard University, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Burchhardt KM, Rivera Y, Baldwin T, Vanearden D, Kretzer AM. Analysis of genet size and local gene flow in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Suillus spraguei (synonym S. pictus). Mycologia 2011; 103:722-30. [PMID: 21482628 DOI: 10.3852/10-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several recent fine-scale genetic structure studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi have reported significant spatial clustering of genets with similar genotypes, supporting locally restricted gene flow. In this study we used genotype data from microsatellite markers and spatial autocorrelation analysis to examine local gene flow in Suillus spraguei at distances up to 2 km. Previously developed microsatellite markers for S. spraguei from Japan were unsuccessful at amplifying DNA isolated from sporocarps found in New York state, and other research suggested that both are disjunct species. Novel microsatellite markers therefore were developed with New York specimens. We identified nine polymorphic microsatellite loci and developed primer sets to amplify these regions. We tested the efficiency of the primer sets on 50 sporocarps collected from a natural Pinus strobus stand. The majority of the markers were in Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium. The location of all sampled sporocarps was recorded and used along with multilocus genotype data to create a genet map. The distance between sporocarps with the same multilocus genotype was small (≤ 7.65 m) and the majority of sporocarps collected were genetically unique, suggesting frequent spore establishment and sexual recombination on this site. Spatial autocorrelation analysis did not support clustering of similar genotypes, suggesting few restrictions to gene flow within this local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Burchhardt
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Molina R, Horton TR, Trappe JM, Marcot BG. Addressing uncertainty: How to conserve and manage rare or little-known fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Conservation of ectomycorrhizal fungi: exploring the linkages between functional and taxonomic responses to anthropogenic N deposition. FUNGAL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Douhan GW, Vincenot L, Gryta H, Selosse MA. Population genetics of ectomycorrhizal fungi: from current knowledge to emerging directions. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:569-97. [PMID: 21724164 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi are major microbial components of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forests, as well as some tropical forest ecosystems. Nearly two decades of studies have clarified many aspects of their population biology, based on several model species from diverse lineages of fungi where the EM symbiosis evolved, i.e. among Hymenomycetes and, to a lesser extent, among Ascomycetes. In this review, we show how tools for individual recognition have changed, shifting from the use of somatic incompatibility reactions to dominant and non-specific markers (such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)) and, more recently, to co-dominant and specific markers (such as microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)). At the same time, the theoretical focus has also changed. In earlier studies, a major aim was the description of genet size and popul/ation strategy. For example, we show how some studies supported or challenged the simple, classical model of colonization of new forest stands by ruderal (R) species, propagating by spores and forming small genets, progressively replaced in older forests by more competitive (C) species, propagating by mycelial growth and forming larger genets. By contrast, more recent studies give insights into some genetic traits, such as partners' assortment (allo- versus autogamy), genetic structure of populations and gene flow that turn out to depend both on distance and on whether spores are animal- or wind-dispersed. We discuss the rising awareness that (i) many morphospecies contain cryptic biological species (often sympatric) and (ii) trans- and inter-continental species may often contain several biological species isolated by distance. Finally, we show the emergence of biogeographic approaches and call for some aspects to be developed, such as fine-scale and long-term population monitoring, analyses of subterranean populations of extra-radical mycelia, or more model species from the tropics, as well as from the Ascomycetes (whose genetic idiosyncrasies are discussed). With the rise of the '-omics' sciences, analysis of population structure for non-neutral genes is expected to develop, and forest management and conservation biology will probably profit from published and expected work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg W Douhan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Jargeat P, Martos F, Carriconde F, Gryta H, Moreau PA, Gardes M. Phylogenetic species delimitation in ectomycorrhizal fungi and implications for barcoding: the case of the Tricholoma scalpturatum complex (Basidiomycota). Mol Ecol 2010; 19:5216-30. [PMID: 21044190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Population studies have revealed that the fungal ectomycorrhizal morphospecies Tricholoma scalpturatum consists of at least two genetically distinct groups that occur sympatrically in several geographical areas. This discovery prompted us to examine species boundaries and relationships between members formerly assigned to T. scalpturatum and allied taxa using phylogenetic analyses. Sequence data were obtained from three nuclear DNA regions [internal transcribed spacer (ITS), gpd and tef], from 101 carpophores collected over a large geographical range in Western Europe, and some reference sequences from public databases. The ITS was also tested for its applicability as DNA barcode for species delimitation. Four highly supported phylogenetic clades were detected. The two previously detected genetic groups of T. scalpturatum were assigned to the phylospecies Tricholoma argyraceum and T. scalpturatum. The two remaining clades were referred to as Tricholoma cingulatum and Tricholoma inocybeoides. Unexpectedly, T. cingulatum showed an accelerated rate of evolution that we attributed to narrow host specialization. This study also reveals recombinant ITS sequences in T. inocybeoides, suggesting a hybrid origin. The ITS was a useful tool for the determination of species boundaries: the mean value of intraspecific genetic distances in the entire ITS region (including 5.8S rDNA) was <0.2%, whereas interspecific divergence estimates ranged from 1.78% to 4.22%. Apart from giving insights into the evolution of the T. scalpturatum complex, this study contributes to the establishment of a library of taxonomically verified voucher specimens, an a posteriori correlation between phenotype and genotype, and DNA barcoding of ectomycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Jargeat
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
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Marin J, Crouau-Roy B, Hemptinne JL, Lecompte E, Magro A. Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae): a species complex? ZOOL SCR 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Molecular characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. melongenae by ISSR and RAPD markers on eggplant. Biochem Genet 2010; 48:524-37. [PMID: 20390339 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-010-9336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. melongenae is a major soil-borne pathogen of eggplant (Solanum melongena). ISSR and RAPD markers were used to characterize Fusarium oxysporum f. melongenae isolates collected from eggplant fields in southern Turkey. Those isolates were not pathogenic to tomato. Pathogens were identified by their morphology, and their identity was confirmed by PCR amplification using the specific primer PF02-3. The isolates were classified into groups on the basis of ISSR and RAPD fingerprints, which showed a level of genetic specificity and diversity not previously identified in Fusarium oxysporum f. melongenae, suggesting that genetic differences are related to the pathogen in the Mediterranean region. The primers selected to characterize Fusarium oxysporum f. melongenae may be used to determine genetic differences and pathogen virulence. This study is the first to characterize eggplant F. oxysporum species using ISSR and RAPD.
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Ravash R, Shiran B, Alavi AA, Bayat F, Rajaee S, Zervakis GI. Genetic variability and molecular phylogeny of Pleurotus eryngii species-complex isolates from Iran, and notes on the systematics of Asiatic populations. Mycol Prog 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-009-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Carriconde F, Gardes M, Jargeat P, Heilmann-Clausen J, Mouhamadou B, Gryta H. Population evidence of cryptic species and geographical structure in the cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal fungus, Tricholoma scalpturatum. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2008; 56:513-524. [PMID: 18305983 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-008-9370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tricholoma scalpturatum is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that forms symbioses with roots of diverse trees and shrubs. It is commonly encountered in a wide range of habitats, across temperate ecosystems. A previous study has revealed a high genetic diversity at a local scale, and ruderal abilities. To examine genetic structure at a large geographical scale, a total of 164 basidiocarps were collected from 30 populations located in Western Europe, from Spain to Scandinavia. These samples were analyzed by three molecular methods with different levels of resolution: inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and ITS sequence analysis. Considerable genetic variation was found, and the morphospecies was separated into two genetic groups that were distinct from each other. The ISSR data and the relatively low percentage value (96%) of shared sequence polymorphisms in the ITS between isolates from the two groups, strongly suggest cryptic species and long-lasting separation. No geographical exclusion was detected for these two widely distributed taxa. However, high estimates of population differentiation were observed in each group, including between populations less than a few kilometers apart. This result provides evidence for limited gene flow and/or founding effects. It also indicates that T. scalpturatum does not constitute a random mating population, and the hypothesis of endemism cannot be excluded for this cosmopolitan wind-dispersed fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Carriconde
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 CNRS-UPS-ENFA, Bât. 4R3, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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CARRICONDE FABIAN, GRYTA HERVÉ, JARGEAT PATRICIA, MOUHAMADOU BELLO, GARDES MONIQUE. High sexual reproduction and limited contemporary dispersal in the ectomycorrhizal fungusTricholoma scalpturatum: new insights from population genetics and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:4433-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mouhamadou B, Carriconde F, Gryta H, Jargeat P, Manzi S, Gardes M. Molecular evolution of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA in the fungal genus Tricholoma: barcoding implications. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1219-26. [PMID: 18647655 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular evolution of the V6 and V9 domains of the mitochondrial SSU-rDNA was investigated to evaluate the use of these sequences for DNA barcodes in the Basidiomycota division. The PCR products from 27 isolates belonging to 11 Tricholoma species were sequenced. Both domains in the isolates belonging to the same species had identical sequences. All the species possess distinctive V9 sequences due to point mutations and insertion/deletion events. Secondary structures revealed that the insertion-deletion events occurred in regions not directly involved in the maintenance of the standard SSU-rRNA structure. The inserted sequences possess conserved motifs that enable their alignment among phylogenetically distant species. Hence, the V9 domain by displaying identical sequences within species, an adequate divergence level, easy amplification, and alignment represents an alternative molecular marker for the Basidiomycota division and opens the way for this sequence to be used as specific molecular markers of the fungal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bello Mouhamadou
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 CNRS-UPS-ENFA, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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Six newly developed microsatellite markers of Laccaria amethystina, using an improved CSSR approach. Mycol Prog 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-008-0564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Roy M, Dubois MP, Proffit M, Vincenot L, Desmarais E, Selosse MA. Evidence from population genetics that the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina is an actual multihost symbiont. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:2825-38. [PMID: 18489549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi associated with temperate forest tree roots are not host-specific. Because this assumption relies on species delineations based on fruitbodies morphology or ribosomal DNA sequences, host-specific, cryptic biological species cannot be ruled out. To demonstrate that Laccaria amethystina has true generalist abilities, we sampled 510 fruitbodies on three French sites situated 150-450 km away from each other. At each site, populations from monospecific stands (Abies alba, Castanea europea and Fagus sylvatica) or mixed stands (F. sylvatica + Quercus robur or Q. robur +Carpinus betulus) were sampled. Three different sets of markers were used for genotyping: (i) five microsatellite loci plus the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer, (ii) the mitochondrial large ribosomal DNA subunit, and (iii) direct amplification of length polymorphism (DALP), a new method for fungi providing dominant markers. Evidence for allogamous populations (with possible inbreeding at local scale) and possibly for biparental mitochondrial inheritance was found. All markers congruently demonstrated that L. amethystina populations show little structure at this geographical scale, indicating high gene flow (as many as 50% of founding spores in all populations being of external origin). Our results also showed that host species contributed even less to population differentiation, and there was no evidence for cryptic biological species. This first in situ demonstration of a true multihost ability in an ECM species is discussed in terms of ecology and evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Roy
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS, UMR 5175), Département Biologie des Populations, Equipe Interactions Biotiques 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Yu M, Ma B, Luo X, Zheng L, Xu X, Yang Z. Molecular diversity of Auricularia polytricha revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat and sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers. Curr Microbiol 2008; 56:240-5. [PMID: 18180993 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-007-9067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to unsatisfying attempts to fingerprint Auricularia polytricha, two different molecular maker systems--Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) and Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP)--were established and tested to quantify molecular diversity among 19 strains of this fungus. A total of 202 (99.0%) and 459 (95.9%) polymorphic bands were detected by 13 ISSR primers and 14 SRAP primer combinations, respectively. By parsimony method, a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on each analysis; the two trees show that 19 A. polytricha strains were distributed into five or four groups. These results demonstrated that both methods were suitable for discriminating among strains of A. polytricha, and the novel SRAP markers are more efficient and preferable. The result also indicated the high level of genetic diversity of A. polytricha and their relationship between each other. These findings would benefit future research in A. polytricha, especially in breeding and medicine development. It also gives a useful method for fingerprinting of other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Resource and Ecological Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form mutualistic symbioses with many tree species and are regarded as key organisms in nutrient and carbon cycles in forest ecosystems. Our appreciation of their roles in these processes is hampered by a lack of understanding of their soil-borne mycelial systems. These mycelia represent the vegetative thalli of ECM fungi that link carbon-yielding tree roots with soil nutrients, yet we remain largely ignorant of their distribution, dynamics and activities in forest soils. In this review we consider information derived from investigations of fruiting bodies, ECM root tips and laboratory-based microcosm studies, and conclude that these provide only limited insights into soil-borne ECM mycelial communities. Recent advances in understanding soil-borne mycelia of ECM fungi have arisen from the combined use of molecular technologies and novel field experimentation. These approaches have the potential to provide unprecedented insights into the functioning of ECM mycelia at the ecosystem level, particularly in the context of land-use changes and global climate change.
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Grubisha LC, Bergemann SE, Bruns TD. Host islands within the California Northern Channel Islands create fine-scale genetic structure in two sympatric species of the symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungus Rhizopogon. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:1811-22. [PMID: 17444894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have examined fine-scale genetic structure of the symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi Rhizopogon occidentalis and R. vulgaris on two of the California Channel Islands using five and six microsatellite loci, respectively. Both Rhizopogon species are sympatric on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands and are ectomycorrhizal with bishop pine (Pinus muricata) on both islands or Santa Rosa Island Torrey pine (P. torreyana ssp. insularis) on Santa Rosa. The combination of disjunct pine host distributions and geographic barriers within and among the islands have created highly structured Rhizopogon populations over very short distances (8.5 km on Santa Cruz Island; F(ST) = 0.258, F(ST) = 0.056, R. occidentalis and R. vulgaris, respectively). Both species show similar patterns of genetic differentiation as a result of limited dispersal between host populations as revealed by a significant isolation by distance relationship (r = 0.69, P < 0.04; r = 0.93, P < 0.001, R. occidentalis and R. vulgaris, respectively) and Bayesian clustering analyses, and is most likely a function of the small foraging range of the few mammals that disperse Rhizopogon on these islands and the enormous spore bank characteristic of Rhizopogon species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Grubisha
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Selosse
- CEFE-CNRS, UMR 5175, Equipe Interactions Biotiques, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34 293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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